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International Conference on Technologies and Materials for Renewable Energy, Environment and
International Conference on Technologies
Sustainability, and21-24
TMREES17, Materials
Aprilfor Renewable
2017, Energy, Environment and
Beirut Lebanon
Sustainability, TMREES17, 21-24 April 2017, Beirut Lebanon
Sustainability of the Expansion Areas for Coastal Touristic Sites
Sustainability ofInternational
The 15th the Expansion Areas
Symposium for Coastal
on District Touristic
Heating and Cooling Sites
“E.A.C.T.S” Such as the case of El-Aouana in Algeria: Indicators
“E.A.C.T.S” Such as the case of El-Aouana in Algeria: Indicators
Assessing the feasibility of using
for considering the heat demand-outdoor
biodiversity
for considering biodiversity
temperature function1 for a long-term2, district heat demand forecast
Said Grimes1, Ammar Bouchair2,*, Hocine Tebbouche3
3
Said Grimesa , Ammar Bouchair
a,b,c a *, Hocine
b Tebbouche c
I. Andrić
1,2,3 *, ofA.
Department Pina , P.
Architecture, Ferrão
Faculty , J.and
of Sciences Fournier
Technology,., B. Lacarrière
University , O.
Mohamed Seddik Le Correc
Benyahia,
1,2,3
a
BP 98 OuledDepartment
Aissa, 18000ofJijel,
Architecture, Faculty: of
Algeria, E-mail Sciences and Technology,
grimessassi@univ-jijel.dz University Mohamed Seddik
, abouchair@univ-jijel.dz, Benyahia,
hocine-t@univ-jijel.dz
IN+BP
Center for Innovation,
98 Ouled Technology
Aissa, 18000 and Policy
Jijel, Algeria, E-mailResearch - Instituto Superior,Técnico,
: grimessassi@univ-jijel.dz Av. Rovisco Pais hocine-t@univ-jijel.dz
abouchair@univ-jijel.dz, 1, 1049-001 Lisbon, Portugal
b
Veolia Recherche & Innovation, 291 Avenue Dreyfous Daniel, 78520 Limay, France
c
Département Systèmes Énergétiques et Environnement - IMT Atlantique, 4 rue Alfred Kastler, 44300 Nantes, France
Abstract
Abstract
There are many forms of tourism that can be described as "viable" industries, but fail to take into account biodiversity when
Abstract
There arethemany formsofofsites.
tourism that can be described
studying planning All these forms of tourismasseek"viable" industries,
to achieve but fail differently
sustainability to take intobutaccount
all agreebiodiversity when
for the need to
studying
minimizethe the planning
negative of sites. of
impacts Allhuman
these activities
forms of tourism seek to achieve
on the environment. sustainability
However, differently
they consume morebut all agree for resource
non-renewable the needfor
to
District heating
minimize networks areofcommonly addressed in environment.
the literature However,
as one of they the most effective solutions for decreasing the
the searchthe of negative
comfort impacts human activities
to satisfy customers on the
who become more and more demanding consume
and moretonon-renewable
sensitive the ecology ofresource for
the visited
greenhouse
the search of gas emissions
comfort to from customers
satisfy the building whosector. These
become systems
more and require
more high investments
demanding and whichtoarethereturned
sensitive ecology through
of the the heat
visited
places. Coastal biodiversity offers inestimable wealth in terms of flora and fauna but this diversity is threatened by human
sales. Due to the
places. changed offers
climate conditionswealthand building renovation policies, heat demand in the future could decrease,
activitiesCoastal biodiversity
that attack it directly by soil inestimable
erosion, overfishing in terms of flora Various
and pollution. and fauna but this
methods fordiversity
evaluating is sustainability
threatened byofhuman
urban
prolonging
activities that the investment
attack it and return
directly period.
by soil erosion,
planning instruments touristic sights are overfishing and pollution.
applied throughout the worldVarious
withmethods fornames
different evaluating sustainability
and impact studiesofon
urban
the
The maininstruments
planning scope of thisandpaper is to assess
touristic the feasibility of using thetheheat demand with– outdoor temperature function for heat on
demand
environment. Our purpose here is to sights
exploreare theapplied
researchthroughout
works done in worldthis subject different
and namestheand
implement roleimpact studies
of biodiversity in the
forecast. TheOur
environment. district
purposeof here
Alvalade,
iswhich locatedthe
to explore in Lisbon (Portugal), was used as a andcaseimplement
study. The thedistrict
role ofinisbiodiversity
consisted inof the
665
tourism and hotels and to verify indicatorsresearch
could beworks donefor
adopted in this subject
taking into account the biodiversity the studies of the
buildings
tourism that
andArea vary
hotels in both construction period and typology. Three weather scenarios (low, medium, high) and three district
Expansion andand to verify
Touristic whichSites
Coastal indicators could such
(E.A.C.T.S) be adopted for taking
as El-Aouana towninto account
situated the west
in the biodiversity in the
of Jijel city, studies of the
Algeria.
renovationArea
Expansion scenarios were developed
and Touristic Coastal Sites(shallow, intermediate,
(E.A.C.T.S) such as deep).
El-AouanaTo estimate the error,
town situated in theobtained heat city,
west of Jijel demand values were
Algeria.
compared with results from a dynamic heat demand model, previously developed and validated by the authors.
© 2017 The Authors. Published by Elsevier Ltd.
© 2017
©The
2017 The
The Authors.
results Published
showed that
Authors. when by
Published only
by Elsevier
weatherLtd.change is considered, the margin of error could be acceptable for some applications
Peer-review
Peer-review under responsibility
under responsibility of Elsevier
of the
Ltd.
the Euro-Mediterranean
Euro-Mediterranean Institute for
Institute for Sustainable
Sustainable Development
Development (EUMISD).
(EUMISD).
(the error in annual demand was lower than 20% for all weather
Peer-review under responsibility of the Euro-Mediterranean Institutescenarios considered).
for Sustainable However,
Development after introducing renovation
(EUMISD).
scenarios, the error value increased up to 59.5% (depending on the weather and renovation scenarios combination considered).
Keywords: sights, eco-tourism, assessment, biodiversity, El-Aouana, E.A.C.T.S, indicators, sustainability.
The value
Keywords: of slope
sights, coefficient
eco-tourism, increased
assessment, on average
biodiversity, withinE.A.C.T.S,
El-Aouana, the range of 3.8%sustainability.
indicators, up to 8% per decade, that corresponds to the
decrease in the number of heating hours of 22-139h during the heating season (depending on the combination of weather and
renovation scenarios considered). On the other hand, function intercept increased for 7.8-12.7% per decade (depending on the
coupled scenarios). The values suggested could be used to modify the function parameters for the scenarios considered, and
improve the accuracy of heat demand estimations.

