FÇDFLZ

Lc Fàrfuci Rlralfti

Gutirg? Gdhrlg Mughgcupl Grisni

Gm r ghlf n` nld ti s

G Ougd Oisî, `n fi`pg÷lri hl tgdtgs vnhgs, pir tu gpiyi ndfidhnfnidgc, tu g`ir

ndandnti, tu fidangdzg ld `n sldtnr, tu mrgd airtgclzg ld lc fg`ndi, tu sgjnhuràg
gdflstrgc hl cg fugc `l kl dutrnhi y fidtndÿi kgfnîdhici. Mrgfngs pirqul lstg
ijrg ls fi`pgrtnhg, mrgfngs.

G Qnicl, `n knog, pir rlmgcgr`l cg `grgvnccisg lxplrnldfng hl cg `gtlrdnhgh, qul

gjrnö ld `à cg plrflpfnöd y lc hnsflrdn`nldti5 pir tu g`ir ndfidhnfnidgc, tu
gfi`pg÷g`nldti, tu cuz, tu sgjnhuràg `glstrg qul ls agri ld `n fg`ndi. Mrgfngs

G Ngd, `n knoi, mrgfngs.

mrgfn gs. Mrgfngs pir tus `ldsgols, pir trgds`ntnr`l y rlganr`gr`l
qul lc fàrfuci ls plralfti, pir cg sgjnhuràg qul tu slr trgl ld `à, qul kgfl qul
lstg ijrg cclmul g su hlstndi y and. Mrgfngs.

G Gmis, knog hlc firgzöd, mrgfngs pir tu g`ir y fidangdzg ndfidhnfnidgcls, tus
ldsl÷gdzgs tgd `glstrgs, tu hnsflrdn`nldti y flrtlzgs sid cuz ld `n fg`ndi.
Mrgfngs.

G `ns pghrls, @gràg Lvg y Kîftir, pir hgr`l vnhg, pir cg fidangdzg snl`prl
ndtgftg ld `n fg`ndi y lc g`ir? g`jgs klrrg`nldtgs hl `n cnjlrtgh.

G Rgjci, klr`gdi hl lstgs y itrgs vnhgs. Mrgfngs pir fi`pgrtnr lc fg`ndi, tu

g`ir, tu fidangdzg. Mrgfngs pir tu `gmng ld cg lsfrnturg5 snd lccg, lstgs ccàdlgs
àdlgs di
slràgd cgs `ns`gs. Mrgfngs.

G Alrdgdhi, klr`gdi hl lstgs y itrgs mgcgxngs, mrgfngs pir tu fidangdzg gjsicutg

ld `n fg`ndi, lc gpiyi, lc g`ir ndfidhnfnidgc, tu sgjnhuràg qul plr`ntnrç qul
lstl lsfrnti cclmul gc `çs gccç.
gccç . Mrgfngs pir slr pgrtl hl lstg `nsnöd.

G Acir, klr`gdg hlc Gc`g… Çdmlc hl lstg `nsnöd, mrgfngs pir tu g`ir, tu
fidangdzg, tu muàg, tu `gmng qul knfnlrid pisnjcl lc ficir y cg vnhg hlc fàrfuci
plralfti. Mrgfngs.

G `n gjulcg Nsgjlc, pir su g`ir, su gsnstldfng ltlrdg, su fg`ndi qul ld pgrtl

gjrnö lc `ài, pirqul dulstrgs gc`gs ltlrdg`ldt
ltlrdg`ldtll plr`gdlflrçd udnhgs.

G tihis cis gdflstris hl `n çrjic, mrgfngs, mrgfngs, mrgfngs, pirqul snd sus
vnvldfngs y snd su lxnstldfng di lstgràg cg `àg.
G `n ag`ncng lstlcgr hl cuz, slrls pclyghngdis, mrgfngs pir kgflrsl `gdnanlstis,
rlfirhgr`l lc fg`ndi y slr muàg. Mrgfngs, mrgfngs, mrgfngs.

G tihis `ns @glstris hl lstg y itrgs vnhgs pir ldtrlmgr lstl fidifn`nldti, pir
ncu`ndgr`l lc fg`ndi. Mrgfngs.

G tihis cis fidsuctgdtls, pir fidangr ld `à, pir rlvlcgr`l sus knstirngs hl vnhg
qul mungrid y fidanr`grid lc fg`ndi, cls lstiy ltlrdg`ldtl gmrghlfnhg. Mrgfngs,
mrgfngs, mrgfngs.

G Hnis, cg Qnrmld, cis

ci s Çdmlcls y Grfçdmlcls pir su cuz, su jld
jldhnfnöd
hnfnöd y su muàg.
Rröcimi

Lc Fçdflr? ud mrnti hlslsplrghi hl g`ir

Rgfnldtl y hiftir.

Rgfnldtl snmdnanfg pgsnvi, hnspulsti g lsplrgr y gflptgr. Hiftir privnldl hl

hifti, y snmdnanfg sgjni, ldsl÷ghi y gprldhnhi.
G cg fidsuctg hl ud `îhnfi idföcimi sl cccclmg
lmg fid ud hngmdöstnfi prlvni5 pirtgdhi
ud pgplc hidhl lstç lsfrnti lc di`jrl y gplccnhi hl ud sàdti`g, qul
prijgjcl`ldtl lc pgfnldtl g trgvîs hl Ndtlrdlt kg nhldtnanfghi fi`i Fçdflr. ^
sn kgy udg pgcgjrg qul tnldl `gcg prldsg, ls Fçdflr. Lc pgfnldtl di cclmg pgsnvi,
sndi hlsfidlftghi hl sà `ns`i. Di cclmg gr`ghi hl pgfnldfng, sndi gjgtnhi. Di
sgjl hlc tnl`pi hl lsplrg, pirqul cgs prnirnhghls kgd fg`jnghi y tihi lstç
fidmlcghi. Vldfnccg`ldtl lc pgfnldtl cclmg snd sgjlr, pirqul cgs flrtlzgs kgd
hlsgpgrlfnhi. ^ ld cg fidvlrsgfnöd fid lc `îhnfi sl oulmg cg vnhg, qul ld lsl
`i`ldti snldtl ritg. Cg ldalr`lhgh hldudfng lc hicir hlc gc`g y g lsg klrnhg
priaudhg cl kgfl agctg udg fidvlrsgf
fidvlrsgfnöd
nöd rlpgrghirg. Ls fcgri qul Gdhrlg ci supi
hlshl snl`prl.

Xihis hljlràg`is cllr lstl cnjri, ndhlpldhnldt

ndhlpldhnldtl`ldtl
l`ldtl hlc cghi hlc lsfrntirni qul
ifupl`is? pgfnldtl i prialsnidgc hlc grtl hl furgr5 pirqul fidtnldl cg
ndair`gfnöd qul dlflsntg lsl lqunpi pgrg trgdsntgr cg furgfnöd.
Rirqul lstl y sici lstl, ls lc `itnvi hlc ldfuldtri? cg sgdgfnöd titgc y vlrhghlrg.

Cg pripulstg hl Gdhrlg ls hgrcl lspgfni g qunld cg fidsuctg pgrg qul lxprlsl

g su `gdlrg ci qul snldtl y ci qul qunlrl, snd tlrrir y snd fucpg.
\sg cg pgcgjrg disitris y di lccis pgrg rlalrnr g his plrsidgs, `îhnfi y pgfnldtl.
Oudtis lstgrçd `çs flrfg hl cg vlrhgh.

Xihi lc cnjri, hl cg prn`lrg g cg ÿctn`g argsl, pripnfng rlcgfnidls qul rlstgurgd

itrgs hltlrnirghgs.

Cg prn`lrg pgrtl hlc fnrfunti hl cg sgdgfnöd ls cg lsfufkg fidsfnldtl y g`irisg

pgrg fi`prldhlr. Lsg `utug fidangdzg ls lc pudti hl pgrtnhg pgrg rlfidiflr,
mlstnidgr y frlgr udg rlcgfnöd jldlvicldt
jldlvicldtll hlc fidsuctgdtl fidsnmi `ns`i y fid
lc `udhi.
Gccà, ld lc prn`lr sgcuhi, l`pnlzg cg furgfnöd. Hl klfki, sgcuhgr snmdnanfg
hlfcgrgr sgcvi g ud itri.

Lsti hl ci qul kgjcg Gdhrlg, cg fgpgfnhgh hl l`pgtàg pgrg sndtidnzgr fid lc

ndtn`i sldtnr hl ud pgfnldtl, hljlràg slr udg gsnmdgturg hl mrghi ld cg
\dnvlrsnhgh pgrg lolrflr dulstrgs prialsnidls cnjrls hl lsg nmdirgdfng
l`ifnidgc qul rlprlsldtg ud ijstçfuci rlgc g cg kirg hl cgs fidsuctgs.

Viy ihidtöcimg hlshl cis :7 g÷is y cclvi 6> lolrfnldhi lc grtl hl furgr cg jifg5
jifg 5
g vlfls snldti qul dgfà hldtnstg. @l lsplfngcnfî ld Irtihidfng y di `l fgjl
dndmudg huhg hl qul lc îxnti hlc trgtg`nldti hlpldhl ld ud gcti pirfldtgol hl
cg hlfnsnöd hlc pgfnldtl.

Lstuhngr plr`gdldtl`ldtl ls pgrtl hlc lolrfnfni hl fugcqunlr gftnvnhgh, plri lsl

fÿ`uci hl ndair`gfnöd snrvl sn, gc trgds`ntnrcg g qunld cg dlflsntg, gh`ntl ud
hnçcimi. Lc `idöcimi prialsnidgc ls ndÿtnc pgrg cg furgfnöd hl ud pgfnldtl qul
sici hnfl? –Và, sl÷ir‐.

Vî hl cg gsnstldfng hnvndg
hn vndg qul kgfl qul dghg slg fgsugcnhgh5 y ld ud frufl hl
rutgs hl cg vnhg, fidifà g cg Hrg. Gdhrlg Grisni.

Lccg ls udg `uolr oivld

o ivld y lxtrgirhndgrng`ldtl jlccg qul kgjcg hl sgcuh utncnzgdhi
ud cldmugol rlfidifnhi. Rirqul cg fnldfng ls klr`gdg hl cg lspnrntugcnhgh.

Ls udg lxn`ng lsplfngcnstg ndvicufrghg ld cg `nsnöd hl sgdgr hlshl cg sgjnhuràg

hlc g`ir. Fi`pgrtl su lxplrnldfng y vgcirls ld fghg fntg, ld fghg fcgsl y ld
fghg fidalrldfng, hlogdhi lspgfni pgrg qul fghg udi hlspcnlmul su airtgclzg y
su tgcldti. Rirqul andgc`ldtl ls lc pripni pgfnldtl lc qul sgdgrç sus klrnhgs,
Gdhrlg ci muàg gslrtnvg y slrldg`ldtl.

Ls udg hiftirg ndvicufrghg fid cg sgcuh, fid cg vnhg y fid cg pgz. \dg `ldtirg
qul irnldtg g fghg udi pgrg trgdsntgr su pripni fg`ndi.
Ld sàdtlsns, Gdhrlg ls udg `uolr hl al qul tl gfi`pg÷g g rlldfidtrgrtl fid lc
Hnis qul tl kgjntg. G vis y g `à. \d ldfuldtri hnvndi qul di ls dlflsgrni, sndi
ndlvntgjcl.

@gràg hl Cuogd @idtgdgrn

 –Vici jusfg lc qul lstç plrhnhi.

Fugdhi dis ldfidtrg`is, hlog`is hl jusfgr‐

Lc cnjri, sus n dnfnis, sus andls (fidalsnöd hl cg gutirg)

@n di`jrl ls Gdhrlg Mughgcupl. @n gplccnhi, hl pgrtl hl `n pghrl, ls Grisni.

@n gplccnhi, hl pgrtl hl `n `ghrl, ls Jgdhnrgcn. Dgfà ld Grmldtndg, ld cg Rrivndfng
hl Vgdtg Al, ld cg fnuhgh hl Lsplrgdzg. Dgfà ifki`lsndg. Dgfà ud 78 hl @gyi
hlc g÷i 7>=>.

¹Wuî siy9

Ld prn`lr cumgr, gdtls qul tihi, VI^.

^i siy @uolr. Viy @ghrl. Viy G`gdtl. Viy Fi`pg÷lrg.

^i siy klr`gdg. Viy knog. Viy dnltg. Viy tàg. Viy `ghrndg.
`ghrn dg. Viy g`nmg.

^i siy @îhnfg. @îhnfg

@îhn fg Fcàdnfg. Idföcimg Fcàdnfg.

^i siy @îhnfg Ndtlmrgtnv

Ndtlmrgtnvg.
g.

Zlgcnfî `ns lstuhnis prn`grnis y slfudhgrnis ld `n fnuhgh dgtgc. Lsplrgdzg

(Vgdtg Al). G cis 7= g÷is, `l aun g vnvnr g cg fnuhgh hl Zisgrni (Vgdtg Al). Gccà
lstuhnî ld cg Agfuctgh hl @lhnfndg plrtldlfnldtl g cg \dnvlrsnhgh Dgfnidgc hl
Zisgrni. Fi`ldfî `ns lstuhnis ld lc g÷i 7>>= y `l rlfnjà ld lc :228. Ijtuvl
`n prn`lr tàtuci hl lsplfngcnstg ld Fcàdnfg @îhnfg ld lc g÷i :22;, culmi hl
rlgcnzgr lsg lsplfngcnhgh ld cis kispntgcls Fgrrgsfi y Fcl`ldtl Çcvgrlz (KLFG)
hl cg fnuhgh hl Zisgrni. Hlspuîs knfl `n lxplrnldfng ld Xlrgpng Ndtldsnvg ld lc
Kispntgc hl L`lrmldfngs Fcl`ldtl Çcvgrlz. Ld lc :27: ijtuvl cg `gtràfucg hl
`n slmudhg lsplfngcnhgh? Idficimàg Fcàdnfg, tg`jnîd hldtri hlc snstl`g hl sgcuh
hl cg `udnfnpgcnhgh hl Zisgrni, FL@GZ. Gdtls hl rlfnjnr`l, knfl prçftnfgs y
mugrhngs `îhnfgs. Culmi, trgjgoî ld vgrnis kispntgcls (fidsuctirnis, sgcgs hl
ndtlrdgfnöd, udnhghls hl funhghis ndtldsnvis), Fldtris
Fldtris hl Vgcuh y Vgdgtirnis hl
cg fnuhgh hl Zisgrni y sus gcrlhlhirls. @çs tgrhl, ndmrlsî gc slrvnfni hl
ndtlrdgfnöd fcàdnfg RG@N 7 y pistlrnir`ldtl gc slrvnfni hl idficimàg hl lsg
ndstntufnöd. Ld lccis, `l hlsl`pl÷î fi`i hifldtl ld cg air`gfnöd hl
lsplfngcnstgs `îhnfis hl lstg ndstntufnöd
ndstntufnöd y hl cg \DZ. G su vlz, ld lc g÷i :27:,
fifrlî oudti gc Hr. Ougd Oisî Mrlfi ud Lspgfni hl Vgcuh y @lhnfndg Ndtlmrgtnvg,
qul ccg`g`is –Gc`g Qnvg‐, ld cg cifgcnhgh hl Audls5 privndfng hl Vgdtg Al
(Grmldtndg). Rgrgclcg`ldtl g cis lstuhnis hl air`gfnöd `îhnfg air`gc, `l ndstruà

ld `lhnfndgs irnldtgcls, dgturgcls, jni`iclfucgr, antitlrgpng y cg jnsgmrg ld `n

fgrrlrg, cg Fnldfng Furgtnvg Mlr`çdnfg. G ci cgrmi hl lstis g÷is rlairfî `ns
lstuhnis ld `ÿctnpcls fidmrlsis y sn`pisnis ld hnalrldtls pgàsls hlc `udhi,
tgdti hl cg `lhnfndg gcipçtnfg fi`i hl cgs ccg`ghgs `lhnfndgs
fi`pcl`ldtgrngs. Lsti
Lsti pulhl hlfnr `ufki hl `à, plri tg`jnîd pifi. Frli qul
cg air`g hl fidtgrtl qunîd siy, quî kgmi y cg `gdlrg ld cg fugc ci kgmi, ls lstl
cnjri. Rlri ci qul lc cnjri fuldtg di ls n`pirtgdtl pirqul ci kgmg yi, sndi pir ci
qul sl fuldtg. Lsi qul sl fuldtg kgjcg hl ud sgjlr y hl udg sgjnhuràg. \d
sgjlr hlc fugc siy ud ndstru`ldti pgrg qul slg `çs vnsnjcl. \dg sgjnhuràg qul

`l trgsfnldhl y g cg fugc plrtldlzfi5 hndç`nfg`ldtl. \d sgjlr vnvi. \d sgjlr

gc fugc ndtldti gpirtgrcl g`ir, rlspidsgjncnhgh
r lspidsgjncnhgh y fidsfnldfng `n pripng sgjnhuràg.

Cis ndnfnis hl lstl cnjri, cis prn`lris mgrgjgtis l ndtldfnidls, tgc vlz
fi`ldzgrgd g mlstgrsl ld `n prn`lrg ndagdfng. Xgc vlz, gdtls hl qul yi dgfnlrg,
dgfnlr g,
fid `n gjulcg pgtlrdg, ld su fidstgdtl plrlmrndgr gsnstnldhi g tgdtis ldalr`is
(pripnis y goldis). Xgc vlz, l`plzö g dgrrgrsl fugdhi vn pir prn`lrg vlz ud
fulrpi ku`gdi ld udg ldfnfciplhng qul clà hurgdtl `n dn÷lz. Xgc vlz, gcmudgs
hl sus pgcgjrgs sl `ichlgrid fugdhi, g cis 7; g÷is, clà lc prn`lr trgtghi hl
ansnicimàg y qulhî n`pgftghg pir cg plralffnöd hl dulstri audfnidg`nldti. Xgc
vlz rlspidhl g udg dlflsnhgh qul kgy ld `n çrjic mldlgcömnfi, `n fcgd, `n
ag`ncng, hl di`jrgr ci qul sl snldtl, udg dlflsnhgh hl fiklrldfng ldtrl ci qul
sl pnldsg y sl kgfl, ldtrl ci qul sl snldtl y sl hnfl. G vlfls, lsg agctg hl
fiklrldfng, fidsfnldtl i di, dis cclvg g hlspclmgr ud `lfgdns`i qul dis
plr`ntl rlfidiflrcg. Lsl `lfgdns`i aul, ls y slrç cg ldalr`lhgh.

¹Rir quî ldalr`g`is9 Ls udg prlmudtg qul kiy, rlvnsgdhi `n pripng

jnimrgaàg, frli qul irnldtö cg lclffnöd rlsplfti hlc grtl qul qulràg lolrflr? cg
`lhnfndg. @çs gccç hl udg dlflsnhgh ndfidsfnldtl hl sgdgr klrnhgs pripngs, hl
sgdgr klrnhgs goldgs y hl sgdgr`l fid lc Itri. Fid lc firrlr hlc tnl`pi, hl cgs
lxplrnldfngs y hl cgs vnvldfngs gmrlmuî itrg prlmudtg? ¹Rgrg quî ldalr`g`is9
^ gkà cg ldalr`lhgh fi`ldzö g tldlr, pgrg `à, itri sldtnhi. G pgrtnr hl qul
ndfirpirî lsg prlmudtg, hloî hl jusfgr y fi`ldfî g ldfidtrgr. ¹Wuî fi`ldfî
g ldfidtrgr9 Vldtnhi.

Kgfl ud tnl`pi clà udg argsl qul mugrhî? –Vici jusfg lc qul lstç plrhnhi ‐.
^ hlshl qul fi`ldfî g ldfidtrgrcl lc sldtnhi g fghg `gdnalstgfnöd hl dulstri
fulrpi, fi`ldfî g ldfidtrgr`l g `à `ns`g. Ruhl kgflr fidsfnldtl `ns klr klrnhgs
nhgs
gjnlrtgs, sgdgrcgs, kgccgr lc irnmld hl `ns fidhuftgs, hlfidstrunrcgs y cnjlrgr`l
hl pgtridls hl frlldfngs cn`ntgdtls. Hloî hl nhldtnanfgr`l fid ci qul frlàg qul
lrg y pgsî g slr. Di sici prialsnidgc`ldtl, sijrl tihi ld lc tlrrldi plrsidgc.
@l plrhà, suarà, `l ldalr`î tg`jnîd y ti`î `gcgs hlfnsnidls. I `loir hnfki,
ti`î cgs hlfnsnidls firrlftgs qul `l cclvgrid g ldarldtgr cis fidacnftis
dlflsgrnis pgrg hgr`l fuldtg hl qunîd di lrg y hl qunîd dlflsntgjg slr.
Fi`prldhlr qul fghg `gdnalstgfnöd aàsnfg tnldl ud sldtnhi jnicömnfi prlfnsi
fg`jnö `n `gdlrg hl `nrgr lc `udhi, `n `gdlrg hl `nrgr`l fi`i plrsidg y
fi`i `îhnfg y cg `gdlrg hl `nrgr g cis pgfnldtls y fidsuctgdtls.

¹Wuî ldfidtrî9 Ldfidtrî ci qul ls vlrhghlri pgrg `à. Rir lsi, lstl cnjri
di ls udg lvnhldfng fnldtàanfg (sn jnld vg`is g vlr gcmudis fidflptis
fnldtàanfis). Lstl
Lstl cnjri lstç jgsghi, ldtrl itrgs fisgs, ld `n prçftnfg `îhnfg, ld
`n fgsuàstnfg. Ls cg lxplrnldfng qul kg rlsidghi tgdti ld `à fi`i ld cg `gyiràg
hl cis pgfnldtls qul kgd lclmnhi cgs fidsuctgs qul iarlzfi.

Lstl cnjri, ld pgrtl, lstç

ls tç klfki fid lc `gtlrngc hl dulstrgs fidsuctgs, fid
cgs lxplrnldfngs hl vnhg (y hl `ulrtl, qul sid ci `ns`i) hl qunldls `l kgd

fidsuctghi g `à y g cis
c is ficlmgs fid qunldls trgjgoi. Ls ud trgjgoi fidoudti ldtrl
`ns ficlmgs y yi. Fi`i hnol gdtls, lstl cnjri lstç jgsghi, ld pgrtl, ld
lvnhldfngs `îhnfgs hl `n prçftnfg y ld cg prçftnfg hl cis fidsuctgdtls qul `l
kgd fidsuctghi. Lstl cnjri lstç klfki fid `n fgsuàstnfg y, fi`i tgc, di ls
lxtrgpicgjcl g tihis cis fgsis y di prltldhl lrnmnrsl fi`i udg vlrhgh gjsicutg
qul pulhl slr gpcnfghg g tihis.

Lstl cnjri tg`jnîd lstç lsfrnti pir cis fidsuctgdtls y cgs plrsidgs qul
trgdsntgrid y trgdsntgd sntugfnidls hl Fçdflr y hl itrgs ldalr`lhghls5 pir sus
jÿsqulhgs, sus kgccgzmis, sus hlsldfuldtris y sus ndtunfnidls. Fghg plrsidg
fid su sldtnr, huhgs, `nlhis, prlmudtgs, fg`ndis, ldfrufnoghgs, rlfgàhgs,
gprldhnzgols, hljncnhghls y airtgclzgs5 fid sus vnhgs y fid sus `ulrtls5 fid sus
fulrpis y, audhg`ldtgc`ldtl, fid sus lspàrntus, kgd lsfrnti lstgs pçmndgs. Ldtrl
lccis y yi, ldtrl su sgjlr y lc `ài (qul di `l ls lxfcusnvi, yg qul sl fidoumg
fid cis hl itris ficlmgs, fi`pg÷lris hl trgjgoi y hl vnhg, hl lstg vnhg y hl
itrgs), ldtrl cg ausnöd hl lccis y disitris, hl fidsuctgdtls y `îhnfis, hl lsgs

lxplrnldfngs, hl cgs lxplrnldfngs hl dulstris gdflstris, hl dulstris `glstris,

hl itrgs mldlrgfnidls, kgd dgfnhi y frlfnhi lstgs càdlgs.

Lstl cnjri surml hl `n prçftnfg `îhnfg hl tihis cis hàgs. ^ `n prçftnfg

`îhnfg surmnö pir `ns fidsuctgdtls, sl irnldtg g lccis y sid lccis qunldls cg
`ivncnzgd. Lccis, fid sus prlmudtgs y rlspulstgs, `l aulrid cclvgdhi g lolrflr
cg @lhnfndg tgc fugc cg lolrzi kiy. Lccis `l `ichlgrid, lccis `l air`grid, lccis
sid `ns @glstris. ^i siy udg gprldhnz hl `ns fidsuctgdtls. G lccis cls
gmrghlzfi su ldtrlmg, su fidangdzg, su lxplrnldfng y su sgjlr. Lc vgcir, cg
fidsfnldfng, cg cnjlrtgh y cg rlspidsgjncnhgh hl fghg udi hl `ns fidsuctgdtls kgd
kg d
lstn`ucghi y irnldtghi `n jÿsqulhg, y kgd snhi `n kirnzidtl. Gc rlfnjnr`l hl
`îhnfg `l sldtàg plrhnhg. Và, gsà ls. Vgjàg `ufki, tldàg hnpci`g hl kidir y
udi hl cis `loirls pri`lhnis. Gkirg jnld, sldtàg qul tldàg qul jusfgr, jusfgr
y jusfgr. Dlflsntgjg jusfgr`l, dlflsntgjg ldfidtrgr`l. ^ aulrid prlfnsg`ldtl
cis fidsuctgdtls qul `l lcnmnlrid pgrg trgdsntgr sus – ldalr`lhgh ls‐ lc agri ld
`n dguargmni, aulrid lc puldtl kgfng lc pulrti hidhl zgrpgr, aulrid qunldls
tgccgrid ld `à lc sgjlr qul kiy prgftnfi. Mrgfngs g lccis, pir lccis y fid lccis kiy
lolrzi lstg prialsnöd qul g`i hl cg `gdlrg ld cg fugc ci kgmi.

Rlr`àtl`l qul tl kgjcl hl nmugc g nmugc. Rirqul gsà frli qul hljl`is kgjcgr?
fid lc firgzöd ld cg `gdi, hlsduhgdhi dulstrgs hljncnhghls y jgogdhi cg
mugrhng. Vî qul lstçs gkà, hlc itri cghi hlc cnjri, fid cgs klrnhgs gjnlrtgs, cgs
l`ifnidls g acir hl pnlc y cg trnstlzg ld lc fulrpi, dgvlmgdhi ld ud `gr hl
huhgs, fid lc gc`g qul tl kgfl gmug, fid `ncls hl prlmudtgs, `nccidls hl
sldtldfngs y hlfrltis qul pgrgcnzgd. Ci sî, ci kl vnvnhi y ci vnvi. ^ fugdhi hnmi
qul ci vnvi di ls udg pisturg? yi lolrzi `n prialsnöd fid klrnhgs gjnlrtgs,
l`ifnidls g acir hl pnlc, `ncls hl prlmudtgs, `ufkàsn`gs sldtldfngs y hlfrltis
qul tg`jnîd `l pgrgcnzgd y `l kgfld dgvlmgr ld ud `gr hhll huhgs (quî knpöfrntg
slràg sn tl hnmi qul di ls gsà, qul fi`i `îhnfg di huhi, di tldmi `nlhi, dn
trnstlzg ld lc fulrpi y ld cgs `gdis, fugdhi kgmi ci qul kgmi). Ls pir lsti qul
frli qul ls fidvldnldtl fidalsgr ci qul dis pgsg, ci qul kgfl`is, hlshl hödhl
ci kgfl`is y fö`i ci kgfl`is. Ls fidvldnldtl fulstnidgrdis tihi ci qul sl
dis hnoi, ci n`pulsti, ci sldtldfnghi, ci hlfrltghi y cis fidslois. Gsà vldmgd
fid cg `loir ndtldfnöd hlc `udhi, gsà privldmgd hl cg Gutirnhgh qul slg (ud
`îhnfi, ud fnldtàanfi, ud irmgdns`i, ud ag`ncngr, ud knoi, dulstrg pgrlog, dulstri

`loir g`nmi i dulstris pghrls) sijrl ci qul dis pgsg y quî kgflr gc rlsplfti.
Ls fidvldnldtl hlogr hl kgflrsl prlmudtgs goldgs y fi`ldzgr g air`ucgrsl
prlmudtgs pripngs5 tgdti cis `îhnfis fi`i cis pgfnldtls. Ls fidvldnldtl
ldfidtrgr dulstrgs rlspulstgs, qul lstçd gkà ld lc ÿdnfi cumgr hidhl kgccgrl`is
ci vlrhghlri? ld disitris `ns`is, ld dulstrg jnicimàg, ld dulstri fulrpi, ld
dulstrg `ldtl, ld dulstrgs l`ifnidls, ld dulstrgs frlldfngs, ld dulstrg
knstirng y ld dulstri pripösnti hl vnhg.

. Gkà ls hidhl sl hlspcnlmg dulstrg rlgcnhgh, fid sus prlmudtgs y

rlspulstgs, fid sus fidacnftis y sicufnidls. Gkà lstçd cgs ldfrufnoghgs y cgs
sgcnhgs, lstç lc dguargmni y lstçd dulstris agris5 tgdti pgrg cis `îhnfis, fi`i
pgrg cis pgfnldtls y sus ag`ncngrls. Gkà ls hidhl ldfidtrgrl`is cgs sl÷gcls qul
priylftg dulstri lspàrntu pgrg sijrlvnvnr, trgdsair`grsl y lvicufnidgr. Rgrg, gc
and y gc fgji, ldfidtrgr lsi qul jusfg`is snd sgjlrci? lc sldtnhi.
Lc sldtnhi hl ci qul si`is.
Lc sldtnhi hl ci qul vnvn`is.
Lc sldtnhi hl ci qul kgfl`is.
Lc sldtnhi hl ci qul dis pgsg.
Rir quî y pgrg quî dis pgsg ci qul dis pgsg. Dlflsntg`is kgccgr lc
sldtnhi. Rirqul, pir lol`pci, lc hicir aàsnfi dlflsntg slr trgtghi hl nd`lhngti,
lstg`is hl gfulrhi. Gkirg jnld, cg `gdlrg ld cg fugc pihl`is gjirhgr lsl
hicir hlpldhlrç hl ci qul ldtldhg`is pir ldalr`lhgh. Xgdti lc trgtg`nldti
fi`i su `gdlrg hl `nrgrci hlpldhlrçd hl ci qul ldtldhg`is pir @lhnfndg. Lc
gjirhgol hl cis sàdti`gs hlpldhlrç hl ci qul ldtldhg`is qul sid cis
sàdti`gs, su andgcnhgh y su sldtnhi jnicömnfi. Ls udg lclffnöd fidsfnldtl qul
dlflsntg`is kgflr. ^ pgrg lclmnr, dlflsntg`is sgjlr. Rgrg sgdgrdis
dlflsntg`is slr fidsfnldtls.
 Di lxnstld cgs rlfltgs `çmnfgs. Ls `çs, di frli ld cgs rlfltgs. Cgs
rlfltgs sl gpcnfgd snl`prl hl cg `ns`g `gdlrg, ndhlpldhnldtl`ldtl hlc
fidtlxti. Ld `lhnfndg, udg rlfltg sl gpcnfgràg g tihgs cgs plrsidgs qul
gtrgvnlsld udg sntugfnöd hl Fçdflr, ndhlpldhnldtl`ldtl hl qul sl trgtl hl
Ougd, hl Rlhri i hl @gràg. ^ yi frli qul kgy qul kgccgr trgtg`nldtis qul cl

fgcfld g Ougd, g Rlhri y g @gràg. ^ frli qul lsis trgtg`nldtis hljld slr
hnsl÷ghis pir Ougd, Rlhri y @gràg oudti fid lc `îhnfi, yg qul lccis tnldld
rlspidsgjncnhgh ld lc priflsi. ¹Wunîd ls lc `îhnfi pgrg hgrdis udg rlspulstg
trgsfldhldtgc rlsplfti hl ci qul dis pgsg9 Lsg rlspulstg cg tldl`is qul
ldfidtrgr disitris. Lc `îhnfi, g `n ldtldhlr, tnldl cg audfnöd hl slr ud
fgtgcnzghir hlc pihlr hl sgdgfnöd hlc pgfnldtl. @l hnrçs qul di sgjls dghg hl
@lhnfndg. ^ yi tl hnmi qul sl trgtg hl tu fulrpi, hl tus l`ifnidls, hl tus
fidacnftis y hl tu lspàrntu. Vl trgtg hl tn, y tÿ tnldls lc sgjlr, y, pir ci tgdti, lc
pihlr. Lc @îhnfi pulhl hnspidlr klrrg`nldtgs pgrg qul, gpiyghi ld tus

rlalrldfngs ndtlrdgs, trgdsntls tu priflsi hl sgdgfnöd. ¹Di tnldls rlalrldfngs

ndtlrdgs9 Ls prijgjcl, g `ufkis dis pgsg. Ldtidfls, kgy qul l`plzgr pir gkà.
Hl lsti sl trgtg lstl cnjri. Hl ti`gr fidsfnldfng sijrl ci qul dis pgsg, hl
rlfirhgr qunldls si`is, hl rlfirhgr dulstrg lsldfng, hl hgrdis fuldtg qul lc
pihlr hl sgdgfnöd lstç ld disitris. Rihl`is dlflsntgr ud muàg. Rlri lsl muàg
di pulhl jrndhgrdis udg sicufnöd. Fugcqunlr sicufnöd goldg og`çs rlsidgrç ld
disitris fi`i cg sicufnöd pripng. Fidaàg ld tn, ld tus ndtunfnidls5 fidaàg ld qul
sn kiy tu rlgcnhgh ls cg qul lstçs vnvnldhi ls pirqul tÿ cg kgs frlghi, tÿ lrls lc
rlspidsgjcl ‖di lc fucpgjcl‖ hl tu rlgcnhgh. Lsi qunlrl hlfnr qul pulhls slr

rlspidsgjcl hl mlstnidgrtl itrg rlgcnhgh5 fidaàg ld qul cg rlgcnhgh qul kgs

mlstnidghi ls ci `loir qul puhnstl kgflr fid cgs klrrg`nldtgs qul tldàgs kgstg
lc `i`ldti5 fidaàg ld qul di kgy lrrir, ci qul ldtldhl`is fi`i agccg sl
prlsldtg pgrg qul pihg`is frlflr (sgdgr)5 fidaàg qul tihi lstç primrg`ghi ld
dulstri slr di sici pgrg sijrlvnvnr sndi tg`jnîd pgrg lvicufnidgr5 y fidaàg ld
qul tgc vlz di sl trgtl hl kgflr gcmi hnstndti sndi hl fg`jngr dulstrg air`g hl
vlr cgs fisgs y dulstrg frlldfng sijrl cg rlgcnhgh.
Di n`pirtg hidhl lstîs kiy, ci qul kgygs klfki gylr, cis lrrirls
fi`ltnhis dn cis fg`ndis lqunvifghis. N`pirtg kgfng hödhl qunlrgs nr.
 Wunlri vicvlr g hlfnrtl gcmi ld ci qul frli priaudhg`ldtl. Frli qul ud
fg`ndi rlspidsgjcl y fidsfnldtl hl sgdgfnöd dlflsntg qul fidizfg`is ld
hltgccl fghg pgsi qul hg`is, fghg `lhnfndg qul lclmn`is y fghg gctlrdgtnvg
qul ti`g`is. Dlflsntg`is sgjlr pgrg pihlr lclmnr cnjrl`ldtl. Cg sgjnhuràg y
cg vlrhgh dis kgfld cnjrls.

