MCV4U

1.1 – REVIEWING PRERQUISITE SKILLS

EXPANDING POLYNOMIALS
EXAMPLE #1:
Expand and simplify.

a. (𝑥 − 3)(𝑥 + 5)

b. (2𝑥 + 1)(3𝑥 − 1)

c. (5𝑥 − 2)(5𝑥 + 2)

d. (2𝑥 + 5)2

e. (3𝑥 − 2)2

f. −6𝑥 2 − 4𝑥 2 − 5𝑥 + 2(3𝑥 + 1)2

1
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LINEAR FUNCTIONS
EXAMPLE #2:
For each line, determine whether the slope is positive, negative, zero
or undefined.

Line 1 Line 2

Line 3 Line 4

2
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QUADRATIC FUNCTIONS
EXAMPLE #3:
For each parabola, starting from left to right, determine whether it
changes from increasing to decreasing or decreasing to increasing.
Explain why.

Parabola 1 Parabola 2

In general, a parabola that opens upwards changes from decreasing to

increasing and a parabola that opens downwards changes from
increasing to decreasing.

3
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FACTORING
EXAMPLE #4:
Factor fully, if possible.

a. 24𝑥 2 𝑦 5 + 16𝑥 3 𝑦 2

b. 𝑥 2 + 7𝑥 + 12

c. 2𝑥 2 − 7𝑥 − 15

d. 4𝑥 2 − 25𝑦 2

e. 169𝑥 2 − 312𝑥 + 144

f. 𝑥 4 − 10𝑥 2 + 9

4
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QUADRATIC FORMULA
EXAMPLE #4:
Solve each equation with the quadratic formula.
a. 𝑥 2 + 7𝑥 + 12 = 0

b. 𝑥 2 + 4𝑥 + 4 = 0

c. 𝑥 2 + 𝑥 + 1 = 0

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FACTOR THEOREM
EXAMPLE #6:
Factor fully, if possible.

a. 𝑓(𝑥) = 2𝑥 3 + 3𝑥 2 − 17𝑥 − 30

b. 𝑓(𝑥) = 3𝑥 4 + 𝑥 3 − 17𝑥 2 + 19𝑥 − 6

NEXT STEPS:
GO TO “CHECK YOUR UNDERSTANDING” FROM BRIGHTSPACE

6
MCV4U

1.2 – DETERMINING RATES OF CHANGE

A.R.O.C. and I.R.O.C.

EXAMPLE #1:
What is the difference between Average Rate of Change and
Instantaneous Rate of Change? Complete the table below.

Average Rate of Change Instantaneous Rate of Change

Secant Line: a line that passes Tangent Line: a line that

through two points on the graph touches the curve at the point of
of a relation interest, but also follows the
same direction of the function at
this point

7
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A.R.O.C.
EXAMPLE #2: Andrew drains the water from a hot tub. The tub holds
1600 L of water. It takes 2 h for the water to drain completely. The
volume, 𝑉, in litres, of water remaining in the tub at various times 𝑡, in
minutes, is shown in the table and graph. Calculate the average rate of
change in volume over the interval 30 ≤ 𝑡 ≤ 90.

8
MCV4U

EXAMPLE #3:
a. What is the average rate of change of 𝑓(𝑥) = −𝑥 2 + 3𝑥 − 4 over the
interval −3 ≤ 𝑥 ≤ 1?

1
b. What is the average rate of change of 𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑥+2 over the interval
5 ≤ 𝑥 ≤ 8?

c. What is the average rate of change of 𝑓(𝑥) = 2(𝑥 − 𝑎)2 + 1 over the
interval 𝑎 − 1 ≤ 𝑥 ≤ 𝑎 + 2?

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I.R.O.C.
EXAMPLE #4:
a. Estimate the instantaneous rate of change of 𝑓(𝑥) = 5𝑥 2 − 7 at 𝑥 = 2.

b. What is slope of the tangent to the curve 𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑥 2 − 2𝑥 at (1, −1)?

c. The population of a small town appears to be growing exponentially.

Town planners think that the equation 𝑃(𝑡) = 35000 (1.05𝑡 ), where 𝑃(𝑡)
is the number of people in the town and 𝑡 is the numbers of years after
2000, models the size of the population. Estimate the instantaneous
rate of change in the population in 2015.

