Ch.7 - Work, Energy, and Power

Serway Calc - 10th edition - Physics for Scientists and Engineers
Ch.7 - Work, Energy, and Power
Channels
Available on Pearson+
www.pearson.com/channels
CONCEPT: INTRO TO ENERGY AND KINETIC ENERGY
● Energy is a physical quantity that objects have. We don’t know WHAT it is, but we know HOW it works. Unit: Joule [ __ ]
- Exists in many forms (Heat, light, nuclear, etc.); It can’t be created or destroyed, only ____________ between forms.
Electrical outlet powering a lightbulb Spring (elastic potential) launching a toy

1) Kinetic (Motion)
2) Potential
ሬԦ
𝒗
3) Thermal
4) Light
5) Sound
6) Electrical
Many more… __________ → ________ _________ → _________
● KINETIC Energy (KE or K) is the energy due to an object’s ___________ (_________).

- All energies are ____________, not Vectors. So KE is always ____________ and has NO direction.
𝑲𝑬 = _______
EXAMPLE: Calculate the kinetic energy of a 5kg box moving across a horizontal surface a) to the right with 3m/s; b) to the
left with 2m/s.
PROBLEM: About 50,000 years ago, a meteor crashed into the earth near present-day Flagstaff, Arizona. Some estimates
suggest this meteor had a mass of about 1.4×108 kg and released 1×1016 J of energy when it slammed into the Earth.
Calculate the approximate speed of this meteor before impact.
A) 8,450 m/s
B) 12,000 m/s
C) 1.43×108 m/s
Page 1
CONCEPT: WORK DONE BY A CONSTANT FORCE
● When you push an object (box) at rest with constant force along a smooth horizontal surface, it starts to move!
𝑭 𝑭
- It gains speed (𝒗), so it gains _____________ Energy. This Energy comes from ___________!
● WORK (W) is the ___________ of Energy transferred between objects. You “_______________” on the box. Unit: [ ___ ]
⃗𝑭
𝑾𝑭 = ___________ = ____________ , where 𝜽 is always the angle between ___ & ___.
(Work done by Constant Force)
⃗
𝜟𝒙
EXAMPLE: You pull a 2kg box initially at rest horizontally EXAMPLE: A 5kg cart is moving to the right at 10m/s when a
with 3N. Calculate the work you do on the box if you pull 100N stopping force to the left acts on it over a distance of
it a distance of 5m. 2.5m. Calculate the work done by this stopping force.
● 𝑾 is the amount of Energy any force gives to (__W) or takes away (__W) from the object.
- If the force “helps”, i.e goes along with the object’s motion, the work done is [ POSITIVE | NEGATIVE ]
- If the force “hurts”, i.e goes against the object’s motion, the work done is [ POSITIVE | NEGATIVE ]
Page 2
PROBLEM: You pull a 5kg box vertically up with a constant 100N force for 2m. How much work do you do?
A) 51 J WORK & ENERGY
B) 100 J 𝟏
C) 102 J 𝑲𝑬 = 𝒎𝒗𝟐
𝟐
D) 200 J 𝑾 = 𝑭𝒅𝒄𝒐𝒔𝜽
E) 500 J
F) 1000 J
PROBLEM: You pull a 10kg suitcase with a 50 N force angled 37° above the floor. You pull the suitcase for 20m. a) Find
the Work done by your pull 𝑭. Decompose 𝑭 into 𝑭𝒙 and 𝑭𝒚 and calculate the work done by b) 𝑭𝒙 and c) 𝑭𝒚 .
𝑭 = 50
37°
Page 3
PROBLEM: A box weighing 50N rests on a smooth, flat surface. The coefficient of kinetic friction μk = 0.7. You pull the box
horizontally with 60 N for 8m. Calculate the work done by a) Kinetic Friction; b) Weight; c) Normal.
𝑭 = 60
● Friction always opposes motion (𝑣) so it ALWAYS does _____________ WORK: 𝑾𝒇𝒌 = fkdcos(___) = ______
Page 4
CONCEPT: WORK DONE BY GRAVITY
● Because gravity is a FORCE (mg), gravity can also DO WORK.