© 2017 The Authors. Published by Elsevier Ltd.

* Corresponding
Peer-review author.
under Tel.: +213-(0)
responsibility of 34
the50Scientific
26 88, fax:Committee
+213-(0) 34of50The
26 88.
15th International Symposium on District Heating and
* Corresponding
E-mail address:author.
Cooling. Tel.: +213-(0) 34 50 26 88, fax: +213-(0) 34 50 26 88.
abouchair@gmail.com
E-mail address: abouchair@gmail.com
1876-6102
Keywords:©Heat
2017demand;
The Authors. Published
Forecast; Climatebychange
Elsevier Ltd.
1876-6102
Peer-review©under
2017responsibility
The Authors. of
Published by Elsevier Ltd. Institute for Sustainable Development (EUMISD).
the Euro-Mediterranean
Peer-review under responsibility of the Euro-Mediterranean Institute for Sustainable Development (EUMISD).

1876-6102 © 2017 The Authors. Published by Elsevier Ltd.

Peer-review under responsibility of the Scientific Committee of The 15th International Symposium on District Heating and Cooling.
1876-6102 © 2017 The Authors. Published by Elsevier Ltd.
Peer-review under responsibility of the Euro-Mediterranean Institute for Sustainable Development (EUMISD).
10.1016/j.egypro.2017.07.066
 Said Grimes et al. / Energy Procedia 119 (2017) 170–181 171
2 S. Grimes, A. Bouchair, H. Tebbouche / / Energy Procedia 00 (2017) 000–000

1. Introduction

The ecotourism is a pillar of the global economy and an activity of leisure and relaxation for the entire population
and an important means of highlighting natural resources.

