Micro Project REPORT

On
Prepare Report on Implementation of general purpose using
VHDL
SUBMITTED BY
Khushi Dilip Tembare

ENROLLMENT NO:-2200910319

Roll No: 20 (EJ6I)

Subject :- (VLSI with VHDL)

GUIDED BY: Prof. R.B.Sathe Sir.

Even-2024

(ELECTRONICS AND TELECOMMUNICATION ENGG.)

ACADEMIC SESSION 2023-24

DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRONICS AND TELECOMMUNICATION

ENGG.
GOVERNMENT POLYTECHNIC SAKOLI
 GOVERNMENT POLYTECHNIC SAKOLI
DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRONICE ANDTELECOMMUNICATION ENGG.

CERTIFICATE

This is to certify that the Micro Project report titled submitted (prepare Report
on Implementation of general purpose using VHDL.) by Khushi D. Tembare
of IV semester towards the partial fulfilment of requirement for the award of
diploma in electronics and telecommunication.

DATE:

YEAR: 2023-24

PROF. R. B. Sathe sir. PROF.A. A. ALI

GUIDE OF Micro Project H.O.D
 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

I would like to place on record of our deep sense of gratitude to Prof. R. B. Sathe
sir. lecturer, Dept. of Electronics & Telecommunication for her generous guidance,
help and useful suggestions.
I express our sincere gratitude to Prof. A. A. Ali, Head of Dept. of Electronics &
telecommunication, for his stimulating guidance, continuous encouragement and
supervision throughout the course of present work.
I am extremely thankful to Prof. S. P. Lambhade, Principal, for providing me
infrastructural facilities to work in, without which this work would not have been
possible.

THANK YOU

Khushi D. Tembare :- 2200910319

 INDEX
Sr. No. Content Page No.

1 Introduction

2 Abstract

3 Why VSAT ? Characteristics of VSAT system.

4 Block diagram and working of VSAT system.

5 Types of communications systems in details.

6 Network architecture, VSAT application, advantage,

disadvantages
7 Conclusion , reference.
Abstract:
The design and development of Generic Complex Programmable Logic Device
(CPLD) Board is to emphasis on the reduction of the overall design & development
life cycle time of the products. Since the Programmable Logic Devices. are very
flexible, reconfigurable, the same board can be utilised in multiple system designs.
These devices work at very low voltage, high speed and low power consumption.
These features make the PLDs more versatile and increase the product reliability to
the greater extent as the device count at the system level reduces enormously.
Present board has on board Joint Testing Action Group (JTAG) interfaces for In-
System programming purpose. This makes the board to be more flexible, in terms
of design changes, up gradation and easy migration from one specification to
another. The generic nature of the present work is demonstrated by implementing
A5/1 Algorithm, ithm, Seven segment display driver. Binary counter, LED control
logic and so on.
Key Words: CPLD, Development Cycle, JTAG, PLD, Flexible, Migration, Low
power, Binary counter, Algorithm, High Speed.
Introduction:
The need to respond to the changing scenario of the market standards in a
compressed time to market window has led the wide spread use of programmable
logic devices (PLDs) in a broad range of applications such as telecom infrastructure,
consumer electronics, industrial and medical fields. Power supply sequencing,
voltage and current monitoring, bus bridging, voltage level translation, interface
control, and temperature measurement are typical board functions found in these
applications. System designers are faced with continual pressure to meet their
development schedules, and need to implement designs. with minimal effort and risk
while maintaining maximum flexibility. By using a programmable-based approach
instead of several discrete devices or Application Specific Standard Products
(ASSPs), designers can accelerate their time-to market, address system cost, space
reduction, and ensure a high level of product differentiation

[1]. Programmable Logic Devices (PLDs) are a critical component in embedded

industrial designs. PLDs have evolved in industrial designs from providing simple
glue logic, to the use of FPGAs as a coprocessor. This technique allows for I/O
expansion and off loads the primary microcontroller (MCU) or digital signal
processor (DSP) device in applications such as communications, motor control, I/O
modules, and image processing

[2]. It is shown and proved that the PWM technique is widely used in most of the
industrial power controls. The developments of high frequency PWM generator
architecture for power converter control using FPGA/ CPLD ICs are more versatile
and easy to implement. The resulting PWM frequency depends on the target FPGA
or CPLD device speed grade and the duty cycle resolution.

[3].Requirement was studied and presented that the PLD (FPGA) based digital
controllers are far better than Digital Signal Processors based as they have better
dynamic performance and control capabilities[4]. In many market segments, such as
handheld devices, PLDs have found acceptance due to new product architectures that
reduce power consumption. feature new packaging options, lower unit cost and
shorter design cycle. Present work describes the design and development of Generic
Complex Programmable Device. (CPLD) board for various applications explained
in preceding paragraph

Need of CPLD.

• The Programmable Logic Devices (PLDs) such as PLAs and PALS have
limited number of inputs, product terms and outputs. These devices can
support up to about 32 total number of inputs and outputs only.