Kgy `ufkgs nhlgs y frlldfngs qul hg`is pir supulstgs y gsu`n`is

fi`i vlrhghls gjsicutgs. Di cgs fulstni
fulstnidg`is
dg`is pirqul kl`is frlfnhi fid lccgs,
plri ls sgcuhgjcl pidlrcgs ld huhg (pirqul ld audfnöd hl lccgs hlfnhn`is tihis
cis hàgs kgfng hidhl irnldtg`is dulstrg vnhg, hl quî `gdlrg y quî kgfl`is
fid lccg).
G su vlz, kgy `ntis gcrlhlhir hl ccgs
gs ccg`ghgs plyirgtnvg`ldtl `lhnfndgs
–gctlrdgtnvgs‐ i `lhnfndgs –fi`pcl`ldtgrngs‐, fi`i ci ls cg @lhnfndg Ndtlmrgtnvg,
hldtri hl cg fugc sl ldfuldtrg cg Idficimàg Ndtlmrgtnvg. G `n ldtldhlr, ls
dlflsgrni hlrrnjgr lsis `ntis.
Gkirg jnld, gquà di viy g cufkgr fidtrg dghg dn dghnl. ^ lstg ls udgs hl
cgs prl`nsgs hlc cnjri. Di sl trgtg hl cclvgdtgr
lvgdtgr udg jgdhlrg ld hltrn`ldti hl itrg.
Di prltldhi ouzmgr dndmÿd Vgjlr, sn`pcl`ldtl fidtgrcls sijrl cg Vgjnhuràg hl
cg fugc air`i pgrtl5 pgrg qul fghg udi pulhg sldtnr sn cl rlsuldg i di.
Dlflsntg`is gflptgrdis snd `nlhis y snd cufkg. Dlflsntg`is hlogr hl ouzmgr,
hl ltnqultgr fi`i juldi i `gci tgc i fugc sgjlr. Rirqul di kgy udg Qlrhgh
Gjsicutg, cg Fnldfng sgjl hl lsti. Ls dlflsgrni pidlr fcgrg`ldtl fghg Vgjlr gc
gcfgdfl hl tihis pgrg qul tihis tldmg`is cg pisnjncnhgh hl lclmnr quî kgflr y
quî gctlrdgtnvg ti`gr ld audfnöd hl ci qul fghg udi ls, frll i snldtl. Ls
dlflsgrni fidtrnjunr g airtgclflr cgs rlalrldfngs ndtlrdgs hl tihis y gsu`nr cg
rlspidsgjncnhgh hl dulstris trgtg`nldtis y hl dulstrgs vnhgs. ^ pgrg qul lsi
ifurrg, sl dlflsntg fi`prldhlr y lclvgr cg fidsfnldfng. Vici gsà ls pisnjcl slr
cnjrl.
Xg`jnîd ls dlflsgrni qul cis `îhnfis jgol`is hl cgs gcturgs lc Vgjlr
qul supulstg`ldtl tldl`is. @ufkgs vlfls, lsl
lsl Vgjlr `çs qul ld lc fnlci lstç
ld ud pÿcpnti hlshl lc fugc hnftg`ndg`is quî lstç jnld y quî lstç `gc. @ufkgs
vlfls, lsl Vgjlr hl pifis, fi`pcnfghi y fi`pcloi, ls ud rlaumni pgrg disitris,

cis `îhnfis. @ufkgs vlfls, rlprlsldtö pgrg `à ud lspgfni hidhl mugrlflr`l

hl `ns `nlhis, ndslmurnhghls y klrnhgs, hlshl hidhl, hltldtgdhi ud sgjlr qul
cg `gyiràg di tldàg, pihàg istldtgr ud pihlr qul `l hgjg udg ncusirng y `uy
arçmnc slmurnhgh. Kgy qul sn`pcnanfgr ci fi`pcloi snd plrhlr cg priaudhnhgh hl ci
qul sl trgtg, lsg ls cg prl`nsg fid cg fugc aul frlghi lstl cnjri. Lsplri qul ci
cimrl`is. Frli qul cis `îhnfis di si`is slrls ncu`ndghis, tifghis fid cg
vgrntg `çmnfg5 di si`is slrls lsplfngcls. Xldl`is cg pisnjncnhgh hl slr ud

ndstru`ldti ld lc priflsi hl sgdgfnöd. ^ pgrg lsi, hljl`is iarlflrcl gc

fidsuctgdtl y g sus ag`ncngrls tihi ci qul lstî g dulstri gcfgdfl hl `gdlrg fcgrg
y sldfnccg, pgrg qul slgd lccis cis qul pulhgd usgr lsl sgjlr, fi`jndgrci fid lc
pripni, y gsà cclvgr cgs
c gs rnldhgs hl su pripni fg`ndi. Lsti ls dlflsgrni pgrg qul
lc pgfnldtl hlol hl slr pgfnldtl, ls hlfnr pgsnvi, gdtl su priflsi y ci vnvg
gftnvg`ldtl. Vl trgtg hl su fulrpi, hl su slr y hl su vnhg.

Lstgs sid, g mrgdhls rgsmis, gcmudgs hl cgs andgcnhghls hl lstl cnjri?

ficgjirgr ld cg fi`prldsnöd hl ci qul dis pgsg ld lc fulrpi y qul ccg`g`is
ldalr`lhgh, trgds`ntnr ci qul ld `n lxplrnldfng `îhnfg y prialsnidgc
pr ialsnidgc snldti qul
ls vlrhghlri rlsplfti hlc Fçdflr y hl fghg `gdnalstgfnöd aàsnfg ld mldlrgc,
gyuhgr g cg hnausnöd hl ud sgjlr rlsplfti hl cis priflsis jnicömnfis qul frli
n`pirtgdtàsn`i l n`prlsfndhnjcl pgrg lc trgtg`nldti hl fugcqunlr ldalr`lhgh y,
sijrl tihi, hl lsi qul kiy ccg`g`is Fçdflr, y slr udg muàg pgrg trgdsntgr cis
priflsis hl sgcuh.

Fi`i hnol gdtls, lstl di ls ud cnjri fnldtàanfi, pir ci qul dn lc cldmugol

qul utncnzgrî dn cg `gdlrg hl grmu`ldtgr slrçd fnldtàanfis. Vl hlscnzgrçd

fidflptis jgsghis ld cg fnldfng, plri cg nhlg ls qul slg ficiqungc y gfflsnjcl y

qul dghnl sl snldtg lxfcunhi. Gsu`nrî fi`i prl`nsg gcmi qul pgrg `à ls udg
muàg? ci vlrhghlri ls sldfncci, hgdhi pir sldtghi qul cg sldfncclz di snmdnanfg
agctg hl priaudhnhgh.

Lc cnjri lstç hnrnmnhi g plrsidgs qul trgdsntgd fugcqunlr priflsi hl sgcuh,

di sici lc Fçdflr,
F çdflr, sn jnld lc tàtuci gsà pgrlfl sumlrnrci. Cg lclffnöd ls fidsfnldtl?
`çs gccç hl `n air`gfnöd fi`i Idföcimg Ndtlmrgtnvg, frli qul lc Fçdflr ls cg
ldalr`lhgh qul `loir dis fuldtg ld tîr`ndis rlgcls y sn`jöcnfis cis fidacnftis
jnicömnfis qul gftnvgd lsl primrg`g qul ccg`g`is Fçdflr. Lstis fidacnftis
kgjcgd hl dulstrg dlflsnhgh ficlftnvg l ndhnvnhugc hl suplrvnvldfng, hl dulstrg
dlflsnhgh hl ldfidtrgr udg ipirtudnhgh pgrg di`jrgr dulstrgs dlflsnhghls
vntgcls. Lc Fçdflr dis
d is rlfulrhg qunîdls si`is, cgs pisnjncnhghls y klrrg`nldtgs
qul tldl`is pgrg slr lsi qul si`is y cgs gctlrdgtnvgs hl ghgptgfnöd y
suplrvnvldfng qul pisll dulstrg jnicimàg pgrg ficgjirgr ld dulstrg vnhg, ld
dulstri priflsi lspnrntugc y ld dulstrg lxnstldfng.

Xg`jnîd lstç hnrnmnhi g ag`ncngrls hl plrsidgs qul lstçd ld priflsis hl

Fçdflr. Ls audhg`ldtgc pgrg ud pgfnldtl idficömnfi qul su ldtirdi tg`jnîd
fi`prldhg, gc nmugc qul îc, pir quî y pgrg quî pgsg ci qul pgsg.

^ lstç hnrnmnhi g prialsnidgcls

p rialsnidgcls hl cg sgcuh, g ficlmgs.

Lstl cnjri ls lc andgc hl udg ltgpg plrsidgc y prialsnidgc y tg`jnîd lc ndnfni.

n dnfni.
Hidhl prndfnpni y and sl audhld fi`i ld ud fàrfuci. Hlsli qul fi`i ccii aul y ls
pgrg `à, lc ldfuldtri fid lstl sgjlr tg`jnîd slg ud fàrfuci? ud fàrfuci vnrtuisi.
\d fàrfuci plralfti, ld lc fugc fghg ndnfni y fghg and slgd cg pisnjncnhgh hl
trgdsair`grdis, ldfgrdld cg pisnjncnhgh hl rlfirhgr qunldls si`is rlgc`ldtl,
g quî vndn`is y pgrg quî ci kknfn`is.
nfn`is. Lsplri qul lstgs pgcgjrgs tl gfi`pg÷ld,
tl plr`ntgd ldfidtrgr trgdquncnhgh, tl gyuhld g mungr tu priflsi y sistldmgd tus
lclffnidls.

Mrgfngs pir gfi`pg÷gr`l. Rirqul tu clfturg fi`pcltg `n lsfrnturg. Vnd

tu `nrghg, lstgs pgcgjrgs di tnldld sldtnhi. Mrgfngs Ndandntgs.

Lstl cnjri lstç lsfrnti hl udg `gdlrg? fid lc firgzöd ld cg `gdi. Gc

prndfnpni frlà hnaàfnc trgscghgr `ns vnvldfngs y lxplrnldfngs. Hlji fidalsgr qul

culmi hl ud sul÷i rlvlcghir, sl knzi açfnc? ldtldhà qul yg lstgjg lsfrnti, qul
sici hljàg hlogr qul sl `gtlrngcnfl. Vici hljàg gsu`nr lc fi`pri`nsi hl iarlflr
ci qul g `à sl `l kg rlmgcghi.
r lmgcghi. Cis hnalrldtls sgjlrls y sgjnhuràgs qul surmnlrid
ld `à y `l knfnlrid hlsplrtgr sid udi hl cis `çs `grgvnccisis y `ncgmrisis
rlmgcis qul kl rlfnjnhi ld lstl
l stl gprldhnzgol snl`prl hndç`nfi.

Lstl cnjri di fnlrrg dndmÿd sgjlr, ci fi`pcl`ldtg y, g cg vlz, sl sgjl

ndfi`pclti. Dlflsntg`is fidtndugr fi`prldhnîdhidis y fi`pcl`ldtçdhidis.

Lstl cnjri ls udg `gdlrg hl gmrghlflr tihi ci qul rlfnjà y lsplri qul
slg tg`jnîd udg `gdlrg hl kidrgrci. @ufkàsn`gs mrgfngs.
\d andgc gdudfnghi

Lstl cnjri, fi`i ud fàrfuci, l`pnlzg pir lc andgc. Gquà cgs fidfcusnidls sid
cgs prl`nsgs hlshl cgs fugcls sl pgrtl.

Lc Fçdflr di ls gcmi `gci qul suflhl ld dulstri fulrpi. Dulstri fulrpi

di tnldl agccgs. Dulstrg jnicimàg di sl lqunvifg. Di kgy dghg ld dulstrg
d ulstrg jnicimàg
qul sl hlspcnlmul pgrg `gtgrdis. Xihi, gjsicutg`ldtl tihi ld dulstri flrljri,
ld dulstrg `ldtl, ld dulstri fulrpi y ld dulstri slr lstç hnsl÷ghi pgrg
mgrgdtnzgr dulstrg suplrvnvldfng. Fi`i yg vlrl`is, tihi ld dulstri flrljri
lstç ndtlmrghi ld tîr`ndis jnicömnfis hl suplrvnvldfng. Gsà, cg ldalr`lhgh ls
ud primrg`g lsplfngc, sldsgti, tl`pirgc y fid ud sldtnhi jnicömnfi prlfnsi. Lc
Fçdflr, fi`i fugcqunlr fisg qul ldtldhl`is fi`i ldalr`lhgh, di vnldl g
quntgrdis cg vnhg sndi g hgrdis udg pisnjncnhgh hl ghgptgrdis hl `gdlrg `çs
fidvldnldtl g dulstrgs dlflsnhghls y g cis rlqulrn`nldtis hl dulstri ldtirdi.
Lc Fçdflr ls dulstri gcnghi, di rlprlsldtg g dulstri ldl`nmi. Ls
dlflsgrni fi`prldhlr gqulcci g ci qul ccg`g`is Fçdflr `çs qul ccufkgr
ufkgr fidtrg
îc.

Lc Fçdflr, fi`i fugcqunlr itri primrg`g qul gftnvg dulstri flrljri y qul
ccg`g`is ldalr`lhgh, snmul udg cömnfg fidfrltg y tnldl udgs clyls qul ci
sistnldld5 di sl trgtg hl udg rlgffnöd gdçrqunfg qul sl lxpgdhl ld dulstri
fulrpi snd pisnjncnhgh hl kgccgr ud irhld qul cl hl fidtldfnöd g lsl fgis qul,

supulstg`ldtl, ls ci qul ccg`g`is Fçdflr.

supulstg`ldtl,
Dlflsntg`is ldtldhlr lc Fçdflr pgrg sgjlr pir quî y pgrg quî dulstri
fulrpi kgfl ci qul kgfl5 pgrg sgjlr quî kgflr y quî di kgflr. Rgrg ti`gr
hlfnsnidls qul di lstîd gcloghgs hl dulstrg jnicimàg. Rgrg gprivlfkgr `loir
gud cgs klrrg`nldtgs hnspidnjcls. Dlflsntg`is ldtldhlr lc Fçdflr pgrg ndtlmrgr
n dtlmrgr
cis sgjlrls, hl hidhl slg qul lstis privldmgd. Dlflsntg`is ldtldhlr lc
Fçdflr pgrg hlogr hl slr pgfnldtls pgsnvis gdtl ci qul dis pgsg y pgsgr g slr
pritgmidnstgs hl dulstri pripni priflsi hl sgdgfnöd. Fidsuctgdtls gftnvis,
fidsfnldtls y rlspidsgjcls5 ls hlfnr, slrls cnjrls.
 Dlflsntg`is fi`prldhlr lc Fçdflr pgrg qul slg`is disitris qunldls
ci trgdsntg`is, pgrg qul slg`is cis qul lclmn`is quî hnrlffnöd ti`gr fid
rlsplfti gc gjirhgol, lc trgtg`nldti, lc `îhnfi y cgs gffnidls tlrgpîutnfgs.
Dlflsntg`is fi`prldhlr lc Fçdflr pgrg tldlr cg flrtlzg hl qul rlgc`ldtl ls
pisnjcl qul, fid cg gyuhg hl udg muàg, pihg`is lclmnr g fidsfnldfng lcgjirgr

udg lstrgtlmng g cg `lhnhg hl dulstrgs dlflsnhghls rlgcls. Dlflsntg`is

fi`prldhlr lc Fçdflr pgrg sgjlr qul ud `îhnfi, ud tlrgplutg, ud fidslolri, ud
`glstri lspnrntugc, ud furg, ud pgstir i ud ag`ncngr sici tnldl cg pisnjncnhgh hl slr
fgtgcnzghir hl dulstri pihlr hl sgdgfnöd.

Lc pihlr rlgc lstç ld disitris `ns`is.

Lc Fçdflr dis gjrl lc fg`ndi, di ls ud fgccloöd snd sgcnhg.

Lc Fçdflr ls cg sicufnöd, di lc prijcl`g, ls ud agri ld lc dguargmni. Lc

Fçdflr di ls cg difkl, `çs jnld ls cg cuz qu
qull ncu`ndg dulstrg isfurnhgh.

Lc Fçdflr ls ud
u d mrnti hlslsplrghi hl g`ir.

Lc Fçdflr ls ud
u d rlaumni pgrg dulstri lspàrntu.

Lc Fçdflr ls cg viz qul di`jrg dulstrgs dlflsnhghls.

Lc Fçdflr di tnldl ud andgc, tnldl udg andgcnhgh? hgrdis cg pisnjncnhgh, udg

ipirtudnhgh `çs pgrg rlvnsgr dulstrg jnimrgaàg, dulstrgs frlldfngs, dulstris
vgcirls, dulstris vàdfucis y dulstrgs klrnhgs gjnlrtgs.
gjn lrtgs.

Lc Fçdflr di ls lc andgc sndi qul dis fidhufl gc prndfnpni. Dis cclvg gc

irnmld, gkà hidhl lstçd cgs prlmudtgs qul dlflsntg`is kgflr pgrg ldfidtrgr cgs
rlspulstgs qul jusfg`is? dulstrg vlrhghlrg lsldfng.

Lc Fçdflr ls lc and hl cg jÿsqulhg, ls lc ndnfni hl dulstri ldfuldtri.

Lc Fçdflr ls dulstri Fàrfuci Rlralfti.

Lsti qul tl hnmi, pgrg `à,

`à , Gdhrlg Mughgcupl Grisni, `îhnfg nndtlmrgtnvg,
dtlmrgtnvg,
`îhnfg fcàdnfg y idföcimg fcàdnfg, ls ci vlrhghlri.
vlrhg hlri. Ci vnvldfni tihis cis hàgs ld
`n fidsuctirni, ld fghg fidsuctgdtl qul `l fidsuctg. Ci vnvldfni ld `ns
priflsis hl sgcuh, ld cis hl `n ag`ncng, ld `ns g`nmis y ld `n ldtirdi.
 Vî qul hulcl. Vî qul tl `iclstg, gdmustng l ndfi`ihg. Vî qul tl lstrlsg
y tl hg `nlhi, `ufki `nlhi. Vî qul gsà hnfki, snd sgjlr gÿd pir quî ci hnmi,
pgrlfl di tldlr sldtnhi. Xg`jnîd sî qul gc tlr`ndgr hl cllr lc cnjri, vicvlrçs g
cllr lstl pröcimi gsndtnldhi g fghg pgcgjrg. Xg`jnîd sî qul tu `nlhi di slrç lc
`ns`i. Wul lstgs flrtlzgs tl hgrçd cg pisnjncnhgh hl trgdsntgr tu pripng flrtlzg?

qul tu fulrpi di tl sulctg cg `gdi sndi qul tl gjrgzg pgrg qul pulhgs VGDGZ.
Vî ld quî cumgr lstçs. Vî ld quî cumgr lstç tu knoi qul gtrgvnlsg lc
priflsi jnicömnfi qul ccg`g`is Fçdflr, tu lspisi, tu fi`pg÷lrg, tu `ghrl, tu
pgpç, tu g`nmi, tu g`nmg i tu vlfndg. Zlgc`ldtl ci sî. Qg`is g di`jrgrci.
Ndtrihuffnöd? Lc prndfnpni hlc and

¹Fuçc ls lc cumgr ld lc qul prijgjcl`ldtl lstçs sn tl ldfuldtrgs

trgdsntgdhi ci qul cg `gyiràg ldtldhl`is pir ldalr`lhgh9 Cclvi `ufkis g÷is

hl ianfni, `ncls hl kirgs hl fidsuctgs y fnldtis hl pgfnldtls. Fugdhi fi`ldf

fi`ldfîî
g trgdsntgr cg @lhnfndg, fi`i tl hnol, gccç pir lc g÷i 7>>=, ci qul yi ldtldhàg pir
ldalr`lhgh y ci qul yi ldtldhàg sijrl lc Fçdflr lrg ci qul prijgjcl`ldtl tÿ
lsfufkgs, pnldsgs y frlls qul ls cg vlrhgh gjsicutg. Di sici pirqul gsà tl ci
hnfld i ci kgs clàhi, sndi tg`jnîd pirqul ls cg fidfcusnöd g cg qul cclmgs
vnvldfngdhi ci qul suflhl fid tu fulrpi5 lsi qul snldtls, frlls y pnldsgs
pn ldsgs ls ci
qul tg`jnîd sldtàg, frlàg y pldsgjg yi. ¹Wuî ls lsi hl ci qul tl kgjci9 Fi`i
tl hnol, vg`is g di`jrgrci. Di`jrl`is ci qul
qu l frll`is qul cg ldalr`lhgh ls.

–Cg ldalr`lhgh ls gcmi qul gdhg `gc ld dulstri fulrpi. Dulstrg

jnicimàg, g vlfls di sgjl`is pir quî, ldciqulfl y gtldtg fidtrg sà `ns`g. Gcmi
hlsfidifnhi, fi`i ud vnrus, udg jgftlrng i fugcqunlr itrg fisg sl `ltnö ld
dulstri irmgdns`i l knzi qul ldalr`çrg`is. Cg ldalr`lhgh ls dulstri
ldl`nmi? kgy qul cufkgr fidtrg lccg, cnjrgr udg mulrrg y lc fg`pi hl jgtgccg ls
dulstri fulrpi. Lc Fçdflr ls udg plstl, ud fgstnmi, udg ndoustnfng, udg
pricnalrgfnöd gdçrqunfg hl dulstrgs fîcucgs qul sl lxpgdhld fi`i udg lpn
lpnhl`ng
hl`ng
pir dulstri irmgdns`i snd `çs sldtnhi qul lc hl gdnquncgrci.‐

–Lc Fçdflr ls sndödn`i hl `ulrtl‐

–Vn tnldls Fçdflr, puls tnldls `ufkgs pisnjncnhghls hl `irnr. Hl `irnr

ccldi hl hicir, hl suarn`nldti, hl trnstlzg.‐

–Vn tl hngmdistnfgd Fçdflr, tl pgrgcnzgs, cntlrgc`ldtl. Xl ndvghl lc `nlhi5

`nlhi 5
sl tl gflclrg lc firgzöd5 tl suhgd cgs `gdis5 hlogs hl fi`lr, hl hir`nr5 ldtrgs
ld plcnmri. Gc `nlhi, `çs `nlhi. Gc `nlhi, `nlhi gc hicir. Gc `nlhi, `nlhi g cis
ci s
trgtg`nldtis y `nlhi g cis lalftis hl cis trgtg`nldtis. Gc `nlhi pir lc
hngmdöstnfi ndnfngc, sl cl su`g lc `nlhi g cg `ltçst
`ltçstgsns.
gsns. ^ sn jnld cis `îhnfis di
sgjl`is fid flrtlzg pir quî udg fîcucg fgdflràmldg vngog hl ud cumgr kgfng
itri, y `ldis sgjl`is pir hödhl, yg qul gc vngogr pgrlfl di kgjlr hloghi
rgstris hlc vngol dn fidtg`ndghi ld lc vngol cg rutg pir cg fugc vngoö y cg `ltçstgsns
ls udg knpötlsns, ci fnlrti ls qul ls cg ÿdnfg lxpcnfgfnöd qul ianfngc`ldtl
tldl`is. Ldtidfls, gc `nlhi pir ud Fçdflr sl cl su`g lc `nlhi pir cg lxpgdsnöd
hl lsl Fçdflr. @çs `nlhi. @çs hicir. @çs `nlhi gc hicir. @çs suarn`nldti‐

–Rir lsi kgy qul gftugr fid urmldfng y fid rgpnhlz. Fi`i slg, fid cgs
gr`gs qul slgd? fuçdti `çs cltgcls `loir, pirqul lstg`is ld mulrrg.
Cufkg`is fidtrg lc Fçdflr qul ls udis hl cis
c is mrgdhls `gcls hl dulstris hàgs.‐

–^ kgy qul prlvldnr, yg qul kgy `nlhi hl qul lc Fçdflr vulcvg g

gpgrlflr, g lsi cis `îhnfis ci ccg`g`is rlfnhnvg. Ls ud plcnmri qul di
hlsgpgrlfl. Vn ci trgdsntg`is y dis furg`is, gudqul fgsn og`çs sl dis hg lc
gctg, lstç lc `nlhi g qul lsl ldl`nmi n`plfgjcl l n`pcgfgjcl
n`pcg fgjcl sl kgmg prlsldtl
itrg vlz y itrg vlz pidmg ld
l d rnlsmi dulstrgs vnhgs. @çs `nlhi. @nlhi g ldalr`gr
itrg vlz.‐

–Lc Fçdflr tnldl fgusgs sicg`ldtl aàsnfgs. Cgs l`ifnidls di tnldld dghg

qul vlr ld su irnmld. Cg rlgcnhgh ld cg fugc vnvi, `ns vàdfucis, `ns frlldfngs, `n
trgjgoi, cg ndtlrprltgfnöd rgfnidgc hl cgs sntugfnidls qul kgfl `n psnqul y `ns
vnvldfngs di tnldld dghg qul vlr fid lc Fçdflr qul sl hlsgrriccg ld `n fulrpi.
Lc irnmld tnldl qul lstgr sicg`ldtl ld ci irmçdnfi, ld udg agccg hl dulstri
irmgdns`i, gcmi qul sl prihufl g sà `ns`i, udg gctlrgfnöd hl ud mld5 i tg`jnîd
ld udg fgusg lxtlrdg, gcmi qul ti`g`is, qul fi`l`is, qul jljl`is i qul
icl`is. Di sgjl`is jnld pir quî, hl tihis cis au`ghirls, sici lc 12 %
hlsgrriccg Fçdflr y lc itri 82 % di. Jusfg`is udg cly qul dis ci lxpcnqul, yg
qul udg cly jnicömnfg tnldl qul slr gpcnfgjcl y vlrnanfgjcl ld lc 722 % hl cis
fgsis. Di cg tldl`is, ldtidfls pgrtn`is hl lsl supulsti, qul ls ci ÿdnfi qul
tldl`is g `gdi? lc tgjgfi tnldl fi`pidldtls fgdflràmldis y ld gcmudis
fulrpis fgusg Fçdflr y ld itris di (cg rgzöd lstgrç ld cis fulrpis5 lsl ls
dulstri supulsti).‐

–Vn tldl`is Fçdflr, di sgjl`is ci qul suflhl ld dulstri fulrpi5 sici

sgjl`is qul gcmi `gci ifurrl y kgy qul lxtnrpgrci. Fugcqunlr sàdti`g qul sl
dis prlsldtl tg`jnîd ls `gci. Ls ud lrrir qul di tnldl dndmÿd sldtnhi jnicömnfi,
kgy qul fgccgrci, hir`nrci y kgflrci hlsgpgrlflr.‐

–Lc Fçdflr ls udg hlsvngfnöd ansnicömnfg. Dulst

Dulstri
ri irmgdns`i sl gpgrtg hl
cg dir`g, hlog hl audfnidgr fi`i hljlràg y pgsg g kgflrci hl ud `ihi
hlstruftnvi. Di fidifl`is `uy jnld cgs rgzidls, plri slmurg`ldtl di sl trgtg
hl gcmi juldi i fid ud sldtnhi prlfnsi, sldsgti dn jnicömnfi, yg qul lc Fçdflr
dis `gtg, dis qunlrl `ulrtis.‐

Ci gdtlrnir ls ci qul yi ldtldhàg, ci qul yi frlàg `nldtrgs lstuhngjg y

tg`jnîd ci qul yi fi`prldhàg hurgdtl `ns prn`lrgs lxplrnldfngs fcàdnfgs.

Hurgdtl pgrtl hl lsl plràihi, ci qul yi ldtldhàg y fi`prldhàg pir

ldalr`lhgh lrg qul cg ldalr`lhgh di lrg gcmi juldi dn fid ud sldtnhi
jnicömnfi. Hlc Fçdflr, yi kgjàg fi`prldhnhi qul lrg udg pricnalrgfnöd gdçrqunfg
hl fîcucgs. Gdçrqunfgs qunlrl hlfnr snd sldtnhi, snd cömnfg, gc `ldis gpgrldtl.
Vuflhnö qul fid lc firrlr hl cgs fidsuctgs y ccis
is pgfnldtls, gcmudis ndtlrrimgdtls
fi`ldzgrid g surmnr ld `à. Kgjàg udg prlmudtg qul irnldtgjg `ns ndqunltuhls,
gcmi ndtuntnvi qul sl hlsprldhàg, g su vlz, hl cis fnldtis hl pgfnldtls qul trgtgjg
gc `ls? ¹rlgc`ldtl di kgjàg udg fidlxnöd ldtrl ci qul lsgs plrsidgs lstgjgd

vnvnldhi, sus trgu`gs y sus l`ifnidls di rlsulctgs, y ci qul sus fulrpis

`gdnalstgjgd9 ¹Cg ldalr`lhgh sici tldàg udg fgusg aàsnfg9

Aulrid cgs prn`lrgs sl÷gcls qul `l cclvgjgd, snd qul yi ci sisplfkgrg,

g hgr hl ccldi hl `gdlrg fidsfnldtl fid lc pgrg quî hl cg ldalr`lhgh.

Kgstg lsl ldtidfls, hlji fidalsgr qul `n air`gfnöd lrg lxfcusnvg`ldt

lxfcusnvg`ldtll
fidvldfnidgc. Ls `çs, ld `n vnhg prnvghg, sn jnld snl`prl aun udg plrsidg fid
ndqunltuhls lspnrntugcls, di tldàg ndfirpirghgs tihgs cgs hn`ldsnidls qul
fidtl`pcg udg `nrghg ndtlmrgtnvg hlc slr ku`gdi. Lsti ls, tldlr ld fuldtg qul
di sici tldl`is ud fulrpi sndi qul tg`jnîd si`is lsl fulrpi. ^ qul lsl
fulrpi aàsnfi lstç ndtlmrghi ld ud Vlr qul tnldl udg hn`ldsnöd `ldtgc, itrg
l`ifnidgc, itrg ldlrmîtnfg y itrg lspnrntugc. ^ qul tihgs lstgs hn`ldsnidls sl
rlcgfnidgd udgs fid itrgs. Wul udgs ndacuyld y fidhnfnidgd
fidhn fnidgd g cgs itrgs. Wul, pir
ci tgdti, fi`i plrsidgs lstg`is fidhnfnidghis y hltlr`ndghis ld lc `ns`i
dnvlc y fid cg `ns`g n`pirtgdfng pir dulstrg jnicimàg, pir dulstrg l`ifnidgcnhgh,
pir dulstrg `ldtl (i psnqul), pir dulstrg ldlrmàg y pir dulstrg lspnrntugcnhgh. ^
qul, ldtidfls, gqulcci qul dis pgsg vg g tldlr hnalrldtls iràmldls y slrç
dlflsgrni gjirhgr fghg udi hl lccis. Rirqul tihis ficgjirgd ld frlgr cg rlgcnhgh
ld cg qul vnvn`is. Wul ud hlslquncnjrni l`ifnidgc pulhl slr fgusg hl udg
hlsgr`idàg aàsnfg. Wul udg hlsgr`idàg aàsnfg pulhl slr fgusg hl ud
hlslquncnjrni l`ifnidgc. Wul sn `l gcn`ldti gcloghi hl cgs dlflsnhghls rlgcls
hl `n jnicimàg, ls `uy prijgjcl qul l`ifnidgc`ldtl tg`jnîd `l lstî
gcn`ldtgdhi hl `gdlrg töxnfg. ^ `ufki `çs gcloghg lstgjg yi hl pldsgr y frllr
qul cg rlgcnhgh aàsnfg ld cg qul lstg`is ls cg `loir sicufnöd qul ldfuldtrg
dulstri flrljri, qul snl`prl ndtldtg
n dtldtg mgrgdtnzgr dulstrg vnhg.

Juldi, sn jnld yi ndtuàg plrsidgc`ldtl gcmi hl lsti, clois lstgjg hl

ndfirpirgrci g `n prçftnfg `îhnfg5 `çs jnld
jn ld ci hlogjg pgrg lc ç`jnti prnvghi. Rir
lol`pci, sgjàg qul lxnstàgd tlrgpngs ldlrmîtnfgs fi`i lc Zlnen, plri di cgs
fidsnhlrgjg gcmi n`pirtgdtl. Vgjàg qul lxnstàg cg `lhntgfnöd, plri di `l
pgrlfàg qul aulrg rlclvgdtl. Vgjàg `uy pifi sijrl gcn`ldtgfnöd sgcuhgjcl,
fi`i `îhnfg y fi`i plrsidg, y di fidsnhlrgjg qul aulrg n`pirtgdtl pgrg
dulstris priflsis hl sgcuh. Vgjàg `uy pifi sijrl aàsnfg fuçdtnfg y `ltgaàsnfg,
pir fntgr gcmudis lol`pcis.

Vuflhl qul ld lc hàg g hàg aun fkifgdhi fid hnalrldtls rlgcnhghls. Rir
gcmudgs fugcnhghls plrsidgcls, pir lc tnpi hl plrsidgs qul `l fidsuctgjgd, pir
lc hlstndi, pirqul lrg dlflsgrni qul gsà aulrg i pirqul slràg `n `nsnöd hl vnhg,
cis pgfnldtls qul ndmrlsgjgd g `n fidsuctg `l dgrrgjgd sus knstirngs. Lsti
snl`prl aul gsà, pgrg `à dudfg ldtrgjg udg `uolr fid Fçdflr hl `g`g, dn
fugdhi lrg rlsnhldtl dn gkirg. Ldtrgjg, ld prn`lr cumgr, udg `uolr. \dg `uolr
fid klrnhgs gjnlrtgs, gjusghg l`ifnidgc i aàsnfg`ldtl ld cg nndagdfng,
dagdfng, arustrghg,
kgfnldhi hl `ghrl ld tihgs cgs rlcgfnidls ld cgs qul sl ldfidtrgjg, fid
pîrhnhgs tlrrnjcls, fid hulcis di klfkis, fid prijcl`gs pgrg sistldlrsl

lfidö`nfg`ldtl, fid vàdfucis ag`ncngrls fidacnftnvis, gcloghg hl sus hlslis,

plrhnhg ld su vnhg, hlsvgcirnzghg, fid lc gc`g klfkg trnzgs, fid cg fgsg ld
ccg`gs, fid su `ldtl jciqulghg. ^ hltrçs hl lsi, kgfnîdhisl vnsnjcl y
kgfnîdhicg vnsnjcl g lccg, lstgjg lc Fçdflr hl `g`g.

^ tg`pifi pulhi hlfnr qul ndhlalftnjcl`ldtl hltrçs hl fghg Fçdflr hl

`g`g lstç cg rlgcnhgh qul hlsfrnjà. ^g vg`is g vlr lsti ld hltgccl `çs
ghlcgdtl. Gkirg jnld, fghg vlz sl kgfàg `çs lvnhldtl ci qul pgrg `à, `çs tgrhl,
slràg udg rlgcnhgh? lc fulrpi lxprlsgjg
lxp rlsgjg gcmi qul dulstrg `ldtl, dulstri slr (i
ci qul aulrg) di pihàg lxprlsgr. Rlrsidgs qul vldàgd hl sntugfnidls
l`ifnidgcls fidacnftnvgs, fid gfidtlfn`nldtis lstrlsgdtls, fid udg
pricidmgfnöd ld lc tnl`pi hl fulstnidls snd rlsicvlr, ld gcmÿd `i`ldti
prlsldtgjgd ci qul ccg`g`is ldalr`lhgh. I, tg`jnîd, plrsidgs qul hl ud
`i`ldti pgrg itri, snd lsplrgrci, vnvàgd ud trgu`g `uy mrgdhl y, gfti slmunhi,
gpgrlfàg cg ldalr`lhgh. Gcmi lstgjg suflhnldhi gkà. Gcmi qul tgc vlz yi di
kgjàg tldnhi cg fkgdfl hl lstuhngr i hl fi`prldhlr. Rirqul fi`i lstuhngdtls
hl `lhnfndg di sici tldl`is cg pisnjncnhgh hl lfkgr `gdi hl ud sgjlr, sndi

tg`jnîd hl kgflrdis hl udg sgjnhuràg. Vgjnhurà

Vgjnhuràgg qul, sn lstg`is hnspulstis g
vlrcg, gpgrlfl ld dulstrgs prçftnfgs `îhnfgs fugdhi ldtrg`is ld fidtgfti fid
cis pgfnldtls. Gkà ls hidhl pihl`is hlspclmgr gutidi`àg, cnjlrtgh y
fidsfnldfng pgrg gclogrdis hlc `gdugc y gflrfgrdis g cg rlgcnhgh. Lc `gdugc ls
udg klrrg`nldtg, dghg `çs. Vn jnld gcmi ndtuà ld `ns prçftnfgs `îhnfgs, hlji
rlfidiflr qul `ufkàsn`gs vlfls di lsfufkî i di vn ci qul sl `l lstgjg
ldsl÷gdhi? gqulcci qul `l `istrgjgd cgs plrsidgs qul gtldhàg. Di `l hn cg
ipirtudnhgh hl fi`prldhlrci.

G su vlz, fi`ldfî g pgcpgr itrg rlgcnhgh. @ufkis hl `ns fidsuctgdtls i

pgfnldtls `l fidalsgjgd gcmi? ghl`çs hl cgs prlsfrnpfnidls qul sl cls
cl s iarlfàg
hlshl cg `lhnfndg fidvldfnidgc (tg`jnîd fidifnhg fi`i gcipçtnfg) fi`i
fugcqunlr rl`lhni, gdtnjnötnfi, gdgcmîsnfi i ci qul aulrg, rlfurràgd g itri tnpi hl
prçftnfgs gctlrdgtnvgs. Gcmudis `lhntgjgd, itris kgfàgd Zlnen, itris prgftnfgjgd
^img y itris rlzgjgd. Gcmudis fi`àgd goi, itris fljiccg, itris ti`gjgd gmug
tnjng fid cn`öd, itris pripöcli y itris picld. Gcmudis sl kgfàgd ldl`gs fugdhi
lstgjgd fid anljrl. Kgjàg qunldls njgd hl ud `îhnfi ki`löpgtg y qunldls
arlfuldtgjgd g ud `îhnfi gyurvîhnfi. Xg`pifi agctgjgd cis qul rlfurràgd g ud
`îhnfi fkndi. Xg`jnîd lstgjgd cis qul `l hlfàgd qul di ti`gjgd tihis cis
rl`lhnis qul sl cls prlsfrnjàgd.
p rlsfrnjàgd. ^ ghl`çs hl qul lstgs prçftnfgs cls plr`ntàgd
trgdsntgr hl itrg `gdlrg sus priflsis, ci kgfàgd pirqul frlàgd qul ci qul
pgsgjg ld su fulrpi tldàg itris iràmldls, qul kgjàg gcmi `çs qul cg fgusg
irmçdnfg, qul lc irnmld aàsnfi5 pirqul ghl`çs, `ufkgs vlfls lsg fgusg aàsnfg
lrg, prlfnsg`ldtl, hlsfidifnhg.

Lsti `l aul mungdhi.