Nomenclature

E.A.T.C.S Expansion Area and Touristic Coastal Sites radius of

T.N.P Taza National Park
IUCN International Union for Conservation of Nature
IHRA International Hotel & restaurant Association
GHG Greenhouse Gas
ANDT National Agency for Tourism Development (Agence Nationale de Développement Touristique)
SDAT National (Schéma Diretceur d’Aménagement Touristique)
PAW Wilaya Master Plan of installation (Plan d’Aménagement de laWilaya)
P.D.A.U Master Plan for installation and Urbanism (Plan Directeur d’Aménagement et d’urbanisme)
CPT Technical prescriptions document (Cahier des prescriptions techniques)

The increase of polluting industrial activities on the coast (hydrocarbons, food, and energy, mining..) generates
waste and discharges without prior treatment and the absence of laws, regulations and structures in charge of the
tourism sector in the environmental field of the E.A.C.T.S causes poor tourism product and serious impacts on the
environment and biodiversity. The publications on this topic are new and contradictory. Robinson & Picard [1], put
into perspective the risks associated to the development of ecotourism in fragile ecosystems, with the dangers of
changing from a traditional economy, based on exploitation of natural resources, towards a tourism-related
economy. Michel [2] underlines a risk of folk culture facing the tourism development including ecotourism. Honey
[3] evokes, on the contrary, a vision of ecotourism as a new tool for the conservation of protected sites. She
estimates “It is a way to fund the conservation and the scientific research, to protect the virgin and fragile
ecosystems, to benefit rural communities, to promote the development of poor countries, to enhance ecological and
cultural sensitivity, and stimulate social and environmental awareness to the tourism industry".
The ecotourism, despite his well-meaning character, developed after the ecologist movement of the seventies, due
to the interest of the public for environment and natural voyages and the dissatisfaction against classical tourism, has
harmful effects on the coastal environment and requires a measured and specific approach [4]. Bouchair [5]
presented a study where it was shown how modern urban transformations caused the decline of traditional urban
areas of M’zab valley. Sustainability features of vernacular architecture in Southern Algeria were thoroughly
presented by [6] where it was shown how local communities can adapt with hostile environment without damaging
it. A study of the impact of building envelopes on energy performance and the environmental for three touristic
establishments (hotels) built in different climates using a life cycle analysis approach was made [7]. The assessment
was performed using PLEIADES software tools. The results show that it is possible to reduce the energy
requirements of both traditional and standard building envelopes by assigning low-consumption building scenarios.
Our vision is that biodiversity can help managers and investors in ecotourism to develop, humanize and decorate
the local sights if the studies are based on significant indicators considering the biodiversity elements to be
developed while planning eco-touristic projects. How to transform the site of the E.A.C.T.S of El-Aouana to an
attractive and relaxation place without retorts to nature and biodiversity is the question that comes to mind at first.
The other question aims to know, which indicators to certify ecological and friend of the biodiversity for a touristic
establishment?
To verify our hypothesis, we have organized our paper in two parts:
The first part concerns the analytic aspect of the research and aims to explore the scientific researches made in
the ecotourism domain and implements the role of biodiversity in it. The second part deals with empiric data relative
to indicators of sustainable tourism and ecotourism on the E.A.C.T.S of El-Aouana and proposes new indicators that
helps developing biodiversity on E.A.C.T.S.
172 Said Grimes et al. / Energy Procedia 119 (2017) 170–181
S. Grimes, A. Bouchair, H. Tebbouche / / Energy Procedia 00 (2017) 000–000 3

Because of the specificity of tourism activities on the E.A.C.T.S of El-Aouana in Algeria near the outstanding
Taza National Park (T.N.P), especially its marine part, and the needs of local population, our approach will be to
analyse the environmental impacts of a tourism friend of nature and inhabitants: Ecotourism as defined by Dabour
[8], « Since the years when the concept was first defined, a general consensus has developed on the basic elements
of ecotourism as follows: It (1) contributes to conservation of biodiversity, (2) sustains the well-being of local
people, (3) includes an interpretation/learning experience, (4) involves responsible action on the part of tourists and
the tourism industry, (5) requires the lowest possible consumption of non- renewable resources, and (6) stresses
local participation, ownership and business opportunities, particularly for rural people». In other circumstances,
some researchers [9] think that a compact city can be a useful tool to achieve urban sustainability goals. Ecotourism,
which may contribute, in our opinion, better than any other form of tourism, in protecting the local coastline
ecosystem, sensitive to all kinds of impacts. Fig.1. shows the location of Jijel province. Fig. 2. shows the E.A.C.T.S
and T.N.P position in El-Aouana.

Fig.1. Geographical position of the E.A.C.T.S and T.N.P of El-Aouana, Jijel, Algeria.
Figure adapted by the author from the P.D.A.U of Jijel.

Fig. 2. Geographical position of the E.A.C.T.S and T.N.P of El-Aouana, Jijel, Algeria.
Figure adapted by the author from the P.D.A.U of Jijel.
 Said Grimes et al. / Energy Procedia 119 (2017) 170–181 173
4 S. Grimes, A. Bouchair, H. Tebbouche / / Energy Procedia 00 (2017) 000–000

The region of El-Aouana has interesting natural wealth and the E.A.C.T.S has an important tourist attraction. It is
characterized by charming sites, diverse landscapes, various beaches, an almost virgin coastline and a central
location regarding the largest national touristic circuit, a dominant forest hinterland, raised by the National Park of
Taza, and biodiversity of the protected despite the existence of threats due to the lack of economic resources for
indigenous and robbing operations, see Fig. 3 and Fig. 4. As a synthesis, we have discussed the results and tried to
enrich them so that the selected indicators of biodiversity to be developed on the sights could be able to convert
E.A.C.T.S in an ecofriendly touristic site. We develop, as a conclusion, the main indicators of biodiversity to be
integrated in any specification or study relative to coastal touristic zones in the Mediterranean region.

Fig. 3. Overall view of the town of El-Aouana and its E.A.C.T.S seen from the heights of Taza National Park. (Source: author)

Fig. 4. The E.A.C.T.S of El-Aouana seen from the bird lake, a classified biodiversity area. (Source: author)

The interest of this paper is to allow actors and decision makers of ecotourism to select and choice the better
indicators while planning for tourism projects on the Mediterranean coast.
To reach the goal fixed, we have based our research in the theoretic field on the recent publications in the domain of
sustainable tourism and biodiversity and also on the investigations launched towards experts and professionals of
urbanism and tourism through the comparison between the study made for the E.A.C.T.S and approved by the
government and the check-list we made for the empiric aspect of E.A.C.T.S.
The ecotourism is a responsible tourism. It needs a good environmental quality in exploiting natural resources,
legacy, the beauty of landscape, the climate, the use of locally available materials, the air quality and so on. This
environmental awareness should be included in a measurable approach and oriented by the sustainability principles
shown in table 1.
174 Said Grimes et al. / Energy Procedia 119 (2017) 170–181
S. Grimes, A. Bouchair, H. Tebbouche / / Energy Procedia 00 (2017) 000–000 5

Table 1. Shutters check by the company that is moving towards sustainability

Sector Action
Water Ozone laundry system, rain water harvesting, selection of native plants
Waste Reduction of material consumption, reuse, recycling and composting
Energy Control System in rooms, computer system, renewable energy
Education/awareness Volunteering and employee engagement, customer awareness and involvement, training of managers through
seminars
Air quality Non-toxic cleaning products
Biodiversity Protection of fauna and flora
Patrimony Preservation of the patrimonial heritage
Transportation Shuttle, public transportation
Management Integrated Vision, setting up an environmental committee and a management plan and sustainable operational
activities, procedures and policies
Community Support community vision of the community, buying local products, suppliers, labor and regional business
partners.
Source : http://www.hotel-online.com/News/PR2010_3rd/Sep10_10GreenPractices.html" \t "_blank

2. Environmental impact studies of E.A.C.T.S

The purpose of the environmental impact study is to:

 Identify and assess the significance of the anticipated impacts of the project on the physical, biological and
human, as well as the noise climate and landscape,
 Evaluate and measure the direct and indirect effects in the short, medium and long term project
 Propose appropriate measures to mitigate identified impacts and optimize the integration of the project in the
receiving environment
 Ensure integration of constraints and opportunities inherent to the new environment in the infrastructure
design process.

Two important indicators of sustainability are generally considered in impact studies on the environment of
E.A.C.T.S and are simultaneously indicators to measure the direct impact on biodiversity for each component of the
territory. These are:
1-Erosion processes: the surface of the ground lost should not exceed a certain percentage per unit area. If this is
the case, we must reconsider the land use policies.
2-Transport: The share of train travel market should increase (growth of Train> auto growth)
The ecotourism, which developed following the environmental movement of the early 1970s and the growing
public interest in the environment and nature travel-oriented, coupled with the dissatisfaction regarding the harm of
mass tourism, showed that there was a place for alternative tourism [10-14].
The ecotourism is a responsible tourism. “It is to visit places while respecting biodiversity and local
communities. It must have minor negative effects on the environment and contribute to the well-being of local
population and its effects are measurable” [15, 16].
The ecotourism needs a good environmental quality by exploiting the natural resources, heritage, scenic beauty,
the nature of the climate, the use of natural and local materials, the air quality, etc.
All of these elements will influence the ecotourism activity either in good or bad way by many impacts that must
be treated at the beginning of any development study of E.A.C.T.S. Ecotourism could thus encourage significant
investments in the field of environmental protection. This environmental awareness must be included in a measured
approach, guided by the objectives of the economic, social and environmental sustainability as summarized in
Table1. A measure of impact type is carbon footprint, particularly for GHG emissions in the case of green buildings,
which includes the impact study on population, land and ecosystems [17]. These impacts are measurable by
characterization and standardization, derived from consumption. On the other hand, the environment will be affected
by the nature of the tourism product and the way it exploits the environment (protects and makes the site available,
use local materials, etc.).
However, the impact of ecotourism on the environment can be notorious: misuse of a site or equipment leads to
its degradation, indeed its destruction, if the attendance threshold is exaggerated, reducing then the time for natural
 Said Grimes et al. / Energy Procedia 119 (2017) 170–181 175
6 S. Grimes, A. Bouchair, H. Tebbouche / / Energy Procedia 00 (2017) 000–000

regeneration (natural or artificial spaces, historic buildings, equipment, etc.). It is necessary to respect attendance
threshold, which is rarely practiced for economic reasons but also by lack of conviction and monitoring. For the first
study of the E.A.C.T.S of El-Aouana, that ought to be sustainable, at Jijel, shows how little importance is given by
the design office ISIS (a foreign office) to the impact assessment on the environment according to the established
standards of sustainable development (Table 2).

Table 2. The indicators of the biodiversity for the establishment of the evaluation grid of tourism projects [17].
For Fauna For Flora
Number of species Number of species (Counting of species)
Number of individuals of species identified % species of primitive flora / area occupied by species
Area occupied by species Vegetation cover
% of deteriorated area % of deteriorated area

But, we may not blame the design office when no specifications oblige it to apply ecotourism approach in El-
Aouana. Especially that up to now, neither the “SRAT”, the “SDAT” for the Wilaya of JIJEL or the “P.D.A.U” of
the council of El-Aouana, have been aligned relative to the specifications of this area that requires sustainable
tourism. Even if the “SDAT” recognizes that the coastal ecosystem is subject to several dangers in that, unplanned
urbanization, discharges of wastewater and the degradation of the dune cordon and sees this area as sensitive,
especially it is located near the T.N.P and the marine protected area, and should receive touristic activities
environmentally concerned. The environmental component of the ISIS study design office has in fact been only
limited to two factors: The accommodation (carrying) capacity and the number of beds per hectare.

3. Environmental impacts for the E.A.C.T.S of EL-Aouana

3.1. Positive impacts:

Tourism in El Aouana is a phenomenon that has positive effects on the economy and the image of the city. In
that we mention:
 Awareness: an important tourism development encourages the authorities to take environmental issues into
account,
 Economic: tourism is the primary economic sector which offers jobs and income, and foreign currency transfer,
 Contribution to the development of other sectors of the economy, such as agriculture and fisheries and develops
access to the city,
 Promotion of the embellishment operations of the city: heritage renovation, landscaping, views, trails, etc.
3.2. Negative impacts:
 Tourism put chemical and physical pressure on the E.A.C.T.S environment observed during summer 2014, these
are:
 Solid waste from hotels: Hotels are large producers of solid waste and the means of collection, storage and
processing are not sufficient,
 The deterioration of the water quality of the coast,
 Throwing away of waste water: most hotels dump their discards in the absence of proper sewage treatment plant
to the institution,
 Oil leak from ships: regulations prohibit discards but control is absent,
 Increased demand of drinking water with fewer infrastructures, eventually becoming a source of concern for
residents,
 Coastal erosion: Most hotels are built near the sea, which have the effect of accelerating coastal erosion and
damaging coastal biodiversity.
 Over-consumption of natural resources:
 Land consumption and conflicts of space on a very narrow coastal plain,
176 Said Grimes et al. / Energy Procedia 119 (2017) 170–181
S. Grimes, A. Bouchair, H. Tebbouche / / Energy Procedia 00 (2017) 000–000 7

 Loss of wetlands in the coastal plain,

 Deforestation and loss of plant species that prevent,
 Over-exploitation of marine resources: fish, corals, and shells.

Tourism also has indirect effects on biodiversity, particularly through the use of traditional dishes with the
cooking method using the littoral vegetation. The grilled corn on a charcoal fire whose raw material is found to be
bushes that protect cords dune beaches.
The lack of sensibility towards the environment is reveled throw the lack of good citizenship and the gesture
which consist in getting rid of waste anywhere on the site after use. The fact is so serious since that goes till leaving
all the strewn on the sand of the beach after departure. Fig 5a and 5b shows the damage caused to the environment
and the very bad sensation that this nuisance creates near the visitors and the local inhabitants.
On the other hand, the relationship between tourism and the natural environment is ambivalent and
confrontational by the fact that the existing potential for a relationship based on reciprocal benefits destroyed the
cooperative relationship that is supposed to exist through ecotourism and fig.6 shows this reciprocity and the
example of the Becharre region in Lebanon is significant [18-19].
a b

Fig. 5. Tourism effects on biodiversity: a: The use of traditional dishes to cook using the littoral vegetation, b: pollution. (Source: author)

Similarly, the understanding and the acceptance of the principles of biodiversity and sustainability by a growing
portion of the population was also involved in the development of ecotourism. It becomes synonymous to the benefit
of nature, landscapes and species while respecting the ecosystem balance and antonyms to mass tourism. This, on
the contrary, degrades the natural environment through the development of bad practices of habitations and
landscapes, the reduction of natural resources, etc.

4. E.A.C.T.S sustainability and respect of biodiversity

The four levels that characterize the sustainability of E.A.C.T.S are:
 Physical carrying capacity, the absolute limit of the number of tourists that a destination can withstand,
 Ecological carrying capacity, the level of flow beyond which unacceptable ecological impacts are recognized
(damage to the ecosystem)
 Social carrying capacity, the limit beyond which unacceptable changes begin to affect the social lifestyle of local
people,
 Socio-touristic carrying capacity, is the limit beyond which the visitor satisfaction will drop because of too much
flow.
The E.A.C.T.S of El-Aouana extends over an area of 167 hectares and developable surface provided by the
design office covers about 80 hectares, which represents over 50% of undeveloped land. The total number of beds
provided in the E.A.C.T.S was 30 beds / hectare, or about 2400 beds/80 hectares. The planned development should
respond to nature conservation requirements with a "limited and adequate service", Development of the "resort"
with landscaped treatment quality, Construction of tourist units with local materials, projecting low-rise buildings
and incorporate the requirements of natural comfort such as ventilation, heating, use and treatment of water.
 Said Grimes et al. / Energy Procedia 119 (2017) 170–181 177
8 S. Grimes, A. Bouchair, H. Tebbouche / / Energy Procedia 00 (2017) 000–000

Fig. 6. Tourism growth effects on biodiversity, and their relation with the coastal vegetation [20].

The area of developed land is 119 000 m2 (about 12 hectares), or about 15% of the area of developable area of
ZEST where 22 000 m² for 4-star, 26000 m² for hotels 2* and 54000 m² for 140 villas [21].
Instead of reproducing the existing, it would have been better to analyze the many deficiencies that make our
E.A.C.T.S unsustainable urban areas and measure the impact on the natural environment and public health, for
which palliatives must be found before the startup of the installations and this concern mainly:
 The pressure on the natural environment (high traffic density on a small sensitive area, invasion on wetlands,
damage to coastal biodiversity)
 The problem of contamination of land and water,
 Loss of natural character of several media (deforestation of banks, availability of shelter for boats, etc.)
 Difficulty of access to water (privatization of banks)
 Presence of uncontrolled dumps and landscape degradation,
 Accelerated eutrophication of water bodies and degradation of aquatic environments,
 Ecological potential loss.
These are points that deserved attention from design offices, which merely principles of town planning and
neglected the principles of eco-urbanism and ecotourism [22]. At no time was there any question of urban
environmental approach, either on the data sheet or on the “CPT”, which proves that the study is based on a classical
techno-economic approach limited to the first three keys of a sustainable tourism study as developed by [20].
The intention was probably to occupy all the affected land, but without any attention to biodiversity, as provided
by IUCN and IHRA, for participation in the protection of fauna and flora. The nearby lake birds, the marine
178 Said Grimes et al. / Energy Procedia 119 (2017) 170–181
S. Grimes, A. Bouchair, H. Tebbouche / / Energy Procedia 00 (2017) 000–000 9

protected area and T.N.P are however motivations for ecotourism on the E.A.C.T.S of El-Aouana that could be of
use to tourists, nature and indigenous.
It is in this sense that we have sent a questionnaire to various actors in the tourism development of the Wilaya of
Jijel. The results are thus exploited and compared to a traditional view of tourism projects [23] in the context of
globalization and based on a set of specifications such as HQE to the attention of designers (work supervisors).
This effort remains, however, to be completed with a series of applications in the field, to the image of those
recommended by the Accor Group [24]. The relevance of tests on the indicators in the four partner countries by the
Acting for Life program [25] and the URBIO index for urban biodiversity [26] were used to select the understanding
indicators for tourism projects, namely: liquid waste treatment, solid waste treatment, physical impact, water
consumption, although other indicators exist, see table 3 and table 4.
Thirty-five-room hotel located just off the centre including a bar, restaurant and cafeteria was the first target to
analyse beside the project of the E.A.C.T.S of El-Aouana. These results enable to note that this hotel ranks in Group
B with a score of 11 out of 23 and the EACTS in category B with a score of 07/23.
Table 3. Thirty-five-room hotel located just off the center including a bar, restaurant and cafeteria [25].

referen

Project

Project

Project

Project
valuati

Aouan

Result

Result
2 (El-
Ratio

Ratio
Ratio type tial

for

for
on

2
1-Time to browse 20Km < 01 h < 01 h < 01 h 1 1
2-% area to tourist use / area. Total - de 35% 60% 15% 0 1
3-% of treated liquid waste 100% 100% 70% 1 0
4-% solid waste treated or disposed at an authorized waste 100% 100% 70% 1 0
5-% of solar energy used / total energy used 20% 30% 0% 1 0
6-Job creation per room 1.5 1.32 0,75 0 0
7-% staff trained 30% 10% 0% 0 0
8-% French speaking staff / total staff 75% 50% 40% 0 0
9-% literate staff / total staff 75% 25% 45% 1 0
10-% of national clients / customer’s total 20% 25% 55% 1 1
11-Distance from the nearest doctor <01 h 20 mn 20 mn 1 1
12-Financial or in nature Yes – No No No 0 0
13-Information on child protection, ID control Yes – No Yes Yes 1 1
14-% of purchasing local products compared to the total value of 75% 80% 90% 1 1
purchases
15-% of purchasing local products compared to the total value of 25% 10% 10% 0 0
purchases
16-% of products materials purchases inwardly relative to the 70% 75% 75% 1 1
total purchases value
17-% of cultural expenditure / total expenditure 1% 0% 0% 0 0
18-Existence of a connection and an Internet address Yes – No Yes Yes 1 0
19-Existence of a Web site Yes – No No No 0 0
20-fragile ecosystems <40% 60% 80% 0 0
21-Social responsibility / fauna and flora Yes – No No No 0 0
22-Planning in favour of Biodiversity Yes – No No No 0 0
23-Ecosystem services related to ecology Yes – No No No 0 0

Total: 11/23 07/23

As we can see it, all sustainable tourism objectives are not achieved and the biodiversity is neglected in all cases.
The survey in italics, from 20 to 23, shows clearly the indicators we recommended to be developed in order to
integrate biodiversity parameters inside E.A.C.T.S [26]:
20: The lack of success in integrating the biodiversity criteria’s inside projects in general and those relative to
ecotourism as a strategic aim in developing sustainable touristic areas,
21: The little interest reserved to social responsibility, and poverty which means that the precepts of the charter of
the United Nations relative to human development and equity are not applied,
22: % area for tourist use / total area: In both projects 1 & 2 show the major part of tourist activity in project 1
which can threaten severely the natural site. The minor activity in project 2 due to concentration of the tourist
 Said Grimes et al. / Energy Procedia 119 (2017) 170–181 179
10 S. Grimes, A. Bouchair, H. Tebbouche / / Energy Procedia 00 (2017) 000–000