- Remember: Work is a transfer of energy → positive when 𝑭 is along motion, negative when 𝑭 is against motion.
Object Falling (Going Down)

m
EXAMPLE: A 5.1kg book falls from a 2m-tall bookshelf. The book has a speed
of 6.26 m/s when it hits the ground. a) Calculate the work done on the book by 𝒎𝒈 𝒗
gravity. b) Calculate the book’s kinetic energy right before hitting the ground.
m
● Wg = Fdcosθ = (___)(____)cos(___) = _____

● Gravity does [ + | – ] Work
𝑾𝒈 = _______
Object Rising (Going Up)
EXAMPLE: You throw a 2kg rock vertically upwards with an initial velocity of
m
15m/s. The rock rises to a max height of 11.5m. a) Calculate the initial kinetic
energy of the rock. b) Calculate the work done on the rock by gravity.
𝒗
m
𝒎𝒈
● Wg = Fdcosθ = (___)(____)cos(___) = _____

● Gravity does [ + | – ] Work
Page 5
PROBLEM: You push a 3k box against a wall for a distance of 2m with a force of 40N that makes a 53° angle with the
horizontal, as shown. Calculate the work done by gravity.
A) 58.8 J
B) – 58.8 J
C) – 160 J
D) – 80 J
PROBLEM: A 75 kg hiker starts at the bottom of a 1,000 m mountain, and hikes up to the top. The hiker takes an irregular
path with varying speeds & inclinations. How much work does gravity do on the hiker during the entire hike?
● Work done by Gravity depends ONLY on the change in ________, not the path taken. This is called path independence.
Page 6
CONCEPT: WORK BY GRAVITY ON INCLINED PLANES
● Remember that θ in W=Fdcosθ is ALWAYS the angle between F and Δx (d).

- For incline planes, be careful NOT to plug in the incline angle θx into Fdcosθ!
EXAMPLE: A 100kg box is released at the top of a 12m-long incline making a 37° angle with the horizontal. Calculate the
work done on the box by mgx, mgy, and mg.
WORK & ENERGY

𝟏
𝑲𝑬 = 𝒎𝒗𝟐
𝟐
𝑾 = 𝑭𝒅𝒄𝒐𝒔𝜽
𝑾𝒈 = ±𝒎𝒈𝜟𝒚
𝑾𝑵𝑬𝑻 = 𝜟𝑲 = 𝑲𝒇 − 𝑲𝒊
Page 7
PROBLEM: You pull a 19 kg crate at rest up a 15m ramp inclined at 36° above the horizontal. You pull with a constant
130N force parallel to the ramp. Calculate a) the work done by gravity; b) the final kinetic energy of the crate.
WORK & ENERGY

𝟏
𝟐
𝑾𝒈 = –𝒎𝒈𝜟𝒚
WNET = ΣW = FNETdcosθ = ΔK
PROBLEM: A 7kg crate slides 2.5m down a ramp inclined at 26°. The coefficient of friction is 0.36. a) Calculate the work
done by gravity. b) Calculate the work done by friction. c) Find the speed of the crate if it starts from rest.
WORK & ENERGY

𝟏
𝟐
Page 8
CONCEPT: Hooke’s Law & Springs
● When you push/pull against a spring (FA), spring pushes back in the _________ direction. (Action-Reaction!)
→ | Fs | = | FA | = _____
Ex. 1: You push on a spring with a force of 120N. The

spring constant k is 20. How much does it compress? ● x = D______________
- Relaxed position → ______ (x = ___)
- NOT the spring’s length → (x = _______)
● k = spring’s force constant
- Measures how ________ the spring is.
- Higher k → _________ to deform
Ex. 2: How much force is required to pull a spring of length - Ex. 1: x = k= F=

10m out to 16m, if the spring constant k is 40N/m?
- Ex. 2: x = k= F=
- Units of k: ______
● FS = R___________ force, always opposes deformation
Page 9
CONCEPT: WORK DONE BY SPRINGS
● For CONSTANT Forces only, we calculate Work using W=Fdcosθ

- For VARIABLE (i.e. not constant) Forces, we use the ____________ of the Force instead ⇒ 𝑾𝑽𝒂𝒓 = ______𝜟𝒙𝒄𝒐𝒔𝜽
● The most common variable force you’ll see is the Spring Force (Hooke’s Law) ⇒ 𝑭𝒔 = −𝑭𝑨 = −𝒌𝒙
- Work Done BY SPRING when compressing: 𝑾𝑺 = −𝑾𝑭𝑨 = ______
EXAMPLE: You push a light box attached on a spring with a spring constant k = 500N/m. If you compress the spring by 2m,
(a) write an expression for the work done by your push and the spring; (b) Calculate the work done by you & the spring.
|𝑭𝑨 |=|𝑭𝑺 |
Page 10
PROBLEM: It takes 200 J of energy to compress a 1.0 m-long spring to 70 cm. How much additional work would you have
to do to compress this same spring from 70 cm to 50 cm?
WORK & ENERGY