G ci gdtlrnir, sl cl su`ö itrg rlgcnhgh `uy snmdnanfgtnvg. Cg `gyiràg hl cis

pgfnldtls qul kgfàgd gcmi gctlrdgtnvi cls lsfidhàgd lsi qul kgfàgd g sus
`îhnfis. ¹Rir quî9 Cg rlspulstg lrg udçdn`l? pir `nlhi g qul lc `îhnfi
hlsgutirnzgrg ci qul kgfàgd, pir tl`ir g sldtnrsl ku`nccghis ld su frlldfng y
pgrg lvntgr cg hlsvgcirnzgfnöd. ^i di sî sn rlgc`ldtl lsi lrg vlrhgh. Ls hlfnr, sn
rlgc`ldtl cis `îhnfis njgd g hlsgutirnzgr lc sgjlr qul cis pgfnldtls
hlspclmgjgd gc lclmnr cgs prçftnfgs gctlrdgtnvgs. Rlri kgjàg gcmi qul lrg (y snmul
snldhi) rlgc? cg vnvldfng hl `ufkis pgfnldtls. Ci sî pirqul fi`ldfî g
prlmudtgr udg y itrg vlz? –¹Rir quî di `l fidtgstl qul vgs hl ud muàg lspnrntugc

pgrg gjirhgr tu ldalr`lhgh9‐, –¹Rir quî di `l hnonstl qul tl cn`pn gs lc ficid

pgrg ficgjirgr fid tu ldalr`lhgh9‐, ¹Rir quî9 Rir `nlhi, fgsn snl`prl. @nlhi
g ci qul yi, fi`i `îhnfg, pihàg cclmgr g hlfnr sijrl ci qul lstgjgd kgfnldhi. ^
pirqul, fi`i `l hnoi udg pgfnldtl `uy sgjng? –Cis `îhnfis `l hnfld qul lc
Fçdflr hl `g`g qul tldmi qul di tnldl qul vlr cg `ulrtl hl `n `grnhi, plri
yi sî qul sà, y sî qul lstiy furghg y qul di tldmi qul kgflr dghg, qul lc Fçdflr
aul udg rlspulstg g ci qul `l pgsö, y ci qul `l
` l pgsö yg pgsö. @n fulrpi sgjl
ci qul tnldl qul kgflr y yi di qunlri prlvldnr dghg. @ufkg mldtl prlvnldl y gud
gsà sl ldalr`g y sl `ulrl suarnldhi nmugc i plir pir lsg prlvldfnöd‐. G lsgs

pgcgjrgs cgs rlfulrhi fi`i sn `l cgs lstuvnlrg hnfnldhi kiy. ^ rlfulrhi qul yi
DI fi`pgrtàg ci qul lccg hlfàg y frlàg qul dlflsntgjg kgflr gcmi. Gkirg jnld,
kgjàg ud cumgr ld `à, udg zidg hlsfidifnhg, hidhl lsgs pgcgjrgs rlsidgjgd
fi`i vlrhghlrgs, hidhl hlsplrtgjgd gcmi qul, ld gqulc ldtidfls, sici
rlfidifàg fi`i ndfi`ihnhgh. Ndfi`ihnhgh ndtlrdg, `àg, pripng, qul priylftgjg
ld gqulccg `uolr ldounfngdhi su priflsi. Hlshl cg `lhnfndg qul prgftnfg`is
(fugcqunlrg qul slg), gsu`n`is udg QLZHGH qul lxfcuyl, hlsvgcirnzg,
hlsgfrlhntg y hlsgutirnzg itrgs rlgcnhghls snd snqunlrg fidtl`pcgrcgs.

Lsti `l aul mungdhi tg`jnîd. ^ `l knzi prlmudtgr`l pir gqulcci qul di

lstgjg lsfufkgdhi y di lstgjg jnld. @l knzi prlmudtgr`l sn kgjràg itrg `gdlrg
hl lolrflr cg `lhnfndg

Fcgri qul cg kgjàg. Xldàg, ld gqulc ldtidfls, udg pgfnldtl qul kgfàg
`lhnfndg fkndg fi`i fi`pcl`ldti hlc trgtg`nldti fidvldfnidgc. Lrg ud
gjirhgol fi`pcltg`ldtl hnalrldtl y rlpclti hl sldtnhi. Lccg ti`gjg knlrjgs
hlpurgtnvgs pgrg `loirgr su lstghi hl sgcuh, cn`pngjg su fulrpi y trgtgjg fid
gfupudturg sus hicirls snd ti`gr `lhnfg`ldtis y fid lxflcldtl rlspulstg. @l
lxpcnfgjg fö`i cl gr`idnzgjgd cis kl`nsalrnis qul udàgd sus örmgdis

galftghis. Xihi `istrgjg mrgd fiklrldfng y cg rlspulstg lrg fidfrltg y

lvnhldtl ld su fulrpi. Vnltl g÷is pgsgrid hl lsl hngmdöstnfi hl Fçdflr hl
`g`g lstghni NQ qul di tldhràg furg y lccg sidràl g sus lstuhnis dir`gcls kgfl
`çs hl 8 g÷is.

Rgrgclcg`ldtl, cclmö g `n fidsuctg udg sl÷irg `gyir y klr`isg, fid iois

`uy dlmris y fgjlcci fgdisi g cis ki`jris. @l fidtö qul kgjàg trgtghi su
Fçdflr hl cg jifg fid l`pcgstis hl goi y fid su al ld Hnis. Wul gqulcci qul di
puhi jlsgr lstgjg sgdgdhi ld su firgzöd y tg`jnîd ld su fulrpi. G lstg `uolr,
udg mrgd `glstrg, kgfl ; g÷is qul cg gfi`pg÷i culmi hl qul cclmö lsl hàg gc
fidsuctirni fid udg sldtldfng hl `ulrtl pröxn`g. ^ gkà snmul, funhgdhi g sus
plrris y clyldhi cg Jnjcng tihis cis hàgs pgrg qul Hnis snmg sgdghi su firgzöd.

^ tg`jnîd gfi`pg÷î g udg `uolr qul sici jusfgjg udg fidanr`gfnöd,

gcmunld qul gutirnzgrg sus rlalrldfngs ndtlrdgs. Zlfulrhi qul ld cg prn`lrg
fidsuctg, sldtà kgflrcl cg snmunldtl prlmudtg? –¹Xÿ frlls qul lrls udg plrsidg
sgdg i udg plrsidg ldalr`g9‐ Lccg `l hnoi? – Viy udg plrsidg sgdg y sn `l iplri

`l viy g `irnr‐. Xldàg ud hngmdöstnfi hl tu`ir rldgc y cl kgjàgd ndhnfghi udg

iplrgfnöd. Fid tihi yg prlpgrghi pgrg cg fnrumàg, hlsnstnö. Di cg qulràg. Vldtàg
qul lsg njg g slr su `ulrtl. Ci pritificgr ls qul cis pgfnldtls fid tu`irls
rldgcls sl sgquld lc rn÷öd. ^ gkirg cclmgjg lstg pgfnldtl qul di lstgjg
hnspulstg g kgflrci. Ldtidfls, fi`ldfî g rlaclxnidgr. Cg sntugfnöd `l pidàg ld
ud cumgr fi`pcloi fi`i `îhnfg. @l prlmudtî quî rlprlsldtgjg pgrg udg
plrsidg sgfgrsl ud rn÷öd. Rulhl qul pgrg udg gcmudgs plrsidgs di snmdnanqul
dghg, pirqul ls gcmi ndtlrdi y qul di sl snldtl. Rlri pgrg udg plrsidg qul
tnldl `ufkg sldsnjncnhgh hl sà `ns`g pulhl rlprlsldtgrci tihi. Xihi ci qul

snmdnanfg udg fnrumàg? cg gdlstlsng, lstgr ndtlrdghi, lc `nlhi qul sl hnspgrg. Rlri
kgy gcmi `çs, `l hnol. Lstg`is sgfgdhi ud anctri. Lc rn÷öd ls ud anctri hlc fulrpi,
rlgjsirjl nidls y gmug, dis gyuhg g mugrhgr ci qul dlflsntg`is y lcn`ndg ci
qul di sl prlfnsg. Ls hl utncnhgh pgrg hlpurgr töxnfis y, slmÿd itrgs `nrghgs
`îhnfgs, lc rn÷öd hlpurg l`ifnidls? rlgjsirjl gmug pgrg hlvicvlrdis g dulstri
`lhni fugdhi dis sldtn`is sicis, gjgdhidghis i ndfi`prldhnhis. Lstg
pgfnldtl di lstgjg hnspulstg g kgflr lsi y ghl`çs tldàg cg flrtlzg hl qul
iplrçdhisl cl njg g nr `uy `gc. Lccg `l hnoi? – Vn `l iplri `l `ulri, yg ci sî‐.
G `à `l pcgdtlgjg ud fidacnfti `îhnfi, pirqul hlshl cg `lhnfndg fidvldfnidgc

cg hlfnsnöd lrg qul tldàg qul iplrgrsl, plri cg lxplrnldfng fid cg qul fidtgjg
fugdhi sl `l prlsldtö lstl fgsi `l hlfàg qul tihi ci qul cg plrsidg kgmg ld
fidtrg hl ci qul snldtl y pnldsg rlsuctg `gc. Fugdhi cg plrsidg qul sl iplrg di
lstç hl gfulrhi fid cg fnrumàg, lc priflsi sl fi`pcnfg y lsi sl vl y ls tgdmnjcl
pgrg tihi lc `udhi. Fugdhi udi vg g kgflr ud trgtg`nldti hlc fugc di tnldl
fidvnffnöd, lsl trgtg`nldti sl fi`pcnfg. Lccg kgjàg klfki trgtg`nldtis fid
`lhnfndgs fi`pcl`ldtgrngs, kgjàg jusfghi lc pgrg quî hl lsl tu`ir, kgjàg

klfki ki`lipgtàg, kgjàg fg`jnghi cg gcn`ldtgfnöd y kgjàg fi`ldzghi g ti`gr

supcl`ldtis. ^ ld fnlrti `i`ldti `l prlmudtö? Gdhrlg, ¹quî kgràgs ld `n
cumgr9

Kgjàg his pisnjcls rlspulstgs. \dg, cg pritificgr, cg qul hnfl lc `gdugc.

Itrg, ci qul kgràg yi sn lstuvnlrg ld lc cumgr hl lccg. Hlshl kgfàg tnl`pi vldàg
pcgdtlçdhi`l qul sici rlfi`ldhgràg g itri gcmi qul yi kgràg sn lstuvnlsl
gtrgvlsgdhi cg `ns`g sntugfnöd. ^ gcmi knzi ud fcnf. Di pihràg hlfnr lc `i`ldti
lxgfti, plri aul udi hl lsis ndstgdtls rlvlcghirls qul kgfld qul slg n`pisnjcl
n `pisnjcl
vicvlr cg `nrghg gtrçs. Cl rlspidhà qul dndmudg hl cgs his gctlrdgtnvgs lrg
fidvldnldtl, ls hlfnr, vlrhghlrg. Ci qul dlflsntg`is, tgdti yi fi`i cg
pgfnldtl, ls tldlr cg pisnjncnhgh hl sgjlr fuçcls sid cgs hnalrldtls vnsnidls
rlsplfti hl cg ldalr`lhgh (ld lstl fgsi, lc Fçdflr), quî ldtldhl`is pir lccg,
fuçcls sid cis hnalrldtls gjirhgols y trgtg`nldtis pisnjcls, dlflsntg`is
fi`prldhlr cgs dlflsnhghls hnalrldtls y, g cg vlz, fi`pgrtnhgs hlc `îhnfi y lc
pgfnldtl. Dlflsntg`is qul lc pritgmidnstg hlfnhg.

Dlflsntg`is qul lc pritgmidnstg hlfnhg.

Lstgjg gdtl udg pgfnldtl qul di lrg pgsnvg, lrg fi`pcltg`ldtl

fidsfnldtl y gftnvg rlsplfti hl su priflsi hl sgcuh. \dg plrsidg ccldg hl
flrtlzgs qul qulràg slr pritgmidnstg hl su vnhg, jusfgjg gcmunld qul cg
gfi`pg÷gr y cg sistuvnlrg ld sus hlfnsnidls, gcmunld qul fgtgcnzgrg su pihlr hl
sgdgfnöd, gcmunld qul cg mungrg, qul sl gdn`grg g kgflrci snd ouzmgrcg,
dlflsntgjg udg `îhnfg qul sl fi`pri`ltnlrg ld su pripni priflsi snd
prlounfnis, udg `îhnfg qul cl jrndhgrg cg ndair`gfnöd hl cg `gdlrg `çs sldfnccg
pisnjcl pgrg fi`prldhlr y, gsà, tlr`ndgr hl hlfnhnrsl. Dlflsntgjg
gfi`pg÷g`nldti, sistîd hl sus pripngs rlalrldfngs y gflptgfnöd. Dlflsntgjg
g`ir. Gkà rlsidö fid `çs fcgrnhgh lsti qul kiy, pgrg `à, ls udi hl cis lols
audhg`ldtgcls ld cgs fidsuctgs? fghg fidsuctgdtl dlflsntg qul su trgtg`nldti
slg ud trgol klfki g `lhnhg5 g cg `lhnhg hl sus frlldfngs, hl su fidsfnldfng,
hl sus pisnjncnhghls y dlflsnhghls rlgcls, di cgs hlc `îhnfi.

Ld su prn`lrg fidsuctg, lstg pgfnldtl `l hnoi fid anr`lzg qul gdtls hl

qul sl cl hngmdistnqul cg ldalr`lhgh lccg lstgjg `uy `gc psnficömnfg y
lspnrntugc`ldtl, qul kgjàg vnvldfnghi sntugfnidls fidacnftnvgs y lstrlsgdtls, y
qul lstgjg slmurg hl qul su ldalr`lhgh kgjàg snhi udg sicufnöd g lsi. Ls `çs,
culmi hlc hngmdöstnfi y g plsgr hl cis sàdti`gs, sl sldtàg `ufki `loir. Rir cg
ldalr`lhgh, lccg fi`ldzö g rlgcnzgr tlrgpngs, g fg`jngr cg gcn`ldtgfnöd, g
rlsicvlr fidacnftis vndfucgrls, g sgdgr klrnhgs hl su ndagdfng y g ldfidtrgrsl g sà
`ns`g. Hlfàg qul cg ldalr`lhgh cl sgcvö cg vnhg, qul Hnis cl pusi g cg
ldalr`lhgh ld su fg`ndi fid lsg andgcnhgh? sgdgr su gc`g.

¹Fö`i gfi`pg÷gr lstl priflsi9

Itri fidsuctgdtl cclmö g `n fidsuctirni grrgstrgdhi cis pnls, fid cg `nrghg

kgfng lc pnsi y cis ki`jris fgàhis. Vu pisturg aàsnfg trgds`ntàg udg trnstlzg
gjsicutg. @l fidtö qul kgfàg hnlz g÷is cl kgjàgd sgfghi ud rn÷öd pir ud tu`ir
y qul kgfàg udis `lsls cl kgjàgd ldfidtrghi ud tu`ir ld lc rn÷öd qul cl
qulhgjg5 lc audfnidg`nldti rldgc lrg dir`gc plri ld cg ti`imrgaàg sl vàg ud
tu`ir. @l hnoi? –@l ijcnmgd g sgfgr`l lc itri rn÷öd `g÷gdg5 lsi qunlrl hlfnr
qul tldhrî qul vnvnr lc rlsti hl `n vnhg ldfkuaghi g udg `çqundg hl hnçcnsns hl
6 g < vlfls pir sl`gdg. Cg `gyiràg hl cgs kirgs hl `n sl`gdg `irnrçd ld cg
`çqundg hl hnçcnsns, di pihrî trgjgogr `çs y di oumgrî `çs gc aÿtjic. Viy lc
sistîd hl `n ag`ncng y tldmi 8 knois plqul÷is y udg lspisg hlhnfghg g lccis.
Vnldti qul iplrgr`l ls ci `ns`i qul `irnr, yg dghg `l ndtlrlsgrç fugdhi hlol
hl slr lc sistîd hl `n ag`ncng. Vlrî ud ldalr`i frödnfi snd vnhg y sî qul gsà, ld
pifi tnl`pi `l `irnrî‐. ^ fid udg flrtlzg ditgjcl, sldtldfnö? –Di lstiy
hnspulsti g sgfgr`l lc itri rn÷öd, prlanlri vnvnr ci qul `l qulhl hl vnhg gsà,
dlflsnti qul `l gfi`pg÷l ci `loir qul ustlh pulhg ld `n hlfnsnöd.‐

¹Fö`i gfi`pg÷gr lstl priflsi9

Xg`jnîd rlfulrhi itrg pgfnldtl fid Fçdflr hl `g`g. Lccg `l hnoi? –@n
gjulcg tuvi Fçdflr hl `g`g, di knzi dghg y di tuvi prijcl`gs. ^i di qunlri

kgflr dghg. ¹\stlh `l pulhl gfi`pg÷gr ld lsti9 Rirqul `n ag`ncng di `l

gpiyg, frll qul lstiy cifg. Dlflsnti gcmunld qul `l gfi`pg÷l‐.
 ¹Fö`i gfi`pg÷gr lstl priflsi9

Fugdhi udi hlog hl jusfgr pirqul kg ldfidtrghi, frli qul ls gkà

prlfnsg`ldtl hidhl dis ldfuldtrg gqulcci qul tgdti dlflsntg`is.

Ld lsl `i`ldti, yi kgjàg fi`ldzghi g cllr sijrl `lhn

`lhnfndg
fndg ndtlmrgtnvg,

g ldtrgr ld fidtgfti fid cg antitlrgpng, cg `lhnfndg gyurvîhnfg, cg `lhnfndg

trghnfnidgc fkndg y cg `lhnfndg
`lhn fndg gdtripisöanfg. ^ gsà slg pir lstis sgjlrls, plri
sijrl tihi pir `n lxplrnldfng, tldàg cg lvnhldfng hl qul ci l`ifnidgc y ci
jnicömnfi lstgjgd fidlftghis. \dg hl lstgs pgfnldtls sijrl cgs fugcls tl kgjcî
càdlgs gtrçs, `l hnoi udgs pgcgjrgs qul rlsidgrid priaudhg`ldtl ld `à? –Rgrg
`à lc fulrpi ls sgmrghi, plralfti, di tnldl agccgs5 cg frlgfnöd ls `grgvnccisg y
plralftg‐. Ls vlrhgh, hnol. Lsi qul ldtldhl`is fi`i ud lrrir ld lc fulrpi ls
`uy prijgjcl qul slg udg sicufnöd. Gkirg jnld, hlshl lc pudti hl vnstg `îhnfi,
¹fö`i hgr udg lxpcnfgfnöd fnldtàanfg y `îhnfg g lsti9

Ls gsà fi`i suflhld cgs findfnhldfngs `grgvnccisgs, lsi qul gcmudis

ccg`gd sndfridnfnhgh? cclmö g `à cg Vgjnhuràg hl cg Fnldfng Furgtnvg Mlr`çdnfg
hlsfujnlrtg pir lc Hr. Zyel Mllrh Kg`lr, y yi cclmuî g lccg.

Dlflsntgjg ud `grfi tlörnfi qul findfnhnlrg fid ci qul yi vlàg ld `n

prçftnfg `îhnfg, fid ci qul ndtuàg, fid `n lxplrnldfng, fid cg lxplrnldfng hl
gcmudis ficlmgs y fid cgs lxplrnldfngs hl cis pgfnldtls qul `l fidsuctgjgd.
Dlflsntgjg gcmi qul gpirtgrg fiklrldfng ldtrl ci qul pldsgjg, hlfàg y kgfàg. ^
ld cgs < Clyls Jnicömnfgs pulstgs hl `gdnanlsti pir lc Hr
Hr.. Kg`lr puhl ldfidtrgr
tihi lsi.

¹Ldfidtrgr quî9 Vldtnhi. \dg rlspulstg jnicömnfg`ldtl sldsgtg g cgs

prlmudtgs, gc pir quî y gc pgrg quî hl cg ldalr`lhgh. Ldfidtrgr lc sldtnhi
jnicömnfi hl fghg `gdnalstgfnöd aàsnfg, fghg sàdti`g y fghg priflsi. Xldlr cgs
klrrg`nldtgs pgrg sistldlr lsi qul vlàg ld cg prçftnfg? dulstri fulrpi di agccg
dn sl lqunvifg. Xihi ld dulstrg jnicimàg lstç ndtlmrghi ld tîr`ndis jnicömnfis
hl suplrvnvldfng? cg ldalr`lhgh di ls ud lrrir sndi udg sicufnöd. Ldfidtrgr
clyls qul pulhld gpcnfgrsl y vlrnanfgrsl ld lc 722 % hl cis fgsis.

Kgjcl`is, ldtidfls, hl cgs < Clyls Jnicömnfgs.

Fugdhi lc fulrpi di agccg

 @n hlsplrtgr aul fi`prldhlr qul lc fulrpi di agccg, qul ls cg frlgfnöd
`çs plralftg hl cg Dgturgclzg. @n hlsplrtgr lspnrntugc. @n hgr`l fuldtg. @n kgflr
fidsfnldfng. Lc prndfnpni hl `n hlsplrtgr, tgc vlz.

Xgc vlz, tihi fi`ldzö fugdhi tldàg 7; g÷is, hurgdtl lc vlrgdi hlc g÷i
7>>=, ld Lsplrgdzg, cg fnuhgh hidhl dgfà. Lrg ud hàg kÿ`lhi y fgcurisi,
gpldgs sl `ivàg lc vldtncghir hl `n fugrti. ^ gkà lstgjg yi arldtl g ud cnjri
cntlrgc`ldtl mnmgdtl. @ufki `çs tgrhl, ldtldhlràg qul tg`jnîd ci lrg
sn`jöcnfg`ldtl. Lsl cnjri lrg `n prn`lr cnjri
c njri hl ansnicimàg y ddulstrg
ulstrg rlcgfnöd aul
hl g`ir g prn`lrg
prn `lrg vnstg. Di aul sici ldg`irg`nldti. Aul g`ir. Aul fidsfnldfng.
Aul fi`prlsnöd. Aul hgr`l fuldtg. Aul ud gdtls y ud hlspuîs. Culmi hl ud
g÷i vnldhi pgrtls slpgrghgs hl tlonhis, ldfidtrî ndair`gfnöd sijrl fö`i sl
irmgdnzgjg lc fulrpi ld su titgcnhgh (sus hnalrldtls rlcgfnidls)? fö`i sl
mldlrgjgd cg rlspnrgfnöd, cis cgtnhis fgrhàgfis y cg fnrfucgfnöd hl cg sgdmrl hl cg
cndag5 fö`i sl fidtrgàgd cis `ÿsfucis5 y fö`i audfnidgjg
audfnidgjgdd cis sldtnhis. Wulhî
`grgvnccghg.

Gjsicutg`ldtl tihi ls plralfti ld dulstri fulrpi. @ufkgs audfnidls sl

lolfutgd hl `gdlrg sndfridnzghg gc `ns`i tnl`pi. @ufkgs hlfnsnidls sl ti`gd
g fghg ndstgdtl ld lc tlrrntirni hl dulstri fulrpi pgrg mgrgdtnzgr, slmudhi g
slmudhi, dulstrg suplrvnvldfng5 fid prlfnsnöd y plralffnöd.

¹Kgy gcmi `çs plralftg`ldtl hnsl÷ghi qul dulstri fulrpi9 @l

prlmudtgjg, snd rlspulstg, fö`i pihàg agccgr, lqunvifgrsl i tldlr ud lrrir.
Rirqul gud fugdhi gcmi agccgjg, sl pidàg ld `grfkg itrg fisg pgrg
pg rg fi`pldsgr
lsg agccg (sn jnld, fcgri, lstg fi`pldsgfnöd sl fidsnhlrg snl`prl fi`i ud lrrir).
Gkirg jnld, lsl cnjri, lc prn`lr trgtghi hl ansnicimàg, `l hni udg vnsnöd hl cg
titgcnhgh hl dulstri fulrpi. Di lrgd pgrtls sulctgs audfnidgdhi vgyg udi g
sgjlr pir quî. Lrg ud tihi. Vldtà pgz y fcgrnhgh gc cllrci. Vldtà, hlji fidalsgrci,
alcnfnhgh. Di sî quî snldtl, pir lol`pci, ud `ÿsnfi fugdhi ldfuldtrg cg `lcihàg
qul lstç jusfgdhi, plri supidmi qul slrç udg vnvldfng jgstgdtl sn`ncgr.

¹Fö`i pulhl agccgr lsti9 Zlfulrhi kgflr`l vgrngs vlfls lstg prlmudtg.

Fi`i tl fidtî gdtls, ld `n fg`ndgr, ld cg ndtlrprltgfnöd rgfnidgc qul

kgfàg yi hl `ns lxplrnldfngs, fid cgs vnvldfngs hl `ns pgfnldtls y fid cgs
prçftnfgs hl itris ficlmgs surmàg cg ndtunfnöd hl qul di kgy lrrir ld lc fulrpi
ku`gdi, qul dulstrg jnicimàg di sl lqunvifg, qul lc fulrpi di agccg. Dlflsntgjg
gcmi qul, fi`i gqulc cnjri, `l plr`ntnlrg fi`prldhlr cg titgcnhgh hl ci qul
pgsgjg ld lc fulrpi ku`gdi, cis pir quî y cis pgrg quî.

Gcmi qul lsfufkghi pir fugcqunlr plrsidg qul di slg lxplrtg ld

`lhnfndg pulhg slr fi`prldhnhi, di pir su sn`pclzg sndi pir su sldtnhi
vlrhghlri.

Ldtidfls, gpgrlfnö udg ccgvl, ls hlfnr ud pgfnldtl. ^ lstl pgfnldtl, g

qunîd snl`prl cl lstgrî gmrghlfnhg, `l hnoi? –Hiftirg, ustlh tnldl qul cllr cis
hlsfujrn`nldtis hlc Hr. Kg`lr. ^i frli qul ci qul ustlh kgfl tnldl qul vlr
`ufki fid lsi‐. ^ lsg ccgvl `l cclvgràg g udg pulrtg. Vn kujnlrg sgjnhi qul gc
gjrnr lsg pulrtg di pihràg
pihr àg vicvlr cg `nrghg gtrçs, qul tihi, gjsicutg`ldtl tihi,
fg`jngràg ld `à cg `gdlrg hl vlr cg ldalr`lhgh, qul pidhràg ld ogqul `ns
frlldfngs, `ns sgjlrls gprldhnhis, `n rlcgfnöd fid cg prialsnöd y `n vàdfuci fid

cis pgfnldtls5 sn kujnlrg sgjnhi qul gc gjrnr

gjrn r lsg pulrtg ldtrgràg ld frnsns fid `n
ric hl idföcimg, lstiy slmurg hl qul di cg kujnlsl gjnlrti. Rlri cg ccgvl cclmö
fi`i tldàg qul cclmgr, fi`i cclmgd fid arlfuldfng `ns ccgvls,
c cgvls, gqulccgs qul gjrld
cis tlsiris qul g ci cgrmi hl `n vnhg kl nhi ldfidtrgdhi? g trgvîs hl `ns
fidsuctgdtls. Vus pgcgjrgs tuvnlrid lc `ns`i lalfti qul sl prihufl fugdhi
grriog`is udg pnlhrg ld ud lstgdqul fid gmug? udg vlz qul cclmg gc aidhi,
hlsldtnlrrg ci qul kgy ld îc, ci lclvg g cg suplranfnl, ci kgfl vnsnjcl y dis plr`ntl
vlr ci qul lstgjg ifucti ld disitris. ^ lsi qul plr`gdlfl ifucti l ndvnsnjcl
sulcl slr ci vlrhghlri. Qlrhghlri pgrg udi. ^, ld lstl fgsi, lrg y ls vlrhghlri

pgrg `à.
Fi`ldfî g fiqultlgr fid gcmudis lsfrntis hl ci qul lc Hr.
Hr . Kg`lr ccg`ö
cg Dulvg @lhnfndg Mlr`çdnfg. @l hn fuldtg hl qul lstgjg hir`nhg. ¹Ld quî
sldtnhi9 Hlshl gqulc cnjri hl ansnicimàg, og`çs kgjàg vulcti g tldlr lsl
sldtn`nldti hl alcnfnhgh pcldg qul hlsfrnjà gdtls? pgsgr fndfi kirgs clyldhi gcmi
y plrfnjnrcgs fi`i sn aulrgd 7< `ndutis5 g`gr y fi`prldhlr cg clfturg, lstgr ld
`n lcl`ldti, sldtnr`l ud plz ld lc gmug, fid fgdsgdfni plri fid udg sidrnsg.
Lsti di `l kgjàg suflhnhi `çs. @l pgsgjg fugdhi ldtrgjg lc fidsuctirni? yg
vnvldfngjg cg prçftnfg `îhnfg ud pifi hl lsg `gdlrg. Gkirg jnld, di `l pgsö
ci `ns`i fid cis cnjris hl pgticimàg dn fid cis hl fcàdnfg `îhnfg dn fid cgs
lsplfngcnhghls dn fid cg idficimàg `ns`g. Fugdhi ldfidtrî cg sgjnhuràg hl lstgs
Clyls Jnicömnfgs y lsg sgjnhuràg `l ldfidtrö g `à, vicvà g tldlr gqulccg
gqu lccg vnvldfng
hl fcgrnhgh? sldtà qul fi`prldhàg fid udg sldfncclz `ufkgs vlfls gsi`jrisg
l n`pgftgdtl. Qn cg Xitgcnhgh itrg vlz. Fi`ldfî g vlr hl itrg `gdlrg tgdti lc
pir quî fi`i lc pgrg quî hl cg ldalr`lhgh. Di puhl
puhl vi
vicvlr
cvlr cg `nrghg kkgfng
gfng
gtrçs. ^ lsti pgsg fugdhi dis hg`is fuldtg.

Jçsnfg`ldtl, ci qul lc Hr. Kg`lr hlfàg ls qul kgy itrg `gdlrg hl

fi`prldhlr cg ldalr`lhgh, hl sgjlr qul cg ldalr`lhgh pulhl slr itrg fisg,
qul dulstri fulrpi di agccg, qul dulstrg jnicimàg di sl lqunvifg, qul lc priflsi
qul lstg`is vnvnldhi tnldl ud sldtnhi jnicömnfi y sldsgti prlfnsi, y qul lsi
qul ccg`g`is ldalr`lhgh ld rlgcnhgh ls ud primrg`g jnicömnfi qul hlspcnlmg
dulstri flrljri pgrg mgrgdtnzgr dulstrg suplrvnvldfng. Ci fugc lqunvgcl g hlfnr
qul, gsà fi`prldhnhg, cg ldalr`lhgh di ls ud prijcl`g sndi `çs jnld udg
sicufnöd.

Gpldgs ci clà, sldtà ud rlfkgzi, pirqul `ufkgs hl cgs fisgs qul yi kgjàg
fi`prldhnhi rlsplfti hl cg ldalr`lhgh lstgjgd snldhi rlfkgzghgs ld gqulccis
pistucghis. Di tldàg sldtnhi pgrg `à, hlshl `n plrsplftnvg `îhnfg. Hl tihgs
air`gs, kgjàg gcmi? di pihàg hlogr hl cllrci. Fi`i fugdhi gcmi priknjnhi dis
gtrgl, di pir cg priknjnfnöd ld sà sndi pirqul su fidtldnhi gftnvg udg rlgcnhgh ld
disitris, dis hlspnlrtg furnisnhgh y, g cg vlz, dis vg rlsidgdhi vlrhghlri. ^
`çs ci clàg `ldis rlsnstldfngs ipidàg y `çs sldtnhi tldàg ci qul Kg`lr
pcgdtlgjg. Lstl sldtnhi di lrg pir cis grmu`ldtis n`plfgjcls qul prlsldtgjg
dn pir sus lvnhldfngs fnldtàanfgs. Lc sldtnhi hl ci qul Kg`lr pidàg hl `gdnanlsti

sl gftnvgjg ld `à fugdhi ldfidtrgjg ld cis priflsis hl cgs ldalr`lhghls hl

`ns fidsuctgdtls ci qul lc Hr. Kg`lr hlsfrnjàg y, sijrl tihi fugdhi pihàg
fi`prldhlr `loir lsis priflsis y pihàg, oudti fid lc pgfnldtl, ti`gr `loirls
hlfnsnidls tlrgpîutnfgs gc rlsplfti.
rlsplfti. L`plfî g fi`prijgrci ld `à, ld `n ag`ncng
y ld `ns g`nmis. ¹^ sn Kg`lr tldàg rgzöd9

^ sn Kg`lr tldàg rgzöd, cg `lhnfndg

`lhnfn dg lstgjg pgtgs pgrg grrnjg (gsà sl tntucg
ud cnjri gc qul gfflhà y fuyg clfturg cls rlfi`nldhi).

Gc `ldis `n `gdlrg hl vlr cg `lhnfndg lstgjg pgtgs pgrg grrnjg. Ndsnsti,

di frli ld cgs vlrhghls qul lxfcuyld. Vn aulrg gsà, cg aàsnfg ffuçdtnfg
uçdtnfg lxfcunràg g
cg aàsnfg `lfçdnfg. ^ di ls gsà, sl fi`pcl`ldtgd l ndtlmrgd trgtgdhi hl gjirhgr
gc `çxn`i cg rlgcnhgh rlgc. Ls fi`i fugdhi vg`is g vlr udg ijrg hl tlgtri i
udg plcàfucg. Fghg udi hl disitris tnldl su vnvldfng gc rlsplfti. Gkirg jnld,
¹udg lxfcuyl g cg itrg9 Rihl`is galrrgrdis g cg nhlg hl qul sà. I tg`jnîd
pihl`is gflptgr qul udg `nrghg fi`pcltg l ndtlmrg g cgs itrgs (qul di cgs
lxfcuyl dn cgs rll`pcgzg). Ci viy g rlntlrgr fugdtgs vlfls ci snldtg dlflsgrni?
ld `n lxplrnldfng, ld `n prçftnfg y hlshl `à fis`ivnsnöd, cgs hnalrldtls
`lhnfndgs dis iarlfld cg pisnjncnhgh hl gjirhgr lsi qul ldtldhl`is fi`i
ldalr`lhgh hl cg `gdlrg `çs ndtlmrgc pisnjcl (jrndhçdhidis g `îhnfis y
fidsuctgdtls cg gctlrdgtnvg hl trgtgr ci qul pgsg ld lc fulrpi fid cgs lstrgtlmngs,
tîfdnfgs, snstl`gs y `îtihis qul slgd `çs fidvldnldtls). Fi`i snl`prl hnmi,
frli qul fghg klrrg`nldtg y fghg `lhnfndg pir sà `ns`g pulhl slr `ncgmrisg
plri, gpcnfghg snstl`çtnfg`ldtl `çs gccç hl cg plrsidg qul sl trgtl i hlc fgsi
pgrtnfucgr, pulhl slr hlsgstrisg. Cg prn`lrg vlz qul clà cgs < Clyls Jnicömnfgs,
ldfidtrî cg hnalrldfng. Vldtà y rlgc`ldtl fi`prijî qul cg ldalr`lhgh di ls ud

lrrir sndi udg sicufnöd qul lc fulrpi iarlfl. Lsl pgrg `à aul lc mrgd fg`jni,
lsl ls lc Dulvi Rgrghnm`g hl Vgcuh. Gflptgr qul lc Vgjlr di ls gcmi flrrghi
sndi gjnlrti. Lc sgjlr di ls lstçtnfi sndi hndç`nfi. ^ dlflsntg`is gvgdzgr ld
lsg hnrlffnöd.

Gfcgrgfnöd gpgrtl, snmi. ¹^ sn Kg`lr tuvnlrg rgzöd9

Gdtls hl vlr cgs rgzidls hl Kg`lr, vlg`is ud pifi qunîd aul (y ls)
Kg`lr y fö`i cclmö g sus rgzidls. Rirqul lc fg`ndi g trgvîs hlc qul Kg`lr
puhi gfflhlr g sus rgzidls y `lhngdtl lc fugc cclmö g pidlr hl `gdnanlsti ci

qul ccg`gràg cgs < Clyls Jnicömnfgs di ls sn`pcl`ldtl gdlfhötnfi. G `n

ldtldhlr, lstgs clyls dis `ulstrgd udg `gdlrg hl vnvnr y lolrflr cg `lhnfndg?
`îhnfis hl `gdis fgcnldtls (fi`i cis ccg`g lc pripni Kg`lr ld udis hl sus
cnjris). Dis `ulstrgd udg `gdlrg hl sntugrsl arldtl g cg ldalr`lhgh y cg
jnicimàg? di frllr qul ifurrld agccgs gdçrqunfgs sndi qul tihi sl hlspcnlmg fid
sldtnhi prlfnsi. Dis `ulstrgd udg `gdlrg hl fi`prldhlr gc slr ku`gdi? di
fi`i tlstnmi pgsnvi hl ci qul cl pgsg, sndi fi`i pritgmidnstg gftnvi hl ci qul
vnvl. Di `l fgjl huhg hl qul ldtrl cgs `nsnidls lspnrntugcls hl vnhg hl Kg`lr
lstgjg cg hl pidlr hl `gdnanlsti lstgs clyls y pgrg kgflrci tldàg qul lclmnr cg

prialsnöd qul lcnmnö y vnvnr ci qul vnvnö pgrg vlrsl ld cg ldfrufnoghg hl ti`gr udg
hlfnsnöd? i lrg fidsfnldtl, rlspidsgjcl y cnjrl y lclmàg kgflr ci qul tldàg qul
kgflr i hlfnhàg di hgrsl fuldtg. Lcnmnö, fcgri, cg fidsfnldfng. Lcnmnö `istrgr ci
qul lstgjg vnldhi.

