FASTENERS

Technology Department
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 FASTENERS

 Fastening – What is it? A method of connecting or joining two or more

parts, using devices or processes.

 Applications The mechanical fasteners are used to join temporarily or

permanently.

 A nut and screw set is a temporary fastener because it can be removed

without being destroyed.

 A rivet is an example of permanent fastener because it can only be removed

by being destroyed

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 FASTENING TYPES – TEMPORARY

- Bolts
- Studs
- Screws

- Keys key
- Pins
- Clips

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 FASTENING TYPES - PERMANENT

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 THREADS

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 HOW FASTENERS ARE IDENTIFIED

 Fasteners are identified by four or five attributes; Type, Diameter, Length,

Thread Pitch or Count , Material (machine thread fasteners only).
Note: With some fasteners, the terms bolt and screw are frequently used
interchangeably, but the bolts are identified for heavy duty.

Type
 Fastener type can be divided into information on the Category or “kind of
fastener, Drive Type, and Head Style.

Category
 Fasteners are divided into categories based on their function or design.
Ex. Wood Screw, Sheet Metal Screw, Hex Bolt, Lag Bolt, etc.

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 HOW FASTENERS ARE IDENTIFIED

Bolts Machine Screws

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 HOW FASTENERS ARE IDENTIFIED

ENGLISH SYSTEM

 System of thread measurement uses a fractional system to

determine thread diameter when 1/4” or larger.

 Each diameter increases by 1/16” up to about 1/2”

 Thread diameters of 1/4”, 5/16”, 3/8”, 7/16”, 1/2” are most

commonly used.

 Each has a standard UNC/UNF thread specification.

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 HOW FASTENERS ARE IDENTIFIED

1/4 5/16 3/8 7/16 1/2

ENGLISH SYSTEM
 These diameters are the most commonly used.

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 HOW FASTENERS ARE IDENTIFIED

 1/4” and Smaller use a wire size number. The smallest is Zero (0)
and the largest is 14.

 Sizes are in increments of two

 #4, #6, #8, #10 and #12 are common sizes

 Each has a standard UNC/UNF thread specification.

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 HOW FASTENERS ARE IDENTIFIED

14 12 10 8 6

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 HOW ARE IDENTIFIED THE THREAD TYPE

NF - National Fine NC - National Coarse

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HOW THREADS ARE IDENTIFIED (PROFILE)

AMERICAN UNIFIED
V – ACUTE (60°) TRUNCATED (60°)
NATIONAL (60°)

RECTANGULAR ACME (29°) ACME TRUNCATED (29°)

TRAPEZOIDAL (45°) ROUND WHITWORTH (55°)

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 HOW TO MEASURE

A. Pitch B. Minor Diameter C. Major Diameter D. Thread Length

E. Screw Length F. Threads per Inch G. Head Size

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 THREAD PITCH GAUGE
 Next we measure the Thread
Pitch.
 D X TPI
 ½ X 13

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 DIAMETER GAUGE

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 LENGTH GAUGE
 Then we measure
the Length.
 D X TPI X L
 ½ X 13 X 2 ½

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 5/16'' - 24 UNF

ENGLISH SYSTEM THREAD 3/8'' - 24 UNF

UNC UNF
7/16'' - 20 UNF
Nominal Threads Unified Nominal Threads Unified
Size - per Inch Coarse Size - per Inch Fine
4 (.112") - 40 UNC 1/2'' - 20 UNF
5 (.125") - 40 UNC 0 (.060'') - 80 UNF
6 (.138") - 32 UNC 9/16'' - 18 UNF
8 (.164") - 32 UNC 1 (.073") - 72 UNF
10 (.190") - 24 UNC
5/8'' - 18 UNF
12 (.216") - 24 UNC
2 (.086") - 64 UNF

