INDEX

Sr. PAGE
NAME OF THE EXPERIMENT
No NO.

1. TENSILE TEST ON MILD STEEL ROD

DETERMINATION OF ULTIMATE SHEAR STRENGTH OF

2.
STEEL BY DOUBLE SHEAR TEST

3. TORSION TEST ON MILD STEEL ROD

4. IZOD IMPACT TEST ON MILD STEEL SPECIMEN

5. CHARPY TEST ON MILD STEEL SPECIMEN

6. ROCKWELL HARDNESS TEST

7. BRINELL HARDNESS TEST

8. DEFLECTION TEST ON BEAMS

9. COMPRESSION TEST ON HELICAL SPRING

10. DETERMINATION OF HARDENING EFFECT OF STEEL

11. MICROSCOPIC EXAMINATION OF METAL SPECIMEN

Ex. No : 1 TENSILE TEST ON MILD STEEL ROD

Date :

Aim:

To determine the following by conducting a tensile test

a) Yield stress.
b) Breaking stress.
c) Ultimate stress.
d) % of reduction in area.
e) % of elongation.

Apparatus Required:
 Universal testing machine
 Vernier caliper
 Scale

Formula used:

 Yield Stress = N/mm2

 Ultimate Stress = N/mm2

 Breaking Stress = N/mm2

 % reduction in area = X 100

 % of elongation = X 100

Procedure:

 Diameter of the specimen is measured.

 Fix the specimen at the two grip of UTM.
 Left valve of testing machine is opened.
 Release the cross head to move the grip up and down.
 Open the right valve slightly and then close the pushes and rest button.
 The machine is started and load is applied uniformly on the specimen. Readings are
noted.
 The yield load, breaking load, Ultimate load are noted.
 The specimen is removed and the diameter of the neck and elongated gauge length
are measured.
Observations:

 Ultimate load =
 Breaking load =
 Original diameter of rod =
 Original gauge length =
 Original area =
 Final neck diameter =
 Final gauge length =
 Final neck area =

Tabulation:
Cross Sectional
Sr. No Type of load Load in KN Stress in N/mm2
Area in mm2

1. Yield point load

2. Ultimate load

Breaking point
3.
load

Model Calculation:

 Yield Stress = N/mm2

= N/mm2
 Ultimate Stress = N/mm2

= N/mm2
 Breaking Stress = N/mm2

= N/mm2

 % reduction in area = X 100

= X 100

= %

 % of elongation = X 100

= X 100

= %
Result:

 Ultimate Stress =
 Breaking Stress =
 Yield Stress =
 % of reduction in cross sectional area =
 % elongation =
Ex. No : 2 DETERMINATION OF ULTIMATE SHEAR STRENGTH

Date : OF STEEL (DOUBLE SHEAR TEST)

Aim:

To determine the ultimate shear stress of the material by conducting a double shear
test.

Apparatus Required:

 Compression testing machine

 Double shear apparatus
 Callipers

Formula Used:

Ultimate shear stress = N/mm2

Procedure:

 Measure the diameter of road and fix the specimen in a double shear assembly with
proper side grips.
 Apply the load to the specimen by keeping the double shear assembly in between
the plates of CTM.
 Note down the ultimate load. This divided by twice the cross sectional area of
the specimen which gives the ultimate shear stress.
Observation:

 Diameter of the specimen =

 Cross sectional area of specimen =

Tabulation:

Ultimate load
Ultimate shear
Sr. No Specimen
Kg N stress in N/mm2

1. MS Rod

2. MS Rod

3. MS Rod

Model Calculation:

Ultimate shear stress = N/mm2

= N/mm2
Result:

Ultimate shear stress of specimen = N/mm2

Ex. No : 3 TORSION TEST ON MILD STEEL ROD

Date :

Aim:

To determine the modulus of rigidity of the given specimen by conducting torsion

test.

Apparatus Required:

 Torsion testing machine

 Vernier caliper
 Scale

Formula

Used:

 Shear stress, τ = N/mm2

 Polar moment of inertia, J = mm4

 Modulus of rigidity, c = N/mm2

Where, T = Torque in Nm
d = Diameter of the specimen
θ = Angle of twist

Procedure:

 The diameter of the given specimen is measured.