@ufkgs vlfls, g ci cgrmi hl cg knstirng, kl`is vnsti fö`i gcmudgs

plrsidgs vnvld mrgvls fidslfuldfngs plrsidgcls gc hlspclmgr ci vlrhghlri. Rir
fntgr ud lol`pci, Mgcncli Mgcncln. Kgflr vnsnjcl ci vlrhghlri y fulstnidgr lsi qul
sl pistucgjg fi`i vlrhgh gjsicutg cl vgcnö di sici cg fidhldg g prnsnöd
plrpltug, sndi tg`jnîd cg ijcnmgfnöd hl rlfkgzgr pÿjcnfg`ldtl sus nhlgs. Mgcncli
ci knzi y culmi sl ci fidandö g grrlsti hi`nfncngrni hl pir vnhg. ¹Lc lol`pci hl
Mgcncli pgrg kgjcgr hl Kg`lr ls fgsugc9 Fcgri qul di. Mgcncli sici tuvi cg
mrgfng, lc fi`pri`nsi y lc vgcir lspnrntugc hl kgflr vnsnjcl gcmi qul
qu l yg lstgjg gkà
y dlflsntgjg slr di`jrghi. Gc di`jrgrci, Mgcncli lstgjg gjrnldhi ud fg`jni hl
pgrghnm`g, udg `gdlrg hl vlr lc `udhi. \d gdtls y ud hlspuîs. Frli qul
Kg`lr, fid sus < Clyls Jnicömnfgs, knzi ci `ns`i. ^ frli qul lc hlstndi hl
Kg`lr aul jgstgdtl sn`ncgr gc hl Mgcncli. Fg`jngd cis gftirls, plri cg knstirng
sl rlpntl kgstg qul gprldhl`is ci qul dlflsntg`is gprldhlr. Gsà hl sn`pcl.

Xgc vlz, g Kg`lr cl kujnlsl pgrlfnhi udg nridàg hlc hlstndi qul udg
idföcimg hnmg lsti sijrl îc. ^, tgc vlz, g Kg`lr di cl kujnlsl mustghi qul udg
idföcimg hnmg qul sici pir lsgs clyls îc hljlràg kgjlr rlfnjnhi lc Rrl`ni Dijlc
i fnldtis hl prl`nis Dijlcls. ^ `ldis ld mrgfng, tgc vlz, cl kujnlrg
kujn lrg fgàhi qul
udg idföcimg prgftnqul cg `lhnfndg tldnldhi fi`i udi hl cis lols rlftirls hl
cg `ns`g, cis pistucghis hl cg Fnldfng Furgtnvg Mlr`çdnfg. ^i dlflsnti kgflrci
y gmrghlflrcl pir ci qul knzi. Rir rlfimlr lc mugdtl. Rir slr fiklrldtl di fid
sus frlldfngs, sndi fid cg rlgcnhgh rlgc `ns`g. Rir pidlr hl `gdnanlsti ci
vlrhghlri5 pirqul su fnldfng, cg Fnldfng Furgtnvg Mlr`çdnfg, qul dis lxpcnfg y
gfcgrg fö`i audfnidg`is cis slrls vnvis, di ls lxfcusnvg hl cg `lhnfndg sndi
qul ls udg air`g hl vnhg. ^ frli qul gcmÿd hàg cl hgrçd gqulc prl`ni, gudqul
sî qul cis prl`nis, `ufkgs vlfls, cclmgd tgrhl. Hl tihgs air`gs, frli qul lc
rlfidifn`nldti pir ci qul knzi, cg vgcirnzgfnöd hl sus ldsl÷gdzgs y lc
gmrghlfn`nldti g su `gdlrg hl lolrflr cg `lhnfndg lstçd cclmgdhi. Îc hlfàg qul
cg Fnldfng Furgtnvg Mlr`çdnfg pulhl gprldhlrsl y ldsl÷grsl ld his hàgs ld
udg \dnvlrsnhgh. ¹Xgd sldfncci9 Juldi, tgc vlz slg lxgmlrgfnöd. Rlri ls
sldfncci. ^ ls ci qul lstç fi`ldzgdhi g ifurrnr ld gcmudgs udnvlrsnhghls qul
sl gjrld g lstg sgjnhuràg. ¹Wunîd lrg y ls Kg`lr9 ¹Wuî vnvnö9 ¹Wuî knzi9

Qlg`is ud rlsu`ld.

Lc Hr. Zyel Mllrh Kg`lr, dgfnö lc 7= hl `gyi hl 7>6<, ld Zldgdng,

Gcl`gdng y `urnö lc : hl oucni hlc :27= ld Dirulmg. Lstuhnö `lhnfndg, aàsnfg y

tlicimàg. Lolrfnö fi`i ndtlrdnstg ld cgs fcàdnfgs udnvlrsntgrngs hl Xujndmg y
Klnhlcjlrm. \d prialsnidgc `uy lstuhnisi, hnsfnpcndghi l ndmldnisi (ndvldtö
ndstru`ldtgcls qunrÿrmnfis pgtldtghis
pgtldtghis jgoi su di`jrl) y qul ghl`çs hl `îhnfi
aul ndvlstnmghir, aàsnfi y tlöcimi. \d `îhnfi qul, pir lol`pci, priylftö audhgr
kispntgcls pgrg plrsidgs snd rlfursis. Kgstg lc g÷i 7>=;, lstl aul Kg`lr? ud
oivld `îhnfi prnvnclmnghi, slmÿd sus ficlmgs, pir su ndtlcnmldfng, hnsfnpcndg y
cgjir.

Ld lc g÷i 7>==, lc Hr. Kg`lr lrg ud `îhnfi gcl`çd qul trgjgogjg ld cg

slffnöd hl mndlficimàg hl ud kispntgc hl @ÿdnfk, Gcl`gdng, hidhl kgjàg :22
pgfnldtls ndmrlsghis qul tldàgd Fçdflr. Ld gmisti hl lsl g÷i, Kg`lr vnvl ud
suflsi ndlsplrghi qul ci gmgrrg g fidtrg`gdi, ud lvldti `uy trgu`çtnfi? g su
knoi cl hnspgrgd y culmi `ulrl ld sus jrgzis, trgs fnldti idfl hàgs hl gmidàg. G
cis pifis `lsls, gc Hr. Kg`lr cl hngmdistnfgd Fçdflr hl tlstàfuci. Fugdhi
rlfnjnö lc hngmdöstnfi, Kg`lr vldàg hl udg aîrrlg air`gfnöd `îhnfg.
`îhnfg . Lc idföcimi
cl ganr`g qul tnldl udg pisnjncnhgh ldtrl fndfi hl pihlr suplrgr lsg sntugfnöd.
Ld lsl `i`ldti, pldsö qul dghg juldi lstgjg pgsgdhi? gc rlfnjnr lc
hngmdöstnfi frlyö qul su fulrpi pgrlfàg lstgr agccgdhi.

Vnd l`jgrmi, lc Hr. Kg`lr fi`ldzö g gtgr fgjis. Gÿd ldalr`i, Kg`lr
di sl qulhö fid lc hngmdöstnfi. Àdtn`g`ldtl, gcmi ci cclvö g ndvlstnmgr, g
prlmudtgrsl y g fulstnidgr lc irhld lstgjclfnhi hl cgs fisgs. G su `uolr cl pgsö
gcmi sn`ncgr, tg`jnîd cl hngmdistnfgrid ud tnpi hl Fçdflr (Fçdflr hl `g`g).
Kg`lr fi`nldzg g ndvlstnmgr ld cg slffnöd hl mndlficimàg hlc Kispntgc hl
@ÿdnfk. Gsà l`pnlzg g vlr udg rlcgfnöd fgusg-lalfti ldtrl lc trgu`g l`ifnidgc
y ud tnpi hl ldalr`lhgh. Ld audfnöd hl su pripng lxplrnldfng, Kg`lr fi`nldzg
g lstuhngr hnalrldtls tnpis hl Fçdflr. Îc kgjàg vnvnhi ud lvldti `uy trgu`çtnfi,
ud skife trgu`çtnfi qul ci gmgrrö g fidtrgplci y qul ghl`çs kgjàg vnvnhi ld
siclhgh, ld lc sldtnhi hl qul sn jnld su lspisg lstgjg g su cghi, di fidifàg cg
vnvldfng qul Kg`lr tldàg hl tgc sntugfnöd5 y pir supulsti lrg ud trgu`g qul di
sgjàg fö`i rlsicvlr, di kgjàg sicufnöd gcmudg pgrg pihlr sgcnr hlc fidacnft. Culmi
hl lstl lvldti, gpgrlfnö lc Fçdflr. Lstg rlcgfnöd ldtrl suflsi y ldalr`lhgh ls
cg qul fi`nldzg g vlr Kg`lr ld tihgs sus ndvlstnmgfnidls.

¹Wuî cl pgsö g Kg`lr9 Gfç ldtrg lc pgrgclcns`i fid Mgcncli.

Kg`lr fi`nldzg g prlmudtgr g tihis sus pgfnldtls sijrl gcmÿd skife

trgu`çtnfi vnvnhi hurgdtl lc tnl`pi gdtlrnir gc hlsgrricci hl cg ldalr`lhgh y
ldfuldtrg udg firrlcgfnöd plralftg. Lc `ns`i lqunpi hl cg ndvlstnmgfnöd qul cclvg
g fgji ld cg fcàdnfg hidhl trgjgog ci lfkg. Di ijstgdtl, lc Hr. Kg`lr fidtndÿg
ndvlstnmgdhi ld Ficidng (Gcl`gdng), hidhl kgy ndmrlsghis pgfnldtls fid
Fçdflr hl puc`öd, y ldfuldtrg cgs `ns`gs firrlcgfnidls. Ls gsà qul culmi hl
fnldtis y fnldtis hl fidanr`gfnidls l ndvlstnmgfnidls, hlsgrriccg ld 7>;7 cg
Rrn`lrg Cly, g cg qul ccg`ö Cly Aîrrlg hlc Fçdflr. Cg ccg`ö cg Cly hl Knlrri

pirqul dudfg agccg, di ls aclxnjcl y di sl hijcg, fi`i lc knlrri5 y lstg cly lxpcnfg
lc irnmld hl cg `gyiràg hl cgs ldalr`lhghls. Ld 7>;7, trgs gpirtgr fldtldgrls
hl lxplhnldtls fcàdnfis, lc Hr. Kg`lr prlsldtg ld cg Agfuctgh hl Xujndmg udg
tlsns sijrl lsti. ¹Wuî knzi cg Agfuctgh9 Zlfkgzö cg ndvlstnmgfnöd snd dndmudg
oustnanfgfnöd dn vlrnanfgfnöd.
vlrnanfgfnöd. Vl hnfl qul lc gslsir ouràhnfi hl Kg`lr cl hnoi? –Cis
sl÷irls kgd lxg`ndghi cg tlsns fnldtis hl vlfls g pulrtgs flrrghgs. Ld fghg
ifgsnöd kgd fi`prijghi qul tihi ls firrlfti. Vn kujnlsld ldfidtrghi ud sici
fgsi lrrödli, kujnlsl snhi ustlh ndvntghi g Xujndmg g rlgcnzgr ud lxg`ld pÿjcnfi
gc hàg snmunldtl‐ (Mlr`gdnsfkl Dlul @lhnznd Eurndair`gtnid, :22;. G`nfn hn

Hnre). ¹Vl ldtnldhl9 Fi`i di kgjàg lrrir ld ci qul Kg`lr pcgdtlgjg, sl

rlfkgzö snd `çs cg ndvlstnmgfnöd (sn cg tliràg kujnlrg tldnhi agccgs, sl ci kgjràg
ndvntghi g prlsldtgrcg pirqul kujnlrg snhi pisnjcl hlsgfrlhntgrcg
fnldtàanfg`ldtl). Kiy sl kgjcg hl `lhnfndg jgsghg ld lvnhldfng, lstg ls cg
`çxn`g lxprlsnöd hl lsi, gcmi qul sl rlpcnfg hl cg `ns`g `gdlrg ld fnldtis hl
`ncls hl fgsis, lsi ls fnldfng.

Di ijstgdtl, lc Hr. Kg`lr snmunö lstuhngdhi y hlhnfö su vnhg g cg

ndvlstnmgfnöd y lc hlsfujrn`nldti. Gsà hlsgrriccö itrgs 8 clyls `çs. Culmi hl sus
hlsfujrn`nldtis, lc Hr. Kg`lr aul hltldnhi his vlfls, gcmi fgsn ndsnmdnanfgdtl sn
tldl`is ld fuldtg qul cl rltnrgrid su `gtràfucg y qul suarnö trls ndtldtis hl
gslsndgti, ldtrl itris `ufkis kistnmg`nldtis
kistnmg`nldtis..
 Kgstg su `ulrtl ld lc g÷i :27=, Kg`lr vnvnö gnscghi, fid sus tlcîaidis
ndtlrvldnhis, fid sus firrlis lclftrödnfis fidtricghis y snd pihlr lolrflr cg
prialsnöd. Ld udg lsplfnl hl prnsnöd sn`jöcnfg plri rlgc. Xuvl cg ipirtudnhgh hl
kgjcgr pir tlcîaidi fid Kg`lr. Aul udg fidvlrsgfnöd `uy jrlvl yg qul culmi
hnrnmnö cg fi`udnfgfnöd udg plrsidg qul ndtlrflhnö pir îc. Lc Hr.
Hr . Kg`lr di qulràg
sgjlr dghg fid cis idföcimis, fisg qul fi`prldhi y, ld pgrtl, oustnanfi. Rlri
`n plrflpfnöd plrsidgc ls qul lc Hr. Kg`lr lstgjg `uy hicnhi
hic nhi y frli qul pulhi
ldtldhlr su hicir. ^ yi plrfnjà ld lsg fidvlrsgfnöd qul lc Hr. Kg`lr sldtàg udg
priaudhg trnstlzg.

Vl kgjcg y sl kg kgjcghi `ufki ld di`jrl hlc Hr. Kg`lr.

Lstçd cis qul sl hnfld sus hnsfàpucis.

hn sfàpucis.

Lstçd cis qul sl hnfld

hn fld kgjncntghis g ldsl÷gr sus ldsl÷gdzgs.

Ci ÿdnfi fcgri sid cis lsfrntis qul kg lsfrnti lc Hr. Kg`lr.

^ qul sus hlsfujrn`nldt

hlsfujrn`nldtis
is lstçd fi`ldzgdhi g ldsl÷grsl pir hnalrldtls
pgàsls hlc `udhi, pir lol`pci, ld cg \dnvlrsnhgh Dgfnidgc hl Zisgrni
(Grmldtndg). Ld lc g÷i :271 sl n`pgrtnö ud fursi ndtldsnvi sijrl cgs Clyls
Jnicömnfgs hl cg Fnldfng Furgtnvg Mlr`çdnfg, lstuvi g fgrmi hl cg Hrg. Clidir
Mgccgrhi, `îhnfg y fnruogdg mldlrgc, @glstrg ld Vgcuh Rÿjcnfg, prialsirg hl cg
Agfuctgh hl Fnldfngs @îhnfgs hl cg \dnvlrsnhgh Dgfnidgc Gutödi`g hl
Dnfgrgmug y cg Hrg. @gràg Xlrlsg Ncgrn, `îhnfg ndtlrdnstg, hnrlftirg hl cg Fcàdnfg
hl Vgdti Hi`ndmi, Dnfgrgmug. Mrgd cimri fnldtàanfi. Vl pihràg hlfnr, ti`gdhi

prlstghg cg fîcljrl argsl hl Gr`stridm, qul ls ud plqul÷i pgsi pgrg cg

`lhnfndg, plri ud mrgd pgsi pgrg cg ku`gdnhgh.

Ldtldhg`is ci snmunldtl.

Culmi hl `ufkis g÷is hl ndvlstnmgfnöd, hl `ufkis fgsis lstuhnghis

(–…cg ijslrvgfnöd hl `çs hl :2222 fgsis hl pgticimàgs hnalrldtls, hlshl cg
vlrrumg gc VNHG, hlshl cg psnfisns g cg clufl`ng, pgsgdhi pir cg lsfclrisns y cg
hngjltls…‐ fi`i hnfld ld lc cnjri Cg @lhnfndg Rgtgs pgrg Grrnjg), hl su pripng
lxplrnldfng fi`i pgfnldtl hl Fçdflr y hlc lstuhni `ndufnisi hl cg lvicufnöd hl

cg prn`lrg fîcucg hlstndghg

h lstndghg g fidvlrtnrsl ld ud ndhnvnhui fi`pcloi (lc lstuhni hl
cg l`jrnicimàg), lc Hr. Kg`lr puhi hlsfujrnr (hls-fujrnr) i fi`i îc hnfl, pidlr
hl `gdnanlsti, yg qul snl`prl lstuvnlrid gkà, fndfi Clyls Jnicömnfgs
Jn icömnfgs qul pulhld
slr gpcnfghgs g fugcqunlr slr vnvnldtl, qul sl rlprihufld ld lc 722 pir fnldti hl
cis fgsis pgrg fghg priflsi jnicömnfi qul ldtldhl`is fi`i ldalr`lhgh (y
lsti tg`jnîd prijghi fnldtàanfg`ldt
fnldtàanfg`ldtl).
l). N`pgftgdtl, ¹di9

G trgvîs hl lstgs Clyls Jnicömnfgs pihl`is fi`prldhlr qul cg

ldalr`lhgh di ls gcmi ndsldsgti dn plcnmrisi, qul dulstri fulrpi di lstç
agccgdhi, qul dulstrg jnicimàg di sl lqunvifg, qul lsi qul ldtldhl`is fi`i
ldalr`lhgh di ls gcmi qul dlflsntg`is lcn`ndgr, qul cis slrls ku`gdis, fi`i
frlgfnöd hnvndg, si`is plralftis y qul dulstri fulrpi di agccg. Rihl`is
fi`prldhlr qul lsi qul ccg`g`is ldalr`lhgh ld rlgcnhgh ls ud primrg`g
sldsgti y fid sldtnhi jnicömnfi qul pidl ld `grfkg dulstri flrljri. ¹Rir quî
ci pidl ld `grfkg9 Rirqul, fi`i hnfl lc Hr. Kg`lr, tihi ld dulstri flrljri
lstç ndtlmrghi y primrg`ghi ld tîr`ndis jnicömnfis hl suplrvnvldfng y dghg hl
ci qul sl gftnvg ld dulstri
d ulstri fulrpi ls pgrg `gtgrdis.

¹Wuî qunlrl hlfnr lsti9

Vn cg ldalr`lhgh lstç ld `grfkg fi`i sicufnöd, ls pirqul, vnsti hlshl

dulstri flrljri jnicömnfi, lsg sicufnöd ls cg `loir pisnjcl pgrg mgrgdtnzgr
dulstrg vnhg. Fcgri qul, gdtl fghg priflsi jnicömnfi ldtldhnhi fi`i
ldalr`lhgh, vnvn`is ndfi`ihnhghls y hicirls qul dis fgusgd `gclstgr. Dis
qulrl`is, fid rgzöd, sgfgr lsi hl ldfn`g.
ldfn `g. Vuflhl qul `nrgdhi cg ldalr`lhgh
hlshl lstg plrsplftnvg fi`prldhl`is qul lsi qul ccg`g`is ldalr`lhgh ls
ud priflsi qul tnldl hnalrldtls ltgpgs, qul g fghg ltgpg cl firrlspidhld
hnalrldtls sàdti`gs y qul ldtldhlr lc sldtnhi y cg dlflsnhgh hl hltlr`ndghis
sàdti`gs dis cclvgrç, fi`i `îhnfis y fi`i pgfnldtls, g ti`gr hnalrldtls
hlfnsnidls tlrgpîutnfgs, gjirhgr cis sàdti`gs hlshl ud cumgr `çs fiklrldtl g
dulstrgs dlflsnhghls jnicömnfgs y trgdsntgr lc priflsi hlshl itrg vnvldfng. Rir
lol`pci, dndmudi hl disitris qunlrl qul gcmi cl hulcg5 plri lc hicir tnldl ud
sldtnhi jnicömnfi. Jçsnfg`ldtl, lc sldtnhi jnicömnfi ls lc hl hnspidlrdis g cg
rlpgrgfnöd? sn `l firti cg pcgdtg hlc pnl y di `l hulcl, viy g slmunr fg`ndgdhi
kgstg cgstn`gr`l `çs. Fi`prldhlr lsti tgc vlz di kgmg qul `l hulcg `ldis
(y kgjrç qul ti`gr hlfnsnidls rlsplfti hlc hicir), plri ld tîr`ndis psnficömnfis
y l`ifnidgcls plr`ntnrç jgogr lc lstrîs qul mldlrg qul gcmi `gci lstç
suflhnldhi. Vulcl gsifngrsl lc hlsfldsi hl plsi g gcmudg agccg, fi`i sn aulrg
ud sàdti`g rlgc`ldtl plcnmrisi gdtl cg prlsldfng hl hltlr`ndghgs pgticimàgs.
Hlshl cg `lhnfndg jnicömnfg, pihl`is hlfnr qul, sgcvi gcmudgs lxflpfnidls,
lsl sàdti`g di ls dlmgtnvi sndi pisntnvi.

Gsà, ldtidfls, lc fulrpi di agccg (dn dulstri flrljri, dn lc rlsti hl cis

örmgdis qul fu`pcld udg irhld qul gftnvg dulstri flrljri). Fi`prldhlr lc
sldtnhi jnicömnfi dis fidhufl, audhg`ldtgc`ldtl, g trls hnrlffnidls?
hnrlffnid ls? ldtldhlr
qul di kgy dghg `gci ld dulstri fulrpi y qul lsl sldtnhi jnicömnfi tg`jnîd
dis pulhl cclvgr g gjirhgr fidacnftis l`ifnidgcls, `ldtgcls y lspnrntugcls di
rlsulctis (cg ldalr`lhgh di sici tnldl ud pir quî, tg`jnîd ud pgrg quî)5 ti`gr
hlfnsnidls tlrgpîutnfgs `çs fidvldnldtls
fidvldnldtls ^ jgogr cis dnvlcls hl lstrîs y `nlhi,
qul sid cis his agftirls `çs n`pirtgdtls g trgjgogr ld lsis priflsis. Ls
n`pirtgdtl fi`prldhlr gcmi? cg `gyiràg hl cgs ldalr`lhghls sid
hngmdistnfghgs fugdhi cis sàdti`gs sl kgfld prlsldtls. Gkirg jnld, rlsuctg qul
hlshl lc pudti hl vnstg hl cg @lhnfndg Jnicömnfg, ld fgsn lc >2 % hl cgs
ldalr`lhghls cis sàdti`gs sl prlsldtgd fugdhi lc priflsi jnicömnfi lstç ld
ltgpg hl rlsicufnöd. Rir lsi ls n`pirtgdtl fi`prldhlr ci qul pgsg, pgrg tti`gr
i`gr
cgs `loirls hlfnsnidls, lfkgdhi `gdi hl cgs `loirls klrrg`nldtgs pisnjcls (gsà
lsgs klrrg`nldtgs privldmgd hl cg `lhnfndg
` lhnfndg fidvldfnidgc, hl cg `lhnfndg fkndg,
hl cg gyurvîhnfg, hl cg gdtripisöanfg, hl cg ki`lipçtnfg, hl cg fkg`çdnfg, hl cg
ndhàmldg, hl cg iffnhldtgc, hl cg irnldtgc i hl cg qul aulrg). Hlfnsnidls qul di
sici tnldl qul ti`gr lc `îhnfi, sndi tg`jnîd lc fidsuctgdtl. Rirqul lsg
Vgjnhuràg pidl gc pgfnldtl ld lc fldtri hlc lsfldgrni, fid ud fldntgc sijrl su
fgjlzg pgrg qul slg lc pritgmidnstg hl su vnhg, hl su pripng knstirng.

Lstgs clyls sid ud sgjlr trgdsfldhldtgc, rlvicufnidgrni tgdti pgrg cis

`îhnfis fi`i pgrg cis pgfnldtls. Zlprlsldtgd udg air`g hl vlr cg vnhg.
vnhg .

Lc hlsfujrn`nldti hl cgs rlcgfnidls ldtrl cis fidacnftis jnicömnfis y cg

sgcuh hni ud vulcfi g cg `lhnfndg. Fi`i hnol `çs grrnjg, g `à `l lxpcnfö y `l
rlganr`ö udg tliràg qul hgjg vulctgs ld `n `ldtl y rlsidgjg ld `n firgzöd.
Fi`i tl fidtgjg, gdtls hl –ldfidtrgr‐ lstgs < Clyls Jnicömnfgs ld cis kispntgcls
lsfufkî g fnldtis hl pgfnldtls fid ldalr`lhghls mrgvls qul fidanr`gjgd ci
qul lc Hr. Kg`lr pistucg. Zlfulrhi qul ud hàg, culmi hl udg cgrmuàsn`g oirdghg
hl trgjgoi, ndmrlsg g cg mugrhng `îhnfg hlc kispntgc hidhl yi lolrfàg udg sl÷irg
fid Fçdflr hl ivgrni `uy mrgvl. Frli qul fi`pgrtnö fid`nmi sus ÿctn`gs
pgcgjrgs. ^i, oivld l ndlxplrtg plri fid `n ndqunltuh snl`prl hljgoi hlc g`ji
jcgdfi, ld ud `i`ldti yg hl trgdquncnhgh y culmi hl fgc`gr sus hicirls y hrldgr
hrldg r
lc càqunhi hl cg pgdzg qul di cl hlogjg rlspnrgr, `l sldtî ld su fg`g y cl ti`î
su `gdi pçcnhg y aràg, cl gfgrnfnî cg arldtl suhghg yg `çs hnstldhnhg pir cg
gusldfng hl hicir y cl prlmudtî? –¹Wuî pnldsgs tÿ, @gràg, sijrl lsti qul tl
suflhl y tl gmijng, pir quî tu fulrpi kgjrç ldalr`ghi,
l dalr`ghi, quî tl pusi tgd trnstl9
Lccg ri`pnö ccgdti sijrl `ns jrgzis y `l hnoi? – Kgfl ; `lsls `urnö `n knoi
kn oi ld ud
gffnhldtl y hlshl gkà `n vnhg plrhnö
plr hnö sldtnhi. @l snldti sicg y gjgdhidghg. Kgfl
6 `lsls `n pgdzg sl pusi g lxpcitgr y `l ldfidtrgrid tihi lsti‐ . Xldàg :6
g÷is fugdhi gc lsfufkgr lsgs pgcgjrgs `l hnol? –Gcmi tnldl qul fidlftgr ci qul
cl pgsö fid cg ldalr`lhgh
ldalr`lhgh,, di ls fgsugcnhgh‐. Culmi hl fgc`grcg cl gmrghlfà y
cl hnol qul gcmÿd hàg njg g lsfrnjnr ud cnjri sijrl lsi.

Rgsgrid fgsn :2 g÷is. ^ ci lstiy kgfnldhi.

^ sijrl ci qul snldti qul ls vlrhghlri lsfrnji.

Kgfl 7= g÷is @gràg `urnö snd fi`prldhlr ld su `ldtl dn ld su fulrpi
l`ifnidgc lc sldtnhi jnicömnfi hl ci qul trgdsntö. Kiy, lstiy slmurg hl qul su
Vlr Lspnrntugc ci sgjàg. Xldmi cg flrtlzg hl qul su flrljri jnicömnfi hlspclmö cg
`loir sicufnöd gc fidacnfti jnicömnfi. Lc flrljri jnicömnfi snl`prl sl gdtnfnpg y
lvgcÿg fuçc ls cg `loir gctlrdgtnvg. ^ sn di ls pisnjcl furgrdis, puls vg g
sistldlr cg ldalr`lhgh. ^ sn yg di ls pisnjcl sistldlr cg ldalr`lhgh y cg
ldlrmàg qul dlflsntg hlspclmgr pgrg rlpgrgr dulstri fulrpi ls `gyir g cg
ldlrmàg qul lstç hnspidnjcl, di kgrç lc ndtldti pirqul dn jnicömnfg dn
lspnrntugc`ldtl tnldl sldtnhi. Ldtidfls vg g hlsfidlftgr lc snstl`g y
fg`jngrl`is hl lstghi. Lsi ls cg `ulrtl, ud fg`jni hl lstghi. Hurgdtl
dulstrg vnhg, vnvn`is `ufkis fg`jnis hl lstghi y cg `ulrtl ls lc ÿctn`i fg`jni
qul dis cclvg g ud lstghi hnalrldtl. Dulstrg `ldt
`ldtl,
l, lc fulrpi l`ifnidgc fid lc
fugc lstg`is nhldtnanfghis, cg rgzöd, dulstris pldsg`nldtis y dulstris
sldtn`nldtis sl galrrgd g lsti qul, hlshl cg `ldtl, fidifl`is. Lc flrljri
jnicömnfi ls dlutrgc, lstç fidlftghi fid ci vlrhghlri5 pir lsi, snldti qul lstç
gc slrvnfni hl dulstri lspàrntu. Kgy udg argsl qul sulci lsfufkgr? –Lrls `îhnfg,
yg tl ls ndhnalrldtl cg `ulrtl hl ud pgfnldtl‐. Di `l ls ndhnalrldtl, ¹fö`i vg g
slrci9 Vici qul gprldhà qul kgy `i`ldtis hidhl di pihl`is ndtlrvldnr `çs,
hidhl dlflsntg`is sictgr y gflptgr. ^, fi`i `îhnfis,
`îhnfis , gfi`pg÷gr udg hlfnsnöd
qul di vg`is g fi`prldhlr og`çs fid cg rgzöd, y `ldis fid lc firgzöd. ¹Wuî
cl pulhi hlfnr g udg `ghrl fuyi knoi gfgjg hl `irnr9 Dghg. Di kgy pgcgjrg pgrg
gjrgzgr lsl hicir. Rir `çs qul yi fi`prldhg hlshl lc sldtnhi jnicömnfi kgstg
lc lspnrntugc ci qul pgsö. Vici gfi`pg÷gr ld lc sncldfni y lc g`ir, snd l`ntnr oounfni.
unfni.
G vlfls, ls dlflsgrni lc sncldfni pir `çs qul ld lsl `i`ldti lc Itri di ci
fi`prldhg. G vlfls, ls dlflsgrni hlfnr gcmi qul lc Itri di vg g fi`prldhlr ld
lsl `i`ldti hl hicir. G vlfls, ls dlflsgrni hlogr hl kgflr. Lstl gprldhnzgol
`l ci rlmgcö ud hàg cg knog hl udg `uolr qul `urnö ld `ns `gdis.

Ci rlcgti pgrg kidrgr y gmrghlflr g lsgs `uolrls y pgrg slr `çs fcgrg ld
ci qul hnol gdtlrnir`ldtl. Lstg `uolr, culmi hl ud hlvldnr, ldtrg ld pgri fgrhàgfi
hlspuîs hl vgrngs fi`pcnfgfnidls ld lc kispntgc. Ndmrlsi firrnldhi gc qunröagdi
hidhl lccg lstgjg. Cl kgmi `gdnijrgs hl rlgdn`gfnöd snd îxnti. Cntlrgc`ldtl,
`l suji sijrl lccg. Wunlri rlsufntgrcg. Lstgjg yîdhisl ld sgdmrl. ^i, jg÷ghg
ld sgdmrl, ld cçmrn`gs, supcnfgdhi, kgjcçdhicl, rimgdhi pir ud `ncgmri, di
pgrgjg hl puogr sijrl su firgzöd. \dg y itrg vlz. Lccg yg lstgjg `ulrtg. ^ yi,
ndsnstàg. Andgc`ldtl, hloî hl kgflrci. Aul cg prn`lrg vlz qul pgsgjg pir lsg
trl`ldhg sntugfnöd. @l aun ld sncldfni, fid lc g`ji tl÷nhi ld sgdmrl,
hlsfidlftghg hl cg rlgcnhgh y snd sgjlr pir hödhl fg`ndgjg. Frufî fgccls y
pcgzgs kgstg qul ti`î fidsfnldfng. Vl`gdgs `çs tgrhl, ld lc pgsncci hlc kispntgc
`l pgrg cg knog hl lstg `uolr. ^i di cg kgjàg rlfidifnhi, plri lccg kgjàg
ndmrlsghi g ud cumgr hidhl kgjntugc`ldtl sici tnldl gfflsi lc plrsidgc hlc
kispntgc. Cg pulrtg hl cg sgcg kgjàg qulhghi ldtrlgjnlrtg y lccg kgjàg snhi tlstnmi
hlc lsaulrzi qul yi kgjàg klfki fid su `ghrl y vldàg g gmrghlfîr`lci. ^ `l
hnoi gcmi qul gÿd cl gmrghlzfi? –Ld ud `i`ldti, hlfàg pgrg `à, yg lstç hiftirg,
yg lstç, yg knzi tihi, di snmg, yg sl aul, suîctlcg, pirqul
pir qul yi sldtà qul yg kgjàg
pgrtnhi‐. –Vuîctlcg‐, `l hnoi. G plsgr hl qul lrg su `ghrl g qunîd yi ndtldtgjg
rlgdn`gr, lccg sldtàg qul hljàg sictgrcg. ¡Fuçdtg sgjnhuràg ld lsgs pgcgjrgs! Ld
cumgr hl lsfufkgr lc fulrpi hl gqulccg `uolr yi lsfufkgjg `n `ldtl. Ls
dlflsgrni lsfufkgr g dulstrg jnicimàg pgrg gprldhlr hl lccg y fi`prldhlr su
sgjnhuràg. Cg sgjnhuràg hl dulstri fulrpi vnldl hl dulstri lspàrntu5 gsà ci frli.

Lc fulrpi ls dlutrgc, di tnldl ounfnis,

oun fnis, lstç fidlft
fidlftghi
ghi fid ci vlrhghlri.

Kgy ud sldtnhi jnicömnfi hltrçs hl fghg `gdnalstgfnöd qul kgfl dulstri

irmgdns`i. Vn tldl`is cg hnspidnjncnhgh ndtlrdg pgrg kgflrci, lc sldtnhi jnicömnfi
dis cclvgrç gc sldtnhi l`ifnidgc y lspnrntugc qul kgy ld fghg pgcgjrg qul di`jrg
dulstri fulrpi. Fulrpi qul usg su pripni cldmugol, cldmugol qul ndfcuyl ci qul
ccg`g`is sàdti`gs y ldalr`lhghls. G `n ldtldhlr, ls dlflsgrni qul tgdti
`îhnfis fi`i pgfnldtls ld cumgr hl `gtgr gc `ldsgolri rlfiog`is lc `ldsgol.
Ld `n lxplrnldfng, fugdhi lc fulrpi kgjcg ls pirqul gdtls ci knfnlrid lc
pldsg`nldti, cg l`ifnöd y cg ldlrmàg5 lc Gc`g kgfl rgti qul mrntg.

Kgy udg cömnfg jnicömnfg qul lxpcnfg lc pir quî y pgrg quî hl ci qul
lxprlsg dulstri irmgdns`i. Lsi qul, pir fidvldfnöd, lclmn`is ccg`gr
ldalr`lhgh.

Cgs < Clyls Jnicömnfgs lxpcnfgd lsg cömnfg.

Lstgs clyls sl pulhld vlrnanfgr ld lc 722 % hl cis fgsis, sn qulrl`is.

Cg Fnldfng Furgtnvg Mlr`çdnfg ls cg prn`lrg

pr n`lrg `lhnfndg qul pcgdtlg qul cg
ldalr`lhgh di ls ud lrrir sndi udg rlspulstg jnicömnfg sldsgtg hl dulstri
irmgdns`i, qul lsg rlspulstg ls plralftg y qul lc irnmld hl lsg `gdnalstgfnöd
lstç hnrnmnhi pir lc flrljri.

Gdtls hl nr g lstgs clyls, ls dlflsgrni sgjlr qul cgs Clyls Jnicömnfgs hlc
Hr. Kg`lr di fidtl`pcgd cgs ndtixnfgfnidls, cis gffnhldtls dn cis
ldvldldg`nldtis. @çs gccç hl qul lstgs sntugfnidls tg`pifi sid fgsugcls, yg
qul snl`prl kgy udg fgusgcnhgh, ud sldtnhi, ud gprldhnzgol pir lc qul slmuri
tldmi qul pgsgr ld lsg sntugfnöd. Gcmudgs hl lstgs fnrfudstgdfngs slrçd
hltgccghgs `çs ghlcgdtl. Gkirg, sn jnld lstgs clyls di fidtl`pcgd
ndtixnfgfnidls, gffnhldtls y ldvldldg`nldtis, ld cgs ldalr`lhghls qul
gqulccgs fgusgs hnspgrgd pihl`is vlrnanfgr pgrtl hl ci qul cgs clyls
`gdnanlstgd. G cis lalftis hl slr `çs fcgrg, lsti qul tl hnmi ci vg`is g vlr ld
itri gpgrtghi. Gkirg, snmg`is.

\d fg`jni hl pgrghnm`g, ¹ld

¹ld quî sldtnh i9
Kgy ud fg`jni hl pgrghnm`g lvnhldtl hlshl lc pudti hl vnstg fnldtàanfi qul
sumnlrl lc Hr. Kg`lr (i sl hlscnzg ld îc pgrg qunîd hlsll trgdsntgrci). Hl lsl
fg`jni vg`is g kgjcgr ld hltgccl `çs ghlcgdtl y ls ci qul hlfàg rlsplfti hl
vlr g cg ldalr`lhgh fi`i udg sicufnöd jnicömnfg. Gkà, ud sldtnhi hlc fg`jni.