1/4" - 20 UNC 3/4'' - 16 UNF

3 (.099") - 56 UNF
5/16" - 18 UNC
3/8" - 16 UNC 7/8'' - 14 UNF
7/16" - 14 UNC 4 (.112") - 48 UNF
1/2" - 13 UNC 1'' - 12 UNF
9/16" - 12 UNC 5 (.125") - 44 UNF
5/8" - 11 UNC
1''1/8'' - 12 UNF
3/4" - 10 UNC
6 (.138") - 40 UNF
7/8" - 9 UNC
1''1/4'' 4 12 UNF
1" - 8 UNC
8 (.164") - 36 UNF
1"1/8" - 7 UNC
1"1/4" - 7 UNC 1''3/4'' 4 12 UNF
1"3/8" - 6 UNC 10 (.190") - 32 UNF
1"1/2" - 6 UNC 1''1/12'' - 12 UNF
1"3/4" - 5 UNC 12 (.216") - 28 UNF
2" - 4 1/2 UNC
2" - 4 1/2 UNC 1/4'' - 28 UNF
2"1/2" - 4 UNC
Ing.
2"3/4César
- Chapa
4 UNC Fasteners
5/16'' - 24 UNF 19
3" - 4 UNC
 THREAD DESIGNATION FOR METRIC
 Similar to English System

 Thread diameter is expressed in millimeters (mm)

 Thread type is different

 Size is determinate by measuring the distance in

millimeters from crest of on thread to crest of next
one.

 Example 1.00, 1.25, AND 1.50

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 THREAD DESIGNATION FOR METRIC
 Towrite out Thread designations for Metric bolts first you
give the Diameter then the Thread Pitch then the Length.
Only this time it should be in millimeters.

D x TP x L
 M12 X 1.50 X 60

 Youcan always add the Class (grade) of the bolt. Such

as 4.8, 8.8, 10.8

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 METRIC SYSTEM THREAD
METRIC PITCH FINE
Nominal Thread
Size per Pitch
M 25 x 2 M 36 x 3
M 2.5 x 0.35
M 26 x 1.5 M 38 x 1.5
M 3 x 0.35
M 14 x 1 M 27 x 1 M 38 x 2
M 3.5 x 0.35
M 14 x 1.25
M 4 x 0.5 M 27 x 1.5 M 39 x 1.5
M 15 x 1
M 5 x 0.5 M 27 x 2 M 39 x 2
M 15 x 1.5
M 6 x 0.75 M 16 x 1 M 28 x 1 M 39 x 3
M 7 x 0.75 M 16 x 1.5 M 28 x 1.5 M 40 x 1.5
M 8 x 0.75 M 17 x 1.5 M 28 x 2 M 40 x 2
M 8 x 1 M 17 x 1 M 40 x 3
M 30 x 1
M 18 x 1.5
M 9 x 0.75 M 30 x 1.5 M 42 x 2
M 18 x 1
M 9 x 1 M 30 x 2 M 42 x 3
M 20 x 1.5
M 10 x 0.75 M 20 x 1 M 32 x 1.5 M 45 x 1.5
M 10 x 1 M 22 x 1.5 M 45 x 2
M 32 x 2
M 10 x 1.25 M 22 x 1 M 45 x 3
M 33 x 1.5
M 11 x - M 24 x 1.5
M 33 x 2 M 48 x 2
M 11 x 0.75 M 24 x 1
M 34 x 1.5 M 48 x 3
M 12 x 1 M 24 x 1.5
M 25 x 1 M 35 x 1.5 M 50 x 2
M 12 x 1.25
M 25 x 1.5 M 35 x 2 M 50 x 3
M 13 x 1.5
M 52 x 2
M 36 x 2
M 52 x 3

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 THREADED FASTENERS TERMINOLOGIES
The peak edge of a thread.

The bottom of the thread cut into

a cylindrical body.

The angle between threads faces.

Thread angle

Root Crest

Crest
Root
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 THREADED FASTENERS TERMINOLOGIES
The largest diameter on
an internal or external thread.

The smallest diameter on

an internal or external thread.

Internal Thread
External Thread
Minor dia.

Major dia.

Minor dia.

Major dia.
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 THREADED FASTENERS TERMINOLOGIES
The distance between crests of
threads.

The distance a screw will advance when turned

360o.

Internal Thread
External Thread

Pitch
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 THREADS EXTERNAL & INTERNAL
COMPARISON

Minor Dia.

Major Dia.

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 THREADED FASTENERS

 Are formed by using a tapping tool for internal threads, a die for external
threads, or a machine tool for either internal or external threads.

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 CLASSES OF FITS
 Class 1 ….. Has a large allowance (loose fit). They are used on parts
that must be put together or taken apart quickly and easily.

 Class 2 ..... Is the thread standards most used for general purposes,
such as for bolts, screws, nuts, and similar threaded items.

 Class 3 ….. Has stricter standards for fit and tolerance than the
others. They are used where thread size must be more exact.
Simply, a tighter fitting thread.

