QUANTUM THEORY OF

PARAMAGNETISM
 Paramagnetism e ne ra te
o n s g
e le c tr r toa
in g ila
Spinn ic fie ld, s im
ag n e t oo p.
a m rren t l
tiny cu

It arises from the presence of unpaired electrons in the atoms.

When placed in an external magnetic field;

These materials exhibit a weak induced magnetic field.
Magnetic moment aligns in the direction of the applied field.
Drawbacks Of Classical Theory

It does not account spin interactions.

It predicts a continuous increase in magnetization
with increasing magnetic field strength.
Experimentally not observed.
Continous energy levels for electron spins.
QUANTUM APPROACH TO

Paramagnetism

Quantized Energy Levels

Includes Magnetic Quantum Number
Accurately predicts the decrease in
magnetic susceptibility with increasing
temperature.
Explain Saturation of Magnetization
Derivation
 ea s ure
i s a m
pt ib i lity ic h a
Susc e tow h
e g re e
he d es
of t l b e c o m
a t e r ia ns e to
m
in r espo .
e tiz e d c fie ld
magn a g neti
te rn a lm
an ex
Curie Law
The magnetization in a
paramagnetic material is
directly proportional to the
applied magnetic field.

If the object is heated, the

susceptibility is inversely
proportional to the
temperature.
 Limitations

Limitations with Strong

Fields/Low
Temperatures
Approximations
 Reference
Book : Solid State Physics R. K. Puri & V. K. Babbar
http://wwwchem.uwimona.edu.jm/courses/magnetism.html
THANK YOU