10
MCV4U

A.R.O.C. or I.R.O.C.?
EXAMPLE #5:
a. Thomas is riding a Ferris wheel. Thomas’ elevation ℎ(𝑡), in metres
above the ground at time 𝑡 in seconds, can be modelled by the
function ℎ(𝑡) = 5 cos[4(𝑡 − 10)°] + 6. Alice thinks that Thomas will be
closest to the ground at 55 s. Do you agree?

b. Alice finds herself trying to prove that shooting fish in a barrel is

easy. On her first attempts, she shoots a hole through the bottom of
1
the cylindrical barrel, but sadly no fish. The function 𝑉(𝑡) = 9 (14 − 𝑡 2 ),
1
models how the water drains from the barrel where 𝑉 is the volume of
the water left in the barrel, in 𝑐𝑚3 and 𝑡 is the time in seconds. How
quickly is the water leaving the barrel over the first two seconds?

NEXT STEPS:
GO TO “CHECK YOUR UNDERSTANDING” FROM BRIGHTSPACE

11
MCV4U

1.3 – DETERMINING LIMITS

The notation lim 𝑓(𝑥) = 𝐿 is read “the limit of 𝑓(𝑥) as 𝑥 is approaching to

𝑥→𝑎
𝑎 equals to 𝐿” and means that the value of 𝑓(𝑥) can be made arbitrarily
close to 𝐿 by choosing 𝑥 sufficiently close to 𝑎 (but not equal to 𝑎).
But lim 𝑓(𝑥) exists if and only if the limiting value from the left equals
𝑥→𝑎
the limiting value from the right. Let’s use this definition to evaluate
some limits.

READING LIMITS
EXAMPLE #1:
Try reading the following statements. Translate the following limits
from math to English.
a. lim 5 = 5
𝑥→1

𝑥+1
b. lim 𝑥−1 = −1
𝑥→0

BASIC RULES FOR EVALUATION OF LIMITS

Rule #1 Rule #2 Rule #3 Rule #4

In the In the In the In the world of limits,
world of world of world of ∞
= 𝑖𝑛𝑑𝑒𝑡𝑒𝑟𝑚𝑖𝑛𝑎𝑡𝑒
limits, limits, limits, ∞
𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑡 ∞ 𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑡
=0 𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑡
=∞ =∞
∞ 0 Rule #5
In the world of limits,
Examples: Examples: Examples: 0
5 ∞ 5 = 𝑖𝑛𝑑𝑒𝑡𝑒𝑟𝑚𝑖𝑛𝑎𝑡𝑒
=0 =∞ =∞ 0
∞ 5 0
−3 ∞ −3
=0 = −∞ = −∞
∞ −3 0
BONUS: 7 TYPES OF INDETERMINATES
0 ∞
∞ − ∞, 0 × ∞, , , 1∞ , ∞0 , 00
0 ∞

12
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LIMITS:

1. STRAIGHT SUBSTITUTION

2. FACTORING

3. RATIONALIZING

STRAIGHT SUBSTITUTION
EXAMPLE #2:
Evaluate the following limits. Show all work. If the limit does not exist,
explain why.
a. lim 5
𝑥→1

𝑥+1
b. lim
𝑥→1 𝑥−1

𝑥 2 −7
c. lim
𝑥→3 𝑥+5

√2𝑥+1−√𝑥+3
d. lim
𝑥→0 x−1

13
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FACTORING
EXAMPLE #3:
Evaluate the following limits. Show all work. If the limit does not exist,
explain why.
𝑥 2 +7𝑥+12
a. lim
𝑥→−4 𝑥+4

𝑥 2 −2𝑥−3
b. lim
𝑥→3 𝑥−3

𝑥 4 −16
c. lim
𝑥→2 𝑥−2

𝑥 3 −8
d. lim
𝑥→2 𝑥−2

3𝑥 4 +𝑥 3 −17𝑥 2 +19𝑥−6
e. lim 3𝑥 2 +7𝑥−6
𝑥→−3

14
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DIVIDING EVERYTHING
EXAMPLE #4:
Evaluate the following limits. Show all work. If the limit does not exist,
explain why.
5
a. lim
𝑥→∞ 𝑥