 Torque is applied and corresponding angular twist is noted.
 Within the torque range the readings are taken.
 Modulus of rigidity is evaluated.

Graph:

A graph is drawn by taking angle of twist at X-axis and torque on Y-axis the resultant
straight line is passing through maximum number of points and origin.
Observations:

 Diameter of specimen =
 Length of specimen =

Tabulation:

Modulus
Shear
of
Angle of twist (θ) Torque (T) stress
Sr. No rigidity
(τ)
(c)
Division Degree Radian Division Kg-cm N-mm (N/mm ) (N/mm2)
2

1.

2.

3.

4.

5.

Model Calculation:

Polar moment of inertia, J = mm4

= mm4

Angle of twist, θ = X radian (to convert from degree to radian)

= radian

Torque, T = X 98.1 N-mm (to convert from Kg-cm to N-mm)

= N-mm
Shear stress, τ = N/mm2

= N/mm2

Modulus of rigidity, c = N/mm2

= N/mm2

From graph,

Shear stress, τ = N/mm2

= N/mm2

Modulus of rigidity, c = N/mm2

= N/mm2
Result:

Shear stress, τ= N/mm2

Rigidity modulus, c= N/mm2

From graph

Rigidity modulus, c= N/mm2

Ex. No : 4 IZOD IMPACT TEST ON METAL SPECIMEN

Date :

Aim:

To determine the impact strength of mild steel.

Apparatus Required:

 Specimen
 Impact testing

machine Formula Used:

Cross section area of the specimen, A = Breath X thickness mm2

Impact value of the specimen = J/mm2

Procedure:

 Raise the hammer and lock it.

 Set the pointer at the maximum graduated energy range of the dial.
 Release the trigger and allow the pendulum to swing and the pointer to move within
the dial.
 Note down the energy observed in the dial and lock the pendulum in original position.
 Keep the specimen vertically in the vice notch. So the centre of mark is levelled with
the top of the vice notch taking the direction below the 28mm portion should
produce upward and remaining portion should be kept inside the vice.
 Note down the energy spends in bending specimen from the dial and tabulated the
result.
Tabulation:

Friction energy observed Energy observed by

Energy observed by
Sr. by breaking without breaking or bending the
the specimen
No specimen specimen
(A) Joules (B) Joules (A-B) Joules

1.

2.

3.

Model Calculation:

 Cross section area of the specimen, A = Breath X Thickness mm2

= mm2

 Impact value of the specimen = J/mm2

= J/mm2
Result:

 Impact value of the specimen = J/mm2

 Energy observed by the specimen = J
Ex. No : 5 CHARPY TEST ON METAL SPECIMEN

Date :

Aim:

To determine the impact strength of Mild steel by Charpy test.

Apparatus Required:

 Impact testing machine

 Specimen

Formula Used:

Cross section area of the specimen, A = Breath X thickness mm2

Impact value of the specimen = J/mm2

Procedure:

 Raise the hammer and lock it.

 Set the pointer at the maximum graduate energy range of dial.
 Release the trigger and allow the pendulum to swing and the pointer to move within
the dial.
 Note down the energy observed in the dial and lock the pendulum in original position.
 Keep the specimen horizontally in the vice. So the centre mark faces the non striking
end of the pendulum.
 Allow the pendulum to strike the specimen
 Note down the energy spends in breaking the specimen from dial and tabulate the
result.
Tabulation:

Friction energy observed Energy observed by

Energy observed by
Sr. by breaking without breaking or bending the
the specimen
No specimen specimen
(A-B) Joules
(C) Joules (D) Joules

1.

2.

3.

Model Calculation:

 Cross section area of the specimen, A = Breath X Thickness mm2

= mm2

 Impact value of the specimen = J/mm2

= J/mm2
Result:

 Impact value of the specimen = J/mm2

 Energy observed by the specimen = J
Ex. No : 6 ROCKWELL HARDNESS TEST

Date :

Aim:

To determine the Rockwell hardness number of the specimen.