𝟏
𝟐
𝟏
𝑾𝑭𝑨 = −𝑾𝒔 = − 𝒌𝜟𝒙𝟐
𝟐
● In general, the work done ON or BY a spring between two points A→B: 𝑾𝒔,𝑨→𝑩 = ______________
Page 11
CONCEPT: CALCULATING NET WORK
● The NET or TOTAL work done on an object is the _____ of ALL Works done by ALL Forces. Multiple ways to find WNET:
Using Forces Using

W = Fdcosθ Fnet = ΣF
Work Net Force
𝑾𝑵𝑬𝑻 = ____ = ____________ 𝑾𝑵𝑬𝑻 = ____________

Net Work
EXAMPLE: You pull a 50N box for 10m on a rough surface EXAMPLE: You pull a 50N box for 10m on a rough surface
with 15N. There’s a kinetic friction 𝒇𝒌 = 7N. Calculate (a) with 15N. There’s a kinetic friction 𝒇𝒌 = 7N. Calculate (a)
the works done by all forces; (b) the Net Work done the Net Force; (b) the Net Work done on the box
N=50 N=50
𝑓𝑘 =7 FA=15 𝑓𝑘 =7 FA=15
m d=10 m d=10
mg=50 mg=50
Page 12
PROBLEM: You pull a 3kg box on a flat surface. The coefficient of kinetic friction is 0.6. When you pull the box horizontally
through a distance of 10m, it accelerates at 2m/s2. Find the net work on the box.
A) 17.6 J WORK & ENERGY
B) 35.3 J 𝟏
C) 176.4 J 𝟐
D) 60 J 𝑾 = 𝑭𝒅𝒄𝒐𝒔𝜽
WNET = ΣW = FNETdcosθ
PROBLEM: To pull a 51 kg crate across a rough floor, a worker applies a force of 100 N, directed 37°above the horizontal.
The coefficient of friction is 0.16. If the crate moves 3.0 m, what is the total work done on the crate?
A) 29 J
WORK & ENERGY
B) 0J 𝟏
C) 240 J 𝟐
D) 169.6 J
WNET = ΣW = FNETdcosθ
Page 13
CONCEPT: THE WORK-ENERGY THEOREM
● Remember: Work is the transfer of ENERGY between objects. The Work-Energy Theorem describes this relationship:
𝑾𝑵𝑬𝑻 = _____ = __________ Forces

W = Fdcosθ Fnet = ΣF
Work Net Force
WNET = ΣW WNET = FNETdcosθ
Net Work WNET = ____

Kinetic Energy
EXAMPLE: A 4-kg box has an initial speed of 6m/s at Point A. At Point B, it has a speed of 10m/s. How much work was
done to the box from from Point A to Point B?
WORK & ENERGY
𝟏
𝟐
𝑾𝒈 = ±𝒎𝒈𝜟𝒚
● Whenever forces aren’t given, but work is asked for, it’s implied that it’s the NET work.
Page 14
PROBLEM: A box slides across the floor with an initial speed of 3.5m/s. If the coefficient of kinetic friction is 0.15, how far
will the box slide before stopping completely?
A) 1.19 m WORK & ENERGY
B) 4.17 m 𝟏
𝟐
C) 9m 𝑾 = 𝑭𝒅𝒄𝒐𝒔𝜽
D) Not enough information 𝑾𝒈 = –𝒎𝒈𝜟𝒚
PROBLEM: A 5kg is on a rough surface, with a coefficient of friction of 0.6. You push on the box with a constant force, such
that the box moves with a constant 8m/s. Find the net work on the box.
WORK & ENERGY
𝟏
𝟐
● The Work-Energy Theorem is very useful conceptually. If an object has constant speed, ΔK = ___ → WNET = ___.
Page 15
CONCEPT: CALCULATING WORK FROM FORCE VS. DISPLACEMENT GRAPHS
● The WORK done by ANY force (constant or variable) is the _______ under the 𝑭 vs. 𝒙 graph.
- “under the graph” = between the graph and the x axis.
- Areas above the x axis → [POSITIVE | NEGATIVE] Work
- Areas below the x axis → [POSITIVE | NEGATIVE] Work
EXAMPLE: You push a box along a flat, smooth surface for 20m according to the graph shown below. How much work
have you done on the box?
Rectangle Triangle
𝑭[N]
𝒉 𝒉
30
𝒃 𝒃
20 𝟏
𝑨=𝒃∗𝒉 𝑨= 𝒃∗𝒉
10 𝟐
0
4 8 12 16 20 𝒙[m]
– 10
Page 16
PROBLEM: A force is applied to a 4kg remote-controlled car as it moves along the track. The force varies with distance
according to the graph shown below. The car is initially at rest. Calculate the speed of the car at x = 4m.
𝑭[N]
20
10
0
1 2 3 4 5 𝒙[m]
– 10
– 20
Rectangle Triangle
𝒉 𝒉
𝒃 𝒃
𝟏
𝑨=𝒃∗𝒉 𝑨= 𝒃∗𝒉
𝟐
Page 17
SPRING FORCE
● When you push/pull against a spring with FA, the spring pushes back (Newton’s _____ Law): FS = –FA = ________
- x = _________________ (________________ or _______________).
- NOT the spring’s length, but its change  x = ___________.
- k is the spring’s __________________________ (Units: _________)
- How __________ the spring is. Higher k  __________ to deform.
- FS is a __________________ force, always opposite to deformation (____)
- Always pulling spring back to its original length (x = ____).
EXAMPLE 1: A 1.0 m-long spring is laid horizontally with one of its ends fixed. When you pull on it with 50 N, it stretches to
1.2 m. (a) What is the spring’s force constant? (b) How much force is needed to compress it to 0.7 m?
● If you attach a mass to a vertical spring, and let the mass come down slowly:
- Its weight will stretch the spring, until they reach _________________:
_______ = _______
- This also applies to a mass on top of a spring, slowly compressing it.
PRACTICE 1: A vertical spring is originally 60 cm long. When you attach a 5 kg object to it, the spring stretches to 70 cm.
(a) Find the force constant on the spring. (b) You now attach an additional 10 kg to the spring. Find its new length.
Page 18
CONCEPT: INTRO TO POTENTIAL ENERGY GRAPHS
● Potential Energy U(x) graphs plot the potential energy of an object in the y-axis vs. ____________ in the x-axis.
- TOTAL Mech. Energy M.E = _________ at any point and is always conserved (WNC = 0).
- Kinetic Energy is the _____________ between M.E. and U(x).
EXAMPLE: A 0.5 kg marble moves according to the potential energy graph shown. If you release the marble from rest at
x0 = 1m, a) What is the total Mechanical Energy of the marble? b) What is the marble’s kinetic energy at x = 3m?
c) Calculate the speed of the marble at x = 4m. d) Without touching the marble again, can it ever reach x = 5m?
𝑼(𝒙)
10J
1 2 3 4 5 6 𝒙 [m]
● If no energy is added, objects remain “stuck” underneath the line for M.E., between two TURNING POINTS.
Page 19
PROBLEM: A particle with a mass of 0.1kg moves according to the Potential Energy graph shown. What minimum speed
does the particle need at Point A to reach Point B?
𝑼(𝐉)
5
4
3
2
1
𝒙
A B
Page 20
CONCEPT: FORCES AND EQUILIBRIUM POSITIONS IN POTENTIAL ENERGY GRAPHS
● In 𝑈(𝑥) graphs, the sign of 𝑭(x) at any point is the opposite sign of the ________.
- When slope of 𝑈(𝑥) is DOWN/negative, 𝑭 is [ + | – | 0 ]
- When slope of 𝑈(𝑥) is FLAT/horizontal, 𝑭 is [ + | – | 0 ] → Equilibrium Points
- When slope of 𝑈(𝑥) is UP/positive, 𝑭 is [ + | – | 0 ]
● There are two TYPES of Equilibrium points:
1) STABLE Equil.: 𝑈(𝑥) has a local [ MINIMUM | MAXIMUM ], curves ____. If “nudged”, objects _________ return.
2) UNSTABLE Equil.: 𝑈(𝑥) has a local [ MINIMUM | MAXIMUM ], curves ______. If “nudged”, objects _______ return.
EXAMPLE: A ball moves according to the potential energy graph shown.