^ yi qunlri rlsfgtgr ci qul g `n pgrlflr pulhl ldtldhlrsl hl lstl fg`jni

hl pgrghnm`g. ^ frli qul tgc vlz ls ud sldtnhi qul ndfcuyl gc itri. Lc Hr. Kg`lr
hlfàg ld udi hl sus lsfrntis qul sl dlflsntgd `îhnfis hl `gdis fgcnldtls. ^
tg`jnîd, sn cll`is ldtrl càdlgs sus fidsnhlrgdhis, pihl`is ndtunr qul pripidàg
pgfnldtls qul hlold hl slr pgsnvis pgrg pgsgr g slr gftnvis ld sus priflsis5 ls
hlfnr, rlspidsgjcls, fidsfnldtls hl ci qul pgsg ld su fulrpi, cnjrls y
gutödi`is (`çs gccç hl hlpldhlr hl gcmÿd Itri pgrg trgdsntgr sus priflsis
jnicömnfis). G `n ldtldhlr, `îhnfis hl `gdis fgcnldtls qunlrl hlfnr `îhnfis
prlsldtls, fid rlmnstri hlc Itri, qul hlspcnlmgd ud gfti hl lsfufkg, fidsfnldtls
y cnjrls, gutödi`is, rlspidsgjcls, anlcls g ci audhg`ldtgc hlc ourg`ldti
knpifrçtnfi qul ls lstgr gc slrvnfni hlc ldalr`i. Wul slg lc ldalr`i qunîd irnldtl
dulstri grtl y di cg ldalr`lhgh fi`i gcmi goldi gc `ns`i.
`n s`i.

Gkirg jnld, pgrg `à, lstl fg`jni hl pgrghnm`g lstç `çs rl

rlcgfnidghi
cgfnidghi fid
rlsfgtgr ud sgjlr, udg Vgjnhuràg gdflstrgc y ud vicvlr g lsfufkgr g dulstrg
jnicimàg hl cg fugc tgdti dis kl`is gcloghi. Xgdti dis kl`is gcloghi, pir
lol`pci, qul icvnhg`is cg vnhg ld `gdghg, cg fiiplrgfnöd, cg dlflsnhgh hl
gtrgvlsgr cis priflsis gfi`pg÷ghis (slgd alcnfls i trnstls), cg dlflsnhgh hl cg
frngdzg ld mrupi, hlc mlstgr y pgrnr gfi`pg÷ghis, hl cg `gdi. Ldtidfls, ls

rlsfgtgr y rlfirhgr udg Vgjnhuràg.

G su vlz, lstl fg`jni hl pgrghnm`g tg`jnîd, ld `n sldtnr, dlflsntg qul
lc fg`jni slg rlgcnzghi hlshl itrg plrsplftnvg. Vicl`is fidsnhlrgr ud fg`jni
hl pgrghnm`g fi`i ud dulvi irhld hl cgs fisgs qul vnldl g rll`pcgzg lc
gdtlrnir. Ld ud `i`ldti ci gdtlrnir slrvàg y ld itri yg di ls `çs ÿtnc. Ld lstl
sldtnhi, frli qul dlflsntg`is fi`pcl`ldtgr hnalrldtls `nrghgs y di
hnsfrn`ndgrcgs. Dlflsntg`is ud fg`jni qul ndtlmrl y di qul lxfcuyg5 plri sà fid
udg fidflpfnöd hnalrldtl hlc cumgr hlshl hidhl vl`is i gdgcnzg`is cgs
trgdsair`gfnidls hl dulstri irmgdns`i. Rir lol`pci, hlshl lstg fis`ivnsnöd
sl pripidl udg `lhnfndg ld cg fugc sl gsu`l qul lc `îhnfi tnldl ud sgjlr y
qul lc fidsuctgdtl, qul ls qunld trgdsntg cg ldalr`lhgh, pisll lc pripni5 y qul
ndtlmrgrcis ls rlspidsgjncnhgh hl g`jis. G su vlz, sn si`is `îhnfis, pgrg
prgftnfgr dulstri grtl (fi`i hlandl dulstri ourg`ldti knpifrçtnfi g dulstrg
prialsnöd) ud pncgr audhg`ldt
audhg`ldtgc
gc hlc `ns`i llss rlspltgr g cis ficlmgs qul lolrfld
cg `lhnfndg irnldtghis pir lstl pgrghnm`g y tg`jnîd g cis itris `îhnfis qul
prgftnfgd itrgs `lhnfndgs y g cis tlrgplutgs hl itrgs hnsfnpcndgs, pgrg pihlr
fi`pcl`ldtgr dulstri sgjlr.
Ndtlmrgr pgrg di frllrdis gfrllhirls hl cg vlrhgh gjsicutg.

Xldlr cg fcgrnhgh hl qul lc sgjlr ls udg fidstruffnöd hndç`nfg. ^ qul pir

`çs qul di lstî hldtri hl dulstrg air`gfnöd, `ufkgs vlfls sn pihl`is slr
plr`lgjcls gc sgjlr hlc Itri y di ci rlfkgzg`is hl gdtl`gdi pir dulstri ounfn
ounfni,
i,
pihl`is hnsarutgr hl ud mrgd gprldhnzgol, ud mrgd fg`jni. Gjrnrdis g lstg
pisnjncnhgh dis vg g plr`ntnr lsfufkgr hl vlrhgh g dulstris fidsuctgdtls. Lccis
tnldld cg rlspulstg, su flrljri sl fidlftg fid lc dulstri `gdhçdhidis

plr`gdldtl`ldtl `ldsgols
`ldsgols hl ci qul cls pgsg y hl ci qul rrlgc`ldtl
lgc`ldtl dlflsntgd.
G vlfls, lsis `ldsgols di sid fcgris5 gkirg sn di lsfufkg`is, slrç n`pisnjcl
rlfnjnrcis. Lc gfti hl lsfufkg sl prgftnfg, sl lolrfl y sl lcnml.

Lc pgfnldtl kgjcg snd kgjcgr y tg`jnîd disitris ci kgfl`is. Kgjcg`is

fid dulstri fulrpi, fid dulstrg pisturg y fid dulstris mlstis. Rgrg lsfufkgr
lsi, kgy qul lstgr hnspulsti g kgflrci. Rgrg cllr lsl `ldsgol, kgy qul sgjlr
cllrci. @ufkgs vlfls, kgjcg`is `çs fid ci qul fgccg`is qul fid ci qul
hlfn`is. ^ lc pgfnldtl kgjcgrç, gjrnrç su firgzöd y dis iarlflrç udg vlrhgh
(ifuctg kgstg pgrg îc `ns`i) sn lstç ld ud lspgfni g`irisi. Fgsi fidtrgrni, di
hnrç gjsicutg`ldtl dghg. Cg fidstruffnöd hl lsl lspgfni g`irisi ls
rlspidsgjncnhgh hl g`jis. Gkirg jnld, hghg cg gutirnhgh qul ld lstg fucturg sl
dis itirmg g cis `îhnfis y hghg dulstrg `gdlrg kgjntugc hl lolrflr lsg
gutirnhgh, ls dlflsgrni qul slg`is cis `îhnfis qunldls hl`is lc prn`lr pgsi,
cg prn`lrg sl÷gc, lc prn`lr mlsti, lc prn`lr tlstn`idni, lc prn`lr gfti hl g`ir
hlstndghi g fidstrunr lsl lspgfni g`irisi y sistldlrci. Fidstrunr ud lspgfni
g`irisi ldtrl his plrsidgs, hidhl udg lolrfl lc ric hl fidsuctgdtl y itrg hl
`îhnfi plri qul sid, gdtls qul dghg, his plrsidgs nmugcls, pgrls.

G su vlz, ls `n frlldfng y cg hl itrgs fi`pg÷lrgs y fi`pg÷lris hl grtl,

qul dlflsntg`is fidsnhlrgr g fghg fidsuctgdtl, g fghg plrsidg, g fghg ficlmg
y g fghg prialsnidgc hl cg rg`g qul aulrg fi`i ud slr lspnrntugc qul tg`jnîd
lstç ld ud priflsi hl hlsgrricci y qul dis jrndhg tg`jnîd lsl gprldhnzgol.

Lstl dulvi pgrghnm`g hl sgcuh rlfidifl qul lc fg`ndi hl cg sgdgfnöd

ls fi`pcltg`ldtl ndhnvnhugc, qul cg sgdgfnöd ls hlc ndhnvnhui y di hlc `îhnfi i
hlc tlrgplutg. ¹Wuî qunlrl hlfnr lsti9 Wul si`is slrls gutödi`is, cnjrls pgrg
lclmnr y hlfnhnr ld audfnöd hl dulstrgs dlflsnhghls rlgcls. Gkirg jnld, cg
gutidi`àg di lxfcuyl `ufkgs vlfls cg dlflsnhgh hl gyuhgr gc Itri.
Dlflsntg`is gc Itri pgrg rlgcnzgrdis l`ifnidgc y lspnrntugc`ldtl. Xg`jnîd,
pgrg furgrdis, pirqul lstg`is hnsl÷ghis pgrg vnvnr ld `gdghg. Rlri lsg gyuhg
di hljl trghufnrsl ld si`ltn`nldti, pirqul lc klfki hl qul yi dlflsntl cg
gsnstldfng hl ud `îhnfi pgrg trgdsntgr `n priflsi jnicömnfi di hljlràg snmdn
snmdnanfgr
anfgr
qul hljg si`ltlr`l g ci qul lc `îhnfi frll qul ls cg vlrhgh gjsicutg. Ld lstl
sldtnhi ls qul hnmi qul lc fg`ndi hl sgdgfnöd ls ndhnvnhugc. Vnmdnanfgdhi fid
lsti qul fghg plrsidg dlflsntg qul sl gr`l lc trgol g `lhnhg hl fghg udg, hl
ci qul g fghg udi cl rlsuldl y cl slg fiklrldtl fid su rlgcnhgh. Fghg
klrrg`nldtg utncnzghg hl `gdlrg fiklrldtl y fidvldnldtl pulhl slr `ncgmrisg,
plri usghg ld air`g `gsnvg y snstl`çtnfg (snstl`gtnzghg pir lc pritifici qul
aulrg clmntn`ghi pir qunîd slg) pulhl slr `uy plcnmrisg. Gsà, pihl`is
fi`prldhlr qul lc rlsuctghi qul udg klrrg`nldtg tlrgpîutnfg tuvi ld udg
plrsidg di pulhl lxtrgpicgrsl g itrg plrsidg. Rirqul ci qul sl pripidl ls qul
dis ifupl`is hlc ldalr`i, di hl cg ldalr`lhgh. Ld ud `i`ldti hl dulstrg
knstirng, ld cg jnimrgaàg hl dulstrg ku`gdnhgh, sl slpgrö gc ldalr`i hl cg
ldalr`lhgh y fghg vlz dis ifupg`is `çs hl cg ldalr`lhgh fi`i gcmi
slpgrghi hlc ldalr`i. Icvnhg`is lc suolti y dis ifupg`is hlc ijolti. ^ lstg
plrsplftnvg sumnlrl vicvlr cg `nrghg kgfng lc ldalr`i, pidlr dulstris iois di ld
ud ijolti hl lstuhni, ls hlfnr cg ldalr`lhgh, sndi ld lc suolti, ls hlfnr cg
plrsidg. Lsti tnldl qul vlr fid rlspltgr
rl spltgr cg ndhnvnhugcnhgh hl cg knstirng hl fghg
udi, fid lc jgmgol hl fghg udi, su nhnisndfrgsng, sus frlldfngs, sus dlflsnhghls
y sus rlgcnhghls
rlgcn hghls l`ifnidgcls.

Dlflsntg`is rlfidiflr qul di kgy dndmudg `lhnfndg fi`i klrrg`nldtg

tlrgpîutnfg ld sà `ns`g qul slg cg pgdgflg, cg nhlgc, lc `îtihi g gpcn
gpcnfgr
fgr snl`prl

y g qunld slg, qul lsg tlrgpîutnfg slg cg nhlgc pgrg tihis, plri sà dlflsntg`is
fi`prldhlr fö`i audfnidg dulstri fulrpi, quî ls ci qul lstç lxprlsgdhi y
sgjlr qul lsi di ls ud lrrir. Lsl ls lc fg`jni hl pgrghnm`g. Gkirg jnld, sà ls
n`pirtgdtl tldlr cg fidsfnldfng hl qul g trgvîs hlc fidifn`nldti y hl udg `gyir
fidsfnldfng hl fghg suflsi ld lc fulrpi, vg`is g tldlr `gyir cnjlrtgh y
`loirls rlsuctghis. Rlri `loirls rlsuctghis di sici ld ci aàsnfi, sndi ld lc
sldtnhi hl cis fg`jnis trgsfldhldtgcls qul kgrçd dulstrgs vnhgs. Fg`jnis
trgsfldhldtgcls ld fgsi hl qul pihg`is y lcnog`is gftugr ld fidslfuldfng y
ld fiklrldfng fid cis `ldsgols y lc snmdnanfghi hl ci qul `gdnanlstg y lxprlsg
dulstrg jnicimàg fugdhi pidl ld `grfkg ld dulstri fulrpi lsi qul sicl`is
ccg`gr ldalr`lhgh. Hl tihis `ihis pihl`is di lclmnrci, di lclmnr lstl fg`jni,
lclmnr `nrgr sici lc fulrpi y di cgs l`ifnidls, lclmnr frllr fi`i vlrhghlri qul
di kgy ud `ldsgol g rlfimlr ld ci qul lc fulrpi `gdnanlstg y lclmnr qul cg
ldalr`lhgh ls ud lrrir.
lrrir . Xg`jnîd ld lsl fgsi dlflsntg`is qul slg lsfufkghg
dulstrg dlflsnhgh y dulstrg lclffnöd, snd ounfni y FID G@IZ.

Qg`is g gfflhlr g udg `lhnfndg

` lhnfndg g`irisg qul lstç irnldtghg pir lc G`ir,
qul frlg y mlstnidg lspgfnis g`irisis sn disitris irnldtg`is dulstrg vnhg g
trgvîs hlc G`ir. Rgrg `à, g trgvîs hlc G`ir snmdnanfg g trgvîs hl cg fidsfnldfng,
hl cg rlspidsgjncnhgh, hl hgrdis fuldtg, hl gsu`nr cgs rlgcnhghls l`ifnidgcls
qul kl`is rlfkgzghi, hl sgdgr cgzis
c gzis hl suarn`nldtis, hl hlsgrtnfucgr dulstrgs
vnicldfngs vndfucgrls, hl ldfidtrgr lc sldtnhi hl dulstrg vnhg ld lstl pcgdi, hl
di hlpisntgr gaulrg dulstrgs arustrgfnidls, hl hlogr hl gsu`nr fidacnftis qul di
dis plrtldlfld, hl di hlspclmgr sicufnidls g prijcl`gs qul di sid dulstris,
hl ldtrgr ld fidtgfti fid dulstrgs fugcnhghls, hl ri`plr fid `gdhgtis
ag`ncngrls, hl kgjncntgrdis g slr ci qul rlgc`ldtl si`is y hl di ouzmgr dn
ouzmgrdis sndi fi`prldhlr y fi`prldhlrdis. \dg `lhnfndg g`irisg di sl
cimrg snldhi vicudtgrnisi, fid lsaulrzi. Vl cimrg fid vicudtgh, fidsfnldfng y
cnjlrtgh. Fi`i hnfld cis @glstris hl snl`prl? –Fi`i ls Grrnjg ls Gjgoi, fi`i
ls Ghldtri ls Gaulrg‐. Di pihl`is iarlflr g`ir gaulrg sn ghldtri ci qul
tldl`is ls `nlhi. N`pisnjcl.

Fi`i `îhnfis, pgrg hlogr hl vlr gc pgfnldtl fi`i gcmunld qul di tnldl
pihlr, qul di sgjl y qul dlflsntg slr hnrnmnhi dlflsntg`is rlvnsgr dulstrg
knstirng, dulstrgs arustrgfnidls y dulstris `nlhis. Fi`i pgfnldtls, pgrg hlogr

hl hlclmgr dulstri pihlr ld cg supulstg gutirnhgh hlc `îhnfi dlflsntg`is

rlvnsgr dulstrgs rlalrldfngs ndtlrdgs y dulstrgs klrnhgs. Dlflsntg`is vlrdis
fi`i pgrls, `çs gccç hl cis ricls. @îhnfi y fidsuctgdtl sid his plrsidgs fid
lc firgzöd ld cg `gdi, arldtl g arldtl, snldhi udg klrrg`nldtg hl cg Itrg. \di y
Itri sl fi`pcl`ldtgd. \di y Itri sl dlflsntgd pgrg gprldhlr y pgrg hlsgrriccgr
su fgpgfnhgh hl G`gr. Rgrg `à, ls ld lsl sldtnhi qul lsti ls lc QLZHGHLZI
FG@JNI HL RGZGHNM@G.

Gkirg, vlg`is cgs < Clyls Jnicömnfgs qul, fi`i hnol gdtls, pripidld ud
fg`jni audfnidgc ld cg `gdlrg hl vlr cg ldalr`lhgh qul gyuhg g pidlr ld lc
fldtri hl cg knstirng g cg plrsidg. Fgjl gfcgrgr qul yi pulhi usgr cgs Clyls
Jnicömnfgs pgrg slmunr pgrghi ld lc `ns`i pgrghnm`g ld lc fugc vldn`is
rlsidgdhi kgfl rgti? qul lc qul pidl lc ioi ld cg ldalr`lhgh y di ld lc ldalr`i,
lc qul lstç munghi pir lc `nlhi y di sl hlog irnldtgr pir lc g`ir y cg cnjlrtgh, lc
pgrghnm`g ld lc fugc lc `îhnfi gsu`l qul tnldl cg vlrhgh gjsicutg y qul cis
qul di cg fi`pgrtld lstçd lqunvifghis, lsl ld lc fugc lc pgfnldtl gsu`l qul
di sgjl dghg y hlclmg tihg cg rlspidsgjncnhgh ld Itri pgrg rlgcnzgr su furgfnöd.
Dghnl dis pulhl ijcnmgr g fg`jngr, dghnl dis pulhl n`pidlr udg `gdlrg hl
vlr cgs fisgs i udg air`g hl fi`prldhlr cg ldalr`lhgh, gsà fi`i dghnl dis
pulhl ijcnmgr g g`gr. Hgrdis fuldtg, slr fidsfnldtls y cnjrls snl`prl ls y slrç
udg lclffnöd plrsidgc.
Cgs < Clyls Jnicö mnfgs

Ndtrihuffnöd

Hl gfulrhi g lstgs clyls, cgs ccg`ghgs ldalr`lhghls di sid

fidsnhlrghgs ud `gc audfnidg`nldti, udg agccg, ud hlslquncnjrni i ud
fi`pirtg`nldti lrrödli hl dulstri fulrpi, sndi qul cg ldalr`lhgh ls
ldtldhnhg fi`i ud primrg`g lsplfngc fid ud sldtnhi jnicömnfi fidfrlti. Ls
hlfnr qul gdtl ud lvldti lsplfngc (qul sgcl hl ci lsplrghi, hl cg dir`g i hl ci
kgjntugc), dulstri irmgdns`i (dulstri flrljri y lc rlsti hl cis örmgdis) pidl ld
`grfkg gqulc primrg`g lsplfngc. Ls hlfnr, lc flrljri gdtl udg sntugfnöd lsplfngc
gftnvg gcmi prlfnsg`ldtl lsplfngc, udg rlspulstg
rlspulstg lsplfngc y tl`pirgrng, yg slg
udg lxplftirgfnöd, ud tu`ir, udg dlu`idàg, ltf. Ls ud fg`jni qul hlspcnlmg
dulstri fulrpi pgrg gcmi, tnldl ud sldtnhi jnicömnfi prlfnsi. Lsg rlspulstg
lsplfngc i primrg`g (qul ccg`g`is ldalr`lhgh) lstç frlghi ld dulstri
irmgdns`i y lstç hnspidnjcl fi`i sicufnöd pgrg gyuhgrdis g sgcnr hl udg
sntugfnöd hl plcnmri ndlsplrghg, pgrg dulstrg suplrvnvldfng y cg hl cg lsplfnl.
Lstl primrg`g lstç ld dulstri GHD pgrg slr usghi ld fgsi hl l`lrmldfng.
Rgrg lol`pcnanfgr, ls fi`i sn dulstri flrljri l`ntnlrg rlspulstgs gdtl
sntugfnidls kgjntugcls, plri gdtl cg prlsldfng hl hltlr`ndghgs sntugfnidls
trgu`çtnfgs lc flrljri l`ntl cg irhld hl frlgr ld lc irmgdns`i udg rlspulstg
lsplfngc, ud fg`jni ld lc fulrpi. Lsg trgdsair`gfnöd jnicömnfg ls ci qul kiy
ccg`g`is ldalr`lhgh.

Gfç viy g lxprlsgr gcmi hl `gdlrg mldlrgc qul culmi hltgccgrî. Lcnoi

kgflrci gsà pirqul fidsnhlri dlflsgrni rlpltnr vgrngs vlfls lstl fidflpti. Ci
qul lstgs clyls kgfld vnsnjcl, culmi hl g÷is hl ndvlstnmgfnidls y `ncls hl
pgfnldtls, ls qul tihi ld dulstri flrljri lstç ndtlmrghi y primrg`ghi ld
tîr`ndis jnicömnfis hl suplrvnvldfng. Kgy primrg`gs dir`gcls y kgy primrg`gs
lsplfngcls. Gdtl cg dir`gcnhgh, qul qunlrl hlfnr qul dulstrg suplrvnvldfng ld
dndmÿd sldtnhi lstç ld plcnmri, sl lolfutgd cis primrg`gs hl `gdlrg kgjntugc5
ls ci qul ccg`g`is lstgr gsndti`çtnfis. Rlri sn gcmi pidl ld rnlsmi dulstrg
suplrvnvldfng ld gcmÿd sldtnhi, sl lolfutgrç ud primrg`g hl `gdlrg lsplfngc y
cg lclffnöd hlc primrg`g qul sl gftnvl hl `gdlrg lsplfngc di vg g slr fgsugc.

Vn yi sgcmi hl `n hlpgrtg`ldti y lsfufki fglr ud pngdi hlshl grrnjg, gc

rlmnstrgrci y gc rlmnstrgr `n flrljri qul pulhi `irnr gpcgstghi pir lc pngdi,
lvgcugrç ld ud ndstgdtl tihg cg sntugfnöd fid tihg cg ndair`gfnöd qul cl cclmg g
trgvîs hl tihis cis sldtnhis y ti`grç, ld ud nndstgdtl,
dstgdtl, cg `loir hlfnsnöd pisnjcl.
Vupidmg`is qul cg hlfnsnöd ls grriogrdis kgfng ghlcgdtl, fi`i sn auîrg`is g
zg`juccnrdis ld udg pncltg. Ld lsl `i`ldti, lc flrljri hg udg irhld prlfnsg y
cis örmgdis, snstl`gs y `ÿsfucis gftÿgd ld fidslfuldfng? dis zg`juccn`is y
dis sgcvg`is. Lsl `ivn`nldti, cg zg`juccnhg, aul udg rlspulstg lsplfngc gdtl
ud lvldti ndlsplrghi qul kgfàg plcnmrgr dulstrg suplrvnvldfng. Xgc vlz, fugdhi
sgcmg itrg vlz hl `n hlpgrtg`ldti `nrl kgfng grrnjg, plri di vicvlrî g
zg`juccnr`l (sgcvi qul itrg vlz fgnmg ud pngdi hlshl grrnjg)5 sndi qul hgrî ud
pgsi y culmi itri, ltf. Ls hlfnr, `n flrljri di vicvlrç
vic vlrç g pidlr ld `g
`grfkg
rfkg gqulc
primrg`g lsplfngc (zg`juccnhg), sndi lc dir`gc? fg`ndgr. ¹Hnràg`is qul ls udg
hlsgr`idàg i ud lrrir zg`juccnrdis pgrg sgcvgrdis9 Di, fcgri qul di. Vgcvgdhi
cgs hnstgdfngs, udg ldalr`lhgh ls fi`i zg`juccnrdis pgrg rlsicvlr udg sntugfnöd
ndlsplrghg hl plcnmri. Lc flrljri rlfnjl ndair`gfnöd y gdtl lsg ndair`gfnöd
hlfnhl quî ls ci `çs fidvldnldtl. Vn cg ndair`gfnöd ls qul kgy ud pngdi g pudti
hl gpcgstgrdis, hlfnhnrç udg fisg. Vn cg ndair`gfnöd ls qul di kgy plcnmri,
hlfnhnrç itrg fisg. Xg`jnîd ls dlflsgrni rl`grfgr qul yi pulhi lstgr
trgdsntgdhi udg gcufndgfnöd y, pir lol`pci, frllr qul ud pngdi fgl hlshl grrnjg
y vnvnr cg sntugfnöd fi`i sn lc pngdi lstuvnlrg fgyldhi. Rir `çs qul di fgnmg
dghg y qul kgyg plrsidgs g `n cghi qul `l hnmgd qul di kgy dghg. Di n`pirtg.
Ls `n vnvldfng y lsi ls ci qul n`pirtg. ^ gdtl lsg ndair`gfnöd, lc flrljri
gftugrç. Lsti pihl`is vlrci ld cgs plcàfucgs 6H, pir lol`pci, fugdhi gdtl
hltlr`ndghis lalftis, hl `gdlrg guti`çtnfg, snd qul `lhnl cg `ldtl y pir `çs
qul slpg`is qul lsi ls ud lalfti, dis –tnrg`is kgfng gtrçs‐ i –lsqunvg`is ci
qul sl vnldl‐. Ci vlrl`is ld jrlvl, di n`pirtg lc lvldti i cg sntugfnöd, sndi
fö`i cg vnvn`is. Vn cg vnvn`is fi`i sn aulrg rlgc ls cg ndair`gfnöd
nd air`gfnöd qul cclmgrç gc
flrljri y gdtl lsg ndair`gfnöd lc flrljri vg g gftugr. Hlfnhg ci qul hlfnhg lc
flrljri, gftnvl ci qul gftnvl, pidmg ld `grfkg lc primrg`g qul aulrg, snl`prl
slrç pgrg mgrgdtnzgr dulstrg suplrvnvldfng, snl`prl slrç udg sicufnöd jnicömnfg
g ud fidacnfti jnicömnfi (ls ud fidacnfti jnicömnfi pirqul cg ndair`gfnöd qul rlfnjl
dulstri flrljri ls qul dulstrg suplrvnvldfng rlgc, dulstrg suplrvnvldfng vntgc,
dulstrg vnhg lstç ld plcnmri5 culmi
c ulmi vg`is g vlr jnld cg cömnfg hl lstg ndair`gfnöd
qul rlfnjl).
 Lstgs Clyls Jnicömnfgs dgfnlrid fid lc dgfn`nldt
dgfn`nldtii `ns`i hl cg vnhg, lstçd
ld dulstri föhnmi mldîtnfi y hlsfrnjld lc audfnidg`nldti hl cis primrg`gs
lsplfngcls fid sldtnhi jnicömnfi qul sicl`is ccg`gr ldalr`lhgh y sl gpcnfgd g
fugcqunlr slr vnvi, yg slg udg pcgdtg, ud gdn`gc i ud slr ku`gdi. Ci qul knzi
kn zi lc
Hr. Kg`lr aul pidlrcgs hl `gdnanlsti, di hlsfujrnrcgs yg qul snl`prl lstuvnlrid
gkà, audfnidgdhi snd slr vnstgs y îc sici cgs knzi vnsnjcls. Fi`i cg cly hl cg
mrgvlhgh? dghg sl sgjàg hl lccg gudqul iplrgjg fitnhngdg`ldtl y lrg
fidanr`ghg pir suflsis qul ld ud tnl`pi hghi lrgd ndfi`prldsnjcls (yg qul
tihgvàg di sl kgjàg pulsti hl `gdnanlsti gqulccg cly). Culmi hl qul cg cly hl
mrgvlhgh aulrg `gdnalstghg y g cg cuz hl cg `ns`g, ci ndfi`prldsnjcl, rgri,
lxtrg÷i y isfuri sl vicvnö fcgri, sldfncci y vlrhghlri). Vnl`prl qul sl pidl hl
`gdnanlsti ci vlrhghlri, cg cuz ncu`ndg cg isfurnhgh.

Ldtidfls, rlpntg`is. G cg cuz hl cgs < Clyls Jnicömnfgs, lsi qul

kgjntugc`ldtl ccg`g`is ldalr`lhgh ls ld rlgcnhgh ud primrg`g lsplfngc fid
sldtnhi jnicömnfi. Xl rlpnti, ls fi`i sn dulstri flrljri tuvnlrg ud `ihus
iplrgdhu` fitnhngdi pgrg cg vnhg dir`gc y itri lsplfngc pgrg cgs sntugfnidls
sn tugfnidls hl
l`lrmldfng. Lsl primrg`g hl l`lrmldfng ls ci qul kgjàg`is ccg`ghi
ldalr`lhgh. Qlg`is quî dis hnfl lstg hlandnfnöd, pgcgjrg pir pgcgjrg.

Ls ud primrg`g. Wul slg ud primrg`g qunlrl hlfnr qul ls gcmi qul lstç
primrg`ghi ld disitris, qul yg vnldl ndfirpirghi g dulstri flrljri hlshl lc
dgfn`nldti y qul lstç gkà, hnspidnjcl pgrg slr usghi fugdhi slg dlflsgrni.
Ndfcuyl primrg`gs qul sl aulrid frlgdhi y qulhgrid ndstgcghis ld cis slrls

vnvis g `lhnhg qul aun`is lvicufnidgdhi. Rldsl`is gc flrljri fi`i cg fldtrgc

hl `gdhi hl udg fi`putghirg. Cis primrg`gs sid cis qul kgfld qul cg
fi`putghirg audfnidl hl udg hltlr`ndghg `gdlrg. ^ fghg primrg`g tnldl udg
audfnöd lsplfàanfg. Rir lol`pci, lc gdtnvnrus ls ud primrg`g. Lc irhldghir
gftnvgrç cg lcn`ndgfnöd hl ud vnrus sn rlfnjl cg
c g ndair`gfnöd hl cg prlsldfng hl ud
vnrus. Fgsi fidtrgrni, di vg g gftnvgr cg audfnöd lcn`ndgr vnrus. Jnld, ldtidfls, ci
qul ccg`g`is ldalr`lhgh ls ud primrg`g. Kgy `ufkis primrg`gs, fi`i
vg`is g vlr, y kgy hnalrldtls tnpis hl primrg`gs
pr imrg`gs (yg vg`is g vlr fö`i aulrid
primrg`çdhisl lsis primrg`gs). Lsis primrg`gs lstçd primrg`ghis l

ndstgcghis ld dulstri flrljri jnicömnfi (qul ls cg fldtrgc hl `gdhi, qunld ti`g

cgs hlfnsnidls pgrg mgrgdtnzgr dulstrg suplrvnvldfng g fghg ndstgdtl). Fghg
primrg`g lstç gsifnghi g ud örmgdi hltlr`ndghi y surmnö fid ud sldtnhi
jnicömnfi prlfnsi, ls hlfnr qul aul frlghi ld cg lvicufnöd pgrg gcmi. Rir lol`pci,
`nldtrgs îrg`is slrls gfuçtnfis, di dlflsntçjg`is puc`idls. Fugdhi dis
`ivn`is hlc gmug g cg tnlrrg, gdtl cg dlflsnhgh hl ghgptgrdis g lsl `lhni y
mgrgdtnzgr gsà dulstrg suplrvnvldfng, sl frlö ud primrg`g qul tldàg qul vlr fid
tgc ghgptgfnöd. Lsl primrg`g ls udg audfnöd, rlspnrgr. ^ lsl primrg`g tnldl ud
örmgdi qul lolfutg lsg audfnöd, lc snstl`g gcvîici puc`idgr fid su udnhgh
jçsnfg, cis gcvîicis puc`idgrls. Lsl primrg`g, gdtl sntugfnidls hidhl di
plcnmrg cg ndmlstg hl gnrl, audfnidg hl `gdlrg dir`gc. Gdtl ud klfki ndlsplrghi
qul kgfl qul cg rlspnrgfnöd slg plcnmrisg, lc primrg`g gftnvg su `ihgcnhgh
lsplfngc. \d lol`pci `uy sldfncci ls fugdhi dis tnrg`is gc gmug y dis
su`lrmn`is. Gc kgflrci, dulstri flrljri hl `gdlrg guti`çtnfg firtg cg
rlspnrgfnöd y fidtnldl lc gnrl pgrg sijrlvnvnr ld lc `lhni gfuçtnfi lc tnl`pi qul
sl pulhg. \dg vlz qul sgcn`is g cg suplranfnl y hlog`is hl lstgr ld plcnmri,
rlspnrg`is dir`gc`ldtl. Xihi lsti lstç primrg`ghi ld lc flrljri.
Ldtidfls, lsi qul hldi`ndg`is ldalr`lhgh ls ud primrg`g. Lsti
qunlrl hlfnr, rlpnti, qul ls gcmi qul tnldl udg utncnhgh y ud and lsplfàanfi qul
pihl`is rlhufnr g mgrgdtnzgr dulstrg suplrvnvldfng, dulstrg ghgptgfnöd gdtl
hltlr`ndghgs sntugfnidls, cg ndtlmrgfnöd hl cg lxplrnldfng y cg fidtndugfnöd hl
dulstrgs vnhgs. ^ lsi g ci qul ltnqultg`is fi`i ldalr`lhgh, ghl`çs hl slr
ud primrg`g, hlfn`is qul ls lsplfngc.

Cg ldalr`lhgh ls ud RZIMZG@G LVRLFNGC. Itri lol`pci. Lc

lstö`gmi tnldl udg audfnöd primrg`ghg ld dulstri flrljri. Fugdhi ndmrlsg ud

gcn`ldti qul pulhl slr priflsghi, ci kgfl hl `gdlrg dir`gc. Vupidmg`is qul
dis ndtixnfg`is y supidmg`is qul cg `loir hlfnsnöd qul pulhl ti`gr dulstri
flrljri ls lxpucsgr lc töxnfi. Ldtidfls, ld cumgr hl priflsgrci
pr iflsgrci pgrg hnmlrnrci ci
qul kgrç ls vi`ntgrci pgrg sgfgrci hl dulstri fulrpi. Ld lsl `i`ldti, sl
gftnvg ud primrg`g lsplfngc, qul slràg cg sicufnöd hl vi`ntgr. \dg vlz
rllstgjclfnhi lc snstl`g, di vi`ntg`is `çs, ls hlfnr qul sl hlsgftnvg lc
primrg`g lsplfngc. Rir lsi, cg ldalr`lhgh ls ud primrg`g y ls
l s lsplfngc? pirqul
sl gftnvg lsplfngc`ldtl gdtl ud klfki ndlsplrghi qul pidl ld plcnmri dulstrg

suplrvnvldfng. Ls ud primrg`g qul sl gftnvg gdtl ud lvldti vnvnhi fi`i hl

l`lrmldfng vntgc, fugdhi dulstri flrljri rlfnjl cg ndair`gfnöd hl qul dulstrg
vnhg lstç ld plcnmri.

Cg ldalr`lhgh ls ud primrg`g lsplfngc fid sldtnhi.

Lstl primrg`g lsplfngc aul frlghi fid ud sldtnhi prlfnsi. Kgy udg cly

qul hnfl qul cg fisg snl`prl lolfutg lc sldtnhi pgrg lc fugc aul frlghg. Vlg ci
qul cg fisg aulrg. Vn yi dlflsnti pgsgr hlshl udg irnccg kgfng cg itrg, puls
ldtidfls viy g frlgr gcmi qul `l plr`ntg kgflrci, fi`i ud puldtl. Lc puldtl
vg g lolfutgr y fu`pcnr lc sldtnhi hl plr`ntnr lc pgsi hl ud cghi kgfng itri. Gkirg
jnld, lc puldtl di `l vg g cclvgr
cc lvgr hl ud cghi kgfng itri, hljlrî usgr `ns pnlr
pnlrdgs.
dgs.
Vn yi di qunlri usgr `ns pnlrdgs, sndi qul itri `lhni hl `ivncnhgh `l trgscghl
hl udg irnccg g cg itrg, viy g frlgr itrg fisg. Ci `ns`i pgsg fid dulstris
örmgdis, dulstrgs `gdis, dulstris hlhis i dulstris hnldtls. Lsti qunlrl hlfnr
qul lsi qul ccg`g`is ldalr`lhgh y qul sicl`is fidsnhlrgr fi`i ud lrrir, lsl

`gc audfnidg`nldti hl dulstri fulrpi, gcmi kgstg gdçrqunfi y snd sldtnhi

gcmudi, ld rlgcnhgh lstç frlghi y primrg`ghi fid ud sldtnhi prlfnsi g slr
lolfutghi, ci qul qunlrl hlfnr qul aul frlghi fi`i rlspulstg g udg dlflsnhgh
hltlr`ndghg. ¹Fuçc sldtnhi9 \D VLDXNHI JNICÖMNFI. ¹Fuçc ls cg dlflsnhgh
hltlr`ndghg9 \dg dlflsnhgh jnicömnfg.