Apparatus Required:

 Rockwell hardness testing machine.

 Specimens

Procedure:

 For the given specimen load is selected using table.

 The surface of the specimen is cleaned before placing it on the movable platform.
 The platform with the specimen moved until the surface of the specimen touches
the intender to get the smallest point in the dial towards red mark.
 Select the load selection in turned and load is applied and maintained on the
specimen by pressing the load levers.
 The initial loading of 100 Kg reads against the red mark. Then apply the load
and maintain until longer pointer comes to rest.
 The load on the specimen is raised gently passing down release the levers.
 Hardness number is noted and the procedure is repeated and the values are tabulated.
Tabulation: 1

Sr. No
Material Load in Kg Penetrator Scale Hardness

1. Aluminium

2. Aluminium

3. Aluminium

4. Aluminium

5. Aluminium

Tabulation: 2

Sr. No
Material Load in Kg Penetrator Scale Hardness

1. Brass

2. Brass

3. Brass

4. Brass

5. Brass
Tabulation: 3

Sr. No
Material Load in Kg Penetrator Scale Hardness

1. Mild Steel

2. Mild Steel

3. Mild Steel

4. Mild Steel

5. Mild Steel
Result:

 The Rockwell hardness number of Aluminium =

 The Rockwell hardness number of Brass =
 The Rockwell hardness number of Mild Steel =
Ex. No : 7 BRINELL HARDNESS TEST

Date :

Aim:

To determine the Brinell hardness number of the specimen.

Apparatus Required:

 Brinell hardness testing machine.

 Specimens

Formula:

Brinell hardness number, BHN =

Where, P = Load in Newton

D = Diameter of the intender in mm

d = Diameter of indentation in mm

Procedure:

 For the given specimen load is selected using table.

 The surface of the specimen is cleaned before placing it on the movable platform.
 The platform with the specimen moved until the surface of the specimen touches
the intender to get the smallest point in the dial towards red mark.
 Select the load selection in turned and load is applied and maintained on the
specimen by pressing the load levers.
 The initial loading of 100 Kg reads against the red mark. Then apply the load
and maintain until longer pointer comes to rest.
 The load on the specimen is raised gently passing down release the levers.
 The diameter of the penetrator and the indentation diameter are noted.
 Hardness numbers are calculated by using the above formula.
Tabulation: 1

Diameter of indentation (d) in mm

Sr.
Load in Kg
No Material Trial 1 Trial 2 Trial 3 Trial 4 Mean

1. Aluminium

2. Brass

3. Mild Steel

Model Calculation:

Brinell hardness number, BHN =

=
Result:

 The Brinell hardness number of Aluminium =

 The Brinell hardness number of Brass =
 The Brinell hardness number of Mild Steel =
Ex. No : 8 DEFLECTION TEST ON BEAM

Date :

Aim:

To find Young’s modulus of given material.

Apparatus Required:

 Beam of any cross section.

 Support
 Hanger
 Weight
 Deflection meter
 Scale

Formula

Used:

Moment of Inertia, I = mm4

Young’s modulus, E = [L3 – a2 – x2] N/mm2

Where, δ = Deflection in mm
w = Load in N
E = Young’s modulus in N/mm2
I = Moment of Inertia in mm4
L = Length of the beam in mm
a = Distance between LH support and deflection meter in mm
x = Distance between RH support and load in mm
Procedure:
 Find the distance between the support span and mark the midpoint.
 Place the deflection meter. So that the tip of head just touches the midpoint.
 Note the readings of deflection meter.
 The beam is loaded gradually in steps till the maximum deflection is one tenth of
every increment of beam.
 Note the deflection for beam and also unloading corresponding steps in which it is
loaded and deflection are noted.
Observation:
Specimen – Mild steel
Breath of cross section (b) =
Length of beam (L) =
Depth of cross section (d) =
Distance between LH support and deflection meter (a)
= Distance between RH support and load (x) =
Tabulation:
Young’s
Load Deflection Reading Mean deflection
Sr. No modulus
Kg N Loading Unloading Div mm N/mm2

1.