• For implementation of circuits that require more inputs and outputs than that
are available in a single SPLD chip, either multiple SPLD chips can be
employed. But this has also some limitations.

• To overcome these limitations, more sophisticated chip like CPLD is needed

to design the digital circuits.

Concepts of CPLD.

• The complexity of any digital IC chip can be specified in terms of number of

equivalent 2-input NAND gates.

• A typical PAL has 8 macro cells, if each macro cell represents about 20
equivalent gates, than the PAL can accommodate a circuit that needs up to
about 160 gates.

• For a circuit requiring very large number of gates, CPLDs having large
number of macrocells (say 512 macro cells) can implement circuits of up to
about 10 thousand equivalent gates i.e. they are similar to SPLDs except that
the CPLD is equivalent of 2 to 64 SPLDs.
• They are as fast as PLAs but more They are digital ICs that are just like a
large number of PALs in a single silicon chip connected to each other
through a cross point switch.

• They are as fast as PLAs but more

• They are digital ICs that are just like a large number of PALs in a single
silicon chip connected to each other through a cross point switch.

• A CPLD typically contains from tens to a few hundred macrocells.

 Architecture of CPLD :-

• It consists of a number of PAL like blocks, input/output blocks and a set of

interconnection wires.
• The PAL like blocks are connected to a set of interconnection wires and to an
input/output block.
• The input block is used to drive signals to the pins of the CPLD at the
appropriate voltage levels with the appropriate current.
• A PAL-like block (also called functional block) usually consists of 16 macro
cells.
• Each macro cell consists of an AND-OR configuration, an EX-OR gate a
flip-flop, a multiplexer and a tristate buffer.

• Each AND-OR configuration usually consists of 5 to 20 AND gates and an

OR gate with 5 to 20 inputs.
• An EX-OR gate is used to obtain the output of OR gate in an inverted or
non-inverted form depending upon its other input being 1 or 0 respectively.
• A tristate buffer acts as a switch, which enables the chips pin to be used
output or as an input.
• In case of chip pin is used as an input pin an external source can drive a
signal on to the pin, which can be connected to other macro cells using the
interconnection wiring.
 • When used as an input pin, the macro cell becomes redundant and it is
wasted.

Applications of VSAT communication:-

• High Speed Internet Access
• Virtual Private Networks
• Telemetry & Data Collection
• News Wire Services (SCADA)
• Point-of-sales transactions
• Financial Management
• Private-Line Voice
• Distance Education
Advantage of VSAT communication:-
• Installation: VSAT services are deployed in hours or minutes.
• Coverage: It can be available anywhere with clear line of sight between
VSAT antenna disc and satellite over the earth. It is popular in hilly areas
 where other mode of communication is either not available or difficult to
install.
• Price: VSAT terminals are cheaper.
• Upgradaion: It is flexible to add a VSAT site and increase the bandwidth as
per future requirements.
• Service charges: It depends on the bandwidth allocated as per user
requirements.
• Most modern VSAT systems use TCP/HTTP and other acceleration protocols
to have superior performance inspite of latency limitation as outlined below.
• VSAT provides same quality of service and speed at all the locations across
the entire VSAT network.
• VSAT services are independant of other wired and wireless mediums used as
transmission network service provider. Hence it is a great backup system
which is available during disaster and emergency situations.j
• VSAT terminals and indoor/outdoor hardwares can be installed on truck or
van and can be used even in mobility conditions.
• There are no last mile issues in VSAT operation.

Disadvantages of VSAT communication:-

• As mentioned it requires clear Line of Sight between VSAT dish and satellite
in the space.
• The malfunctioning of satellite and Hub station (in case of star topology) will
lead to disruption of VSAT services. To avoid this situation, redundant
systems and switch over units are needed to have backup systems available
for hot switching in faulty situations. But this increase overall cost of the
VSAT system as a whole.

• Latency for packet transmission from source to destination is higher due to

distance of satellite from earth is about 36000 Km. Latency further increases
in star topology of VSAT, as it requires two hops to reach at final destination.
• VSAT services get affected in bad weather conditions.
• As information transmitted by VSAT goes over the air till it reaches
destination, it is prone to intrusion by hackers. Hence encryption-
 decryption units are needed to have secure communication. This
increases the overall VSAT terminal cost.

Conclusion :-

At present, VSAT technology offers consumers quality and comfort

and can be a game changer in the communication field in remote
areas. It also has a low per unit cost, provides immediate global
coverage for hard- to-reach locations, and is economical. But at the
same time, the latency issue is a significant concern. It should be
addressed with innovation and technical knowledge to make VSAT
more reliable and valuable and can also play a crucial role in making
Digital India Mission a success.

References :-

• WWW.geeksfforgeeks.org>VSAT
• WWW.birdsat-vsat.com>application
• WWW.investopedia.com>term>vsat
• WWW.vsatantenna.net>post