ELE3114: ELECTRICAL MACHINES AND DRIVES I

TRANSFORMERS NUMERICALS VOLUME 2

Question 1
a) A 230 V, 50 Hz transformer has 200 primary turns. It draws 5 A at 0.25 power factor
lagging at no load. Determine:
i) Maximum value of flux in the core.
𝐸 230
= 4.44𝜑𝑚 𝑓; 𝜑𝑚 = = 𝟓. 𝟏𝟖 𝒎𝑾𝒃
𝑁 200(4.44)(50)
ii) Core loss
𝑃𝑐 = 𝐼𝑂 𝑉0 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝜑 = 1150𝑐𝑜𝑠 75.520 = 𝟐𝟖𝟕. 𝟓 𝑾
iii) Magnetizing current.
𝐼𝑚 = 𝐼0 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝜑 = 5 𝑠𝑖𝑛 75.52 = 𝟒. 𝟖𝟒 𝑨
i) Exciting resistance and reactance of the transformer.
𝑉0 230 𝑉0 230
𝑅𝑐 = = = 𝟏𝟖𝟒 𝜴 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑋𝑚 = = = 𝟒𝟕. 𝟓𝟐 𝜴
𝐼𝑐 5 × 0.25 𝐼𝑚 4.84
Question 2
a) Using equations, state and prove the condition for the maximum efficiency of a
transformer.
𝐶𝑜𝑛𝑑𝑖𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛: 𝐼𝑟𝑜𝑛 𝑙𝑜𝑠𝑠𝑒𝑠 = 𝑐𝑜𝑝𝑝𝑒𝑟 𝑙𝑜𝑠𝑠𝑒𝑠
Proof:
𝑉2 𝐼2 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜙2 𝑉2 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜙2
𝐹𝑟𝑜𝑚 𝜂 = =
𝑉2 𝐼2 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜙2 + 𝑃𝑖 + 𝐼2 𝑅𝑒𝑠 𝑉 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜙 + 𝑃𝑖 + 𝐼 𝑅
2
2 2 𝐼 2 𝑒𝑠
2

The terminal voltage is assumed to the load is assumed to be constant hence to maximize the
efficiency, the denominator must be minimum;
𝑑 𝑃𝑖
𝐻𝑒𝑛𝑐𝑒: [𝑉2 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜙2 + + 𝐼2 𝑅𝑒𝑠 ] = 0
𝑑𝐼2 𝐼2
𝑃𝑖
0− + 𝑅𝑒𝑠 = 0
𝐼22
𝐼22 𝑅𝑒𝑠 = 𝑃𝑖
𝑪𝒐𝒑𝒑𝒆𝒓 𝒍𝒐𝒔𝒔𝒆𝒔 = 𝒊𝒓𝒐𝒏 𝒍𝒐𝒔𝒔𝒆𝒔.
b) What is voltage regulation of a transformer?
Voltage regulation refers to the change in magnitude of secondary voltage as the load current
changes from no load to load condition
c) Using equations, state and prove the condition when;
i) Voltage regulation becomes zero.
For voltage regulation to become zero, when the load is thrown off, the terminal voltage must
be the same;
0 = %𝑟𝑒𝑖𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑐𝑒 𝑑𝑟𝑜𝑝 × 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝜑2 − %𝑟𝑒𝑎𝑐𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑐𝑒 𝑑𝑟𝑜𝑝 × 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝜑2
%𝑟𝑒𝑖𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑐𝑒 𝑑𝑟𝑜𝑝 × 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝜑2 = %𝑟𝑒𝑎𝑐𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑐𝑒 𝑑𝑟𝑜𝑝 × 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝜑2
𝐼2 𝑋𝑒𝑠 𝐼2 𝑅𝑒𝑠
× 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝜑2 = × 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝜑2
𝑉2 𝑉2
𝑅𝑒𝑠 𝑅𝑒𝑠
𝑡𝑎𝑛 𝜑2 = ℎ𝑒𝑛𝑐𝑒; 𝜑2 = 𝑡𝑎𝑛−1
𝑋𝑒𝑠 𝑋𝑒𝑠
𝑅𝑒𝑠
𝐿𝑜𝑎𝑑 𝑝𝑜𝑤𝑒𝑟 𝑓𝑎𝑐𝑡𝑜𝑟 , 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝜑2 = 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝑡𝑎𝑛−1
𝑋𝑒𝑠
The above expression reveals that regulation of a transformer will become zero only at leading
power factor of the load.
ii) Voltage regulation becomes maximum
𝑑
𝑅𝑒𝑔𝑢𝑙𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑤𝑖𝑙𝑙 𝑏𝑒 𝑚𝑎𝑥𝑖𝑚𝑢𝑚 𝑖𝑓 [𝑟𝑒𝑔𝑢𝑙𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛] = 0
𝑑𝜑2
𝑑 𝐼2 𝑋𝑒𝑠 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜑2 − 𝐼2 𝑅𝑒𝑠 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜑2
= =0
𝑑𝜑2 𝐸2
𝐷𝑖𝑣𝑖𝑑𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑡ℎ𝑟𝑜𝑢𝑔ℎ 𝑏𝑦 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜑2 ;
𝑋𝑒𝑠 𝑋𝑒𝑠
𝑡𝑎𝑛 𝜑2 = ℎ𝑒𝑛𝑐𝑒; 𝜑2 = 𝑡𝑎𝑛−1
𝑅𝑒𝑠 𝑅𝑒𝑠
𝑋𝑒𝑠
𝐿𝑜𝑎𝑑 𝑝𝑜𝑤𝑒𝑟 𝑓𝑎𝑐𝑡𝑜𝑟 , 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝜑2 = 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝑡𝑎𝑛−1
𝑅𝑒𝑠
The above expression reveals that regulation of a transformer will become maximum only at
lagging power factor of the load.
Question 3
A single-phase transformer rated 1.2 kV/120 V, 7.2kVA has the following winding
parameters: R1 = 0.8 Ω, X1 = 1.2 Ω, R2 = 0.01 Ω and X2 = 0.01 Ω. Neglecting the magnetising
current, determine:
i) The combined winding resistance and leakage reactance referred to the primary
side
𝑅𝑒𝑝 = 𝑅1 + 𝑎2 𝑅2 = 0.8 + 100(0.01) = 1.8 𝛺

𝑋𝑒𝑝 = 𝑋1 + 𝑎2 𝑋2 = 1.2 + 100(0.01) = 2.2 𝛺

𝒁𝒆𝒑 = (𝟏. 𝟖 + 𝒋𝟐. 𝟐) 𝜴

ii) The values of the combined parameters referred to the secondary side.
𝑍𝑒𝑝 1.8 + 𝑗2.2
𝑍𝑒𝑠 = = = (𝟎. 𝟎𝟏𝟖 + 𝒋𝟎. 𝟎𝟐𝟐) 𝜴
𝑎2 100
 iii) The voltage regulation of the transformer when it is delivering 7.5 kVA to a load at
120 V and 0.8 power-factor lagging.

𝑉2 (𝐹𝐿) = 120 𝑉
𝑆2 7.5 × 103
𝐼2𝐹𝐿 = | | < −𝜃2 = < −36.90 = 62.5 < −36.90 𝐴
𝑉2 120
𝑉2 (𝑁𝐿) = 𝐼2𝐹𝐿 𝑍𝑒𝑠 + 𝑉2 = 62.5 < −36.90 (0.018 + 𝑗0.022) + 120 = 121.725∠0.200
121.725 − 120
𝑉𝑜𝑙𝑡𝑎𝑔𝑒 𝑟𝑒𝑔𝑢𝑙𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 = × 100 = 𝟏. 𝟒𝟒%
120
Question 5

a)
i)
𝑭𝒐𝒓 𝒍𝒂𝒈𝒈𝒊𝒏𝒈 𝒑𝒇
7.2𝑘
𝐼2 = < −36.90 = 60 < −36.90 𝐴
120
7.2
𝐼1 = = 6𝐴
1.2
𝑇𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙 𝑝𝑜𝑤𝑒𝑟 𝑙𝑜𝑠𝑠 = 𝑖𝑟𝑜𝑛 𝑙𝑜𝑠𝑠𝑒𝑠 + 𝑐𝑜𝑝𝑝𝑒𝑟 𝑙𝑜𝑠𝑠𝑒𝑠 = 𝑃𝑐𝑜𝑟𝑒 + 𝐼12 𝑅1 = 40 + 62 (1) = 76 𝑊
𝑂𝑢𝑡𝑝𝑢𝑡 𝑝𝑜𝑤𝑒𝑟 = 𝐾𝑉𝐴(𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃2 ) = 7.2𝑘(0.8) = 5760 𝑊
5760
𝜂= × 100 = 𝟗𝟖. 𝟕 %
5760 + 76
𝑉2𝐹𝐿 = 120 𝑉
 7.2𝑘
𝐼2𝐹𝐿 = ∠ − 36.90 = 60∠ − 36.90 𝐴
120
𝑍1 (1 + 𝑗4)
𝑍𝑒𝑠 = 𝑍2 = = = 0.01 + 𝑗0.04
𝑎2 100
𝑉2𝑁𝐿 = 60∠ − 36.90 (0.01 + 𝑗0.04) + 120 = 121.931 < 0.730
𝑉𝑛𝑜𝑙𝑜𝑎𝑑 − 𝑉𝑙𝑜𝑎𝑑
𝑉𝑜𝑙𝑡𝑎𝑔𝑒 𝑟𝑒𝑔𝑢𝑙𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛(%) = × 100
𝑉𝑙𝑜𝑎𝑑
121.931 − 120
𝑉𝑜𝑙𝑡𝑎𝑔𝑒 𝑟𝑒𝑔𝑢𝑎𝑙𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 = = 𝟏. 𝟔𝟏%
120
ii)
𝑭𝒐𝒓 𝒍𝒆𝒂𝒅𝒊𝒏𝒈 𝒑𝒇
𝜂 = 98.7%, 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑐𝑒 𝑖𝑡 𝑑𝑜𝑒𝑠 𝑛𝑜𝑡 𝑑𝑝𝑒𝑛𝑑 𝑜𝑛 𝑤ℎ𝑒𝑡ℎ𝑒𝑟 𝜃 𝑖𝑠 𝑙𝑒𝑎𝑑𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑜𝑟 𝑙𝑎𝑔𝑔𝑖𝑛𝑔.
𝑉2𝑁𝐿 = 60∠36.90 (0.01 + 𝑗0.04) + 120 = 119.061 < 1.100
𝑉𝑛𝑜𝑙𝑜𝑎𝑑 − 𝑉𝑙𝑜𝑎𝑑
𝑉𝑜𝑙𝑡𝑎𝑔𝑒 𝑟𝑒𝑔𝑢𝑙𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛(%) = × 100
𝑉𝑙𝑜𝑎𝑑
119.061 − 120
𝑉𝑜𝑙𝑡𝑎𝑔𝑒 𝑟𝑒𝑔𝑢𝑎𝑙𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 = = −𝟎. 𝟕𝟖%
120
b)
𝐴𝑡 𝑚𝑎𝑥𝑖𝑚𝑢𝑚 𝑒𝑓𝑓𝑖𝑐𝑖𝑒𝑛𝑐𝑦, 𝑃𝑐𝑜𝑟𝑒 = 𝐼22 𝑅2

𝑃𝑐𝑜𝑟𝑒 40
𝐼2 = √ 𝑟 = √ = 63.245 𝐴
[ 12 ] 1
𝑎 [ ]
100
𝑃𝑜𝑢𝑡 = 120(63.245)(0.8) = 6071.57 𝑊
6071.57
𝜂𝑚𝑎𝑥 = × 100 = 𝟗𝟖. 𝟕 %
6071.57 + 40 + 40
𝑳𝒐𝒂𝒅 𝑲𝑽𝑨 = 𝟏𝟐𝟎(𝟔𝟑. 𝟐𝟒𝟓) = 𝟕. 𝟓𝟖𝟗𝟒 𝒌𝑽𝑨
Question 6
The parameters of a 150 kVA, 2400/240 V transformer are 𝑅1 = 0.2 Ω, 𝑅2 = 2 𝑚Ω, 𝑋1 = 0.45
Ω, 𝑋2 = 4.5 𝑚Ω, 𝑅c = 10 𝑘Ω and 𝑋m = 1.55 𝑘Ω. Using the circuit below that is referred to the
primary side where 𝒂 denotes the turns ratio. With the transformer operating at rated load
with 0.8 power factor lagging, determine the:
i) Voltage regulation
ii) Efficiency of the transformer.
 i)
𝑁1 2400
𝑎= = = 10, 𝑎𝑉2 = 2400 < 00 𝑉, 𝜑2 = 𝑐𝑜𝑠 −1 0.8 = −36.80
𝑁2 240
𝑎𝑉2 = 2400 < 00
𝐼2 150𝑘
= < −36.80 = 62.5 < −36.80 = 50 − 𝑗37.5 𝐴
𝑎 2400
Voltage across the shunt impedance;
𝐼2 2
𝐸1 = 𝑎𝑉2 + [𝑎 (𝑅2 + 𝑋2 )] = 2427 + 𝑗15 = 2427 < 0.350 𝑉
𝑎
𝐸1
𝐼𝑚 = = 1.56 < −89.650 = 0.0095 − 𝑗1.56 𝐴
𝑋𝑚
𝐸1
𝐼𝑐 = = 0.2427 + 𝑗0 𝐴
𝑅𝑐
𝐼2 𝐼2
𝐼1 = 𝐼0 + = 𝐼𝑚 + 𝐼𝑐 + = (0.25 − 𝑗1.56) + (50 − 𝑗37.5)
𝑎 𝑎
𝐼1 = 50.25 − 𝑗39.06 = 63.65 < −37.850 𝐴
𝑉1 = 𝐼1 (𝑅1 + 𝑋1 ) + 𝐸1 = 2455 + 𝑗30 = 2455 < 0.70 𝑉
𝑉𝑛𝑜𝑙𝑜𝑎𝑑 − 𝑉𝑙𝑜𝑎𝑑 𝑉1 − 𝑎𝑉2 (2455 − 2400)
𝑉𝑜𝑙𝑡𝑎𝑔𝑒 𝑟𝑒𝑔𝑢𝑙𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛(%) = × 100 = (100) = (100)
𝑉𝑙𝑜𝑎𝑑 𝑎𝑉2 2400
𝑉𝑜𝑙𝑡𝑎𝑔𝑒 𝑟𝑒𝑔𝑢𝑙𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 = 𝟐. 𝟑%
ii)
𝑜𝑢𝑡𝑝𝑢𝑡 𝑜𝑢𝑡𝑝𝑢𝑡
𝐸𝑓𝑓𝑖𝑐𝑖𝑒𝑛𝑐𝑦 = =
𝑖𝑛𝑝𝑢𝑡 𝑜𝑢𝑡𝑝𝑢𝑡 + 𝑙𝑜𝑠𝑠𝑒𝑠
𝑂𝑢𝑡𝑝𝑢𝑡 = 0.8(150𝑘) = 120 𝑘𝑊
𝐿𝑜𝑠𝑠𝑒𝑠 = 𝐼12 𝑅1 + 𝐼22 𝑅2 + 𝐼𝐶2 𝑅𝑐 = 2.18 𝑘𝑊
120
𝐸𝑓𝑓𝑖𝑐𝑖𝑒𝑛𝑐𝑦 = × 100 = 𝟗𝟖%
122.18
Question 7
Open circuit and short circuit tests were performed on a single-phase 50 Hz transformer
rated at 20 MVA, 120 kV/12 kV transformer and the results are as follows:
i) Draw the equivalent circuit of a transformer, label each component and describe
what each component represents
ii) Calculate the value of each component in this equivalent circuit, referred to the
secondary side. (assuming 𝑅1′ = 𝑅2 , 𝑋1′ = 𝑋2)
Open circuit test at low voltage side:
Voltage 12 kV
Power 50 kW
Current 45 A
Short circuit test at high voltage side:
Voltage 10 kV
Power 130 kW
Current 167 A
i)

𝑅1′ 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑅2 Represent the ohmic resistance of the primary and the secondary windings;
𝑋1′ 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑋2 Represent the leakage reactance of the primary and secondary windings
𝑋1′ 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑋2 Represent the magnetizing and core loss resistive and reactive components.
Note: the above circuit was drawn referring to the secondary, but you can also draw
the one referring to the primary
ii)
Open circuit test at the LV/secondary (Primary terminals are open circuited and voltage
applied at the secondary)
𝑉𝑜𝑐2 120002
𝑅 ′𝑚 = = = 𝟐𝟖𝟖𝟎 𝜴
𝑃𝑜𝑐 50000

′
𝑉𝑜𝑐 12000
𝑋𝑚 = = = 𝟐𝟔𝟔. 𝟗 𝜴
2
√452 12000 2
2 − ( 𝑉𝑜𝑐 )
√𝐼𝑜𝑐 − ( 2880 )
𝑅′ 𝑚
Short circuit test at the HV/primary side (Secondary terminals are shorted and a voltage
applied at the primary)
𝑃𝑠𝑐 130000
𝑅𝑒𝑝 = 2
= = 4.7 𝛺
𝐼𝑠𝑐 1672

𝑉𝑠𝑐 2 10000 2
𝑋𝑒𝑝 √
= √( ) − 𝑅𝑒𝑝 = ( ) − 4.72 = 59.7 𝛺
𝐼𝑠𝑐 167

4.7
𝑅𝑒𝑠 = 𝑅1′ + 𝑅2 = = 0.047 𝛺
100
0.047
𝑅2 = = 0.024 𝛺
2
59.7
𝑋𝑒𝑠 = 𝑋1′ + 𝑋2 = = 0.597 𝛺
100
0.597
𝑋2 = = 0.298 𝛺
2
Question 8
Tests are conducted on a 50 kVA, 2400/240 V, single-phase 50 Hz transformer. The test
results are given as:
Open circuit test: 240 V, 2.2 A, 340 W
Short circuit test: 110 V, 20.8 A, 950 W
Calculate:
i) Approximate equivalent parameters of the transformer referred to the high voltage
side and low voltage side
Open circuit test:
𝑉𝑜𝑐2 2402
𝐶𝑜𝑟𝑒 𝑙𝑜𝑠𝑠 𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑖𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑐𝑒 𝑟𝑒𝑓𝑓𝑒𝑟𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑡𝑜 𝐿𝑉 𝑠𝑖𝑑𝑒: 𝑅 ′𝑐 = = = 𝟏𝟔𝟗. 𝟒 𝜴
𝑃𝑜𝑐 340
𝐶𝑜𝑟𝑒 𝑙𝑜𝑠𝑠 𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑖𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑐𝑒 𝑟𝑒𝑓𝑓𝑒𝑟𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑡𝑜 𝐻𝑉 𝑠𝑖𝑑𝑒: 𝑅𝑐 = 169.4(100) = 16940 𝛺

′
𝑉𝑜𝑐 240
𝑀𝑎𝑔𝑛𝑒𝑡𝑖𝑧𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑟𝑒𝑎𝑐𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑐𝑒 𝑟𝑒𝑓𝑓𝑒𝑟𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑡𝑜 𝐿𝑉 𝑠𝑖𝑑𝑒: 𝑋𝑚 = = = 𝟏𝟒𝟐. 𝟔 𝜴
2
2 − (𝑉𝑜𝑐 )
2
√2.22 − ( 240 )
√𝐼𝑜𝑐 169.4
𝑅𝑐′

𝑀𝑎𝑔𝑛𝑒𝑡𝑖𝑧𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑟𝑒𝑎𝑐𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑐𝑒 𝑟𝑒𝑓𝑓𝑒𝑟𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑡𝑜 𝐿𝑉 𝑠𝑖𝑑𝑒: 𝑋𝑚 = 𝟏𝟒𝟐. 𝟔(𝟏𝟎𝟎) = 𝟏𝟒𝟐𝟔𝟎 𝜴

Short circuit test:
𝑃𝑠𝑐 950
𝐸𝑞𝑢𝑖𝑣𝑎𝑙𝑒𝑛𝑡 𝑤𝑖𝑛𝑑𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑖𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑐𝑒 𝑟𝑒𝑓𝑓𝑒𝑟𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑡𝑜 𝐻𝑉 𝑠𝑖𝑑𝑒: 𝑅𝑒𝑝 = 2
= = 2.2 𝛺
𝐼𝑠𝑐 20.82
2.2
𝐸𝑞𝑢𝑖𝑣𝑎𝑙𝑒𝑛𝑡 𝑤𝑖𝑛𝑑𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑖𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑐𝑒 𝑟𝑒𝑓𝑓𝑒𝑟𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑡𝑜 𝐿𝑉 𝑠𝑖𝑑𝑒: 𝑅𝑒𝑠 = = 0.022 𝛺
100
𝐸𝑞𝑢𝑖𝑣𝑎𝑙𝑒𝑛𝑡 𝑤𝑖𝑛𝑑𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑟𝑒𝑎𝑐𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑐𝑒 𝑟𝑒𝑓𝑓𝑒𝑟𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑡𝑜 𝐻𝑉 𝑠𝑖𝑑𝑒:

𝑉𝑠𝑐 2 110 2
𝑋𝑒𝑝 √ √
= ( ) − 𝑅𝑒𝑝 = ( ) − 2.22 = 4.8 𝛺
𝐼𝑠𝑐 20.8

4.8
𝐸𝑞𝑢𝑖𝑣𝑎𝑙𝑒𝑛𝑡 𝑤𝑖𝑛𝑑𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑟𝑒𝑎𝑐𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑐𝑒 𝑟𝑒𝑓𝑓𝑒𝑟𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑡𝑜 𝐿𝑉 𝑠𝑖𝑑𝑒: 𝑅𝑒𝑠 = = 0.048 𝛺
100
ii) Voltage regulation at full load 0.6 leading power factor (neglecting the shunt branch)
𝑍𝑒𝑠 = 0.022 + 𝑗0.048
𝑉2𝐹𝐿 = 240 𝑉
𝑝𝑓 𝑎𝑛𝑔𝑙𝑒 = 53.130
50𝑘
𝐼2𝐹𝐿 = ∠53.130 = 208.33∠53.130 𝐴
240
𝑉2𝑁𝐿 = 208.33∠53.130 (0.022 + 𝑗0.048) + 240 = 234.949 < 2.360
𝑉𝑛𝑜𝑙𝑜𝑎𝑑 − 𝑉𝑙𝑜𝑎𝑑
𝑉𝑜𝑙𝑡𝑎𝑔𝑒 𝑟𝑒𝑔𝑢𝑙𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛(%) = × 100
𝑉𝑙𝑜𝑎𝑑
234.949 − 240
𝑉𝑜𝑙𝑡𝑎𝑔𝑒 𝑟𝑒𝑔𝑢𝑎𝑙𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 = = −𝟐. 𝟏𝟎%
240
iii) Efficiency for half load 0.6 power factor lagging.
𝑉2 𝐼2 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜙2 𝑉2 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜙2
𝐹𝑟𝑜𝑚 𝜂 = =
𝑉2 𝐼2 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜙2 + 𝑃𝑖 + 𝐼2 𝑅𝑒𝑠 𝑉 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜙 + 𝑃𝑖 + 𝐼 𝑅
2
2 2 𝐼 2 𝑒𝑠
2

For a given fraction of the full load i.e. x, the load current 𝐼2𝑋𝐿 = 𝑥𝐼2𝐹𝐿
𝑥𝑉2 𝐼2 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜙2 𝑥𝑉2 𝐼2 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜙2
𝐹𝑟𝑜𝑚 𝜂𝑥 = 2 =
𝑥𝑉2 𝐼2 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜙2 + 𝑃𝑐𝑜𝑟𝑒 + 𝑥 2 𝐼2 𝑅𝑒𝑠 𝑥𝑉2 𝐼2 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜙2 + 𝑃𝑐𝑜𝑟𝑒 + 𝑥 2 𝑃𝑐𝑜𝑝𝑝𝑒𝑟

𝑃𝑐𝑜𝑟𝑒 = 340 𝑊, 𝑃𝑐𝑜𝑝𝑝𝑒𝑟 = 950 𝑊

0.5(240) × (208.33) × 0.6
𝜂0.5 = × 100 = 𝟗𝟔. 𝟑%
0.5(240) × (208.33) × 0.6 + 340 + 0.52 (950)
iv) At what fraction of the rated load maximum efficiency occurs.
𝑃𝑐𝑜𝑟𝑒 = 𝑥 2 𝑃𝑐𝑜𝑝𝑝𝑒𝑟

340
𝑥=√ = 0.6
950

v) Output power in kVA for maximum efficiency

𝑃𝑐𝑜𝑟𝑒 340
𝑂𝑢𝑡𝑝𝑢𝑡 𝑘𝑉𝐴 = 𝑅𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑑 𝐾𝑉𝐴 × √ = 50𝑘 √ = 30 𝑘𝑉𝐴
𝑃𝑐𝑜𝑝𝑝𝑒𝑟 950
 vi) Maximum efficiency.

340
𝐼2 = √ = 124.316 𝐴
0.022

(240) × (124.316) × 0.6

𝜂𝑚𝑎𝑥 = × 100 = 𝟗𝟖. 𝟖𝟕%
0.5(240) × (124.316) × 0.6 + 2(340)
Question 9

(a)
Open circuit test:
𝑉𝑜𝑐2 2202
𝐶𝑜𝑟𝑒 𝑙𝑜𝑠𝑠 𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑖𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑐𝑒 𝑟𝑒𝑓𝑓𝑒𝑟𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑡𝑜 𝐿𝑉 𝑠𝑖𝑑𝑒: 𝑅 ′𝑐 = = = 484 𝛺
𝑃𝑜𝑐 100
𝐶𝑜𝑟𝑒 𝑙𝑜𝑠𝑠 𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑖𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑐𝑒 𝑟𝑒𝑓𝑓𝑒𝑟𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑡𝑜 𝐻𝑉 𝑠𝑖𝑑𝑒: 𝑅𝑐 = 484(100) = 48.4 𝑘𝛺

′
𝑉𝑜𝑐 220
𝑀𝑎𝑔𝑛𝑒𝑡𝑖𝑧𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑟𝑒𝑎𝑐𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑐𝑒 𝑟𝑒𝑓𝑓𝑒𝑟𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑡𝑜 𝐿𝑉 𝑠𝑖𝑑𝑒: 𝑋𝑚 = = = 89.49 𝛺
2
2 − (𝑉𝑜𝑐 )
2
√2.52 − (220)
√𝐼𝑜𝑐 484
𝑅𝑐′

𝑀𝑎𝑔𝑛𝑒𝑡𝑖𝑧𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑟𝑒𝑎𝑐𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑐𝑒 𝑟𝑒𝑓𝑓𝑒𝑟𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑡𝑜 𝐿𝑉 𝑠𝑖𝑑𝑒: 𝑋𝑚 = 89.49(100) = 8949 𝛺

Short circuit test:
𝑃𝑠𝑐 215
𝐸𝑞𝑢𝑖𝑣𝑎𝑙𝑒𝑛𝑡 𝑤𝑖𝑛𝑑𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑖𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑐𝑒 𝑟𝑒𝑓𝑓𝑒𝑟𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑡𝑜 𝐻𝑉 𝑠𝑖𝑑𝑒: 𝑅𝑒𝑝 = 2
= = 10.4 𝛺
𝐼𝑠𝑐 4.552
10.4
𝐸𝑞𝑢𝑖𝑣𝑎𝑙𝑒𝑛𝑡 𝑤𝑖𝑛𝑑𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑖𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑐𝑒 𝑟𝑒𝑓𝑓𝑒𝑟𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑡𝑜 𝐿𝑉 𝑠𝑖𝑑𝑒: 𝑅𝑒𝑠 = = 0.104 𝛺
100
𝐸𝑞𝑢𝑖𝑣𝑎𝑙𝑒𝑛𝑡 𝑤𝑖𝑛𝑑𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑟𝑒𝑎𝑐𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑐𝑒 𝑟𝑒𝑓𝑓𝑒𝑟𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑡𝑜 𝐻𝑉 𝑠𝑖𝑑𝑒:

𝑉𝑠𝑐 2 150 2
𝑋𝑒𝑝 √ √
= ( ) − 𝑅𝑒𝑝 = ( ) − 10.42 = 31.3 𝛺
𝐼𝑠𝑐 4.55
 31.3
𝐸𝑞𝑢𝑖𝑣𝑎𝑙𝑒𝑛𝑡 𝑤𝑖𝑛𝑑𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑟𝑒𝑎𝑐𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑐𝑒 𝑟𝑒𝑓𝑓𝑒𝑟𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑡𝑜 𝐿𝑉 𝑠𝑖𝑑𝑒: 𝑅𝑒𝑠 = = 0.313 𝛺
100
(b)
10𝑘
𝑅𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑑 𝑐𝑢𝑟𝑟𝑒𝑛𝑡 = = 45.45 𝐴 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑒𝑥𝑐𝑖𝑡𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑐𝑢𝑟𝑟𝑒𝑛𝑡 𝑎𝑡 𝑛𝑜 𝑙𝑜𝑎𝑑 𝐼𝛷 = 2.5 𝐴
220
2.5
%𝑎𝑔𝑒 𝑒𝑥𝑐𝑖𝑡𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑐𝑢𝑟𝑟𝑒𝑛𝑡 = × 100 = 5.5%
45.45
(c)
𝑃𝑜𝑐 100
𝐹𝑜𝑟 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑛𝑜 𝑙𝑜𝑎𝑑( 𝑜𝑝𝑒𝑛 𝑐𝑖𝑟𝑐𝑢𝑖𝑡 𝑡𝑒𝑠𝑡): 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃0 = = = 0.18
𝑉𝑜𝑐 𝐼𝑜𝑐 2.5(220)

215
𝐹𝑜𝑟 𝑠ℎ𝑜𝑟𝑡 𝑐𝑖𝑟𝑐𝑖𝑢𝑡 𝑡𝑒𝑠𝑡: 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝜑 = = 0.32
150(4.55)

Compiled by, David