Be amazed of the wonders of our planet

as we dive deeper into its geological

history and all its geological processes
that shaped it
GROUP 1 BSCE II-4
GEOLOGY
ITS DEFINITION
A branch of natural science that studies
the solid part of the earth
It is derived from the Greek two words
geo meaning “earth” and logos meaning
“study or discourse.”
The study of geology is the study of how
the planet works today, and how it
worked in the past.
 UNIFORMITARIANISM
IMPORTANT PRINCIPLES OF GEOLOGY

INTRUSIVE INCLUSION AND

UNIFORMITARIANISM RELATIONSHIPS COMPONENTS

proposed by James Hutton and popularized

by Charles Lyell
The Earth processes we observe today
also occurred in the past and over long
periods of time.

JAMES HUTTON
 INTRUSIVE RELATIONSHIPS
IMPORTANT PRINCIPLES OF GEOLOGY

INTRUSIVE INCLUSION AND

UNIFORMITARIANISM RELATIONSHIPS COMPONENTS

Originally named the “Law of Cross-cutting”

by Nicolas Steno
When two geologic features coincide,
the one that intrudes the other is
younger or occurred more recently.

NIICOLAS STENO
 INCLUSION AND COMPONENTS
IMPORTANT PRINCIPLES OF GEOLOGY

INTRUSIVE INCLUSION AND

UNIFORMITARIANISM RELATIONSHIPS COMPONENTS

Advanced by Charles Lyell'from his 1830 to

1833 multi-volume Principles of Geology
States that the fragments inside known
as the inclusions of a rock formation is
older than the rock formation itself.

CHARLES LYELL
 ORIGINAL HORIZONTALITY
IMPORTANT PRINCIPLES OF GEOLOGY

ORIGINAL SUPERPOSITION FAUNAL SUCCESSION

HORIZONTALITY

Originally named the “Law of Original

Horizontality” by Nicolas Steno in the
17th Century
Suggests that due to the influence of gravity,
undeformed sedimentary rocks are first
deposited horizontally. Hence, deposition
occurs earlier than the lithification and
deformation.
NIICOLAS STENO
 SUPERPOSITION
IMPORTANT PRINCIPLES OF GEOLOGY

ORIGINAL SUPERPOSITION FAUNAL SUCCESSION

HORIZONTALITY

Originally named the “Law of

Superposition” by Nicolas Steno
States that in an undeformed succession
of sedimentary rocks, the oldest rocks
are located at the bottom and the
youngest are on top.

NIICOLAS STENO
 FAUNAL SUCCESSION
IMPORTANT PRINCIPLES OF GEOLOGY

ORIGINAL SUPERPOSITION FAUNAL SUCCESSION

HORIZONTALITY

Based on principles laid out by William Smith

almost a hundred years before the publication
of Charles Darwin's theory of evolution
Affirms that similar fossils are likely to be
found in rocks of the same age, and these
fossils are beneficial to dating the sedimentary
rocks where they were found.
WILLIAM “STRATA” SMITH
From the beginning of life to the evolution
of humans, take a glimpse of how the
planet have changed in its history

KNOW MORE ABOUT THIS

CAMBRIAN ORDOVICIAN SILURIAN DEVONIAN

CAMBRIAN PERIOD
(570-510 MILLION YEARS AGO)
The first supercontinent,
Gondwanaland
An explosion of life populated the
seas, but land areas remained barren. GONDWANALAND
CAMBRIAN ORDOVICIAN SILURIAN DEVONIAN

ORDOVICIAN PERIOD
(439-408.5 MILLION YEARS AGO)
The predecessor of today's Atlantic
Ocean began to shrink.
MIDDLE ORDOVICIAN (458 MYA)
CAMBRIAN ORDOVICIAN SILURIAN DEVONIAN

SILURIAN PERIOD
(439-408.5 MILLION YEARS AGO)
Landmasses began to drift apart,
Life ventured on to land. (Psilophytes
and eurypterids) MIDDLE SILURIAN (425 MYA)
CAMBRIAN ORDOVICIAN SILURIAN DEVONIAN

