Background of the Study

The family is a fundamental and important social structure that plays an important role in

one's life and in society. The significance of the family as a social structure is undeniable.

Children, while influenced by society and peers, are most influenced by their families. The

family's influence on the child, as well as its roles in the child's creativity, cultural, social, and

moral aspects, is enormous and significant. One of the factors influencing both physical and

mental health is a healthy and balanced relationship between parents and their children.

According to research, the interaction between children and parents, as well as how parents

communicate with children, are the most important and fundamental factors influencing

children's fostering and healthy character (Kimble, 2014).

Parent-child relationships and parenting styles serve several functions. Among these

goals are moral and psychological training, identification, growth, and development of children's

talents and skills, and familiarization with societal rules and norms from the perspective of

parents. "Parsons also consider two basic functions for the family, namely, socialization and the

development of the child's personality." It appears that parents' parenting styles are likely to

influence children's personality traits (Eazazi, 1997).

Parenting style is a concept related to how parents raise their children. Parents play an

important role in a person's life, especially during childhood and until they reach adulthood.

Parental control and discipline are essential for developing a child's healthy personality. This is

especially true when a family's structure shifts from extended family to nuclear to single parent.

Parents try to understand their child's personality or the abnormalities their child must handle

situations amicably and twist or turn their child's unwanted behavioral aspects. The practices that

parents employ when caring for their child include providing warmth and control to their child so
that responsiveness and demandingness are reduced to a desired level. The responsiveness and

demandingness of parents will vary depending on how strict they are and what conditions they

impose or do not impose; parents have different parenting styles. Baumrind (1966) identified

three fundamental parenting styles based on parental control and educational style.

The three parenting styles are classified based on the behavior, values, and standards

passed down from parents to their children. So far, three parenting styles have been observed and

are based on parents' levels of demandingness and responsiveness: I authoritarian, ii)

authoritative, and iii) permissive. Then, parenting style was defined as a reflection of two

underlying processes: the number and type of demands made by the parents' demandingness, and

the contingency of the parenting reinforce, which is responsiveness (Baumrind 1991).

Adolescence is a universal stage of human development that marks the transition from

childhood to adulthood. It is accompanied by physical development, brain maturation, and sexual

maturation, all of which result in reproductive capability. The onset of health problems related to

behavior and emotional control is also increased during the adolescent transition. And

adolescents differ from other human developmental stages such as infancy and childhood in that

they have a strong desire to exercise their autonomy. Adolescents may begin to doubt the

legitimacy of parental authority and supervision. Because of their need for autonomy,

adolescents are especially prone to defiant behavior toward authority. Furthermore, as

adolescents grow from children to adults, they encounter a variety of issues and concerns.

Adolescents face the pressures of excelling in school and deciding on a future career. It is also

not uncommon for adolescents to face higher expectations from their families, schools, and

society (Cumsille, et al., 2009).

 Students who are already adolescents must learn to cope with life's challenges because

failure to do so can result in negative outcomes such as defiance of parental authority, risky

behavior (e.g., reckless driving, unprotected sex), drug and alcohol use, and lack of self-

confidence. Adolescents' self-efficacy determines their belief in their ability to refrain from

engaging in misconduct. The ability to exercise self-efficacy has a significant impact not only on

adolescent behavior but also on their overall well-being. Adolescents' self-efficacy allows them

to engage in tasks in which they believe they can succeed and keeps them motivated.

According to Bradley and Corwyn (2009), children's experiences in their environment,

particularly at home, are associated with a wide range of developmental outcomes such as social

behavior and self-efficacy. Parents consistently play an important role in the lives of adolescents.

Thus, it is critical to investigate the type of parenting style and its impact on science major

students' self-efficacy of Leyte Normal University to gain valuable insights that will aid in the

development of self-sufficient future adults.