2𝑥 2 −6𝑥+1
b. lim
𝑥→∞ 5𝑥 2 +3𝑥+4

2𝑥 −2−𝑥
c. lim
𝑥→∞ 2𝑥 +2−𝑥

RATIONALIZING
EXAMPLE #5:
Evaluate the following limit. Show all work. If the limit does not exist,
explain why.
√𝑥+16−4
a. lim 𝑥
𝑥→0

√𝑥+2−√3𝑥−2
b. lim
𝑥→2 √5𝑥−1−√4𝑥+1

15
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ONE SIDED LIMITS

EXAMPLE #6:
Evaluate the following limits. Show all work. If the limit does not exist,
explain why.
𝑥2
a. lim−
𝑥→1 x+1

𝑥2
b. lim+ x+1
𝑥→1

𝑥2
c. lim
𝑥→1 x+1

d. lim− √𝑥 − 1
𝑥→1

e. lim+ √𝑥 − 1
𝑥→1

f. lim √𝑥 − 1
𝑥→1

ABSOLUTE VALUE
EXAMPLE #7:
Evaluate the following limit. Show all work. If the limit does not exist,
explain why. Draw a diagram to illustrate.

|𝑥|
lim
𝑥→0 x

NEXT STEPS:
GO TO “CHECK YOUR UNDERSTANDING” FROM BRIGHTSPACE

16
MCV4U

1.4 – USING FIRST PRINCIPLES TO DETERMINE THE EQUATION

OF TANGENT

INTRODUCTION
EXAMPLE #1:
a. Consider the function 𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑥 2 . Complete the following table of
values. 𝑃 and 𝑄 are points on the graph of 𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑥 2 .
𝑃 𝑄 Slope of line 𝑃𝑄
(1, ) (2, )

(1, ) (1.5, )

(1, ) (1.1, )

(1, ) (1.01, )

(1, ) (1.001, )

(1, ) (0.999, )

(1, ) (0.99, )

(1, ) (0.9, )

(1, ) (0.5, )

(1, ) (0, )

b. Determine the slope of the tangent to the graph of 𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑥 2 at point

𝑃 using your results above.

17
MCV4U

Derivative by First Principle refers to using algebra to find a general

expression for the slope of a curve. It is also known as the delta
method. The derivative is a measure of the instantaneous rate of
change, which is equal to:
𝑓(𝑥 + ℎ) − 𝑓(𝑥)
𝑓 ′ (𝑥) = lim
ℎ→0 ℎ
This expression is the foundation for the rest of differential calculus:
every rule, identity, and fact follows from this.

FIRST PRINCIPLE
EXAMPLE #2:
Differentiate the following functions from First Principles. Show all your
work.
a. 𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑥 2

b. 𝑓(𝑥) = √𝑥

1
c. 𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑥

18
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SLOPE OF TANGENT
EXAMPLE #3:
Using First Principles only, determine the slope of the tangent to the
3𝑥+6
rational function 𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑥 at (2,6).

EQUATION OF THE TANGENT LINE

EXAMPLE #4:
a. Using First Principles only, find the equation of the tangent line at
the point (1,1) on the curve 𝑓(𝑥) = 2𝑥 − 𝑥 3 . Leave your final answer in
standard form.

b. Using First Principles only, find the equation of the tangent line at
𝑥+1
𝑥 = 3 on the curve 𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑥−2. Leave your final answer in standard form.

19
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WORD PROBLEM
EXAMPLE #5:
On a special planet, an object is dropped from a height of 𝑠 meters and
it takes 𝑡 seconds to reach the ground. The formula describing its
1
motion is 𝑠 = . Using First Principles only, determine the rate of
√2+𝑡
change of the object at 7𝑠. Leave your final answer in exact form.

THINKING
EXAMPLE #6:

Using First Principles only, determine the equations of two lines that
pass through the point (−1, −3) and are tangent to the graph of
𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑥 2 + 1. Round your final answers to one decimal place, if needed.