 Class 5 ….. Is an interference fit, that is, the internal and external
threads overlap.

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 “A” Or “B”

 The letter “A” following the fit class number (1,2, or 3) denotes external
threads only.

 The letter “B” following the fit class number denotes internal threads
only.

External thread (A)

Internal thread (B)

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 READING A THREAD NOTE

Thread Note Definition of Meaning

1. .750 0.750 diameter (3/4”)

2. 10 10 threads per inch

3. UNC Unified National

Coarse thread series
4. 2 Class 2 (Normal Fit)

5. A External Thread

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 READING A THREAD NOTE
 1/4-20 UNC-2A means. ………… 1/4” Diameter, 20 TPI
(Threads per Inch), Unified National Coarse, Class 2 Fit,
External Threads.

 1/4-28 UNF-2B means……….….. 1/4” Diameter, 28 TPI

(Threads per Inch), Unified National Fine, Class 2 fit, Internal
Threads.

 5/8-18 UNF-3B-LH means …. 5/8” Diameter, 18 TPI

(Threads per Inch), Unified National Fine, Class 3 fit,
Internal, Left Hand Threads.

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 HOW FASTENERS ARE IDENTIFIED

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 HOW FASTENERS ARE IDENTIFIED
Drive Type
 Fasteners in some categories are available with different drive types
such as Philips or Slotted. In other categories such as lag bolts there is
either only one drive type or the drive type is implied to be of a standard
type.
Ex. Philips, Slotted, Allen (a.k.a. Socket), Frearson (similar to Philips),
etc.

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 HOW FASTENERS ARE IDENTIFIED
Head Style
 Many categories are also available with different head shapes or styles.
Ex. Flat head, Pan head, Truss head, etc.

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 HOW FASTENERS HOLES ARE IDENTIFIED
Counterbore Countersink

 Through Hole Diameter  Through Hole Diameter

 Counterbore Diameter  Countersink Diameter

 Counterbore Depth  Countersink Angle

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 RESISTANCE IDENTIFICATION
SAE
Designation Diameter Range Proof Load Tensile Strength
Material Hex Cap
Grade [inch] [kpsi] [kpsi]
¼ - ¾ (6” and shorter length) 55 74
2 ¼ - ¾ (over 6” length) 33 60 Low or Medium Carbon Steel
7/8 - 1½ (all lengths) 33 60
Medium Carbon Steel
¼ - 1 (all lengths) 85 120
5 , Temperate and Tempering
1-1/8 - 1½ (all lengths) 74 105

Medium Carbon Steel,

5.2 ¼ - 1 (all lengths) 85 120 Martensitic, Temperate
and Tempering

¼ - 1½ (all lengths) Medium Carbon Alloy Steel

7 105 133
, Temperate and Tempering

8 ¼ - 1½ (all lengths) 120 150 Medium Carbon Alloy Steel

, Temperate and Tempering

8.2 ¼ - 1 (all lengths) 120 150 Medium Carbon Steel,

Martensitic, Temperate
and Tempering

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 RESISTANCE IDENTIFICATION
 You can always add the grade of the bolt. Such as
grade 5

D - TPI x L
½ -13 x 2 ½, UNC-2A, Gr 5 Zinc Plated Steel

 Also what finish do you want it to be.

Stainless - Brass - Titanium - Zinc - Plain - Black
Oxide

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 RESISTANCE IDENTIFICATION
ASTM
Designation Diameter Range Proof Load Tensile Strength
Material Hex Cap
Type [inch] [kpsi] [kpsi]

¼ - 4 (all lengths) Low or Medium Carbon Steel

A307 85 120

½ - 1 (all lengths) 85 120 Medium Carbon Steel

A325 type 1
1-1/8 - 1½ (all lengths) 74 105 , Temperate and Tempering

Medium Carbon Steel, Martensitic,

½ - 1 (all lengths) 85 120
A325 type 2 Temperate and Tempering
1-1/8 - 1½ (all lengths) 74 105

½ - 1 (all lengths)
85 120 Medium Carbon Alloy Steel
A325 type 3 1-1/8 - 1½ (all lengths)
74 105 , Temperate and Tempering