DEVONIAN PERIOD
(408.5-362.5 MILLION YEARS AGO)
Landmasses began to converge.
This period is also known as the age
of the fishes. EARLY DEVONIAN (390 MYA)
 PERMIAN TRIASSIC JURASSIC CRETACEOUS

PERMIAN PERIOD
(290-245 MILLION YEARS AGO)
The Earth's land areas became
welded into a single land mass that
geologists call Pangaea. LATE PERMIAN (255 MYA)
 PERMIAN TRIASSIC JURASSIC CRETACEOUS

TRIASSIC PERIOD
(245-208 MILLION YEARS AGO)
As Gondwanaland rifted apart, the
North Atlantic Ocean widened and
the South Atlantic was born. EARLY TRIASSIC (237 MYA)
 PERMIAN TRIASSIC JURASSIC CRETACEOUS

JURASSIC PERIOD
(208-145.6 MILLION YEARS AGO)
Pangaea split apart into northern
(Laurasia) and southern
(Gondwanaland) supercontinents. LATE JURASSIC (152 MYA)
Age of reptiles.
 PERMIAN TRIASSIC JURASSIC CRETACEOUS

CRETACEOUS PERIOD
(145.6-65 MILLION YEARS AGO)
The supercontinent Pangaea continuing to
break apart, and the Atlantic Ocean widens.
Flourishing and subsequent mysterious
extinction of dinosaurs, along with LATE CRETACEOUS (192 MYA)
significant changes in the plant kingdom.
 JURASSIC CRETACEOUS TERTIARY QUATERNARY

TERTIARY PERIOD
(65-1.64 MILLION YEARS AGO)
North America's land link to Europe was
broken, but its ties to South America were
forged towards the end of the period.
Life on Earth transitioned to more MIDDLE EOCENE (50.2 MYA)
modern forms.
 JURASSIC CRETACEOUS TERTIARY QUATERNARY

QUATERNARY PERIOD
(1.64 MILLION YEARS AGO TO PRESENT)
Intermittent continental ice sheets
covered much of the northern
hemisphere.
The emergence of modern humans QUATERNARY (PRESENT DAY)
(Homo sapiens).
Ever wonder why the continents are
located where they are today? Let’s find
out why and let us uncover the secrets
of the earth.

KNOW MORE ABOUT THIS

 EARTH’S STRUCTURE
LAYERS OF THE EARTH

The core, rich in iron and nickel,

generates Earth's magnetic field.
The mantle is composed of minerals
with iron, magnesium, silicon, and
oxygen.
The crust consists of two types:
oceanic (basalt) and continental
CORE, MANTLE AND CRUST (andesite and granite).
 The lithosphere, consisting
of the crust and upper
mantle, forms the tectonic
plates.

Below the lithosphere, is the

asthenosphere that exhibits
plastic behavior,
contributing to mantle
CONTINENTAL AND OCEANIC CRUST
convection.
 CONTINENTAL DRIFT THEORY
WHAT DOES IT SAY?

Proposed by Alfred Wegener in 1912,

suggested that 200 million years ago all of
the present-day continents were combined to
form a single supercontinent called Pangaea.
Evidences supporting this included the fit of
continents, distribution of fossils, uniform
rock sequences, historical climate data, and
CDT IN A NUTSHELL the apparent movement of polar regions.
 FOSSIL CORELATIONS
CONTINENTAL DRIFT THEORY
Fossils of the same species were
found on different continents,
suggesting that these species
dispersed when the continents
were connected and later moved
to their current positions.
CORE, MANTLE AND CRUST
GLACIAL EVIDENCES
CONTINENTAL DRIFT THEORY
The simultaneous presence of glaciers in South America, Africa, India,
and Australia in the past indicates a historical connection between
these continents.

CONTINENTS TODAY HISTORICAL CONNECTION

PROBLEMS WITH WEGENER’S MODEL
CONTINENTAL DRIFT THEORY
Since Wegener suggested Earth's
rotation pushed the continents through
oceanic plates:
Scientists argued that there was no
way to explain how solid continents
could plow through solid oceanic
crust.
Geologists at that time understood
enough about the strength of rocks
to know that this was highly PROBLEM WITH THE MODEL
unlikely.
PROBLEMS WITH WEGENER’S MODEL
CONTINENTAL DRIFT THEORY
In 1928, Arthur Holmes proposed a mechanism to move continents.
He believed heat trapped in the Earth caused convection currents,
areas where fluids beneath the Earth's crust rise, flow laterally,
and then fall.
THE REVIVAL OF THE CONTINENTAL
DRIFT HYPOTHESIS
CONTINENTAL DRIFT THEORY
The discovery of the Mid-Atlantic Ridge, rising 6,500 feet above the
adjacent seafloor in the Atlantic Ocean, highlights its geological
significance.
Seismologists discovered that mid-ocean ridges across the globe were
active seismic zones, prompting geologists to propose a seismic belt
corresponding to rift systems similar to the Mid-Atlantic Ridge.
THE REVIVAL OF THE CONTINENTAL
DRIFT HYPOTHESIS
CONTINENTAL DRIFT THEORY
In 1962, geologist Harry Hess
proposed that new ocean floor is
formed at the rift of mid-ocean
ridges, where rising magma
created both the ocean floor and the
rock beneath it.

Robert Dietz introduced the concept

of seafloor spreading, where the
sliding surface was at the base of SEA FLOOR SPREADING
the lithosphere.
Continents Are Part of Moving Plates: Hess and Dietz proposed that
continents are not separate entities plowing through the oceanic crust,
as Wegener had suggested with his continental drift theory.

Plate Movement on the Asthenosphere: These tectonic plates, according

to their model, float on the semi-solid asthenosphere. This
asthenosphere allows for the movement of these plates driven by
convection currents.
PLATE TECTONICS
TIMELINE

1960S 1965 1967 SUMMARY

A new scientific theory was proposed coming from a

certain phenomena or observations
Tuzo Wilson introduced the term 'plate' for the
broken pieces of the Earth's lithosphere.
Jason Morgan proposed that the Earth's surface
consists of 12 rigid plates that move relative to each
other. Two months later, Xavier Le Pichon then
published a synthesis.
 PLATE TECTONICS
TIMELINE

1960S 1965 1967 SUMMARY

A new scientific theory was proposed coming from a

certain phenomena or observations
Tuzo Wilson introduced the term 'plate' for the
broken pieces of the Earth's lithosphere.
Jason Morgan proposed that the Earth's surface
consists of 12 rigid plates that move relative to each
other. Two months later, Xavier Le Pichon then
published a synthesis.

TUZO WILSON
 PLATE TECTONICS
TIMELINE

1960S 1965 1967 SUMMARY

A new scientific theory was proposed coming from a

certain phenomena or observations
Tuzo Wilson introduced the term 'plate' for the
broken pieces of the Earth's lithosphere.
Jason Morgan proposed that the Earth's surface
consists of 12 rigid plates that move relative to each
other. Two months later, Xavier Le Pichon then
published a synthesis.

W. JASON MORGAN
PLATE TECTONICS
TIMELINE

1960S 1965 1967 SUMMARY

Basically the mid-1960s was when the hypotheses

of the plate tectonics was proposed, synthesized,
and tested, and is now accepted as the Plate
Tectonic Theory.
 PLATE
BOUNDARY
DIFFERENT TYPES

PLATE BOUNDARIES
CLASSIFICATION
OF EARTHQUAKES

SHALLOW INTERMEDIATE DEEP CLSSFCTN

0-20 miles; 0-35 km: Occurring in some seismic

belts like in mid-Atlantic and east Pacific ridges.
20-45 miles; 30-70 km: Occur typically between 30-
70 km beneath the Earth's surface.
(45-450 miles; 70-700 km): seismic belts like the
western South America and south-central Asia
experience deep earthquakes situated at depths
extending from 70-700 km below the surface.
CLASSIFICATION
OF EARTHQUAKES

SHALLOW INTERMEDIATE DEEP CLSSFCTN

0-20 miles; 0-35 km: Occurring in some seismic

belts like in mid-Atlantic and east Pacific ridges.
20-45 miles; 30-70 km: Occur typically between 30-
70 km beneath the Earth's surface.
(45-450 miles; 70-700 km): seismic belts like the
western South America and south-central Asia
experience deep earthquakes situated at depths
extending from 70-700 km below the surface.
CLASSIFICATION
OF EARTHQUAKES

SHALLOW INTERMEDIATE DEEP CLSSFCTN

0-20 miles; 0-35 km: Occurring in some seismic

belts like in mid-Atlantic and east Pacific ridges.
20-45 miles; 30-70 km: Occur typically between 30-
70 km beneath the Earth's surface.
(45-450 miles; 70-700 km): seismic belts like the
western South America and south-central Asia
experience deep earthquakes situated at depths
extending from 70-700 km below the surface.
GEOLOGIC ACTIVITY
OF THE EARTH PACIFIC RING OF FIRE

Volcanoes are distributed in long belts circling the most of

Pacific Ocean, known as the Pacific Ring of Fire
Areas with intense geologic activities marks the
boundaries between lithospheric plates.
The distribution of earthquakes, volcanoes, and mountain
ranges define 7 large plates and 20 smaller plates.
The Earth's outer layer is called the
lithosphere. Made of the rigid upper LITHOSPHERE
mantle and the crust, moving on the TYPE OF PLATE MOTION
asthenosphere which is the part of the
mantle that flows.

Interaction of plates depend on their

relative motion and whether oceanic or
continental crust is at the edge of the
lithospheric plate.

LITHOSPHERE
 DIVERGENT CONVERGENT TRANSFORM PLT MTN

DIVERGENT
PLATE BOUNDARIES
Lithospheric plates move away from each
other where plates can be either oceanic or
continental.

DIVERGENT PLATES
 DIVERGENT CONVERGENT TRANSFORM PLT MTN

CONVERGENT
PLATE BOUNDARIES
Lithospheric plates move toward each other.
Could be either oceanic or continental.

CONVERGENT PLATES
 DIVERGENT CONVERGENT TRANSFORM PLT MTN

TRANSFORM
PLATE BOUNDARIES
Plates slide past each other horizontally in
opposite directions, this horizontal sliding is
also referred to as "stike-slip" motion.

TRANSFORM PLATES
An average of wenty earthquakes per day
is being recorded by the Philippine
Seismic Network, but why?

KNOW MORE ABOUT THIS

EARTHQUAKE
WHY DO THEY HAPPEN?
It's the result of the Earth's crust breaking
and releasing energy, creating seismic
waves that travel through the Earth. The
point directly above the earthquake's origin
is called the epicenter.
FOCUS AND EPICENTER
OF EARTHQUAKES
The point directly above the earthquake's
origin is called the epicenter. The epicenter,
experiences the most intense shaking.
SEISMOLOGY
ITS DEFINITION
Seismology involves the study of seismic
waves and their effects. Seismologists use
instruments called seismographs to detect
and record these waves.
By analyzing the recorded data,
seismologists can determine the
earthquake's location, depth, magnitude,
and the characteristics of the Earth's
interior.
OCCURENCE
OF EARTHQUAKES
• Tectonic Plate Movements
• Buildup of Stress
• Faults and Fault lines
• Elastic Rebound
• Propagation of Seismic Waves
• Focus and Epicenter
FOCUS VS EPICENTER
OF EARTHQUAKES

THE FOCUS IS THE EPICENTER IS

BELOW THE EARTH’S SURFACE ABOVE THE EARTH’S SURFACE

FOCUS (HYPOCENTER)- point where the

earthquake’s energy originated.
EPICENTER- point directly located above the
earthquake’s focus. The fault is the zone of
fractures
 FOCUS
EPICENTER
AND THEIR DIFFERENCE

LOCATION OF FOCUS AND EPICENTER

 ACCORDING TO FOCI
TYPES OF EARTHQUAKES

SHALLOW - 70 km (43.5 miles)

INTERMEDIATE - 70 to 300 km
(43.5 to 186 miles)
DEEP - 300 to 700 km
(186 to 435 miles)

EARTHQUAKES BASED ON FOCI

 TSUNAMI
ITS CHARACTERISTICS
can have speeds reaching up to 960
kilometers per hour (597 miles per hour)
can rise to heights of 15 meters (49 feet) or
more by the time they approach the coast.
most common in Japan (earthquake belt)

JAPAN TSUNAMI, 2011

 MEASURING
EARTHQUAKES
TYPES OF EARTHQUAKES

Seismologists use
seismographs to detect, record,
and measure the vibrations
(seismic waves) produced by
earthquakes.
PARTS OF A SEISMOGRAPH
 EXAMPLE OF SEISMOGRAM EXAMPLE OF SEISMOGRAM

These readings are called seismograms.

NOTE: EARTHQUAKES ARE YET TO BE PREDICTED
SURFACE WAVES
AND BODY WAVES
WHAT ARE THEY?
The two general types of vibrations produced
by earthquakes are surface waves, which
travel along the Earth's surface, and body
waves, which travel through the Earth.
 PRIMARY WAVES
TYPE OF BODY WAVES
The first kind of body wave is the
P wave or primary wave. It’s the
fastest kind of seismic wave, and
the first to arrive at a seismic
station.
ANIMATION OF P-WAVE
 SECONDARY WAVES
TYPE OF BODY WAVES
The second type of body wave is
the S wave or secondary wave,
and are easy to remember
because they’re the second wave
to arrive after an earthquake.
ANIMATION OF S-WAVE
 SURFACE WAVES
ITS CHARACTERISTICS
Slower, Lower Frequency.
Travel more slowly through Earth
material at the planet’s surface
and are predominantly lower
frequency than body waves.
ANIMATION OF SURFACE WAVE
 SURFACE &
BODY WAVES
TOGETHER IN A RECORD

TYPES OF WAVES IN A SEISMOGRAM

 MAGNITUDE VS INTENSITY
OF EARTHQUAKES

MAGNITUDE IS INTENSITY IS
OBJECTIVE SUBJECTIVE

IN GENERAL, both are used to determine

how severe an earthquake is.

1990 LUZON EARTHQUAKE

 MAGNITUDE
WHAT IS IT AND ITS CHARACTERISTICS
The amount of energy released by an earthquake.
Used by Seismologists to measure seismic waves
released with the help of seismograph.
Commonly uses the Richter and Moment
SEISMOGRAPH Magnitude Scale.
 RICHTER SCALE
MAGNITUDE
Named after Dr. Charles F. Richter
(California Institute of Technology)
A logarithmic scale for measuring the
amplitude of seismic waves.
Typically used for measuring smaller
RICHTER SCALE earthquakes (up to about magnitude 7).
MOMENT
MAGNITUDE SCALE
MEASURING MAGNITUDE

more modern scale developed address

some of the limitations of the Richter scale.
more effective on large earthquakes (with
magnitude 8 or higher).
INTENSITY
WHAT IS IT AND ITS CHARACTERISTICS
How intense a shock was felt at a
particular place.
Strength decreases with distance
from the epicenter.
Commonly uses the Modified
Mercalli Scale.
Determined only after analyzing
eyewitness statements and field
investigations results.
 MODIFIED
MERCALLI
SCALE
MEASURING INTENSITY
has a scale of I (being the
weakest) to XII (being the
strongest)

MODIFIED MERCALLI SCALE

EARTHUAKE TRIVIA
YOU SHOULD KNOW

1 2 3 4 5

The smallest earthquake that individuals

may experience is magnitude 2 (rarely).

It requires at least a magnitude of 4 for an

earthquake to be felt by many.
EARTHUAKE TRIVIA
YOU SHOULD KNOW

1 2 3 4 5

An earthquake with a magnitude of at least

6 is considered a major earthquake.
When its magnitude exceeds 8, it will be
considered as a great earthquake.
EARTHUAKE TRIVIA
YOU SHOULD KNOW

1 2 3 4 5

The maximum intensity experienced in the

Alaska earthquake (1964) was X; damage
from the San Francisco and New Madrid
earthquakes reached a maximum intensity
of XI.
EARTHUAKE TRIVIA
YOU SHOULD KNOW

1 2 3 4 5

On May 22, 1960, an earthquake in Chile with

a magnitude of 9.5 was the highest ever
recorded.
The 1976 Moro Gulf Earthquake in southern
Mindanao with a magnitude of 7.9 and which
took the lives of up to 8,000 people is by far
the worst earthquake in the Philippines.
EARTHUAKE TRIVIA
YOU SHOULD KNOW

1 2 3 4 5

Every year, the National Earthquake

Information Center locates over 20,000
earthquakes, or about 55 per day.

About 20 earthquakes per day are recorded

locally by The Philippine Seismic Network.
 IMPACTS &
EFFECTS
OF EARTHQUAKES

2013 BOHOL EARTHQUAKE

 IMPACTS &
EFFECTS
OF EARTHQUAKES

Ground Shaking and Ruptures

RUPTURED GROUND
 IMPACTS &
EFFECTS
OF EARTHQUAKES

Landslides and Avalanches

APPROACHING AVALANCHE
IMPACTS &
EFFECTS
OF EARTHQUAKES

Liquefactions

LIQUEFACTION AERIAL VIEW

IMPACTS &
EFFECTS
OF EARTHQUAKES

Fires

FIRE
IMPACTS &
EFFECTS
OF EARTHQUAKES

Tsunamis

A TSUNAMI APPROACHING
 The Philippines is blessed with numerous
landforms one of them is the Mayon Volcano in
Albay. Know more about the characteristics of
these volcano from their shape to how they erupt

KNOW MORE ABOUT THIS

VOLCANO
WHAT IS IT?
• A geological feature on the Earth's surface.
• Came from the word Vulcano (a little island
in the Mediterranean Sea off Sicily)
VOLCANISM
WHAT IS IT?
Refers to the entire process of
volcanic activity.
KEY STAGES TO VOLCANISM:
Magma formation
Magma ascent
Eruption
Volcano formation
Post-Eruption activity
NATURE
OF VOLCANOES
Process of volcanoes being built by
their own eruptive products

COOLED LAVA
FORMATION OF VOLCANOES
HOW DOES VOLCANOES FORM?
Magma is formed.
Tectonic plates push magma up
to the Earth’s surface.
Convergent Plate Boundaries
Divergent Plate Boundaries
Lava solidifies
HAWAIIAN HOTSPOT Volcanic Hotspot
 LAVA FLOWS
DIFFERENT TYPES

TYPES OF LAVA FLOWS

 AA PAHOEHOE

AA
TYPES OF LAVA FLOW
a basalt with a rough, blocky
appearance, much like furnace slag.
 AA PAHOEHOE

PAHOEHOE
TYPES OF LAVA FLOW
a more fluid variety with a smooth,
satiny and sometimes glassy
appearance.
 VOLCANOES
ACC TO SHAPE
DIFFERENT TYPES

TYPES OF VOLCANOES
CINDER CONES
TYPES OF VOLCANOES
The most fundamental type of volcano.
Formed when gas-charged lava pieces
consolidate close to a single vent.
Typically have low altitudes
Rarely rising above a thousand feet
Bowl-shaped craters.
 PARCUTIN VOLCANO
CINDER CONE
Parícutin Volcano, Mexico, is a
cinder cone rising
approximately 1,200 feet
above the surrounding plain.

PARCUTIN VOLCANO IN MEXICO

COMPOSITE VOLCANOES
TYPES OF VOLCANOES
Also known as stratovolcanoes
It can soar up to 8,000 feet in the air.
Typically steep-sided, symmetrical cones of
large dimension.
Alternating layers of lava flows, volcanic ash,
cinders, and other materials are used to
form them.
 MAYON VOLCANO
COMPOSITE VOLCANOES

The Mayon Volcano is situated

in the southern part of the
main island of Luzon, 500
kilometres south of Manila.

MAYON VOLCANO IN THE PHILIPPINES

SHIELD VOLCANOES
TYPES OF VOLCANOES
It has domical shape that are broad, gently
sloping, and resemble the shield of a warrior.
Mostly composed of vast expanses of highly
fluid basalt lava flows.
Famous examples are the Hawaiian Islands,
which are home to volcanoes like Kilauea
and Mauna Loa.
 MAUNA LOA
SHIELD VOLCANOES

Mauna Loa, the largest of the

shield volcanoes, projects
13,677 feet above sea level, its
top is over 28,000 feet above
the deep ocean floor .
MAUNA LOA OF HAWAII
LAVA DOMES
TYPES OF VOLCANOES
Lava domes are formed by small, viscous
masses of lava.
They cannot flow over long distances and
accumulate around their vent.
Lava domes can take on various shapes,
including craggy knobs, spines, or short,
steep-sided lava flows called "coulees."
They are typically found within the craters or
on the flanks of larger composite volcanoes.
 NOVARUPTA DOME
LAVA DOMES

Formed during the 1912

eruption of Katmai Volcano,
Alaska, measures 800 feet
across and 200 feet high.

NOVARUPTA DOME OF ALASKA

 ERUPTIONS
DIFFERENT TYPES

VOLCANIC ERUPTION
STROMBOLIAN ERUPTIONS
TYPES OF VOLCANIC ERUPTIONS
powerful bursts of hot liquid rock
form luminous arc
lava flow down the slopes, forming
fiery streams
 IRAZÚ VOLCANO
STROMBOLIAN ERUPTION
Irazú Volcano in Costa Rica
erupted on 1965

COSTA RICA'S IRAZÚVOLCANO

VULCANIAN ERUPTIONS
TYPES OF VOLCANIC ERUPTIONS

Have whitish thick cloud of ash-

filled gas
Produces ash columns
May be repetitive
 PARICUTIN VOLCANO
VULCANIAN ERUPTION
Paricutin Volcano in Mexico
erupted on 1947

PARICUTIN VOLCANO 1947 ERUPTION

VESUVIAN ERUPTIONS
TYPES OF VOLCANIC ERUPTIONS

Cauliflower-shaped cloud
Occur after long period of dormacy

MOUNT VESUVIUS 1944 ERUPTION
MOUNT VESUVIUS
VESUVIAN ERUPTIONS
On March 17, 1944, Mount
Vesuvius began an eruption
that, over the ensuing week
and a half, rained down rocks
the size of basketballs,
covered some areas with up to
a meter of ash.
PELEAN/ NUEE ARDENTE
TYPES OF VOLCANIC ERUPTIONS
Consists of gas, dust, ash,
incandescent lava fragment
Forms tongue-like avalanches
Highly destructive, fast moving
 MAYON VOLCANO
PELEAN/NUEE ARDENTE ERUPTIONS
Mt. Mayon Volcano in
Philippines erupted on 1968.

MAYON VOLANO 1968 ERUPTION

HAWAIIAN ERUPTIONS
TYPES OF VOLCANIC ERUPTIONS
Occur along fissures or fractures
Collect in old pit craters, lava lakes, cones,
or continuously flow downslope
 MAUNA LOA
HAWAIIAN ERUPTIONS
Mauna Loa Volcano in Hawaii
erupted on 1950

MAUNA LOA 1950 ERUPTION

PHREATIC ERUPTIONS
TYPES OF VOLCANIC ERUPTIONS
Steam-driven explosions
Amongst the most common eruption types
on earth
Hardly predictable in occurrence time and
size
 TAAL VOLCANO
PHREATIC ERUPTIONS
Taal Volcano in Philippines
erupted on 1965

MAUNA LOA 1950 ERUPTION

PLINIAN ERUPTIONS
TYPES OF VOLCANIC ERUPTIONS
Most powerful eruptions
Can affect large areas hundreds of
miles downwind
Pyroclastic flows ("nuéesardentes")
 MT. PINATUBO
PLINIAN ERUPTIONS
June 15, 1991, Pinatubo
erupted, resulting in the
second-largest eruption of the
20th century. The ash plume
height reaching more than 40
MT. PINATUBO, 1991 ERUPTION
km (28 mi) high and ejecting
more than 10 km3 of magma.