NEXT STEPS:
GO TO “CHECK YOUR UNDERSTANDING” FROM BRIGHTSPACE

20
MCV4U

1.1 – REVIEWING PRERQUISITE SKILLS

EXPANDING POLYNOMIALS
EXAMPLE #1:
Expand and simplify.

a. (𝑥 − 3)(𝑥 + 5)

b. (2𝑥 + 1)(3𝑥 − 1)

c. (5𝑥 − 2)(5𝑥 + 2)

d. (2𝑥 + 5)2

e. (3𝑥 − 2)2

f. −6𝑥 2 − 4𝑥 2 − 5𝑥 + 2(3𝑥 + 1)2

1
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LINEAR FUNCTIONS
EXAMPLE #2:
For each line, determine whether the slope is positive, negative, zero
or undefined.

Line 1 Line 2

Line 3 Line 4

2
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QUADRATIC FUNCTIONS
EXAMPLE #3:
For each parabola, starting from left to right, determine whether it
changes from increasing to decreasing or decreasing to increasing.
Explain why.

Parabola 1 Parabola 2

In general, a parabola that opens upwards changes from decreasing to

increasing and a parabola that opens downwards changes from
increasing to decreasing.

3
MCV4U

FACTORING
EXAMPLE #4:
Factor fully, if possible.

a. 24𝑥 2 𝑦 5 + 16𝑥 3 𝑦 2

b. 𝑥 2 + 7𝑥 + 12

c. 2𝑥 2 − 7𝑥 − 15

d. 4𝑥 2 − 25𝑦 2

e. 169𝑥 2 − 312𝑥 + 144

f. 𝑥 4 − 10𝑥 2 + 9

4
MCV4U

QUADRATIC FORMULA
EXAMPLE #4:
Solve each equation with the quadratic formula.
a. 𝑥 2 + 7𝑥 + 12 = 0

b. 𝑥 2 + 4𝑥 + 4 = 0

c. 𝑥 2 + 𝑥 + 1 = 0

5
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FACTOR THEOREM
EXAMPLE #6:
Factor fully, if possible.

a. 𝑓(𝑥) = 2𝑥 3 + 3𝑥 2 − 17𝑥 − 30

b. 𝑓(𝑥) = 3𝑥 4 + 𝑥 3 − 17𝑥 2 + 19𝑥 − 6

NEXT STEPS:
GO TO “CHECK YOUR UNDERSTANDING” FROM BRIGHTSPACE

6
MCV4U

1.2 – DETERMINING RATES OF CHANGE

A.R.O.C. and I.R.O.C.

EXAMPLE #1:
What is the difference between Average Rate of Change and
Instantaneous Rate of Change? Complete the table below.

Average Rate of Change Instantaneous Rate of Change

Secant Line: a line that passes Tangent Line: a line that

through two points on the graph touches the curve at the point of
of a relation interest, but also follows the
same direction of the function at
this point

7
MCV4U

A.R.O.C.
EXAMPLE #2: Andrew drains the water from a hot tub. The tub holds
1600 L of water. It takes 2 h for the water to drain completely. The
volume, 𝑉, in litres, of water remaining in the tub at various times 𝑡, in
minutes, is shown in the table and graph. Calculate the average rate of
change in volume over the interval 30 ≤ 𝑡 ≤ 90.

8
MCV4U

EXAMPLE #3:
a. What is the average rate of change of 𝑓(𝑥) = −𝑥 2 + 3𝑥 − 4 over the
interval −3 ≤ 𝑥 ≤ 1?

1
b. What is the average rate of change of 𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑥+2 over the interval
5 ≤ 𝑥 ≤ 8?

c. What is the average rate of change of 𝑓(𝑥) = 2(𝑥 − 𝑎)2 + 1 over the
interval 𝑎 − 1 ≤ 𝑥 ≤ 𝑎 + 2?

9
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I.R.O.C.
EXAMPLE #4:
a. Estimate the instantaneous rate of change of 𝑓(𝑥) = 5𝑥 2 − 7 at 𝑥 = 2.

b. What is slope of the tangent to the curve 𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑥 2 − 2𝑥 at (1, −1)?

c. The population of a small town appears to be growing exponentially.

Town planners think that the equation 𝑃(𝑡) = 35000 (1.05𝑡 ), where 𝑃(𝑡)
is the number of people in the town and 𝑡 is the numbers of years after
2000, models the size of the population. Estimate the instantaneous
rate of change in the population in 2015.