Cg ldalr`lhgh ls ud primrg`g lsplfngc fid sldtnhi jnicömnfi. Wunlrl

hlfnr qul lsl primrg`g ls udg sicufnöd, udg rlspulstg jnicömnfg frlghg g cg
`lhnhg hl ud prijcl`g, ud fidacnfti i udg dlflsnhgh jnicömnfg fidfrltg. Xihi
primrg`g ls udg rlspulstg. Vn dlflsnti fg`ndgr, `n flrljri hgrç udg irhld,
ir hld, udg
rlspulstg, udg sicufnöd prlfnsg g udg pgrtl prlfnsg hl dulstri fulrpi. Di vg g
clvgdtgr cg `gdi, dn vg g hgr cg irhld hl irndgr, sndi qul kgrç qul sl `ulvgd
cgs pnlrdgs. Vn dlflsnti sgctgr ud pizi pgrg di fglr`l y pidlr ld rnlsmi `n vnhg,
y sn sgctgrci ls cg ipfnöd `çs fidvldnldtl, ldtidfls lc flrljri hgrç cg irhld hl
sgctgr y di hl tnrgrsl ld lc pizi, dn hl fi`lr, dn hl mrntgr). Gkà, sgctgr slràg ud
primrg`g lsplfngc. Lsti lstç audfnidgdhi tihi lc tnl`pi ld dulstrg vnhg
fitnhngdg, snd qul slg`is fidsfnldtl hl lcci. Cg ldalr`lhgh ls lsg rlspulstg
i sicufnöd lsplfngc qul sl gftnvg gdtl ud klfki ndlsplrghi qul dis pidl ld ud
fidacnfti jnicömnfi. Jnicömnfi ld lc sldtnhi hl qul sid dulstrg jnicimàg y dulstrg
suplrvnvldfng cgs qul lstçd ld plcnmri. Lsg ls cg
c g ndair`gfnöd qul rlfnjl dulstri
flrljri y culmi vlrl`is ld hltgccl fö`i sl frlg lsg ndair`gfnöd. Lc fidacnfti
jnicömnfi gpgrlfl fugdhi lc flrljri lstç rlfnjnldhi cg ndair`gfnöd hl qul
dulstrg jnicimàg firrl plcnmri, dulstri snstl`g pulhl ficgpsgr y pir ci tgdti
disitris pihl`is `irnr? gkà sl gftnvg cg rlspulst
rlspulstgg jnicömnfg. Cg `gmdntuh hl cg
rlspulstg jnicömnfg hlpldhl hl cg ndtldsnhgh y hurgfnöd hlc fidacnfti i `gsg
fidacnftugc (ls hlfnr qul hlpldhl hl fugd ld plcnmri lstî dulstrg suplrvnvldfng).
Lc Fçdflr ls udg sicufnöd lxtrl`g ld rlspulstg g ud fidacnfti lxtrl`i hl
suplrvnvldfng. Lsti dis qunlrl hlfnr qul lc Fçdflr, fi`i fugcqunlr itrg
`gdnalstgfnöd jnicömnfg ccg`ghg ldalr`lhgh, di ls gcmi fgötnfi qul sl gftnvg
ld dulstri fulrpi snd rgzöd dn and gpgrldtls, sndi qul lsg supulstg rlprihuffnöd
gdçrqunfg hl fîcucgs tnldl ud sldtnhi jnicömnfi prlfnsi qul
qu l ls, cnsg y ccgdg`ldtl,
mgrgdtnzgr cg suplrvnvldfng.

Rgrg qul sl ldtnldhg qul lc flrljri jnicömnfi rlfnjl udg ndair`gfnöd y

gftÿg ld fidslfuldfng, fgjl gfcgrgr qul lc flrljri jnicömnfi dudfg hlsfgdsg,
snl`prl lstç hlspnlrti pgrg mgrgdtnzgr dulstrg suplrvnvldfng y pgrg sgjlr quî
pidlr ld `grfkg i quî audfnöd gftnvgr i jciqulgr. ¹Hl hödhl privnldl cg
ndair`gfnöd qul rlfnjl lc flrljri9 Vn jnld kgy `ufkis gutirls qul sl pulhld
fidsuctgr gc rlsplfti, `l mustgràg sn`pcnanfgr cg lxpcnfgfnöd. Lc flrljri rlfnjl
ndair`gfnöd hl tihis dulstris sldtnhis y tg`jnîd hl cg `ldtl (ls hlfnr, hl
dulstris pldsg`nldtis).
pldsg`nldtis). Gkirg jnld, tihis cis slrls vnvis tldl`is udg psnqul
(disitris hnalrldtl g cg hl ud gdn`gc i udg pcgdtg). Rgrg kgflr `çs sldfnccg cg
lxpcnfgfnöd y gud firrnldhi lc rnlsmi hl di slr prlfnsg ld fnlrtis fidflptis
tîfdnfis (fisg qul gfç ls nrrlclvgdtl
n rrlclvgdtl yg qul dis n`pirtg cg fi`prldsnöd jçsnfg
hl ci qul kgjcg`is), pihl`is rlhufnr lc fidflpti hl psnqul gc tîr`ndi hl
dulstrg `ldtl. Cg `ldtl ndtlrprltg tihi lc tnl`pi cgs sntugfnidls qul
lxplrn`ldtg`is. Gdtl ud lvldti hghi, `ufkis vg`is g vnvldfngrci
vnvldfngrc i hl hnstndtg
`gdlrg. @nrg`is udg `ns`g plcàfucg ld ag`ncng, y tihis cis ndtlmrgdtls vg`is
g tldlr plrflpfnidls hnalrldtls. Xldl`is cg `ns`g `ghrl, y tihis cis klr
klr`gdis
`gdis
fidtg`is fid udg `nrghg hnstndtg hl lccg. Ld dulstrg psnqul,
psnqul , ld dulstrg `ldtl,
kgy `ufkgs fisgs qul dis fidhnfnidgd g vnvnr hl udg u itrg `gdlrg tgcls i
fugcls sntugfnidls. Rir lol`pci, ls `uy prijgjcl qul cis klr`gdis vnvgd cg
`ulrtl hl ud pghrl hl hnstndtg `gdlrg (udi pulhl sldtnrsl gjgdhidghi, itri
sldtnr ud pîrhnhg priaudhg, itri pulhl sldtnr qul su vnhg lstç ld plcnmri pirqul
di sgjrç fö`i kgflr hl gkirg ld ghlcgdtl, itri pulhl sldtnr fucpg pir di kgjlr
klfki gcmi `çs pgrg qul su pghrl di `ulrg, l ndfcusi itris pulhld vnvnrcg
ndfidsfnldtl`ldtl fi`i ud gcnvni i udg cnjlrgfnöd). Ci qul kgfl qul gdtl lc
`ns`i lvldti kgmg`is udg ndtlrprltgfnöd hnstndtg ls ci qul kgy ld dulstrg
`ldtl, ld dulstrg psnqul, ld dulstri snstl`g hl frlldfngs y ld dulstri
sujfidsfnldtl, qul dis fidhnfnidg y dis irnldtg kgfng udg
u dg hltlr`ndghg `gdlrg
hl vnvnr lsl lvldti. Lsl sldtnr hl cg sntugfnöd, qul gcmudis ccg`gd vnvldfng,
prihufl udg ndair`gfnöd5 ndair`gfnöd qul cclmgrç g dulstri flrljri y gdtl cg
fugc lc flrljri (jnicömnfi) vg g gftugr hl `gdlrg fiklrldtl y prlfnsg. Ls
dlflsgrni fi`prldhlr qul pgrg lc flrljri ls ci `ns`i qul gcmi slg rlgc i
sn`jöcnfi. Ls hlfnr, pgrg lc flrljri jnicömnfi ls ci `ns`i qul yi `l kgyg
trgmghi ud gcn`ldti qul di pulhg hnmlrnr qul kgjlr vnvnhi lsl lvldti ld lc qul
`n vnvldfng aul fi`i sn `l kujnlrg trgmghi ud gcn`ldti qul di pulhi priflsgr.
Lc flrljri di hnstndmul ldtrl lc gcn`ldti rlgc y lc gcn`ldti sn`jöcnfi, sndi qul
gftÿg ld audfnöd hl cg ndair`gfnöd qul rlfnjl. Vn cg ndair`gfnöd qul rlfnjl gdtl
ud lvldti (fi`i udg hnsfusnöd fid `n pgrlog) ls cg vnvldfng qul yi tldmi fi`i
hl kgjlr`l trgmghi ud gcn`ldti qul `l kgfl `gc, ud jifghi qul `l qulhg
gtrgvlsghi y kgstg snldti cntlrgc`ldtl udg plcitg ld lc lstö`gmi, ldtidfls lc
flrljri gftÿg fi`i sn rlgc`ldtl yi `l kujnlsl trgmghi ud gcn`ldti qul `l
qulhö gtrgvlsghi ld lc lstö`gmi i ud jifghi ndhnmlsti. Ldtidfls, gdtl lsg
ndair`gfnöd, lc flrljri pidhrç ld `grfkg ud primrg`g lsplfngc pgrg hnmlrnr lsl
gcn`ldti rlgc i sn`jöcnfi qul `l qulhö gtrgvlsghi ld lc lstö`gmi. ^ cg
rlspulstg i primrg`g lsplfngc pulhl slr lc ldmrisg`nldti hl cg pgrlh hlc
lstö`gmi i ud ghldifgrfndi`g mçstrnfi5 ls hlfnr qul `n flrljri pulhl pidlr
ld `grfkg udg pgticimàg gsifnghg gc lstö`gmi. Fi`i rlfkgzi vntgc`ldtl ci
suflhnhi y vnvi cg sntugfnöd fi`i gcmi qul di pulhi dn qunlri hnmlrnr (ls hlfnr,
gcmi gsifnghi gc gpgrgti hnmlstnvi), di sî fö`i rlsicvlr lc fidacnfti ld lc qul
lstiy, ci tldmi gtirghi ld lc lstö`gmi fi`i sn `l kujnlrg fi`nhi gcmi qul `l
fgyö `gc, ldtidfls cgs fîcucgs hlc lstö`gmi sl rlprihufld pgrg hnmlrnrci.
Zlpnti, hg ci `ns`i pgrg lc flrljri qul sl trgtl hl ud gcn`ldti rlgc i hl ud
gcn`ldti sn`jöcnfi. ^ cg sicufnöd jnicömnfg (ccg`ghg ldalr`lhgh) i rlspulstg di
vg g hlpldhlr hlc lvldti ld sà `ns`i sndi hl cg `gdlrg ld cg fugc yi vnvg lsl
lvldti, hl cg vnvldfng qul tldmg hlc `ns`i5 y cg ndtldsnhgh y hurgfnöd hlc
fidacnfti `l hgrçd cg `gsg fidacnftugc, ls hlfnr lc tnpi hl rlspulstg qul yi
dlflsntl y qul pulhl slr plqul÷g (clvl ldmrisg`nldti) i mrgdhl (ud
ghldifgrfndi`g). Itrg plrsidg pulhl vnvnr cg sntugfnöd fi`i udg fgmghg, y sn
lstg`is kgjcgdhi hl lsg vnvldfng, qul ndvicufrg g cgs klfls, ldtidfls gkà vgd
g lstgr ndvicufrghis cis ndtlstndis, y sn ls udg fgmghg, ls hlfnr gcmi ali y sufni
fid ci qul di pulhi fidvnvnr, lc flrljri pulhl hlspclmgr cg hngrrlg fi`i
sicufnöd (lsti pihl`is vlrci `uy jnld ld cis dn÷is, qul rlsulcvld g trgvîs hl
cg jnicimàg). @l hnsfucpi pir lc vifgjucgrni, plri ls dlflsgrni fi`prldhlr qul
fugdhi ndtlrvnldl cg jnicimàg ls pirqul ci lstç vnvnldhi ld lsis tîr`ndis, pir
lsi lc Hr. Kg`lr usg ud cldmugol flrfgdi g cg dgturgclzg pgrg hlandnr cis
fidacnftis. Rirqul lsti ls ci `ns`i pgrg ud gdn`gc qul pgrg udg plrsidg. \d
plrri pulhl tldlr fidacnfti hl tlrrntirni y ldtidfls `grfgr su tlrrntirni fid cg
irndg. \dg plrsidg pulhl vnvldfngr ud fidacnfti hl `grfgfnöd hl cà`ntls ld su
tlrrntirni y, pir lol`pci, trgs cg rlsicufnöd culmi
c ulmi `gdnalstgr udg ndalffnöd urndgrng.
Fid cg irndg `grfg`is tlrrntirni, tgdti lc gdn`gc fi`i lc slr ku`gdi. Qicvnldhi
Qic vnldhi
gc lol`pci hl cgs klfls, tg`jnîd ls `uy arlfuldtl cg fidstnpgfnöd. Ld su pgrlh,
dulstri ndtlstndi tnldl his tnpis hl anjrgs `usfucgrls qul trgjgogd
fiirhndghg`ldtl pgrg mldlrgr cg lxpucsnöd hl cg `gtlrng alfgc. Cgs anjrgs
cidmntuhndgcls kgfld cg `lzfcg y cgs trgdsvlrsgcls kgfld cg pripucsnöd i lc
gvgdfl hl cgs klfls. Fugdhi vnvn`is udg sntugfnöd fi`i ud jifghi ndhnmlsti y
cg plrfnjn`is cntlrgc`ldtl fi`i ud jifghi hl `nîrficls i gcmi hlsgmrghgjcl,
vgd g gftnvgrsl cgs anjrgs cidmntuhndgcls hl `lzfcg pgrg pihlr priflsgr lsl
jifghi, Cgs anjrgs hl pripucsnöd di sl `ivlrçd y ldtidfls sl prihufnrç `lzfcg
snd sgcnhg, ls hlfnr, fidstnpgfnöd. Fugdhi
F ugdhi lsl jifghi sl rlsulcvl, sl gftnvgd ccgs
gs
anjrgs hl pripucsnöd qul ci lcn`ndgd y pihrî tldlr kgstg lpnsihnis lxpucsnvis hl
hngrrlg aîtnhg pgrg sgfgr lsl jifghi ndhnmlsti y sufni.
Jnld, gkirg vg`is g cgs clyls qul lxpcnfgd lc irnmld y audfnidg`nldti hl
lstl primrg`g lsplfngc fid sldtnhi jnicömnfi qul ccg`g`is ldalr`lhgh.
Rrn`lrg Cly Jnic ömn fg hlc Fçdflr? Cly Aîrrlg hlc Fçdflr

Lc Hr. Kg`lr cg hldi`ndö Cly Aîrrlg hlc Fçdflr, ls hlfnr cly hl knlrri
(pirqul di sl hijcg, di agccg, suflhl snl`prl) pirqul ls cg qul plr`ntl fidiflr
lc irnmld hl cg `gyiràg hl cgs ldalr`lhghls5 qul pgrg kgjcgr fid `gyir
prlfnsnöd y goustgrdis g ci rlgc vg`is g hlogr hl ccg`gr ldalr`lhghls pgrg pgsgr
g ccg`grcgs primrg`g lsplfngc fid sldtnhi jnicömnfi . Cg prn`lrg Cly Jnicömnfg
hlc Fçdflr qul dis pisnjncntg fidiflr lc irnmld hlc Fçdflr y hl fugcqunlr
primrg`g lsplfngc fid sldtnhi jnicömnfi hnfl ci snmunldtl? tihi primrg`g fid
sldtnhi jnicömnfi (qul sicl`is ccg`gr ldalr`lhgh) tnldl su irnmld ld ud
fidacnfti jnicömnfi. Lstl ls ud skife trgu`çtnfi qul gtldtg fidtrg dulstrg
suplrvnvldfng (ud gtldtgdhi
gtldtgdhi g ud gsplfti hl dulstrg vnhg). Lc Hr
Hr.. Kg`lr ci ccg`ö
sàdhri`l hl Hnre Kg`lr (ld kidir g su knoi) y ci di`jrö HKV.

Lstl skife trgu`çtnfi (HKV) tnldl fnlrtgs fgrgftlràst

fgrgftlràstnfgs
nfgs y dlflsntg rludnr
fnlrtgs fidhnfnidls pgrg gftnvgr ud primrg`g lsplfngc fid sldtnhi jnicömnfi qul
ccg`çjg`is ldalr`lhgh. Rirqul hl `gdlrg fitnhngdg, g ci cgrmi hl dulstrgs
vnhgs, tihis vnvn`is sntugfnidls hl ud mrgd lstrîs i trgu`çtnfgs, plri di
snl`prl hnspgrgd cg ldalr`lhgh fi`i sicufnöd. Rir ci tgdti, lsti qunlrl hlfnr
qul pgrg qul dulstri flrljri pidmg ld `grfkg lsg sicufnöd, lsl skife i lstrîs
trgu`çtnfi n`pgftö ld cg jnicimàg mldlrgdhi udg gclrtg ld fugdti g dulstrg
suplrvnvldfng vntgc. Ls dlflsgrni fi`prldhlr qul dulstrg jnicimàg ndtlrvnldl
pgrg cnjlrgrdis hl lstrîs, priflsgr ci suflhnhi, di qulhgrdis gtrgpghis ld ci

qul vnvn`is, ndtlmrgr tihi cg vnvldfng, ghgptgrdis y lvicufnidgr. Dulstrg

jnicimàg, fi`i cg hl tihis cis slrls vnvis, gftÿg g agvir hl cg suplrvnvldfng hl
cg lsplfnl, og`çs frlgràg gcmi pgrg gutihlstrunrsl? lsi ls cömnfg jnicömnfg.
Dulstrg jnicimàg sici pulhl ti`gr hlfnsnidls y gffnidls qul mldlrgrçd udg
fidslfuldfng ld dulstri ndtlrnir5 ls hlfnr, ld dulstri fulrpi. Lc flrljri
jnicömnfi di pulhl kgflr dghg kgfng gaulrg pgrg rlsicvlr ud fidacnfti. Vn yi
dlflsnti `çs fgpgfnhgh pgrg hnmlrnr udg vnvldfng, `nldtrgs `n `ldtl jusfg udg
sicufnöd gaulrg, `n flrljri gftÿg kgfng ghldtri g and hl pidlr ld `grfkg ud
primrg`g lsplfngc (ldalr`lhgh) fid ud sldtnhi jnicömnfi (hnmlrnr lc jifghi

gtrgvlsghi) y, ldtidfls, gftnvg gcmi ld lc lstö`gmi. @nldtrgs

@n ldtrgs snmg rlfnjnldhi cg
ndair`gfnöd hl qul kgy gcmi gtrgvlsghi qul tldmi qul hnmlrnr pgrg di ficgpsgr,
lc flrljri vg g slmunr
slmun r kgfnldhi ci `ns`i.

Ldtidfls hlfàg`is qul slmÿd cg Rrn`lrg Cly Jnicömnfg, cg Cly Aîrrlg hlc
Fçdflr, tihg ldalr`lhgh i primrg`g lsplfngc fid sldtnhi jnicömnfi sl gftnvg
gdtl cg prlsldfng hl ud skife trgu`çtnfi, ccg`ghi fidacnfti jnicömnfi. Lstg cly
hg rlspulstg gc irnmld hl tihgs cgs ldalr`lhghls y `gdnalstgfnidls, hlshl cg
vlrrumg kgstg lc VNHG. Lstl skife trgu`çtnfi qul irnmndg lc primrg`g ls
hldi`ndghi HKV y tnldl fnlrtgs fgrgftlràstnfgs
fgrgftlràstnfgs.. Qlg`is fuçcls sid?

Lsl skife ls gmuhi, mrgvl, ndlsplrghi y vnvnhi ld siclhgh.

Ls ud lvldti fi`pcltg`ldtl GM\HI pirqul suflhl ld udg argffnöd hl

slmudhis y dis ti`g hlsprlvldnhis, g fidtrg pnl. Ls MZGQL i
HZG@ÇXNFI y kistnc pgrg cg suplrvnvldfng hl qunld ci vnvl5 cg vnvldfng
qul tnldl cg plrsidg hl tgc lvldti ls hl udg lxtrl`g mrgvlhgh, ci qul di
qunlrl hlfnr qul slg trgu`çtnfi pgrg tihgs cgs plrsidgs. Ls
NDLVRLZGHI pirqul di tuvn`is tnl`pi hl ghgptgrdis y di kuji dn ud
`nduti hl gdtnfnpgfnöd. Ls n`pirtgdtl fi`prldhlr lsti? pgrg lstl skife
trgu`çtnfi di tuvn`is gdtnfnpgfnöd. Lsg ls cg hnalrldfng ldtrl ud fidacnfti
jnicömnfi y udi psnficömnfi? pgrg lc slmudhi sà kgy gdtnfnpgfnöd (gudqul
slg ud `nduti) y di ls lc qul
q ul n`pgftg ld cg jnicimàg fid ci qul ccg`g`is
ldalr`lhgh. Vn kuji gdtnfnpgfnöd, qulhg ld cg psnquns y ls fidacnfti
psnficömnfi qul di sl `gdnanlstg ld lc fulrpi aàsnfi. Rgrg qul slg
jnicömnfi y sl `gdnanlstl ld lc fulrpi, di tnldl qul kgjlr gdtnfnpgfnöd, tl
ti`g titgc`ldtl hlsprlvldnhi. Cg vnvldfng ls tgd ndlsplrghg, tgd
hrg`çtnfg y dis hlog tgd ld skife qul cg jnicimàg sl pidl ld `grfkg pgrg
rlsicvlrcg fid lc primrg`g lsplfngc hl l`lrmldfngs qul ccg`çjg`is
ldalr`lhgh. Rir lol`pci, vli fi`i ud guti gtriplccg g `n `gsfitg,
`gsfitg , g cg
qul g`i fi`i g ud knoi i fi`i g udg fràg (y di pulhi kgflr dghg pgrg
lvntgr su `ulrtl). Vn pgrg `à, vlr `irnr gsà g `n `gsfitg y di pihlr kgflr
dghg gc rlsplfti n`pcnfg qul cg grrgdfgrid hl `n plfki y lsg ls `n
vnvldfng, `n psnquns cl pidl lsg ltnqultg g lsl skife trgu`çtnfi di
fidsfnldtl, sl ci ldvàg g `n flrljri y lstl hnspgrg lc primrg`g pgrg hgrcl
cg sicufnöd jnicömnfg g lsl fidacnfti. Rir lol`pci, sn siy `uolr y pgrg `à
lc plrri ls fi`i sn aulrg ud knoi, y g su `ulrtl cg vnvi fi`i udg
slpgrgfnöd hl îc, gdtl tgc suflsi pulhl gftnvgrsl lc primrg`g lsplfngc
fid sldtnhi jnicömnfi qul culmi hgrç cumgr g ud Fçdflr huftgc hl `g`gs
(culmi vlrl`is jnld pir quî). Dlflsntg`is fi`prldhlr qul gdtl lstl
skife trgu`çtnfi ld tîr`ndis jnicömnfis i HKV sl gftnvg ld disitris udg
rlspulstg qul ls guti`çtnfg, pirqul sl gftnvg gcmi yg primrg`ghi ld
disitris. Xihis cis primrg`gs lsplfngcls sid klrrg`nldtgs hl
suplrvnvldfng y dis plr`ntld ghgptgrdis g cgs dlflsnhghls hl dulstri
ldtirdi, g sijrlvnvnr y lvicufnidgr (fid titgc sldtnhi). Dulstri flrljri
rlfnjl cg ndair`gfnöd hl qul lstg`is ld plcnmri y di kgy ndtlrvldfnöd hl
cg `ldtl, hl cg rgzöd, hl cis pldsg`nldtis, hl cg psnqul dn hlc fulrpi
l`ifnidgc. Vl hnspgrg guti`çtnfg l nd`lhngtg`ldtl cg rlspulstg
dlflsgrng, prlfnsg y jnicömnfg pgrg suplrgr lsl plcnmri vntgc. Rir lsti,
fi`i lxpcnfg lc Hr. Kg`lr, cg ldalr`lhgh, fi`i primrg`g lsplfngc fid
sldtnhi jnicömnfi, di tnldl dghg qul vlr fid ud klfki psnfi-si`çtnfi5 di
ls psnfi-cömnfi5 ls sicg`ldtl gcmi jni-cömnfi. Rir lsi, fugdhi hlfn`is
qul lc HKV (lsl skife trgu`çtnfi, gmuhi, mrgvl, ndlsplrghi y vnvnhi ld
siclhgh qul vnvldfng`is fi`i sn dulstrg suplrvnvldfng lstuvnlrg
g`ldgzghg) gftnvg udg rlspulstg y lsg rlspulstg ls ud primrg`g
ansnicömnfi lsplfngc (pir lsi ls ud primrg`g jnicömnfi), sl pidl ld `grfkg
dulstrg ansnicimàg pgrg rlsicvlr cg sntugfnöd hl plcnmri ld cg fugc dis
lstg`is ldfidtrgdhi. Gftnvgr cg ansnicimàg qunlrl hlfnr pidlr ld
audfnidg`nldti dulstris örmgdis, snstl`gs, `ÿsfucis, kulsis y hnldtls
pgrg kgflr ci qul slg dlflsgrni pgrg sicufnidgr dulstri fidacnfti. Vn
pnlrhi lc trgjgoi y cg ndtlrprltgfnöd qul kgfl `n psnqul hl lstl lvldti ld
tîr`ndis di fidsfnldtls ls qul `l viy g `irnr hl kg`jrl, ldtidfls lc
flrljri (qul sici pulhl gftugr ld disitris, di sijrl lc ldtirdi) kgrç ci
`loir qul pulhg pgrg sicufnidgrci. Ls gsà qul gftnvg ud primrg`g
lsplfngc pgrg gh`ndnstrgr hl cg `loir `gdlrg pisnjcl lc gcn`ldti qul yg
tldl`is ghldtri hl dulstri irmgdns`i y pulhl `gdnalstgrsl, pir
lol`pci, gcmudg pgticimàg i primrg`g vndfucghi gc kàmghi. ¹Rir quî9
Rirqul lc kàmghi, ldtrl itrgs audfnidls, tnldl cg audfnöd hl gh`ndnstrgr lc
gcn`ldti hnspidnjcl (cg prihuffnöd hl gzÿfgrls, mrgsgs, pritlàdgs, ltf.).
Vn di tldmi cg pisnjncnhgh hl fidslmunr `çs fi`nhg, lc flrljri `gdhgrç
cg irhld hl `gdlogr hl cg air`g `çs lanfnldtl cg fi`nhg qul yg tldl`is.
 Ldtldhg`is qul lc flrljri dis fidsnhlrg gdn`gcls ld cg dgturgclzg y
lstç rlfnjnldhi cg ndair`gfnöd hl qul dis qulhg`is snd prlsg, snd
gcn`ldti vntgc, y kgy qul ti`gr udg hlfnsnöd urmldtl pgrg sijrlvnvnr kgstg
qul ldfidtrl`is itrg prlsg. Cg psnqul i `ldtl, qul knzi lsg
ndtlrprltgfnöd hlc lvldti pir dulstrg knstirng, dulstrg frngdzg, dulstrgs
lxplrnldfngs, dulstri snstl`g hl frlldfngs y lc fidtldnhi hl dulstri
sujfidsfnldtl, rlfnjl lsg ndair`gfnöd. Ci qul suflhl ls qul cg `ldtl,
fugdhi dis hlspnhld hlc trgjgoi i dis suflhl gcmi qul di llsplrçjg`is,
splrçjg`is,
ld ud slmudhi cl pidl cg ltnqultg
l tnqultg hl `nlhi g `irnr hl kg`jr
kg`jrl.
l. Cg psnquns
ls lc primrg`ghir hl cg `çqundg. Cl ldvàg lsg ltnqultg gc flrljri qul ls
lc irhldghir. ^ lc flrljri hnspgrg lc primrg`g lsplfngc qul vg g lolfutgr
lc örmgdi firrlspidhnldtl g lsg tl`çtnfg. Lc flrljri sici pulhl rlsicvlr
kgfng ghldtri hlc fulrpi. Kgfng gaulrg sl tnldl qul ifupgr cg psnqul i
`ldtl? cg psnqul hl ud gdn`gc sl hlhnfgrç g ldfidtrgr udg prlsg, cg
psnqul hl ud ki`jrl sl hlhnfgrç g ldfidtrgr itri trgjgoi i gcmunld qul
cl prlstl hndlri. Cg sicufnöd hlc flrljri kgfng hldtri hlc fulrpi vg g lstgr
gsifnghg gc tnpi hl fidacnfti, ls hlfnr, g su fidtldnhi. Ld lc fgsi hlc
lol`pci, cg vnvldfng hl cg plrsidg gdtl lc hlspnhi ls qul sl vg g `irnr hl
kg`jrl, gkà lc flrljri cl hg cg irhld g ud örmgdi
ör mgdi qul pulhg rlsicvlr lsl
fidacnfti, ld lstl fgsi, lc kàmghi. ^ sn lc fidacnfti ls tgd ndtldsi y vntgc, cg
sicufnöd pulhl slr ud Fçdflr hl kàmghi. ¹Fuçc ls lc sldtnhi jnicömnfi hlc
Fçdflr hlc kàmghi9 Gh`ndnstrgr `loir lc gcn`ldti hnspidnjcl, mldlrgr `çs
gcn`ldti, gh`ndnstrgr cgs rlslrvgs hl gcn`ldti y rlslrvgr `çs gcn`ldti
pgrg qul lc ndhnvnhui di `ulrg hl kg`jrl
Ldtidfls, rlpgsl`is. Xihi primrg`g lsplfngc fid sldtnhi jnicömnfi (qul
disitris ccg`çjg`is ldalr`lhgh), tnldl su irnmld ld ud skife trgu`çtnfi. Lstl
skife trgu`çtnfi, hldi`ndghi HKV, tnldl cgs fgrgftlràst
fgrgftlràstnfgs
nfgs qul snmuld?

• NDLVRLZGHI, pirqul di sl lsplrg qul suflhg, di sl ci

vl vldnr, ls gcmi qul dis gmgrrg g fidtrg`gdi, di dis hg tnl`pi g
prlpgrgrdis pgrg g`irtnmugr lc micpl. Ls fi`i sn gcmunld dis tri`plg hl
cg dghg, hl air`g ndlsplrghg y sirprlsnvg. Lc lvldti qul hnspgrg lstl

HKV (skife trgu`çtnfi) sulcl hurgr udgs argffnidls hl slmudhis y,

y , ld cg
`gdlrg qul tldl`is hl lxplrn`ldtgr tgc lvldti, di tuvn`is tnl`pi hl
ghgptgrdis

• MZGQL, pirqul ls trgu`çtnfi y mldlrg ud dnvlc hl lstrîs

ndfidsfnldtl qul di sl pulhl priflsgr, sl vnvl fi`i ud klfki ndtldsi
qul ifupg `n `ldtl cg `gyir pgrtl hlc tnl`pi. Rir lol`pci, fugdhi
suflhl gcmi hl lstgs fgrgftlràstnfgs, hurgdtl lc hàg ru`ng`is y cl hg`is
vulctgs gc gsudti, fi`l`is `gc i di fi`l`is, lstg`is hnstrgàhis,
dulstrg `l`irng sl gctlrg, di hir`n`is jnld, hurgdtl cg difkl dulstri
flrljri snmul jusfgdhi udg sicufnöd y lstg`is hl ud ku`ir hltlr`ndghi
tihi lc tnl`pi (gdmustnghis, trnstls, ldioghis i dlrvnisis). Rihl`is
nhldtnanfgrci ld dulstrg vnhg. Kl`is pgsghi pir lstg vnvldfng, ld cg fugc
dulstris pldsg`nldtis lstçd hgdhi vulctgs hl `gdlrg fidstgdtl g ud
gsudti, dulstrg fgcnhgh hl sul÷i ls `gcg, dis icvnhg`is hl fulstnidls
jçsnfgs, kgstg lstg`is hlsprlvldnhis ld gsplftis lcl`ldtgcls fi`i
pulhl slr fruzgr cg fgccl, hlogr prldhnhg udg kirdgccg, ltf. Dulstri flrljri
hljl ti`gr udg hlfnsnöd pgrg pihlr sijrlvnvnr. Ls hrg`çtnfi y trgu`çtnfi,
ldtidfls, ld tîr`ndis jnicömnfis dulstrg jnicimàg lstç ld plcnmri5 ls ud
skife jnicömnfi. Hl klfki (fi`i vlrl`is), sl gftnvg ci qul pihràg`is
hlandnr, sn`pcnanfgdhi cg hlandnfnöd, fi`i dulstri snstl`g hl gclrtg.
• QNQNHI LD GNVCG@NLDXI y LD VICLHGH. Ld lsl
ndstgdtl, cg plrsidg gdtl lsl lvldti sl snldtl sicg y snd pisnjncnhgh hl
pihlr di`jrgr su vnvldfng rlgc, ci qul rlgc`ldtl lstç sndtnldhi (lc skife
ls tgc, qul di cl pulhl pidlr di`jrl). Rir lol`pci, cclmi g `n fgsg y
ldfuldtri g `n fi`pg÷lri fid itrg `uolr. Kgy udg pgrtl hl lsg vnvldfng
qul di cg pulhi trgds`ntnr, qulhg ldflrrghg ld `à. Vn jnld vgrnis pulhld
sgjlr qul aun trgnfnidghg, dghnl pulhl sgjlr dn yi pulhi di`jrgr cg
l`ifnöd rlgc qul mldlrö ld `à lsg lxplrnldfng. Rir lsi, lc Hr. Kg`lr
hnfl qul ls ud klfki vnvnhi ld siclhgh, di ls pir lstgr sicis. Rulhi
hlsfujrnr fid udgs g`nmgs cg ndanhlcnhgh hl `n fi`pg÷lri, di n`pirtg qul
lstî ld lsl `i`ldti fid itrgs plrsidgs. N`pirtg qul cg `gdlrg ld cg
fugc lstiy vnvldfngdhi lsl lvldti di `l plr`ntl pidlrcl di`jrl g cg
vnvldfng rlgc, di pulhi di`jrgrcg, `l snldti sicg y snldti qul dghg dn
dghnl pulhl gyuhgr`l g suplrgr, rlsicvlr, sicufnidgr ci qul `l lstç
 suflhnldhi. @l pgrgcnzi. ^ lsti ls N@RIZXGDXL
N@RIZXGDXL.. @l pgrgcn
pgrgcnzi
zi gdtl udg
sntugfnöd qul lstiy vnvnldhi fi`i plcnmrisg. Rir ci qul, gdtl cg vnvldfng
hl siclhgh, lc flrljri gftugrç sijrl ci ÿdnfi qul pulhl gftugr pgrg
rlsicvlr cg sntugfnöd? lc `lhni ndtlrdi, ls hlfnr, dulstri irmgdns`i,
dulstri fulrpi, dulstrg jnicimàg, gftnvgdhi lsi qul ccg`g`is
ldalr`lhgh y qul ls ud primrg`g lsplfngc jnicömnfi y sldsgti.

Ls n`pirtgdtl fi`prldhlr qul di ls sici ud fidacnfti psnficömnfi gdtl lc

fugc sl gftnvg ci qul ccg`g`is ldalr`lhgh. Ld lc fgsi hl cg ndanhlcnhgh, udg
pgrlog pulhl lstgr ld lc fidacnfti vndfucgr, ru`ngdhi `ldtgc`ldtl lsg
prijcl`çtnfg, ld udg rlcgfnöd töxnfg y snd sgjlr sn slmunr i di, lsi ls ud fidacnfti
psnficömnfi (pir ci tgdti, gfç di vg g ndtlrvldnr, ld ud prndfnpni, cg jnicimàg). Gc
vlr lccg g su fi`pg÷lri fid itrg `uolr, lsl lvldti trgu`çtnfi l ndlsplrghi hl
udis pifis slmudhis hl hurgfnöd hnspgrg ud primrg`g hl l`lrmldfngs ld lc
fulrpi, pirqul gdtl lc lvldti ndlsplrghi, cg vnvldfng rlgc l ndfidsfnldtl qul
rlfnjl su flrljri ls qul vg g `irnr ld lc gfti, pir lsi sl trgdsair`g ld ud
fidacnfti vntgc y jnicömnfi qul mldlrg udg rlspulstg jnicömnfg, gdn`gc).
Fcgrg`ldtl, lstg gftnvgfnöd hlc primrg`g hl l`lrmldfngs ld lc fulrpi di ls
gcmi pldsghi sndi guti`çtnfi, di fidsfnldtl l ndstgdtçdli. Ci qul gftnvg lstl
primrg`g ls cg vnvldfng qul tldl`is hl tgc lvldti. Lc lvldti ld sà di n`pirtg,
sndi cg vnvldfng qul tldmg`is hlc `ns`i. Rulhl slr ud ndsucti, cg `ulrtl hl ud
knoi i ud gffnhldtl. @çs gccç hlc lvldti, ls cg vnvldfng qul tldl`is disitris hlc
`ns`i.

Ldtidfls, cg vnvldfng hl lsl lvldti tnldl qul slr?