2.

3.

4.

5.

Model Calculation:

Moment of Inertia, I = mm4

= mm4
Young’s modulus, E = [L3 – a2 – x2] N/mm2

= N/mm2
From graph, w =
δ=

Young’s modulus, E = [L3 – a2 – x2] N/mm2

= N/mm2
Graph:
 The graph is plotted between the load Vs deflection. Load is taken in Y-axis and
deflection in X-axis.

Result:

 Young’s modulus of given beam =

 From graph =
Ex. No : 9 COMPRESSION TEST ON HELICAL SPRING

Date :

Aim:

To determine the modulus of rigidity of a material of spring.

Apparatus required:

 Vernier calliper
 Spring testing machine

Formula Used:

Radius of spring = mm

Rigidity of modulus = N/mm2

Where, δ = Deflection in mm

n = Number of turns

R = mean radius of spring in mm

w = Load in N

d = inner diameter of spring wire in mm

Procedure:

 Measure the outer and inner diameter of the spring and obtain the thickness of spring.
 Find radius of spring and number of turns of spring.
 Fix the specimen in the spring testing machine note down the reading corresponding
to the position of spring.
 Apply load to the spring.
 Note down the deformation.
 At each load increment note down the corresponding deformation also note down the
reading while unload.
 Calculate the value of rigidity modulus for a particular load and corresponding
deformation from the graph.

Graph:

Draw the graph deflection in X-axis and load in Y-axis from the graph for a choosen
load read the corresponding deflection.
Observation:

 Material = Mild steel

 Type of spring= Open coil
 Diameter of the wire (d) = mm
 Radius of the spring (R) = mm
 Number of turns (n) = mm
 Outer diameter of spring= mm
 Inner diameter of spring= mm

Tabulation:

Load Deformation during Mean Rigidity

Sr.No Loading Unloading deformation modulus
Kg N
in mm in mm in mm N/mm2

1.

2.

3.

4.

5.

Model Calculation:

Radius of spring = mm

= mm

Rigidity of modulus = N/mm2

=
From graph,

δ= mm

w= mm

Rigidity of modulus = N/mm2

= N/mm2
Result:

Rigidity modulus of spring

 From calculation = N/mm2

 From graph = N/mm2
Ex. No : 10 DETERMINATION OF HARDENING EFFECTS ON STEEL

Date :

Aim:

To determine the hardening effect of the given steel specimen by improving its
hardness.

Apparatus Required:

 Steel specimen
 Hardness tester
 Muffle furnace
 Quenching

medium Procedure:

 The hardness of the given steel specimen is found out using Rockwell hardness test.
 The specimen is then kept inside the furnace at a temperature of above 950ºC.
 It is held at that temperature for 1 hour in order to transform all ferrite into austenite.
 Then it is rapidly quenched in water so that the formation of martensite takes place.
 Again the hardness of hardened steel is noted from the Rockwell hardness test.

Result:

Hardness of given specimen

 Before hardening =
 After hardening =
Tabulation:

Sr. Hardness
Load in
No Material Penetrator Scale Before After
Kg
hardening hardening

1. Mild steel

2. Mild steel

3. Mild steel
Ex. No : 11 MICROSCOPIC EXAMINATION OF METAL SPECIMEN

Date :

Aim:

To examine the microscopic structure of given hardened metal samples using

metallurgical microscope.

Apparatus Required:

 Metallurgical microscope
 Specimen
 Dry and wet polisher
 High grade emery sheet
 Etchant

Procedure:

 A part of metal is taken so as to represent the entire mass.

 It is cut and removed with saw or abrasive material.
 The specimen is first grinded for coarse surface.
 The metal is rubbed against emery paper for progressive finish.
 The metal is dipped into etchant for cleaning the surface.
 The etched metal is kept under microscope to observe the structure.

Result:

The microscopic structure of given metal sample have been examined.

Etchant:

Nital (Nitric acid + methyl alcohol)

Microscopic structure: