THE NANO WORLD

 INTRODUCTION (SLIDE 1)

Scientific researchers made some innovations that lead to the advancement of technology that can be
used in different aspects.

Nanotechnology deals with the dimensions and tolerances of less than 100 nm, especially in the
manipulation of individual atoms and molecules. Nano science and nanotechnology employs the study
and application of exceptionally small things in other areas of science including materials science,
engineering, physics, biology and chemistry (NNI, 2017).

In addition, research studies show the increasing potential impacts of the use of nanomaterials in
heath, medicine, environment, agriculture, energy production and other areas in the community.

 This module focuses on defining nanotechnology, its applications to the various areas of society,
the risks it imposes and any activities to widen our understanding to the nano world. (SLIDE 2)
 After discussing the lesson, the following question should be expected to answer.
-What are the major concerns related to nanotechnology in the community?
-What is the status of the use of nanotechnology in the Philippines?

 (SLIDE 3)

LEARNING OBJECTIVES

At the end of this module, the learner should be able to:

 Discuss the benefits and risks of nanotechnology in the society;

 Discuss the major impacts (both potential and realized) of nanotechnology on society;
 Analyze the issue through the conceptual STS lenses; and
 Critique the issue on its costs and benefits to society

 (SLIDE 4)

WHAT IS NANOTECHNOLOGY?

The idea of nanotechnology and Nano science started on December 29, 1959 when American
Theoretical Physicist Richard Feynman introduce a method in which scientists can direct and control
individual atoms and molecules in his talk “There’s Plenty of Room at the Bottom” at an annual meeting
of the American Physical Society at Caltech (NNI, 2017).

 (SLIDE 5)
 DEFINITION OF NANOTECHNOLOGY (ilagay yung meaning ng nanotechnology sa docs na
nasearch)

 (SLIDE 6)
DEFINITION OF NNI AND ITS ROLE (ito din ilagay mo)

 (SLIDE 7)
Professor Norio Taniguchi used the term NANOTECHNOLOGY to describe semi-conductor
processes such as thin film deposition and ion beam milling exhibiting characteristic control on
the order of nanometer. Moreover, the invention of Scanning Tunnelling Microscope and
Atomic Force microscopy marked the beginning of Nanotechnology. These instruments enable
scientists to see and manipulate atoms.

 (SLIDE 8)
Therefore, nanotechnology is the study of phenomena and fine-tuning of materials at atomic,
molecular and macromolecular scale, where properties differ significantly from those at a large
scale. (European Commission).

 (SLIDE 9)
Nanotechnology is an advanced interdisciplinary field that encompasses science and technology
that manufactures materials of great help to the improvement of various areas of society
especially health care, environment, energy, food, water and agriculture.

 (SLIDE 10)
LESSON 1 NANOMATERIALS AND NANO SCALE
Nanomaterials are chemical substances or materials that are manufactured and used at a very
small scale.

 (SLIDE 11)
The National Institute of Environmental Health Science discussed that nanosized particles exist
in nature and can be created from a variety of products, such carbon or minerals like silver, but
nanomaterials by definition must have at least one dimension that is less than approximately
100 nanometers. Most nanoscale materials are too small to be seen with the naked eye and
even with conventional laboratory microscopes.

 (SLIDE 12)
WHAT IS NATIONAL INSTITUTE OF ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH SCIENCE (NIEHS)?
(meron dun sa sinned ko, yun ang ilagay mo buddy kasama na yung goal na nakalagay dun)

 (SLIDE 13)
 Materials engineered to such a small scale are often referred to as engineered nanomaterials
(ENMs), which can take on unique optical, magnetic, electrical, and other properties. These
emergent properties have the potential for great impacts in electronics, medicine, and other
fields.

 (SLIDE 14)
EXAMPLES OF APPLICATION OF ENMs

1. Nanotechnology can be used to design pharmaceuticals that can target specific organs or cells
in the body such as cancer cells, and enhance the effectiveness of therapy.
2. Nanomaterials can also be added to cement, cloth and other materials to make them stronger
and yet lighter.
3. Their size makes them extremely useful in electronics, and they can also be used in
environmental remediation or clean-up to bind with and neutralize toxins.

 (SLIDE 15)
A nanometer is a billionth of a meter (10^9 ). The illustration below shows how small Nano scale
is compared to other particles or materials.
(include mo yung illustration na nakalagay sa ppt na sinned ni sir dun sa module)

 (SLIDE 16)
APPLICATIONS OF NANOTECHNOLOGY

Nanotechnology is being used in several applications that may leads to the advancement of our
environment and improve quality of life. The following are:
 MEDICINE - Nanomedicine is the application of nanotechnology in the field of
medicine. It is the improvement and preservation of human health with the help
of molecular tools.
 ELECTRONICS- Nanoelectronics increases the capabilities of electronic devices,
enhances the density of memory chips and reduces power consumption and the
size of transistors used in integrated circuits.
 FOOD- In the food industry, nanotechnology has been utilized in order to
enhance the delivery of food ingredients to target sites, increase flavor, inhibit
bacterial growth, extend product shelf life and improve food safety.