• Ndlsplrghg? di ci vli vl
vldnr,
dnr, di pulhi prlpgrgr`l pgrg gghgptgr`l
hgptgr`l gc
skife trgu`çtnfi qul hnspgrg cg vnvldfng hl tgc lvldti, gcmi qul `l
gmgrrg g fidtrg`gdi.
• Xrgu`çtnfg, mrgvl? ls udg
udg vnvldfng di fidsfnl
fidsfnldtl
dtl hl qul cg
suplrvnvldfng lstç ld plcnmri. Ls hrg`çtnfg y mrgvl pgrg disitris. Vl
hnalrldfng hl lsgs fi`pcnfgfnidls fitnhngdgs ld cgs fugcls lstç
ldtrltldnhg dulstrg psnqul y fid cgs qul lstg`is gfistu`jrghis g
cnhngr y g ldfidtrgr sicufnidls privnsirngs.
 • Qnvnhg ld siclhgh, ld gnscg`
gnscg`nldti?
nldti? ld lsl `i`ldti, qunîd trgdsntg cg
vnvldfng sl snldtl sici y di pulhl di`jrgr ci qul lstç vnvnldhi, sl
snldtl gtrgpghi ld lsg vnvldfng snd qul dghg dn dghnl ci pulhg
gyuhgr).

Gkirg vlg`is fö`i sl hg lstg rlspulstg guti`çtnfg, ndstgdtçdlg y

jnicömnfg qul ccg`çjg`is ldalr`lhgh.

Xldl`is, ldtidfls, lc HKV, ls hlfnr lc fkiqul. Lstl skife trgu`çtnfi

jnicömnfi gftnvg cg rlspulstg, ls hlfnr, cg sicufnöd jnicömnfg i ldalr`lhgh. Wul
gftnvg cg rlspulstg qunlrl hlfnr qul n`pgftg ld dulstrg jnicimàg.

¹Fö`i sl hg lstl n`pgfti9 Lstl lvldti trgu`çtnfi, lstl skife hl lstrîs

jni-cömnfi prihufl ud n`pgfti ld trls cumgrls gc `ns`i tnl`pi? ld cg psnqul, ld
lc flrljri y ld lc örmgdi (gsà sl gftnvg cg ldalr`lhgh).

Qlg`is, g fidtndugfnöd, lc snmunldtl mrçanfi.

Lc Vàdhri`l hl Hnre Kg`lr, i HKV, ls ud lvldti trgu`çtnfi qul n`pgftg

gc `ns`i tnl`pi ld cg pnsqul, lc flrljri y lc örmgdi. Rldsl`is qul cg psnqul

ls cg qul primrg`g cgs vnvldfngs, ls lc primrg`ghir hl cg `çqundg. Lsi qunlrl

hlfnr qul ls qunld cl pidl cg ltnqultg g ci vnvnhi, lc di`jrl gc fidacnfti. Hnfki hl
`gdlrg sldfnccg, ls cg qul fidhnfnidg cg `gdlrg ld cg qul vnvldfng`is ud lvldti
(tihis rlgffnidg`is hl air`g hnstndtg gdtl udg `ns`g sntugfnöd, fi`i vlàg`is
`çs grrnjg). Lc flrljri ls cg fldtrgc hl `gdhi, ls fi`i lc irhldghir hl cg
fi`putghirg, lc qul hlfnhl quî primrg`g sl hljl lolfutgr i di. ^ lstç lc
fulrpi, fid sus örmgdis, qul ls lc lspgfni hidhl sl lolfutgd cgs örhldls qul
hnftg lc flrljri.
Ldtidfls, lstg tràghg audfnidg sndfrödnfg`ldtl hl lstg air`g?

Lc lvldti ndlsplrghi, hrg`çtnfi, mrgvl, vnvnhi ld siclhgh y snd pisnjncnhgh

hl slr rlsulcti dis ti`g hlsprlvldnhis y mldlrg udg vnvldfng ld cg psnqul,
n`pgftg ld cg `ldtl. Gdtl lsl n`pgfti, cg psnqul mldlrg udg vnvldfng
rlcgfnidghg gc lvldti qul vnvn`is y cl pidl ud tàtuci g lsg vnvldfng, fi`i
slpgrgfnöd, `nlhi, gjgdhidi, pîrhnhg i ci qul aulrl. ¹Rir quî, gdtl ud `ns`i
lvldti, hnstndtgs psnquls mldlrgd hnalrldtls vnvldfngs y ficifgd hnalrldtls

ltnqultgs9 Vl hljl g qul fghg plrsidg tnldl udg psnqul i primrg`ghir

fi`pulsti pir hnalrldtls agftirls fidhnfnidgdtls, hnalrldtls knstirngs y
hnalrldtls snstl`gs hl frlldfngs. Rihràg`is hlfnr qul fghg `ldtl tnldl su
pripng knstirng y mldlrg udg `gdlrg hnalrldtl hl vnvnr cgs fisgs. Rir lsi, gdtl cg
pîrhnhg hl ud knoi, pir lol`pci,
lo l`pci, di sl gftnvg sà i sà lc `n
`ns`i
s`i primrg`g jnicömnfi
y pir ci tgdti di sl hlspcnlmg cg `ns`g ldalr`lhgh. Gcmunld ci pulhl vnvnr fi`i
udg slpgrgfnöd, itri fi`i udg pîrhnhg, itri fi`i udg fucpg y itri fi`i
hlsvgcirnzgfnöd, yg qul tihi hlpldhl hl cg ndtlrprltgfnöd qul kgfl cg psnquns,
qul sl jgsgrç ld su knstirng
kn stirng pgrg pidlr udg ltnqultg y gftnvgr ud primrg`g. Ls

gdtl cg `ns`g `gdlrg hl vnvldfngr ud lvldti qul sl vg g gftnvgr cg `ns`g

rlspulstg. Lc primrg`g jnicömnfi lsplfngc hl l`lrmldfng qul sl pidmg ld
`grfkg y pir ci tgdti cg ldalr`lhgh qul sl hlsgrriccgrç hlpldhlrçd hlc
fidtldnhi hlc fidacnfti.

Lsg vnvldfng, lsg ndair`gfnöd qul mldlrg cg psnqul, n`pgftg ld dulstri

flrljri (ls n`pirtgdtl cg pgcgjrg n`pgfti, yg qul lsg vnvldfng n`pcnfg vnicldfng
y sl vnvl fi`i ud hrg`g). Ld lc `ns`i
`n s`i ndstgdtl, gdt
gdtll cg ndair`gfnöd qul rlfnjl
hl cg psnqul (hl cg `ldtl) y lvgcugdhi cg sntugfnöd fi`i sn aulrg udg
suplrfi`putghirg, gftnvg lc primrg`g `çs fidvldnldtl. Ls hlfnr, kgy udg zidg
hlc flrljri ld cg fugc n`pgftg
n `pgftg cg ltnqultg qul privnldl hl cg psnqul y hl gkà sl
`gdhg cg irhld gc örmgdi firrlspidhnldtl pgrg qul sl `ihnanqul pgrg sicufnidgr
lc fidacnfti. Hnfki hl itrg air`g? gdtl ud lvldti, dulstrg `ldtl mldlrg udg
vnvldfng hl lsl lvldti. Qicvg`is gc lol`pci hlc hlspnhi cgjirgc. Gdtl lc
hlspnhi, pihl`is rlgffnidgr hl hnalrldtls `gdlrgs. Lsg rlgffnöd ls cg vnvldfng
hlc lvldti. Vn `n vnvldfng ls qul aun trgnfnidghi, slrç udg hltlr`ndghg
ndair`gfnöd cg qul cclmul gc flrljri. Vn `n vnvldfng ls qul `l viy g `irnr hl
kg`jrl, slrç itrg. Vn `n vnvldfng ls qul lsl lvldti rlprlsldtg gcmi qul `l
qulhö gtrgvlsghi y di pulhi hnmlrnr i gsn`ncgr,
gsn`ncgr , slrç itrg. Vn `n vnvldfng ls qul
qunldls hlpldhld hl `à sl vgd g `irnr hl kg`jrl, slrç itrg cg ndair`gfnöd qul
cclmul gc flrljri y, cömnfg`ldtl, slrç itrg cg sicufnöd qul hlspcnlmul lc `ns`i.
Vn yi `gdloi udg l`prlsg y `l hnfld qul tldmi ud prijcl`g pirqul cis
vldhlhirls sid `gcis, viy ti`gr udg hlfnsnöd. Vn `l hnfld qul lc prijcl`g ls
lc prihufti qul vldhi, viy g ti`gr itrg.
i trg. Lc flrljri kgfl ci `ns`i
`ns`i..

Ldtidfls, hlpldhnldhi hl cg vnvldfng, lstg vg g n`pgftgr ld udg zidg u

itrg hlc flrljri. Lc Hr. Kg`lr puhi hltlr`ndgr cgs hnalrldtls pgrtls hlc flrljri
fi`i ud `gpg lsplfàanfi plralfti ld hidhl fghg fidacnfti ls priflsghi ld ud
çrlg lsplfàanfg. \dg fisg ls sn lc flrljri rlfnjl cg ndair`gfnöd hl qul lstiy
`urnldhi hl kg`jrl. Itrg ls sn tldmi gcmi gtrgvlsghi ld lc lstö`gmi y di ci
pulhi hnmlrnr. Cg vnvldfng vg g n`pgftgr ld udg zidg hlc flrljri i ld itrg
hlpldhnldhi hlc fidtldnhi hlc skife trgu`çtnfi i HKV (lc fidtldnhi hlc skife
trgu`çtnfi ls ci qul vldn`is ccg`gdhi vnvldfng, cg `gdlrg hl vnvnr tgc i fugc
sntugfnöd i lvldti). Gkirg jnld, lstg`is kgjcgdhi hl ud skife trgu`çtnfi fid
cgs fgrgftlràstnfgs qul `ldfnidg`is gdtls, gdtl lc fugc cg vnvldfng ls qul
dulstrg suplrvnvldfng vntgc lstç ld plcnmri. Rihl`is lstgr ld plcnmri
plc nmri pirqul di
tldl`is pgrg fi`lr, pirqul lstg`is sicis, pirqul di pihl`is hnmlrnr ci qul
kl`is fi`nhi, pirqul di ci pihl`is lvgfugr (hlalfgr), ltf. Dlflsntg`is
rlfirhgr qul lc flrljri di hnstndmul ldtrl `ltgaörnfi i rlgc. Rgrg dulstri
flrljri (g hnalrldfng hl itris slrls vnvis), ls ci `ns`i qul disitris tldmg`is
gtrgvlsghi ld lc lstö`gmi ud kulsi hl picci mnmgdtl i qul tldmg`is
gtrgvlsghg udg sntugfnöd qul di pihg`is hnmlrnr. Rgrg lc flrljri ls ci
c i `ns`i,
vg gftnvgr lc `ns`i primrg`g hl l`lrmldfng vntgc pgrg rlsicvlr lsl fidacnfti qul
gtldtg fidtrg dulstrg suplrvnvldfn
suplrvnvldfng.
g.

Ldtidfls, cg psnqul mldlrg cg vnvldfng hlc lvldti. Ld audfnöd hl lsg

vnvldfng, lc flrljri rlfnjl cg ndair`gfnöd ld air`g hl ltnqultg hl ci qul lstç
suflhnldhi (di n`pirtg sn lsg ndair`gfnöd rlanlrl g gcmi rlgc i gcmi sn`jöcnfi,
di n`pirtg qul yi pnlrhg ud knoi i qul pnlrhg g udg `gsfitg g cg qul snldti
fi`i `n fràg). Hlpldhnldhi hl cg ltnqultg qul pidl cg psnquns, cg ndair`gfnöd vg
g n`pgftgr ld hltlr`ndghg zidg lsplfàanfg hlc flrljri. Vn lstç ld plcnmri
dulstrg suplrvnvldfng pirqul di tldl`is lc jifghi vntgc qul dlflsntg`is pgrg
sijrlvnvnr, n`pgftgrç ld udg zidg lsplfàanfg (tridfi flrljrgc). ^ gc n`pgftgr
n `pgftgr ld
lsg zidg, lc flrljri pidhrç ld `grfkg ud primrg`g l`lrmldtl lsplfngc fi`i
sicufnöd g lsl fidacnfti, y ci lolfutgrç ld ud örmgdi hlc fulrpi tg`jnîd
rlcgfnidghi fid gqulccg vnvldfng (pir lol`pci, lc kàmghi). Ls hlfnr, sn lc lvldti
aul qul `l qulhî snd trgjgoi y cg ndtlrprltgfnöd qul kgfl `n `ldtl hl lsl lvldti
mldlrg cg vnvldfng hl qul `l viy g `irnr hl kg`jrl (yi, hl `gdlrg di
fidsfnldtl, snldti fi`i sn aulrg g `irnr hl kg`jrl, fi`i sn aulrg ud ciji qul
sl qulhg snd prlsgs qul gtgfgr y snd fi`nhg y ldtri ld lsl fidacnfti vntgc).
Ldtidfls, sn cg ndair`gfnöd qul rlfnjl `n flrljri ls qul di tldmi gcn`ldti y
qul pulhi `irnr hl kg`jrl, dlflsntg hlspclmgr ud primrg`g hl l`lrmldfng
pgrg sicufnidgr lsl fidacnfti. Fi`i hnol gdtls, kgy ud örmgdi qul, ldtrl itrgs
audfnidls, ls lc ldfgrmghi hl sndtltnzgr, gc`gfldgr y gh`ndnstrgr lc gcn`ldti qul
tldl`is ghldtri hl dulstri fulrpi. Lsl örmgdi ls lc kàmghi. Ldtidfls
Ldtidfls,, ci qul
kgrç lc flrljri ls `gdhgrcl udg irhld gc kàmghi pgrg qul iptn`nfl su audfnöd.
Ls hlfnr, cl hgrç cg irhld hl lolfutgr ud primrg`g lsplfngc fid lc sldtnhi
jnicömnfi hl di `irnr hl kg`jrl, hl ldfidtrgr udg sicufnöd gc `ldis privnsirng
gc fidacnfti ld lc fugc lstg`is. ¹Fö`i iptn`nzg lc kàmghi su audfnöd9
Gu`ldtgdhi sus fîcucgs, gh`ndnstrgdhi hl cg `loir `gdlrg pisnjcl lc gcn`ldti
qul yg tldl`is ndfirpirghi, gc`gfldgdhi hl cg `gdlrg `çs öptn`g pisnjcl lc
gcn`ldti hnspidnjcl, i slg cg mcufisg i gzÿfgr, pgrg qul hurl `çs y rndhg `çs.
Gsà, sn lc fidacnfti (jnicömnfi) ls ndtldsi, cg sicufnöd jnicömnfg pulhl slr ud
Fçdflr hl kàmghi, ghldifgrfndi`g (mldlrgr `çs fîcucgs klpçtnfgs pgrg
mldlrgr y rlslrvgr `çs gzÿfgr i mcufisg pgrg qul yi di `ulrg hl kg`jrl).
Ldtidfls, lc sldtnhi jnicömnfi, lc pgrg quî hlc Fçdflr hl kàmghi, ls iptn`nzgr lc
gcn`ldti hnspidnjcl (mcufisg) y gu`ldtgr cgs rlslrvgs pgrg sijrlvnvnr hl cg `loir
`gdlrg pisnjcl `nldtrgs lc fidacnfti sl rlsulcvl.

Ldtidfls, ls n`pirtgdtl fi`prldhlr cg audfnöd hl fghg örmgdi5 pir quî

y pgrg quî aul frlghi lvicutnvg`ldtl. Ld audfnöd hl ci qul lc örmgdi lstî
lolfutgdhi, i slg hl cg trgdsair`gfnöd qul lstî kgfnldhi, ci qul ccg`g`is
ldalr`lhgh, tldhrl`is difnöd hl quî `gdlrg kl`is ndtlrprltghi lsl lvldti
trgu`çtnfi5 ls hlfnr, sn ci kl`is vnvnhi fi`i `nlhi g `irnr, fi`i gjgdhidi,
fi`i slpgrgfnöd, fi`i hlsvgcirnzgfnöd, ltf. Gc fidtgr fid lstg ndair`gfnöd,
pihl`is hgrdis fuldtg di sici hlc lvldti qul gftnvö lstl primrg`g lsplfngc
fid sldtnhi jnicömnfi (ccg`ghi ldalr`lhgh), ls hlfnr, fuçc aul lc klfki
trgu`çtnfi qul hnspgrö cg ldalr`lhgh, sndi tg`jnîd ‖y sijrl tihi‖ cg vnvldfng
qul disitris tuvn`is hl lsl lvldti. Lsg `gdlrg hl vnvldfngr lc lvldti, lsg
ndair`gfnöd, dis ls ÿtnc pgrg rlvnsgr dulstri lsfldgrni, dulstrg `gdlrg hl
vndfucgrdis, dulstrgs rlcgfnidls, dulstris pgtridls hl fidhuftg, dulstris
fidacnftis l`ifnidgcls di rlsulctis, dulstris hulcis di rlgcnzghis y dulstrgs
dlflsnhghls di gsu`nhgs, nmdirghgs y `ndn`nzghgs. Rir lol`pci, udg
slpgrgfnöd pulhl slr vnvnhg hlshl `ufkis gsplftis hnalrldtls? sn lc pudti
fràtnfi ld `n vnhg ls cg hlsvgcirnzgfnöd pirqul vldmi hl udg knstirng ag`ncngr hl
hlsvgcirnzgfnöd, ls prijgjcl qul tldmg udg vnvldfng hl lsg slpgrgfnöd
rlcgfnidghg fid cg hlsvgcirnzgfnöd), sn lc gjgdhidi ls `n tgcöd hl Gquncls, ls
`çs prijgjcl qul vnvg cg slpgrgfnöd fi`i gjgdhidi. Ls gsà, ldtidfls, qul lc
gjgdhidi, fgrldfng, pîrhnhg, `nlhi g `irnr hl kg`jrl, ltf. fid qul vnvldfnî
lsg

slpgrgfnöd `l hgrç cg ndair`gfnöd hl quî ls ci qul tldmi qul trgjgogr

ld `à, fuçcls sid cis pudtis g sgdgr ld `n vnhg. Ndair`gfnöd vntgc.

Fi`prldhlr fö`i audfnidg lstg trnghg, psnqul-flrljri-fulrpi, ls

audhg`ldtgc pgrg kgccgr lc sldtnhi jnicömnfi hl ci pgsg ld dulstri irmgdns`i, lc

pir quî y lc pgrg quî dis ldalr`g`is. Ls dlflsgrni ldtldhlr qul dulstri
flrljri sici pulhl ti`gr hlfnsnidls kgfng hldtri, di kgfng gaulrg. Ls hlfnr, sn
di tldmi pgrg fi`lr y lstiy pir `irnr hl kg`jrl, lc flrljri di pulhl kgflr
dghg pgrg qul yi ldfuldtrl gcn`ldti. Xi`grç hlfnsnidls l ndtlrvldhrç cg
rlgcnhgh qul fi`gdhg? dulstri fulrpi. Cg `ldtl pulhl ifupgrsl hl kgccgr lc
gcn`ldti vntgc qul lstg`is dlflsntgdhi (lsi slrç ud fidacnfti psnficömnfi, sn
jusfgr gcn`ldti ld itri cumgr, rijgr lc gcn`ldti, plhnr trgjgoi, vldhlr tgc i fugc
fisg pgrg kgflrdis hl lsl gcn`ldti, ci qul aulrg). Rgrg mgrgdtnzgr dulstrg

suplrvnvldfng, lc flrljri jnicömnfi sici pulhl `ihnanfgr y gftnvgr primrg`gs

lsplfngcls irnldtghis g iptn`nzgr cgs audfnidls qul slg dlflsgrni
dlflsgrn i iptn`nzgr pgrg
kgflr `çs lanfnldtl lc snstl`g y prlslrvgr cg ndtlmrnhgh hlc pripni snstl`g (hl
dulstri irmgdns`i, dulstrg jnicimàg). Vnl`prl, snl`prl, snl`prl, lc flrljri
ti`g cg `loir hlfnsnöd.

Fi`i fidfcusnöd, pihl`is fi`prldhlr udi hl cis kgccgzmis `çs

mrgdhls hlc Hr. Kg`lr? lc fi`nldzi hl tihgs cgs ldalr`lhghls lstç fi`gdhghi
pir dulstri Flrljri.

Ls `uy n`pirtgdtl fi`prldhlr qul di n`pirtg

n `pirtg lc lvldti qul vnvg.
Ci qul n`pirtg ls cg `gdlrg ld cg fugc vnvldfnl`
vnvldfnl`is
is lsis lvldtis, ci qul tg`jnîd
gcmudis ccg`gd lc fidtldnhi hlc fidacnfti. Ci viy g rlntlrgr, yg qul ls n`pirtgdtl
fi`prldhlr.

Fugdhi kgjcg`is hlc fidtldnhi hlc fidacnfti, kgjcg`is hl ci qul gcmudis

ccg`gd vnvldfng. Vn lc fidtldnhi ls ld tîr`ndis hl tlrrntirni (y lsi pulhl slr
pirqul ld fgsg di tldmi lspgfni, `n pgrlog snl`prl ti`g cgs hlfnsnidls, i
ndmrlsg gcmunld dulvi ld lc trgjgoi y yi ci vnvi fi`i udg g`ldgzg g `n tlrrntirni,
qul ld lstl fgsi ls `n trgjgoi), sn tldmi sn vnvldfni ud fidacnfti hl g`ldgzg ld
`n tlrrntirni, lsi vg g n`pgftgr ld udg zidg hlc flrljri qul ls cg firtlzg flrljrgc
tlrrntirngc, sn lc fidtldnhi ls ld tîr`ndis hl slpgrgfnöd (pulhl slr pir udg
pîrhnhg rlgc i sn`jöcnfg hl gcmunld i gcmi) vg g n`pgftgr ld cg sldsirngc y sn lc
fidtldnhi ls ld tîr`ndis hl hlsvgcirnzgfnöd, vg n`pgftgr ld cg `îhucg flrljrgc.
Ld hltlr`ndghg zidg hlc flrljri n`pgftg ud tnpi hl fidacnfti y di itris, pir
ldhl gftnvg ud primrg`g jnicömnfi i ldalr`lhgh y di itris. Lc flrljri gftÿg
fi`i ud `gpg plralfti fid ud cumgr lsplfàanfi pgrg fghg fidacnfti, y hl gkà cg
ndair`gfnöd vg gc örmgdi firrlspidhnldtl rlcgfnidgh
rlcgfnidghii fid lsg zidg hl
hlcc flrljri
gftnvghg. ^ lc örmgdi fg`jng pgrg rlsicvlr lsl fidacnfti qul sl gftnvö (hlfnr qul
lc örmgdi fg`jng, qunlrl hlfnr qul fg`jng su air`g i audfnöd y pgsg g lolfutgr
su `ihi lsplfngc). Hlfnr qul lc örmgdi fg`jng pulhl snmdnanfgr ud fg`jni
irmçdnfi i audfnidgc? lc örmgdi pulhl frlflr i pulhl hns`ndunr hl tg`g÷i, plri
tg`jnîd pulhl gu`ldtgr i hns`ndunr su audfnöd. Lsl frlfn`nldti i hns`ndufnöd
ls udg `gdlrg i ud primrg`g
pr imrg`g lsplfngc hlstndghi g sicufnidgr udg dlflsnhgh hl
suplrvnvldfng. \d lol`pci hl lsti sid gcmudis tu`irls. ^g ci vg`is g vlr
càdlgs gjgoi, sici pgrg mrganfgr? sn dlflsnti `çs puc`öd pirqul tldmi qul fgptgr
`çs gnrl, i pirqul snldti qul `l agctg lc gnrl, cntlrgc`ldtl i tldmi sldsgfnöd hl
gmijni y `nlhi g `irnr, lc flrljri vg g hgr cg irhld hl kgflr `çs puc`öd, lc
tu`ir kgfl frlflr gc puc`öd. Nmugc`ldtl, di tl prlifupls qul ld jrlvl
vicvl`is sijrl lsti.

Lsti ls ci qul dis kg plr`ntnhi sijrlvnvnr.

Disitris, ld fghg udg hl dulstrgs fîcucgs, ld dulstris mldls, ld dulstri

GHD cclvg`is cg ndair`gfnöd hl tihg cg lvicufnöd hl cg dgturgclzg, hlshl qul

aun`is ud irmgdns`i udnflcucgr ld lc gmug kgstg lc slr ku`gdi fi`pcloi fid
`ÿctnpcls örmgdis y snstl`gs qul si`is kiy. Cclvg`is fid disitris tihg cg
ndair`gfnöd ancimldîtnfg, qul ls cg knstirng lvicutnvg hl cg fugc kiy si`is lc
prihufti `çs gvgdzghi, lc `ihlci `çs dulvi.

Xldl`is slccghis ld dulstri flrljri tihis cis primrg`gs qul dis kgd
plr`ntnhi ghgptgrdis g cgs lxnmldfngs qul dis n`pidàg lc ldtirdi pgrg cimrgr
sijrlvnvnr. Lsg ndair`gfnöd lstç hnspidnjcl pgrg slr usghg fugdhi slg
dlflsgrni. Lstç ld cg `l`irng hl dulstrg fi`putghirg qul ls lc flrljri. Di
snmdnanfg qul ndhlalftnjcl`ldtl cis vgyg`is g usgr, sicg`ldtl ld fgsi hl qul
slg dlflsgrni y dis rlsuctl ÿtnc pgrg sijrlvnvnr. Vid sicufnidls hnspidnjcls.
Qicvg`is gc `ns`i lol`pci sldfncci y `uy mrçanfi. Fugdhi lc pcgdltg lrg sici
gmug y fi`i slrls ld cg lvicufnöd îrg`is frngturgs gfuçtnfgs, rlspnrçjg`is g
trgvîs hl cgs jrgdqungs, qul dis plr`ntàgd fgptgr lc ixàmldi ld lc gmug. Fugdhi
gpgrlfl cg vnhg ld cg tnlrrg y dlflsntg`is ghgptgrdis g lsl `lhni tlrrlstrl, cg
jnicimàg dlflsntg mldlrgr ld cis slrls vnvis itri snstl`g pgrg
p grg fgptgr ixàmldi yg
qul lc hl cgs jrgdqungs
jr gdqungs di snrvl gkirg ld lstl dulvi `lhni. Ldtidfls, hlsgrriccg
lc snstl`g gcvîici puc`idgr pgrg fgptgr lc ixàmldi ld cg tnlrrg yg qul cis
rlqulrn`nldtis hlc ldtirdi sid itris y kgy qul ghgptgrsl g tgcls lxnmldfngs. Lsi
kgfl cg jnicimàg. Vnl`prl gpgrlfl prn`lri cg dlflsnhgh y culmi cg jnicimàg hg cg
rlspulstg. Vnd dlflsnhgh, di tnldl sldtnhi qul gcmi slg frlghi. Fi`i hnoi
Hgrwnd, gpgrlfl cg dlflsnhgh y culmi cg audfnöd (cg audfnöd ls lc örmgdi). Cg
jnicimàg di kgfl dghg gc gzgr, pir cgs huhgs, pir fgprnfki i pirqul tnldl mgdgs
hl oumgr. Di. Kgy udg dlflsnhgh, ci fugc mldlrg ud fidacnfti vntgc? ld lc fgsi hlc
ixàmldi, gc tldlr qul fgptgr ixàmldi ld itri `lhni y di lstgr prlpgrghi pgrg
lsi, `ufkis slrls hurgdtl `nccidls hl g÷is kgd `ulrti kgstg qul cg jnicimàg
puhi lvicufnidgr y frlgr fi`i rlspulstg g gqulc fidacnfti vntgc lc snstl`g gcvîici
puc`idgr. Ld dulstrg `l`irng, ld dulstri flrljri jnicömnfi, ld dulstri GHD y
ld dulstrgs fîcucgs lstç lstg ndair`gfnöd. Gdtl cg dlflsnhgh hl fidqunstgr cg
tnlrrg, hl fgptgr lsl lcl`ldti vntgc qul ls lc ixàmldi pgrg sijrlvnvnr (y pihlr
kgflr lc rlsti), cg jnicimàg hg cg rlspulstg qul ls lc snstl`g gcvîici puc`idgr.
Lsg ndair`gfnöd qulhg ld fghg udg hl dulstrgs fîcucgs. Kgy gcmi qul `ldfnidî
gdtls y qul di ls ud hlsfujrn`nldti plrsidgc sndi lc kgccgzmi hl `ufkis
ndvlstnmghirls qul kgd gpirtghi pgrg vlrnanfgr lsti, y ls qul lc flrljri jnicömnfi
di hnstndmul ldtrl ci qul ls sn`jöcnfi i rlgc. Ldtidfls, fugdhi disitris lstl`is
gdtl udg sntugfnöd ld cg fugc sndtg`is gmijni, gsanxng, agctg hl ixàmldi i `nlhi
g `irnr pirqul lstg`is ldflrrghis ld ud gsfldsir qul sl qulhö gtgsfghi i
pirqul udg plrsidg `l lstç mrntgdhi y `n vnvldfng ls cg hl sldtnr qul `l gsanxng,
`l gmijng y qul kgfl qulhgr snd gnrl, ci qul kgfl lc snstl`g gcvlici puc`idgr
ls frlflr, pirqul sn tldmi `çs fîcucgs gcvlici puc`idgrls viy g tldlr `gyir
pisnjncnhgh hl fgptgr ixàmldi, rlgcnzgr `çs ndtlrfg`jni mgslisi, gprivlfkgr
`loir lc gnrl (gsà ls fi`i jnicömnfg`ldtl kl`is sijrlvnvnhi rlspnrgdhi ld cg
tnlrrg `lhngdtl cg frlgfnöd hl ud snstl`g puc`idgr fid gcvlicis puc`idgrls).
Lc rlsuctghi hl lsti kiy pulhl slr ud döhuci puc`idgr, ud tu`ir hl puc`öd, ud
ghldifgrfndi`g puc`idgr, –`ltçstgsns puc`idgrls‐ (pir `nlhi g `irnr). Cg
irhld qul hg lc flrljri y qul lolfutg lc fulrpi ls hl kgflr `çs puc`öd. Gfç
kgy ud fg`jni irmçdnfi? lc puc`öd surml culmi hl `nccidls hl g÷is hl lvicufnöd
y gkirg lc flrljri rlsulcvl udg dlflsnhgh ld ud ndstgdtl5 di vg g frlgr itri
puc`öd, gmrgdhg ci qul yg kgy, ls tg`jnîd udg fulstnöd hl lanfnldfng. Lc fulrpi
kgfl ud fg`jni hl lstrufturg ld audfnöd hl cg `gdlrg ld qul kg gprldhnhi g
sijrlvnvnr g ci cgrmi hl cg knstirng. Vn cg audfnöd hlc lsöagmi, ls pgsgr lc gcn`ldti,
y sn yi lstiy vnvnldhi udg sntugfnöd qul di qunlri pgsgr i trgmgr, udg sntugfnöd
qul qunlri lsfupnr, cgs fîcucgs hl cis his tlrfnis suplrnirls hlc lsöagmi sl vgd
g `ihnanfgr pgrg di hlogr pgsgr ci qul di qunlri qul pgsl, ls hlfnr gfç kgy udg
fg`jni ld cg audfnöd hlc örmgdi, ld cumgr hl hlogr pgsgr, jciqulg cg ldtrghg y
`lhngdtl ud lspgs`i hlc lsöagmi sl pulhl lsfupnr i vi`ntgr lc jifghi qul di
qunlri trgmgr (ldtldhg`is snl`prl qul lc flrljri ti`g cg hlfnsnöd ld audfnöd
hl cg ndair`gfnöd qul rlfnjl hl dulstrg psnqul, hl dulstrg `ldtl, hl cg `gdlrg
ld qul disitris vnvn`is cgs sntugfnidls, di kgy hnalrldfng pgrg lc flrljri ldtrl
ud gcn`ldti töxnfi rlgc i cgs pgcgjrgs hlc itri qul yi vnvldfni fi`i sn lstuvnlrg
ldtrgdhi ud gcn`ldti töxnfi g `n fulrpi y di qunlri qul pgsl, di qunlri dn
snqunlrg tldlr qul hnmlrnrci, qunlri ifcunr lc pgsi. Dis hljl qulhgr fcgri qul
dulstri fulrpi lolfutg cgs rlspulstgs, cgs sicufnidls. Cg irhld cg ldvàg lc
flrljri. Lc flrljri dudfg sl lqunvifg. Og`çs.

Zlsu`ld hl cg prn`lrg cly? sl ccg`g Cly Aîrrlg hl Fçdflr pirqul di sl hijcg,

snl`prl sl fu`pcl. Lxpcnfg cg fgusg hl tihgs cgs ccg`ghgs ldalr`lhghls, hlshl
cg vlrrumg kgstg lc snhg.

Rrn`lr frntlrni? tihg ldalr`lhgh i primrg`g lsplfngc fid sldtnhi jnicömnfi sl

mldlrg ld ud HKV (fkiqul gmuhi, mrgvl, hrg`çtnfi, ndlsplrghi y vnvnhi ld
siclhgh).

Vlmudhi frntlrni? lc fidtldnhi hlc fidacnfti (cg vnvldfng) hltlr`ndg cg zidg hl

n`pgfti ld lc flrljri i aifi hl Kg`lr,) y pir ci tgdti lc örmgdi lsplfàanfi qul
rlspidhlrç.

Xlrflr frntlrni? lxnstl sndfridnfnhgh ldtrl psnquns, flrljri y örmgdi (lc hlsgrricci

hl cis 6 cumgrls hlc primrg`g suflhl gc `ns`i tnl`pi, cg ndair`gfnöd qul rlfnjl
ud cumgr ls cg `ns`g qul rlfnjld cis itris). Vn udi lstç ld fidacnfti gftnvi, cis
trls ci lstgrçd5 sn udi ldtrg ld rlsicufnöd, ci `ns`i pgsgrç ld cis hl`çs

Gdtls hl pgsgr g cg Vlmudhg Cly Jnicömnfg, tl viy g hgr ud fidflpti pgrg qul
`çs ghlcgdtl pulhgs fi`prldhlr pir quî sl `gdnanlstgd cis fidacnftis ld
hltlr`ndghi cumgr hlc fulrpi y di ld itri.

Lstl ls lc fidflpti hl cgtlrgcnhgh jnicömnfg (di ls udg cly, plri ls n`pirtgdtl

hlogrci ld fcgri gc fi`nldzi).

Dulstrg cgtlrgcnhgh jnicömnfg, ls hlfnr sn si`is hnlstris i zurhis, sl hlandl ld
cg mlstgfnöd trgs cg prn`lrg hnvnsnöd flcucgr. Lstg cgtlrgcnhgh jnicömnfg dis
hltlr`ndgrç ld quî cghi hl cis kl`nsalrnis flrljrgcls n`pgftgrç lc fidacnfti, y
pir ldhl, ld qul kl`nfulrpi sl lxprlsgrç lc primrg`g lsplfngc i ldalr`lhgh.

Cg cgtlrgcnhgh audfnidg hl cg snmunldtl `gdlrg?

Cis ndhnvnhuis hnlstris (qul si`is cg `gyiràg) ld dulstri cghi nzqunlrhi hlc
fulrpi gsldtg`is cis fidacnftis ld rlcgfnöd gc dnhi, cis knois (sn`jöcnfis i
rlgcls), cg `ghrl. Ld lc cghi hlrlfki, gsldtg`is cis fidacnftis rlcgfnidghis fid
cg pgrlog, cis pgrls, lc pghrl, ci sifngc, ci lxtlrdi, lc trgjgoi.
Rgrg cis ndhnvnhuis zurhis, cg ndtlrprltgfnöd ls lxgftg`ldtl gc rlvîs.

Lc cghi nzqunlrhi ls lc rlcgfnidghi g cg pgrlog, cis pgrls, lc pghrl, ci sifngc. Lc

cghi hlrlfki ls lc rlcgfnidghi gc dnhi,
dn hi, cg `ghrl, cis knoi
knois.
s.

Cg air`g `çs sldfnccg hl hltlr`ndgr sn ud ndhnvnhui

n dhnvnhui ls hnlstri i zurhi ls rlgcnzgr
lc tlst hlc gpcgusi? cg `gdi qul sl pidl pir ldfn`g gc gpcguhnr, cg qqul
ul kgfl `çs
aulrzg, ls cg hl su flrljri hi`ndgdtl y firrlspidhl g su cgtlrgcnhgh.
Vlmudhg
Vlmudhg Cly Jn ic ömnf g? Cly hl cgs His Agsl
Agsls
s

Lstg cly ls cg qul dis lxpcnfg fö`i sl hlsgrriccg y fö`i trgdsfurrl lsl
primrg`g lsplfngc qul ccg`çjg`is
c cg`çjg`is ldalr`lhgh.

Ld cg cly gdtlrnir vn`is pir quî sl hlsgrriccgd cgs ldalr`lhghls. Fid cg

Vlmudhg Cly vl`is lc fö`i.

Lstg Vlmudhg Cly sl hldi`ndg Cly hl cgs His Agsls, y kgfl rlalrldfng g cgs
his agsls hl cis tihis primrg`gs lsplfngcls fid sldtnhi jnicömnfi (VJV).

Xihi primrg`g lsplfngc fid sldtnhi jnicömnfi (ldalr`lhgh) sl hlsgrriccg

ld his agsls (snl`prl y fugdhi lxnstg udg sicufnöd hlc fidacnfti).