Medium Carbon Alloy Steel

A354 grade ½ - 1½ (all lengths)
120 150 , Temperate and Tempering
BC

A354 grade ¼ - 4 (all lengths) Medium Carbon Alloy Steel

120 150
BD , Temperate and Tempering

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 RESISTANCE IDENTIFICATION
ASTM
Designation Diameter Range Proof Load Tensile Strength
Material Hex Cap
Type [inch] [kpsi] [kpsi]
¼ - 1 (all lengths) 85 120 Medium Carbon Steel
A449 1-1/8 - 1½ (all lengths) 74 105
55 90 , Temperate and Tempering
1¾ - 3 (all lengths)

Medium Carbon Alloy Steel

A490 type 1 ½ - 1½ 120 150
, Temperate and Tempering

Medium Carbon Alloy Steel

A490 type 3 ½ - 1½ 120 150
, Temperate and Tempering

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 RESISTANCE IDENTIFICATION
METRIC
Designation Proof Load Tensile Strength Hex Cap
Diameter Range Material
Class [MPa] [MPa]

4.6 M5 - M36 225 400 Low or Medium Carbon Steel

4.8 M1.6 - M16 310 420 Low or Medium Carbon Steel

5.8 M5 - M24 380 520 Low or Medium Carbon Steel

Medium Carbon Steel

8.8 M16 - M36 600 830
, Temperate and Tempering

Medium Carbon Steel

9.8 M1.6 - M16 650 900
, Temperate and Tempering

Medium Carbon Steel,

10.9 M5 - M36 830 1040 Martensitic, Temperate and
Tempering

Medium Carbon Alloy Steel

12.9 M1.6 - M36 970 1220
, Temperate and Tempering
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 WASHERS

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 WASHERS
External Internal
Split Tooth Tooth
Lock Countersunk lock lock
washer washer washer washer

SAE
USS Fender Washer
Flat
Flat
washer
washer

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 Common Fastener Related Abbreviations
 ANSI ….. American National Standards Institute.
 ASME ….. American Society of Mechanical Engineers.
 ASTM ….. American Society for Testing and Materials.
 B o BT …..Bolt (on drawings).
 BR ….. Brass.
 BSF …..British Standard Fine.
 BSW ….. British Standard Whitworth.
 C ….. Cap; Cut ; Cutting.
 CS o CPSCR ….. Cap Screw.
 CR ….. Chrome.
 CRS ….. Cold-Rolled Steel.
 CSS o CSKSCR …..Counter Sunk Screw (flat or oval head)
 CT ….. Course Thread.
 DIN ….. An abbreviation for Deutsches Institut für Normung, the German standards body. In reference to fasteners DIN indicates fasteners that conform to a
specific metric standard.
 F ….. Fully Threaded.
 F o FL ….. Flat.
 FH o FLHD….. Flat Head.
 FIL ….. Fillister Head (short cylindrical screw head, having a convex top).
 FIN ….. Finishing.
 FNDR ….. Fender (Washer)
 FT ….. Fine Thread; Fully Threaded.
 G o GR ….. Grade.
 GALV o GV ….. Galvanized.
 H o HD ….. Head.
 H o HX ….. Hex.
 HH o HXHD ….. Hex Head
 HVHX ….. Heavy Pattern Hex Bolt.
 HRS ….. Hot-Rolled Steel.
 JMNT ….. Jam Nut.
 LB ….. Lag Bolt, weight in pounds.
 LH ….. Left Hand Thread.

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 Common Fastener Related Abbreviations
 LW ….. Lock Washer
 M ….. Metric; Machine.
 NC ….. National Coarse Thread.
 NF ….. National Fine Thread.
 NT ….. Nut.
 O o OV ….. Oval.
 OH o OVHD ….. Oval Head.
 P ….. Philips.
 PH o PHHD ….. Philips Head.
 PN ….. Pan Head.
 PT …..Partial Thread.
 RH o RDHD ….. Round Head
 RH ….. Right Hand Thread.
 S o SL ….. Slotted
 S o SCR ….. Screw
 SH o SLHD ….. Slotted Head.
 SS ….. Stainless Steel.
 SAE ….. Society of Automotive Engineers.
 SBR ….. Silicon Bronze.
 SD ….. Square Drive.
 SEMSA ……Pre-Made Screw and Washer Assembly.
 SKT ….. Socket.
 SMS ….. Sheet Metal Screw.
 SQ ….. Square. indicate
 THD ….. Thread.
 THK ….. Thickness.
 TC ….. Thread Cut.
 TF ….. Thread Forming.
 TR ….. Thread Rolling.
 Z ….. Zinc.

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