 FUEL CELLS- One of the major problems in today’s world is power crisis. This
problem can be overcome by using fuel cells. The implementation of
nanotechnology in this method practically makes fuel cells, non-polluting.
 SOLAR CELLS- Nanotechnology might be able to increase the efficiency of solar
cells, but the most promising application of nanotechnology is the reduction of
manufacturing cost.
 BATTERIES - Using nanotechnology in the manufacture of batteries offers the
following benefits: Increasing the available power from a battery and decreasing
the time required to recharge a battery.
  SPACE - Some of the best-known applications of nanotechnology in space are
those that deal with this issue. Using materials constructed with carbon
nanotubes can reduce the weight of space vehicles significantly while
maintaining or even increasing structural integrity.
 FUEL- Nanotechnology can address the shortage of fossil fuels such as diesel and
gasoline by: Making the production of fuels from low grade raw materials
economical. Increasing the mileage of engines. Making the production of fuels
from normal raw materials more efficient.

 BETTER AND QUALITY-

 CLEANER WATER- Nanotechnology is a process that involves manipulating and
controlling matter on the atomic scale. In the process of water purification, this
involves using nanomembranes to soften the water and eradicate biological and
chemical contaminants as well as other physical particles and molecules.
 CHEMICAL SENSORS- Nanotechnology can enable sensors to detect very small
amounts of chemical vapors. Various types of detecting elements, such as
carbon nanotubes, zinc oxide nanowires or palladium nanoparticles can be used
in nanotechnology-based sensors. ... This allows the detection of a very low
concentration of chemical vapors.
 FABRICS- Some important and useful applications for nanotechnology fabrics
include wrinkle and stain resistant clothing and antimicrobial clothing for
hospitals. These effects can be produced on fabrics using Thierry plasma
systems with a fast and effective microwave plasma process.
 (SLIDE 17-19))
(isa-isahin ilagay yung meaning ng nasa slide 16)

 (SLIDE 20)
NANOMANUFACTURING

Manufacturing at the nanoscale is known as nanomanufacturing. It involves scaled-up, reliable,

and cost-effective manufacturing of nanoscale materials, structures, devices, and systems. It
also includes research, development, and integration of topdown processes and increasingly
complex bottom-up or self-assembly processes. In more simple terms, nanomanufacturing leads
to the production of improved materials and new products.

(SLIDE 21)
TWO BASIC APPROACH OF NANOMANUFACTURING:
 TOP-DOWN
 BOTTOM-UP
 TOP-DOWN
-fabrication reduces large pieces of materials all the way down to the nanoscale, like someone
carving a model airplane out of a block of wood.

EXAMPLE:
 The use of small, simple building blocks (atoms, molecules, ions) to construct the whole
assembly at the nanoscale.

 (SLIDE 22)
 BOTTOM-UP
-also called self-assembly, approach to nanofabrication use chemical or physical forces operating
at the nanoscale to assemble basic units into larger structures.

EXAMPLE:
 The use of bulk chemicals wherein, by means of successive steps, the smaller structure is cut out
from a bigger piece.

 (SLIDE 23)
There are also a growing number of new processes that enable nanomanufacturing:
 Chemical vapor deposition is a process in which chemicals react to produce
very pure, high-performance film.
 Molecular beam epitaxy is one method for depositing highly controlled thin
films.
 Atomic layer epitaxy is a process for depositing one-atom-thick layers on a
surface.
 Dip pen lithography is a process in which the tip of an atomic force microscope
is "dipped" into a chemical fluid and then used to "write" on a surface, like an
old-fashioned ink pen onto paper.

 (SLIDE 24)
 Nanoimprint lithography is a process for creating nanoscale features by
"stamping" or "printing" them onto a surface.
 Roll-to-roll processing is a high-volume process to produce nanoscale devices
on a roll of ultrathin plastic or metal.
 Self-assembly describes the process in which a group of components come
together to form an ordered structure without outside direction.
 (SLIDE 25)
Structures and properties of materials can be improved through these nanomanufacturing
processes. Such nanomaterials can be stronger, lighter, more durable, water-repellent, anti-
reflective, self-cleaning, ultraviolet- or infrared-resistant, anti-fog, antimicrobial, scratch-
resistant, or electrically conductive, among other traits.

 (SLIDE 26)
 NANOTECHNOLOGY IN THE PHILIPPINES

 (SLIDE 27)
LESSON 2: Risks Involved in the Use of Nanotechnology
Nanoparticles are likely to be dangerous for three main reasons:

1. Nanoparticles may damage the lungs. We know that 'ultra fine' particles from diesel
machines, power plants and incinerators can cause considerable damage to human lungs. This is
both because of their size (as they can get deep into the lungs) and also because they carry
other chemicals including metals and hydrocarbons in with them.
 2. Nanoparticles can get into the body through the skin, lungs and digestive system. This may
help create 'free radicals' which can cause cell damage and damage to the DNA. There is also
concern that once nanoparticles are in the bloodstream they will be able to cross the blood-
brain barrier.

3. The human body has developed a tolerance to most naturally occurring elements and
molecules that it has contact with. It has no natural immunity to new substances and is more
likely to find them toxic.

 (SLIDE 28-34)
(ilagay mo yung mga nasearch ko, IMPORTANCE OF NANOTECHNOLOGY (SLIDE 28),
BENEFITS/ADVANTAGE (SLIDE 29-30), RISK/DISADVANTAGES PROBLEMS/ CHALLENGES
ENCOUNTERED USING NANOTECHNOLOGY (SLIDE 31-33, SOCIETAL IMPACT OF
NANOTECHNOLOGY(SLIDE 34)-dito sa societal impact ilagay mo lang to (IN THE SOCIETY,
EFFECTS ON EMPLOYMENT, INTELLECTUAL PROPERTY ISSUES, THE BALANCE BETWEEN
CITIZENS AND THE GOVERNMENT in bullet form tapos yung description na nakalagay
dun sa docs yun na yung script na babasahin nung reporter.)