𝑼 [J]
a) Determine if the Force acting on the ball is [ + / – / 0 ] for Points A–D. 10
D
8
A
6
C
4
2
B 𝒙 [m]
1 2 3 4 5 6
b) Determine the positions of stable equilibrium.
c) Determine the positions of unstable equilibrium.
Page 21
PROBLEM: A marble moves along the x-axis according to the potential-energy function shown below. a) At which of the
labeled points is the force on the marble zero? b) Which of the labeled x-coordinates is a position of stable equilibrium?
U(x)
d
c
a x
b
Page 22

Ch.7 - Work, Energy, and Power

Uploaded by

Document Information

Copyright

Available Formats

Share this document

Share or Embed Document

Sharing Options

Did you find this document useful?

Is this content inappropriate?

Copyright:

Available Formats

Ch.7 - Work, Energy, and Power

Uploaded by

Copyright:

Available Formats

Serway Calc - 10th edition - Physics for Scientists and Engineers

Ch.7 - Work, Energy, and Power

CONCEPT: INTRO TO ENERGY AND KINETIC ENERGY

Electrical outlet powering a lightbulb Spring (elastic potential) launching a toy

● KINETIC Energy (KE or K) is the energy due to an object’s ___________ (_________).

CONCEPT: WORK DONE BY A CONSTANT FORCE

CONCEPT: WORK DONE BY GRAVITY

● Because gravity is a FORCE (mg), gravity can also DO WORK.

Object Falling (Going Down)

● Wg = Fdcosθ = (___)(____)cos(___) = _____

● Wg = Fdcosθ = (___)(____)cos(___) = _____

CONCEPT: WORK BY GRAVITY ON INCLINED PLANES

● Remember that θ in W=Fdcosθ is ALWAYS the angle between F and Δx (d).

WORK & ENERGY

WORK & ENERGY

WORK & ENERGY

CONCEPT: Hooke’s Law & Springs

Ex. 1: You push on a spring with a force of 120N. The

- Relaxed position → ______ (x = ___)

- NOT the spring’s length → (x = _______)

● k = spring’s force constant

- Measures how ________ the spring is.

- Higher k → _________ to deform

Ex. 2: How much force is required to pull a spring of length - Ex. 1: x = k= F=

● FS = R___________ force, always opposes deformation

CONCEPT: WORK DONE BY SPRINGS

● For CONSTANT Forces only, we calculate Work using W=Fdcosθ

- Work Done BY SPRING when compressing: 𝑾𝑺 = −𝑾𝑭𝑨 = ______

WORK & ENERGY

CONCEPT: CALCULATING NET WORK

Using Forces Using

Work Net Force

𝑾𝑵𝑬𝑻 = ____ = ____________ 𝑾𝑵𝑬𝑻 = ____________

CONCEPT: THE WORK-ENERGY THEOREM

𝑾𝑵𝑬𝑻 = _____ = __________ Forces

Work Net Force

WNET = ΣW WNET = FNETdcosθ

Net Work WNET = ____

CONCEPT: CALCULATING WORK FROM FORCE VS. DISPLACEMENT GRAPHS

- x = _________________ (________________ or _______________).

- NOT the spring’s length, but its change  x = ___________.

- k is the spring’s __________________________ (Units: _________)

- How __________ the spring is. Higher k  __________ to deform.

- FS is a __________________ force, always opposite to deformation (____)

- Always pulling spring back to its original length (x = ____).

CONCEPT: INTRO TO POTENTIAL ENERGY GRAPHS

CONCEPT: FORCES AND EQUILIBRIUM POSITIONS IN POTENTIAL ENERGY GRAPHS

EXAMPLE: A ball moves according to the potential energy graph shown.

c) Determine the positions of unstable equilibrium.

You might also like

● KINETIC Energy (KE or K) is the energy due to an object’s ___ (_).

● Wg = Fdcosθ = (_)()cos(_) = _____

● Wg = Fdcosθ = (_)()cos(_) = _____

- Relaxed position → ____ (x = _)

𝑾𝑵𝑬𝑻 = = 𝑾𝑵𝑬𝑻 = ____

𝑾𝑵𝑬𝑻 = _ = ______ Forces

- x = ___ ( or _).

- k is the spring’s __________________ (Units: _)

- How the spring is. Higher k  to deform.

- FS is a ______________ force, always opposite to deformation ()