10
MCV4U

A.R.O.C. or I.R.O.C.?
EXAMPLE #5:
a. Thomas is riding a Ferris wheel. Thomas’ elevation ℎ(𝑡), in metres
above the ground at time 𝑡 in seconds, can be modelled by the
function ℎ(𝑡) = 5 cos[4(𝑡 − 10)°] + 6. Alice thinks that Thomas will be
closest to the ground at 55 s. Do you agree?

b. Alice finds herself trying to prove that shooting fish in a barrel is

easy. On her first attempts, she shoots a hole through the bottom of
1
the cylindrical barrel, but sadly no fish. The function 𝑉(𝑡) = 9 (14 − 𝑡 2 ),
1
models how the water drains from the barrel where 𝑉 is the volume of
the water left in the barrel, in 𝑐𝑚3 and 𝑡 is the time in seconds. How
quickly is the water leaving the barrel over the first two seconds?

NEXT STEPS:
GO TO “CHECK YOUR UNDERSTANDING” FROM BRIGHTSPACE

11
MCV4U

1.3 – DETERMINING LIMITS

The notation lim 𝑓(𝑥) = 𝐿 is read “the limit of 𝑓(𝑥) as 𝑥 is approaching to

𝑥→𝑎
𝑎 equals to 𝐿” and means that the value of 𝑓(𝑥) can be made arbitrarily
close to 𝐿 by choosing 𝑥 sufficiently close to 𝑎 (but not equal to 𝑎).
But lim 𝑓(𝑥) exists if and only if the limiting value from the left equals
𝑥→𝑎
the limiting value from the right. Let’s use this definition to evaluate
some limits.

READING LIMITS
EXAMPLE #1:
Try reading the following statements. Translate the following limits
from math to English.
a. lim 5 = 5
𝑥→1

𝑥+1
b. lim 𝑥−1 = −1
𝑥→0

BASIC RULES FOR EVALUATION OF LIMITS

Rule #1 Rule #2 Rule #3 Rule #4

In the In the In the In the world of limits,
world of world of world of ∞
= 𝑖𝑛𝑑𝑒𝑡𝑒𝑟𝑚𝑖𝑛𝑎𝑡𝑒
limits, limits, limits, ∞
𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑡 ∞ 𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑡
=0 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑛𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑡
=∞ =∞
∞ 0 Rule #5
In the world of limits,
Examples: Examples: Examples: 0
5 ∞ 5 = 𝑖𝑛𝑑𝑒𝑡𝑒𝑟𝑚𝑖𝑛𝑎𝑡𝑒
=0 =∞ =∞ 0
∞ 5 0
−3 ∞ −3
=0 = −∞ = −∞
∞ −3 0
BONUS: 7 TYPES OF INDETERMINATES
0 ∞
∞ − ∞, 0 × ∞, , , 1∞ , ∞0 , 00
0 ∞

12
MCV4U

LIMITS:

1. STRAIGHT SUBSTITUTION

2. FACTORING

3. RATIONALIZING

STRAIGHT SUBSTITUTION
EXAMPLE #2:
Evaluate the following limits. Show all work. If the limit does not exist,
explain why.
a. lim 5
𝑥→1

𝑥+1
b. lim
𝑥→1 𝑥−1

𝑥 2 −7
c. lim
𝑥→3 𝑥+5

√2𝑥+1−√𝑥+3
d. lim
𝑥→0 x−1

13
MCV4U

FACTORING
EXAMPLE #3:
Evaluate the following limits. Show all work. If the limit does not exist,
explain why.
𝑥 2 +7𝑥+12
a. lim
𝑥→−4 𝑥+4

𝑥 2 −2𝑥−3
b. lim
𝑥→3 𝑥−3

𝑥 4 −16
c. lim
𝑥→2 𝑥−2

𝑥 3 −8
d. lim
𝑥→2 𝑥−2

3𝑥 4 +𝑥 3 −17𝑥 2 +19𝑥−6
e. lim 3𝑥 2 +7𝑥−6
𝑥→−3

14
MCV4U

DIVIDING EVERYTHING
EXAMPLE #4:
Evaluate the following limits. Show all work. If the limit does not exist,
explain why.
5
a. lim
𝑥→∞ 𝑥