activity on the beach within the coastal line and just in summer. This project is no longer sustainable because its
activity is not eco-friendly with nature and the use of the ground is not responsible (Not designed for a minimal
impact on vegetation on the ground) for the simple reason it’s nor designed in order to minimize the impact on
vegetation on the ground by using impact -less technologies or devices of greening like suspended platforms or
gateways,
23: Services such as periodical diagnosis or studies dedicated to preservation or protection of the biodiversity,
things completely ignored in the target field of the E.A.C.T.S.
Table 4. Classification of the physical and ecological indicators of tourism sustainability as represented by TEC- France [27].
Physico-ecological indicators
Level indicators of
Subjects Sustainabilty indicators Sustainabe tourism indicators
load of tourism
Natural Environment and biodiversity
Ecosystems - Total surface of the natural and semi- - Vegetal cover change due tourist activities - Zones of the key
natural zones - Biodiversity Changes due to tourism / tourist ecosystems (wetlands,
-Surface of the natural and semi-natural activities Forests, etc.) / total
zones / total surface surface
Ecological Percentage of the natural zones: -Change of the critical zones due to touristic
destruction, -In good condition development
degradation of the -Strongly degraded -Length of the degraded littoral / total length of
beaches, etc. the du littoral
- Length of the artificial littoral / total length of
the littoral
- Length of beaches / total length of the littoral
Perturbation -Number of endemic and endangered
species
- Number of endemic species / Number
of endemic species at national scale
Loss of fauna and -Surface occupied by endemic and
flora endangered species / total surface (%)
Overpopulation Many tourists per
- Km of accessible
littoral
- m2 of accessible
coast
- m2 of natural site
Protection -% of zones under mode of protection
(Protected area / total surface)
-Protected area with several key
ecosystems (wetlands, forests, etc.) /
total surface of key ecosystems (ex.
Ground of protected forest / total ground
of forest)
-Protected areas / endangered areas (%)
Cultural Heritage Loss or degradation of the built structures and
other archaeological or historical sites due to
development

Degradation of esthetical values

Tourist Many rooms by kind of tourist lodging / total Beds for tourist /
Infrastructure many rooms. permanent population

Percentage of occupation of the principal

establishments

Tourist units of lodging having received an

ecolabel (recognized at an international level,
of the EU, national, regional or local), after an
environmental audit, etc. / total units of tourist
lodging
180 Said Grimes et al. / Energy Procedia 119 (2017) 170–181
S. Grimes, A. Bouchair, H. Tebbouche / / Energy Procedia 00 (2017) 000–000 11

Air Quality Annual Number of days during which Annual Number of

the standards of sound pollution are days during which the
exceeded standards of air
pollution are
exceeded, along the
tourist season
Sound pollution Annual Number of days during which Annual Number of
the standards of sound pollution are days during which the
exceeded (many reports) standards of sound
pollution are exceeded
along the tourist
season
Energy Energy consumption per capita Consumption annual average/yearly
(electricity & petrochemical fuel) consumption during the tourist season

Consumption of energy per source Energy consumption by activities linked with Energy consumption
(renewable and non-renewable energy tourism / total energy Consumption by activities linked
sources) /consummation of total energy  Annually with tourism / local
 Monthly capacity of energy
supply

5. Conclusion

In addition to acting for life program biodiversity indicators, we have shown in this study that with the four
biodiversity indicators proposed it is possible to reinforce the fragile ecosystem touristic areas and to assess the
biodiversity indicator integration in ecotourism studies. The indicator of fragile ecosystem is used primarily for
projects operating to protect the environment. However, for small touristic projects, this indicator is difficult to take
into account. The results are thus exploited and compared to a traditional view of tourism projects in the context of
globalization and based on a set of specifications to the attention of designers. These results enable to note that all
sustainable tourism objectives are not achieved and the biodiversity is neglected in all cases. The lack of success in
integrating the biodiversity criteria’s inside tourism projects in general and those relative to ecotourism as a strategic
aim in developing sustainable touristic areas, is due to the lack of interest to social responsibility, poverty and
equity. The percentage of area for tourist use / total area show that the major part of tourist activity threaten severely
the natural site, due to concentration of the tourist activity on the beach within the coastal line and just in summer.
It was shown that the ecotourism destinations are expected to improve their services by promoting natural
resources and biodiversity protection. The research for greener solutions for the development of sites as part of
sustainable urban planning, continuous improvement of material properties to achieve the lightest carbon footprint
on the planet, will be a revolution in the image of these destinations, and the E.A.C.T.S of El-Aouana will have a big
role to play in this area for natural suitability.

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