2𝑥 2 −6𝑥+1
b. lim
𝑥→∞ 5𝑥 2 +3𝑥+4

2𝑥 −2−𝑥
c. lim
𝑥→∞ 2𝑥 +2−𝑥

RATIONALIZING
EXAMPLE #5:
Evaluate the following limit. Show all work. If the limit does not exist,
explain why.
√𝑥+16−4
a. lim x
𝑥→0

√𝑥+2−√3𝑥−2
b. lim
𝑥→2 √5𝑥−1−√4𝑥+1

15
MCV4U

ONE SIDED LIMITS

EXAMPLE #6:
Evaluate the following limits. Show all work. If the limit does not exist,
explain why.
𝑥2
a. lim−
𝑥→1 x+1

𝑥2
b. lim+ x+1
𝑥→1

𝑥2
c. lim
𝑥→1 x+1

d. lim− √𝑥 − 1
𝑥→1

e. lim+ √𝑥 − 1
𝑥→1

f. lim √𝑥 − 1
𝑥→1

ABSOLUTE VALUE
EXAMPLE #7:
Evaluate the following limits. Show all work. If the limit does not exist,
explain why. Draw a diagram to illustrate.

|𝑥|
lim
𝑥→0 x

NEXT STEPS:
GO TO “CHECK YOUR UNDERSTANDING” FROM BRIGHTSPACE

16
MCV4U

1.4 – USING FIRST PRINCIPLES TO DETERMINE THE EQUATION

OF TANGENT

INTRODUCTION
EXAMPLE #1:
a. Consider the function 𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑥 2 . Complete the following table of
values. 𝑃 and 𝑄 are points on the graph of 𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑥 2 .
𝑃 𝑄 Slope of line 𝑃𝑄
(1, ) (2, )

(1, ) (1.5, )

(1, ) (1.1, )

(1, ) (1.01, )

(1, ) (1.001, )

(1, ) (0.999, )

(1, ) (0.99, )

(1, ) (0.9, )

(1, ) (0.5, )

(1, ) (0, )

b. Determine the slope of the tangent to the graph of 𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑥 2 at point

𝑃 using your results above.

17
MCV4U

Derivative by First Principle refers to using algebra to find a general

expression for the slope of a curve. It is also known as the delta
method. The derivative is a measure of the instantaneous rate of
change, which is equal to:
𝑓(𝑥 + ℎ) − 𝑓(𝑥)
𝑓 ′ (𝑥) = lim
ℎ→0 ℎ
This expression is the foundation for the rest of differential calculus:
every rule, identity, and fact follows from this.

FIRST PRINCIPLE
EXAMPLE #2:
Differentiate the following functions from First Principles. Show all your
work.
a. 𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑥 2

b. 𝑓(𝑥) = √𝑥

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c. 𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑥

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SLOPE OF TANGENT
EXAMPLE #3:
Using First Principles only, determine the slope of the tangent to the
3𝑥+6
rational function 𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑥 at (2,6).

EQUATION OF THE TANGENT LINE

EXAMPLE #4:
a. Using First Principles only, find the equation of the tangent line at
the point (1,1) on the curve 𝑓(𝑥) = 2𝑥 − 𝑥 3 . Leave your final answer in
standard form.

b. Using First Principles only, find the equation of the tangent line at
𝑥+1
𝑥 = 3 on the curve 𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑥−2. Leave your final answer in standard form.

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WORD PROBLEM
EXAMPLE #5:
On a special planet, an object is dropped from a height of 𝑠 meters and
it takes 𝑡 seconds to reach the ground. The formula describing its
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motion is 𝑠 = . Using First Principles only, determine the rate of
√2+𝑡
change of the object at 7𝑠. Leave your final answer in exact form.

THINKING
EXAMPLE #6:

Using First Principles only, determine the equations of two lines that
pass through the point (−1, −3) and are tangent to the graph of
𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑥 2 + 1. Round your final answer to one decimal place, if needed.

NEXT STEPS:
GO TO “CHECK YOUR UNDERSTANDING” FROM BRIGHTSPACE

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