Gquà, gdtls hl fidtndugr, ls dlflsgrni vicvlr g gfcgrgr ci qul ldtldhl`is

pir fidacnfti. Dlflsntg`is fi`prldhlr qul lc flrljri jnicömnfi, qul ls qunîd
lstç mgrgdtnzgdhi dulstrg suplrvnvldfng, lvgcÿg fghg vgrngjcl tihi lc tnl`pi. Lc

flrljri jnicömnfi ls cg `loir frlgfnöd qul lxnstl ld lstl pcgdi tlrrldgc. Vl

pulhld frlgr `ufkgs fi`putghirgs fgpgfls hl hlspclmgr `ufkàsn`gs
audfnidls. Og`çs, dudfg, vg`is g frlgr gcmi nmugc g dulstri flrljri. Lc flrljri
jnicömnfi ls dlutrgc, di ls fi`i dulstrg `ldtl, dulstrg rgzöd i dul
dulstrg
strg psnqul
qul fidsnhlrgd qul udg fisg ls juld i `gcg, qul gcmi lstç jnld i lstç `gc.
Clois hl lsi lstç. Lc flrljri kgfl ci qul ls dlflsgrni kgflr. Vn tnldl qul sgfgr
gmug hl örmgdis `ldis vntgcls pgrg qul örmgdis `çs vntgcls sijrlvnvgd, ci
kgfl. Di pnldsg ld cg ldfàg hlsknhrgtghg, dn ld cg pnlc rlslfg dn ld lc hltlrniri
hl cg jlcclzg. Di. Kgfl
Kg fl ci qul tnldl qul kgflr y pudti.

Lc flrljri vg g hlspclmgr udg sicufnöd, snl`prl qul lsg sicufnöd tldmg

sldtnhi. Di vg g pidlr ld `grfkg tihg udg ndmldnlràg jnicömnfg sn cg sicufnöd di
tnldl sldtnhi hl slr. Dis mustl i di g disitris, g dulstrg ag`ncng, g dulstrg
pgrlog, g dulstris knois i g qunîd aulrg. Lc flrljri jnicömnfi di lstç nhldtnanfghi
fid lstl plrsidgol qul gr`ö dulstrg psnqul, fid dulstri lmi, fid lstg
plrsidgcnhgh qul frll`is slr5 lstç fidlftghi hnrlftg`l
hnrlftg`ldtl
dtl fid ci vlrhghlri.

¹Wuî qunlrl hlfnr qul tihi primrg`g lsplfngc fid sldtnhi jnicömnfi tnldl his
agsls sn y sici sn cg sicufnöd ls pisnjcl9 Wunlrl hlfnr qul lc primrg`g trgdsfurrl
ld his agsls. I slg, ci qul ccg`g`is ldalr`lhgh tnldl his agsls i ltgpgs. Cg
prn`lrg agsl ls cg hlc fidacnfti gftnvi y cg slmudhg agsl ls cg hl fidacnfti rlsulcti.
Cg slmudhg agsl ls cg ltgpg hl rlpgrgfnöd. Lstg ltgpg tlr`ndg fugdhi yg di sl
lolfutg `çs lstl primrg`g lsplfngc, yg di tnldl `çs sldtnhi qul lc flrljri ci
snmg pidnldhi ld `grfkg y ci qul pihl`is ldtldhlr hl `gdlrg `çs sldfnccg
hnfnldhi qul ls cg ltgpg hidhl dis furg`is y vicvl`is gc primrg`g kgjntugc.
Lsl ls lc sldtnhi hlc primrg`g lsplfngc fid sldtnhi jnicömnfi? –sgdgrdis‐. Lc
sldtnhi hl cg ldalr`lhgh ls sicufnidgr lc fidacnfti jnicömnfi ld lc qul lstg`is.
Ldalr`g`is pgrg Vgdgr. ¹I vg`is g hlfnr qul sgdg`is pgrg ldalr`gr9
Fcgrg`ldtl qul DI.

Vn lstiy trgdsntgdhi udg ldalr`lhgh, ud primrg`g lsplfngc fid sldtnhi

jnicömnfi, lc flrljri vg g lvgcugr sn ls pisnjcl cg rlpgrgfnöd. Ls hlfnr, vg g
lvgcugr sn ls fidvldnldtl (fidvldnldtl0pis
(fidvldnldtl0pisnjcl)
njcl) sicufnidgr lc fidacnfti jnicömnfi
ld lc qul lstg`is. Lc flrljri, fi`i jnld sgjl`is, sl gdtnfnpg snl`prl. Ndstgdtl
g ndstgdtl. Hljl kgflrci pgrg sgjlr fuçc ls cg `loir hlfnsnöd g ti`gr. Lc flrljri
di n`privnsg, di ndvnlrtl sn di kgy ud rl
rlsuctghi
suctghi mgrgdtnzgh
mgrgdtnzghi,
i, di gsu`l rnlsmi
rnlsmis,
s,
di mgstg `çs ldlrmàg hl cg hnspidnjcl. I, `loir hnfki, lc flrljri jnicömnfi di
mgstg, sndi qul ndvnlrtl fugdhi cg sicufnöd ls pisnjcl i sn rlsuctg fidvldnldtl
sicufnidgr lc prijcl`g. Ls gcmi `grgvnccisi g gprldhlr hlc flrljri. Vn ci
n`ntçrg`is, tgdti ld cg lsalrg ndhnvnhugc fi`i ld ccgg lsalrg ficlftnvg, vnvnràg`is
ld itri tnpi hl gr`idàg. ¹Wuî qunlrl hlfnr qul ndvnlrtl ld cg sicufnöd sn ls
pisnjcl0fidvldnldtll sicufnidgr lc prijcl`g9
pisnjcl0fidvldnldt

Lc flrljri di lcnml ldtrgr ld fidacnfti dn lc tnpi hl fidacnfti. Lc flrljri

rlfnjl ud fidacnfti hl tlrrntirni n`gmndgrni qul cl gflrfg cg psnqul y di cl hnfl g

cg psnqul? –Rsnqul, aàolsl qul fugdhi ldtrö gqulc ki`jrl g trgjgogr g su çrlg,
ustlh ci vnvnö fi`i udg pîrhnhg hl tlrrntirni, fi`i udg g`ldgzg. ^ lsi sl hljl
g fisgs di rlsulctg ld su çrjic mldlgcömnfi qul ustlh gsu`l fi`i pripngs, g
anhlcnhghls g fnlrtis `gdhgtis, g trgu`gs hl cg ndagdfng, gc plrsidgol qul gr`ö
cg fidsfnldfng hl lstl `ufkgfki. Xg`jnîd ld cg zidg di fidsfnldtl kgy ud
trgu`g qul vnvnö lstl Vl÷ir hurgdtl su pripni l`jgrgzi y, gsà di frlg ustlh
qul ls tgd rgfnidgcnstg, kgy udg `l`irng hl vnhg pgsghg qul ci fidhnfnidg, y
tihi lsti kgfl qul ustlh ndtlrprltl cg rlgcnhgh hl udg `gdlrg y g `à `l cclmul
cg ndair`gfnöd hl qul lstg`is ld ud fidacnfti hl tlrrntirni. Qgyg, rlsulcvg y
vlr`l‐.. Fcgri qul di. Lc flrljri di ouzmg, gsu`l lc fidacnfti y
culmi vulcvg g vlr`l‐
sl kgfl fgrmi. Lc flrljri di `nrg pgrg itri cghi y jusfgrç cg `loir sicufnöd.
 Ldtidfls, lc flrljri hnfl
hnfl?? –¹Wuî kgmi fid lstg pgpg fgcnldtl9 ¹Wuî
kgmi fid lstl fidacnfti9‐ \dg vlz clà udg argsl qul `l pgrlfnö `uy
rlprlsldtgtnvg? –Jnicömnfg`ldtl di lstg`is hnsl÷ghis pgrg vnvnr ld lc fidacnfti.
Cg jnicimàg snl`prl jusfg cg `loir sicufnöd ‐. Ldtidfls, ¹quî kgfl lc flrljri9
Lvgcÿg tihgs cgs pisnjncnhghls ld audfnöd hl cis rlfursis qul tnldl. Cis rlfursis
sid dulstri fulrpi, örmgdis, snstl`gs y fîcucgs. Cg ldlrmàg qul kgy
k gy hnspidnjcl.

Gdtl lc fidacnfti jnicömnfi lc flrljri lvgcÿg cis rlfursis, cgs vgrngjcls, y

fidsnhlrg quî sicufnöd ls pisnjcl. Fidsnhlrg pisnjcl hlspclmgr ud primrg`g
lsplfngc fid sldtnhi jnicömnfi pgrg sicufnidgr lc fidacnfti. Ls hlfnr, ls pisnjcl
frlgr cg ldalr`lhgh5 tnldl ud sldtnhi (pir lsi cg frlg fi`i sicufnöd). Gsà qul,
g dulstrg `ldtl, cl hnràg`is? –Ld juldg kirg qul pihl`is ldalr`grdis‐. Ls
hlfnr, sn pihl`is ldalr`grdis ls pirqul pihl`is fidtndugr fid vnhg. G su vlz,
lc flrljri lvgcÿg qul ls pisnjcl fu`pcnr cgs his ltgpgs hl cg ldalr`lhgh, cg hlc
fidacnfti gftnvi y cg pistlrnir rlsicufnöd (rlpgrgfnöd). Ls hlfnr, ls pisnjcl tldlr
cg ldlrmàg hnspidnjcl pgrg kgflr tihi lc priflsi sn dulstri fulrpi, örmgdis,
snstl`gs, fîcucgs, ltf. tnldld cg ldlrmàg pgrg ndvlrtnr ld ci qul slrç ud priflsi
hl mrgd ndsu`i ldlrmîtnfi). Lc flrljri lvgcÿg qul tnldl sldtnhi `ivncnzgr
fîcucgs, örmgdis, tlonhis y primrg`gs5 flrrgr gccç, jciqulgr gfç, gjrnr pir itri
cghi, rlsicvlr y culmi ldtrgr ld cg ltgpg hl rlpgrgfnöd y pihlr cclvgrcg g fgji. ^
qul udg vlz tlr`ndghg cg ldalr`lhgh i primrg`g lsplfngc slmunrl`is vnvis
pgrg mizgr hl ud lstghi hl sgcuh y fid udg jgtgccg mgdghg. Vn lstçd hghgs tihgs
lstgs fidhnfnidls, lc flrljri pidl ld `grfkg lstg gctlrdgtnvg. Vnl`prl lc
flrljri vg g trgtgr hl mgrgdtnzgr dulstrg suplrvnvldfng (y lsti ls n`pirtgdtàsn`i)
utncnzgdhi cg `ldir ldlrmàg pisnjcl, fid cg `çxn`g lanfnldfng. Lc flrljri lvgcÿg
qul ls pisnjcl gsu`nr lc fidacnfti, rlsicvlrci y hnsicvlrci, hlogr gtrçs lsl fidacnfti
y pgsgr g itrg fisg. \dg rlsicufnöd titgc.

Gfcgri gcmi qul culmi rlpltnrî. Lc flrljri sici ti`g hlfnsnidls kgfng
ghldtri, ls hlfnr, ld lc fulrpi. Lc flrljri jnicömnfi di pulhl ti`gr hlfnsnidls
ld ud tlrrntirni qul cl ls goldi y gc qul di tnldl gfflsi, fi`i ls lc gaulrg.
Gaulrg ls cg `ldtl, cg psnqul, dulstri slr ndtlmrgc, lc qul tnldl ldfidtrgr udg
sicufnöd prçftnfg pgrg qul cg ltgpg hl fidacnfti gftnvi sl rlsulcvg y culmi sà lc

flrljri jnicömnfi pidhrç ld `grfkg cg rlpgrgfnöd. Ls n`pirtgdtl sgjlrci.

 Ldtidfls rlpnti? –Vici sn lxnstl udg sicufnöd gc fidacnfti, lc flrljri vg g
gftnvgr lc primrg`g lsplfngc fid sldtnhi jnicömnfi qul ccg`g`is ldalr`lhgh ld
sus his ltgpgs. Vn di kgy sicufnöd hlc fidacnfti, qulhgrl`is ld cg prn`lrg agsl
hl fidacnfti gftnvi, ls hlfnr, i ldalr`g`is pgrg sgdgr fi`i `loir sicufnöd i
ldalr`g`is y dis `gdtldl`is ldalr`is fi`i `loir sicufnöd i cg `loir
sicufnöd gc fidacnfti ls cg `ulrtl. Lc flrljri snl`prl trgtg hl hgrdis udg
pisnjncnhgh pgrg ghgptgrdis g ci qul vnvn`is. Vn lstg`is hurgdtl `ufki tnl`pi
ld ud fidacnfti, di cl ldfidtrg`is sicufnöd y di pihl`is ghgptgrdis, ld cg
jnicimàg kgy udg sicg sicufnöd g lsl fidacnfti? `irnr. Ld ccgg dgturgclzg, lxnstl ud
prndfnpni hl sldtnhi hl suplrvnvldfng, qul qunlrl hlfnr qul kgy ud suprgsldtnhi
g cg vnhg hl fghg udi fi`i ndhnvnhui qul ls cg suplrvnvldfng hl cg `gdghg, pir
ci qul sn ud
u d ndhnvnhui plrsnstl ld lc fidacnfti, lsl ndhnvnhui plrturjghi di cl snrvl
g cg `gdghg, y pulhl slr qul slg cg `loir hlfnsnöd sgfgrci. Gkirg jnld, di ls
qul slg`is vàftn`gs hl lstg sntugfnöd. Gc fidtrgrni, lsti dis hg cg pisnjncnhgh
hl sgjlr qul sn disitris (hl `gdlrg fidsfnldtl y di fidsfnldtl) dis pusn`is
ld ud cumgr, pihl`is lstgr ld itri. Vi`is cnjrls hl lclmnr. Gsà lcnog`is di
pihlr, qul tg`jnîd ls clmàtn`i. Nmugc`ldtl, si`is cnjrls. Di si`is vàftn`g hl
cg ldalr`lhgh, sndi qul îstg dis hg cg fkgdfl hl lolrflr dulstrg cnjlrtgh. Lsti
`gdnanlstg dulstri pihlr.

Gdtls hl pgsgr g cgs his ltgpgs, gfcgrl`is gcmi `çs hlc fidacnfti.

Cg prn`lrg cly hnfl qul lc fidacnfti jnicömnfi di ls ud fidacnfti psnficömnfi.

Fugdhi gcmi sl trghufl ld cg jnicimàg y jgog gc fulrpi, lc fulrpi y cg jnicimàg sl
pidld ld `grfkg pirqul kuji i kgy ud lstrîs qul di puhn`is priflsgr fid
gdtnfnpgfnöd, di kuji tnl`pi pgrg gdtnfnpgrdis dn ud `nduti. Ldtidfls, fugdhi
ud HKV gftnvg cg ldalr`lhgh i slg lc Rrimrg`g Jnicömnfi Lsplfngc
(ldalr`lhgh), ls pgrg hgrdis
hgr dis cg pisnjncnhgh hl ldfidtrgr udg sicufnöd fidfrltg.
Ls hlfnr, `nldtrgs cg ldalr`lhgh trgdsntg su cömnfg, sus ltgpgs, disitris
tldl`is cg fkgdfl (sn kgy hnspidnjncnhgh ndtlrdg) hl rlvnsgr dulstrg knstirng,
dulstrgs frlldfngs, dulstris vàdfucis, dulstrgs klrnhgs, ltf., pgrg hlsgrtnfucgr
cg `gdlrg qul tldl`is hl vnvldfngr hltlr`ndghis lvldtis y sntugfnidls. LVXI
LV @\^ N@RIZXGDXL.

G su vlz, pihl`is fi`prldhlr lc fidacnfti jnicömnfi gdtl lc fugc sl lstç

hlspclmgdhi cg ldalr`lhgh tldnldhi ld fuldtg lc i cis tlonhis, lc i cis örmgdis
qul lstîd ndvicufrghis. Fghg örmgdi, fi`i tl hlfàg ld cg Rrn`lrg Cly, gpgrlfnö
ld ud `i`ldti hghi hl dulstrg knstirng lvicutnvg (knstirng jnicömnfg,
ancimldîtnfg). Gpgrlfnö gdtl cg dlflsnhgh hl ghgptgfnöd, gsà fi`i cis gcvîicis
puc`idgrls gpgrlfnlrid gdtl cg dlflsnhgh hl ghgptgrdis gc `lhni tlrrlstrl
pirqul hljàg`is ijtldlr gnrl hl ud `lhni hnalrldtl gc gfuçtnfi. Ldtidfls, fghg
örmgdi, fghg tlonhi, fghg snstl`g y fghg fîcucg lstç gsifnghi g ud sldtnhi
jnicömnfi pir lc fuçc aul frlghi y tnldl ud primrg`g ld lc flrljri qul lstgjclfl
fuçc ls su audfnöd ld sntugfnidls dir`gcls y quî kgflr ld cgs lsplfngcls. Gsà
qul, sn ud örmgdi lolfutg ud primrg`g lsplfngc (ldalr`lhgh), dis lstç hnfnldhi
qul kgy prlsldtl ud tnpi hl fidacnfti jnicömnfi y fghg örmgdi rlsulcvl udg
tl`çtnfg qul lstç ld rlcgfnöd g cg audfnöd pgrg cg fugc aul frlghi. Rir ci tgdti,
di ls fgsugc qul gcmi n`pgftl ld cg `g`g i ld lc puc`öd, kgy udg cömnfg
jnicömnfg. Cömnfg qul dis pulhl gjrnr cg pulrtg g mrgdhls rlvlcgfnidls. @ufkgs
vlfls, ld cg prçftnfg fitnhngdg cl hnmi gc fidsuctgdtl qul l`plfl`is gc rlvîs,
ld cumgr hl fidtgr`l su knstirng, vl`is prn`lri
pr n`lri sus hngmdöstnfis y lstuhnis y cl
lxpcnfi cgs fnfgtrnfls qul sus örmgdis dis lxprlsgd, cis fidacnftis vnvnhis. Ls
`uy n`pgftgdtl pirqul lc fulrpi sici hnfl cg vlrhgh, ls ud `gpg qul dis
`ulstrg tihgs cgs klrnhgs y fnfgtrnfls hl dulstrg vnhg. @ufkgs vlfls cgs
plrsidgs culmi hl lstg ndtlrprltgfnöd `l prlmudtgd sn siy vnhldtl y sl
gsi`jrgd hl tihi ci qul pulhi sgjlr hl sus vnhgs ld tgd pifis `ndutis. Di
tldmi dndmudg plrflpfnöd lsplfngc, sici cli ud fidifn`nldti qul gprldhà, plri
qul di `l plrtldlfl,
pl rtldlfl, lc fulrpi dis `ulstrg dulstrg cg knstirng hl vnhg.

Gkirg vg`is hl ccldi g cgs his agsls hl tihgs cgs ldalr`lhghls i

primrg`gs jnicömnfis lspgfngcls fid sldtnhi (VJV). Fi`ldfl`is fid cg
Vlmudhg Cly Jnicömnfg.

Lstg cly dis lxpcnfg fö`i trgdsfurrld tihis cis primrg`gs jnicömnfis qul
ccg`çjg`is ldalr`lhgh. Cg prn`lrg cly dis lxpcnfö cgs fgusgs, lc pirquî hl
tihgs cgs ldalr`lhghls. Cg slmudhg dis hnfl fö`i vg g trgdsfurrnr lsl
primrg`g ccg`ghi ldalr`lhgh.

^g pihl`is hlfnr cgs his agsls hlc –primrg`g lsplfngc fid sldtnhi jnicömnfi‐.
Ls n`pirtgdtl tldlr ld fuldtg qul lsti ls udg Cly Jnicömnfg, pir ci tgdti, fid
hnspisnfnöd g rlvnsgr dulstrgs frlldfngs, pihl`is vlrnanfgrcg ld lc 722 % hl cis
fgsis. Lsti cg kgfl fnldtàanfg, cls rlfulrhi qul pgrg qul gcmi
g cmi slg fnldtàanfi, tnldl
qul slr hl`istrgjcl y rlprihufnjcl y lsti suflhl fid cgs Clyls Jnicömnfgs.

Qg`is fid lstg Vlmudhg Cly. Disitris tldl`is udg pgrtl hlc snstl`g
dlrvnisi ccg`ghg snstl`g dlrvnisi gutödi`i, qul ls lc qul fidtricg tihgs cgs

audfnidls fitnhngdgs ccg`ghgs vlmltgtnvgs, fi`i pir lol`pci lc rnt`i fgrhàgfi,

cg hnmlstnöd, cg `nffnöd, cg lvgfugfnöd, lc sul÷i, cg vnmncng, ltf., ls hlfnr qul
fiirhndg cgs gftnvnhghls hl cg vnhg hnurdg y cg vnhg difturdg ld plralftg gr`idàg.
Lstl snstl`g dlurivlmltgtnvi lstç fi`pulsti pir his pgrtls. \dg hl lccgs
lcc gs ls lc
snstl`g sn`pçtnfi, qul mijnlrdg cgs audfnidls fugdhi lstg`is hlspnlrtis, lc hàg
(gftnvnhgh, trgjgoi, lolrfnfni). ^ culmi lstç lc itri snstl`g, qul irmgdnzg cgs
audfnidls hlc hlsfgdsi y lc sul÷i, qul sl ccg`g pgrgsn`pçtnfi. Ls hlfnr, lc
snstl`g sn`pçtnfi gftnvg, pidl ldlrmàg (ls lc snstl`g hl cg ghrldgcndg, lc firtnsic
y tihgs cgs kir`idgs hlc lstrîs)5 ld fg`jni lc pgrgsn`pçtnfi dis prlpgrg pgrg

lc sul÷i, cg rlcgogfnöd y lstç rlmnhi pir lc dlrvni vgmi. Lstl audfnidg`nldti

gctlrdg hàg y difkl dir`gc`ldtl hurgdtl tihis cis hàgs, lstg gctlrdgdfng dgturgc
ls ccg`ghg Dir`itidàg y ls lc audfnidg`nldti gr`ödnfi hl dulstri irmgdns`i.
Hurgdtl lc hàg lstg`is hlspnlrtis y ld gftnvnhgh, hurgdtl cg difkl
hlsfgdsg`is.

Qiy g hlsfrnjnr lc mrçanfi qul gpgrlfl gjgoi. Vî qul fugdhi fi`nldzgd g

gpgrlflr lstgs pgcgjrgs, `ufkgs vlfls dulstrg `ldtl pidl rlsnstldfng. Ls
fi`i sn cg fisg sl pusnlrg hnaàfnc y pldsg`is qul lsi di ls pgrg disitris. Di
ls gsà. Frîl`l. Ghl`çs, ndsnsti qul pgrg ldtldhlr pir quî, pgrg quî y quî dis
pgsg fugdhi dis pgsg ci qul dis pgsg, ls dlflsgrni sgjlr. Kgy fulstnidls
jçsnfgs, fi`i lstgs, qul ld `n lxplrnldfng ls audhg`ldtgc fi`prldhlr. Lstg
ndair`gfnöd dis trgl trgdquncnhgh, fidsfnldfng, rlspidsgjncnhgh y cnjlrtgh.

Mrçanfi hl cg Vlmudhg Cly Jnicömnfg, lvicufnöd hlc primrg`g lsplfngc ccg`ghi

ldalr`lhgh, ld his agsls.
Zlpgsl`is.

Lstl snstl`g dlrvnisi gutödi`i (dlurivlmltgtnvi) tnldl his pgrtls qul

fidvnvld ld gr`idàg y ld fi`pcl`ldti hngrng`ldtl. Lstgs his pgrtls sid lc
snstl`g dlrvnisi sn`pçtnfi y lc snstl`g dlrvnisi pgrgsn`pçtnfi.

Lc snstl`g dlrvnisi sn`pçtnfi ls lc snstl`g qul plr`ntl

plr`n tl cg vnhg hnurdg.

Lc snstl`g dlrvnisi sn`pçtnfi ls sndödn`i hl gftnvnhgh.

Lc snstl`g dlrvnisi pgrgsn`pçtnfi ls lc snstl`g qul dis plr`ntl cg vnhg

difturdg.

Lc snstl`g dlrvnisi pgrgsn`pçtnfi ls sndödn`i hl hlsfgdsi.

¹Hl quî sl ifupg, ldtidfls, fghg snstl`g9

 Lc snstl`g dlrvnisi sn`pçtnfi sl ifupg hl tihgs cgs audfnidls ndvicudtgrngs hl
dulstri fulrpi fugdhi lstg`is ld gftnvnhgh hurgdtl lc hàg (ci qul
q ul dlflsntg`is
pgrg dulstrg gftnvnhgh hngrng, lc trgjgoi y cg gclrtg, cg cufkg
c ufkg i cg kun
kunhg).
hg). Hnmg`is
qul ls lc snstl`g qul prlpgrg gc fulrpi pgrg rlgffnidgr gdtl udg sntugfnöd hl
lstrîs. Vlg fugc aulrg cg sntugfnöd hl lstrîs, n`pcnfg udg gffnöd fidfrltg. Vn
tldmi qul firrlr i lsfgpgr, lc flrljri utncnzgrç lstl snstl`g pgrg hlspclmgr lsg
sicufnöd. Lstç n`pcnfghi ld gffnidls qul rlqunlrld ud mgsti hl ldlrmàg i aulrzg.
Ld cg dgturgclzg, ls lc qul prlpgrg gc fulrpi pgrg cg cufkg i kunhg. Rir lol`pci,
lstn`ucg cis `ÿsfucis fgrhàgfis pgrg gu`ldtgr cg arlfuldfng fgrhàgfg, hncgtg cis

jridqunis hl cis puc`idls (ndfrl`ldtg cg rltldfnöd hl ixàmldi), fgusg

hncgtgfnöd hl cis vgsis sgdmuàdlis qul nrrnmgd lc firgzöd y cis `ÿsfucis
lsqulcîtnfis (gu`ldtgdhi lc su`ndnstri hl sgdmrl), cnjlrg ghrldgcndg y
dirghrldgcndg hl cg `îhucg suprgrrldgc, gu`ldtg cg tgsg `ltgjöcnfg hl cgs
fîcucgs, gu`ldtg cg cnjlrgfnöd hl firtnsic y hl kir`idgs tnrinhlgs, lstn`ucg gc
kàmghi pgrg qul cnjlrl mcufisg y pgrg tldlr ldlrmàg hnspidnjcl pgrg cg cufkg,
rlhufl cg gftnvnhgh hl itrgs audfnidls qul di sid n`pirtgdtls pgrg cg cufkg y cg
kunhg fi`i cg hnmlstnöd y cg `nffnöd.

Lc snstl`g dlrvnisi pgrgsn`pçtnfi sl ldfgrmg hl tihgs cgs audfnidls hl

dulstri fulrpi fugdhi lstç ld rlpisi, yg slg ld lc hlsfgdsi i rlpgrgfnöd,
lol`pci, cg hnmlstnöd, cg `nffnöd (hnmlrn`is fugdhi lstg`is trgdquncis di
fugdhi lstg`is ld cufkg i lstrîs). Ls lc qul prlhnspidl y rlpgrg gc fulrpi
culmi hl kgjlr pgsghi sntugfnidls hl lstrîs. Rihl`is hlfnr qul ls
l s ci fidtrgrni
gc snstl`g sn`pçtnfi. Lstl sl gftnvg ld hlsfgdsi i rlpgrgfnöd. Culmi qul hloî
hl firrlr, cis `ÿsfucis sl rlcgogd pir lol`pci, fg`jng cg rlspnrgfnöd, sl gftnvg

lstl snstl`g pgrg qul yi pulhg kgflr rlpisi y rlfuplrgr`l.

Vn, pir lol`pci, lstiy pir fi`lr pirqul tldmi ud gpltnti virgz pirqul
kgfl ud hàg y `lhni qul di prulji jifghi,
ji fghi, plr
plrii ousti fugdhi cclvi cg fi`nhg g
`n jifg lsfufki qul ldtrgd cghridls g `n fgsg, guti`çtnfg`ldtl ldtri ld
gclrtg. ^ hl lstgr mijlrdghi pir lc snstl`g pgrgsn`pçtnfi (ld rlpisi, cnsti pgrg
rlfuplrgr ldlrmàg), hloi guti`çtnfg`ldtl hl sldtnr kg`jrl, sl `l fnlrrg lc
lstö`gmi, sl `l gflclrg lc pucsi, cg rlspnrgfnöd sl fidtrgl y `l hnspidmi g
lsfgpgr i g ldarldtgr g cis cghridls. Vn tldmi `ufkgs mgdgs hl irndgr,
guti`çtnfg`ldtll hlogrî hl sl
guti`çtnfg`ldt sldtnr
dtnr mgdgs hl nr gc jg÷i. Gdtl lc lstrîs, sl gftnvgrç
lc snstl`g sn`pçtnfi. ¹Rir quî9 Rirqul pgrg lc flrljri ls `çs vntgc lsfgpgr i
ldarldtgr g cis cghridls (rlsicvlr ud fidacnfti vntgc qul pidl ld rnlsmi `n vnhg)
qul fi`lr u irndgr (qul tg`jnîd ls vntgc, plri ld cg lfugfnöd titgc lstç fcgri qul
ls `çs n`pirtgdtl kunr i ldarldtgr g cis cghridls qul fi`lr). Hlspuîs hl qul
sl rlsulcvg lc fidacnfti y yg snd lstrîs, vicvlrî g sldtnr lc hlsli hl irndgr.

Lsti ls gcmi qul pihl`is vlrnanfgr ld cg vnhg hngrng.

Fi`i hnol, g`jis snstl`gs trgjgogd fiirhndghg`ldtl. Vl gctlrdgd.

^ ld lc mrçanfi pihl`is vlr fö`i gftÿg fghg snstl`g ld fghg tlonhi

(örmgdi).
 Ls n`pirtgdtl fi`prldhlr ci gdtlrnir pirqul vg`is g vlr qul fghg udi
hl lstis snstl`gs rlmnrç udg hl cgs his
h is agsls qul tnldl cg ldalr`lhgh.

Lstl Dulvi Rgrghnm`g lstgjclfl qul lstl primrg`g lsplfngc fid sldtnhi
jnicömnfi (qul ccg`çjg`is ldalr`lhgh) audfnidg ld his agsls qul sid

sndfrödnfgs ld cis trls dnvlcls (psàqunfi, flrljrgc y irmçdnfi). Hnfki hl itrg

`gdlrg y fi`i vn`is ld cg prn`lrg cly, fugdhi kgy ud n`pgfti (ud HKV, ud
skife trgu`çtnfi) qul gftnvg ud primrg`g lsplfngc fid sldtnhi jnicömnfi i
ldalr`lhgh, lsl n`pgfti sl hg gc `ns`i tnl`pi ld cg psnqul, ld lc flrljri (ld
ud çrlg lsplfàanfg) y ld lc fulrpi (ld ud örmgdi lsplfàanfi). Rir ci tgdti, gc
`ns`i tnl`pi, lsis trls dnvlcls vgd g lstgr ld udg agsl i ld cg itrg. ^ pir ci
tgdti, lstgrçd fiirhndghis pir lc snstl`g sn`pçtnfi i pir lc snstl`g
pgrgsn`pçtnfi (lc fulrpi lstgrç ld gftnvnhgh i ld rlpisi).
rlpisi) .

Rihl`is vlr lc n`pgfti hlc skife ld lc çrlg flrljrgc `lhngdtl udg

ti`imrgaàg hl frçdli snd sustgdfng hl fidtrgstl fi`i cg prlsldfng hl gdnccis
jcgdfis fidfîdtrnfis, qul sl ccg`gd Aifis hl Kg`lr,
Kg`lr , y hl cis qul kgjcgrî `çs
ghlcgdtl.

Zlpgsl`is.

Xldl`is ud skife trgu`çtnfi fid cgs snmunldtls fgrgftlràstnfgs?

ndlsplrghi, gmuhi, hrg`çtnfi, vnvnhi ld siclhgh, qul dis hlog ld skife (HKV).
Fugdhi lsi suflhl sl gftnvg lstl primrg`g lsplfngc fid sldtnhi jnicömnfi (qul
ccg`çjg`is ldalr`lhgh), ls hlfnr qul lc flrljri sgfg ud gs hl cg `gdmg, ud

primrg`g hl l`lrmldfng qul ls ci qul ccg`çjg`is ldalr`lhgh. Gc gftnvgrsl

lstl primrg`g lsplfngc, fi`nldzg fid udg prn`lrg agsl?

Lstg prn`lrg agsl ls cg agsl hl Fidacnfti Gftnvi (cg prn`lrg pgdfntg hlc
mrçanfi hl cgs his agsls). @nldtrgs lstg`is ld lstg agsl hlc primrg`g, vg g
fi`gdhgr lc snstl`g dlrvnisi sn`pçtnfi. Lstl snstl`g lstç `lhnghi
audhg`ldtgc`ldtl pir cg ghrldgcndg y lc firtnsic5 kir`idgs hl lstrîs pirqul ls
ud snstl`g hl gclrtg.

Kgy fidacnfti gftnvi, lstg`is ld gftnvnhgh, ld gffnöd. Gfç kgy ghrldgcndg

y lstghi hl gclrtg pirqul lc flrljri rlfnjl cg ndair`gfnöd hl qul lstg`is ld
plcnmri. Gclrtg pirqul kgy qul rlgffnidgr hl gcmudg `gdlrg pgrg rlsicvlr lc
fidacnfti. @l aun hl vgfgfnidls y fugdhi vulcvi ldfuldtri qul `n fgsg kg snhi
ti`ghg pir udgs plrsidgs. Vid vnicldtgs y di qunlrld sgcnr. @l g`ldgzgd. Ls
gcmi ndlsplrghi, ud skife trgu`çtnfi. Xrgs lsl HKV, ndmrlsi ld udg ltgpg hl
fidacnfti gftnvi. @nldtrgs yi di cl ldfuldtrl udg sicufnöd gc fidacnfti, viy g lstgr
ld gclrtg. Ghrldgcndg purg. Di viy g hir`nr, `n `ldtl cl hgrç vulctgs gc gsudti,
`ns ldlrmàgs vgd g lstgr pulstgs ld lsl tl`g.

¹Fö`i pulhi rlsicvlr lc fidacnfti9

Vn fidsnmi qul `l hlvulcvgd cg fgsg.

Vn cis usurpghirls sl vgd.

Vn ldfuldtri udg sicufnöd privnsirng. Vupidmg

Vupidmg`is
`is qul ld lsl `i`ldti,
`l sgcl ud mrgd priylfti qul yi lsplrgjg. ^, g `n plsgr, `l kgfl plrhlr lc
ndtlrîs ld cg fgsg y pidlr cgs ldlrmàgs ld lc itri cumgr. @l sgfg cg gtldfnöd hl

gkà. Hlclmi cg rlsicufnöd g ud gjimghi y ci sulcti. Ldfuldtri udg sgcnhg

privnsirng gc fidacnfti.

I pulhi gflptgr ci qul suflhnö, kgflr lc hulci, ndtlmrgr lsg lxplrnldfng

y gprldhlr hl lccg. ^ yg di `l ndtlrlsg lsg fgsg.

Fntgdhi lc cnjri, Cg ldalr`lhgh ls itrg fisg (hlc Hr. @grfis Ranstlr)? –Ld
tîr`ndis jnicömnfis udg sntugfnöd fidacnftugc sl pulhl sicufnidgr hl `ufkgs
`gdlrgs? pirqul kl ijtldnhi ci qul dlflsnti, pirqul yg di lxnstld cgs
fidhnfnidls qul `gdtnldld cg sntugfnöd fidacnftugc, pirqul plrhà ndtlrîs ld lccg,
pirqul `l ifupî hl itrg fisg‐.

@nldtrgs di sl prlsldtl udg sicufnöd5 lstiy ld fidacnfti gftnvi, jusfgdhi

cg `gdlrg hl rlsicvlrci5 pir ci tgdti, lstiy ld lstghi hl gclrtg. Lstg ltgpg lstç
fi`gdhghg pir lc snstl`g dlrvnisi sn`pçtnfi hurgdtl lc hàg y cg difkl. Rir lsi,
sl hldi`ndg g lstg agsl? sn`pgtnfitidà
sn`pgtnfitidàg.
g. ¹Wuî suflhl gfç9 Rldsl`is qul gfç
yg sl gftnvö lsi qul ccg`g`is ldalr`lhgh, qul yg lstç gftnvi lstl primrg`g
lsplfngc fid sldtnhi jnicömnfi. Lc örmgdi firrlspidhnldtl g lsg prijcl`çtnfg
lstgrç `ihnanfçdhisl pgrg rlsicvlr lsg sntugfnöd.

Qlg`is fö`i audfnidg lstg ltgpg hl fidacnfti gftnvi

 Gc dnvlc hl cg psnquns? tldl`is lstrîs `ldtgc, pldsg`nldtis ru`ngdtls
sijrl lc fidacnfti hurgdtl lc hàg y cg difkl, cl hg`is vulctgs g cg sntugfnöd y lc
fidacnfti hlspcgzg g cis itris pldsg`nldtis.

Gc dnvlc hlc flrljri? kgy ud n`pgfti ld udg zidg lsplfàanfg hlc flrljri

slmÿd cg tl`çtnfg i fidtldnhi hlc fidacnfti. Vl vlrçd gdnccis fidfîdtrnfis jcgdfis

ccg`ghis Aifis hl Kg`lr ld lsg zidg flrljrgc qul rlfnjnö lc n`pgfti ld udg
ti`imrgaàg hl frçdli snd fidtrgstl.

Gc dnvlc hlc örmgdi i cis tlonhis ndvicufrghis? vg`is g ijslrvgr cg sicufnöd

jnicömnfg qul gftnvö dulstri flrljri. ¹Wuî qunlrl hlfnr lsti9
l sti9 Wul vg`is g vlr
ud gu`ldti, hns`ndufnöd i jciquli hl cgs audfnidls hl cis örmgdis i tlonhis
ndvicufrghis, ls hlfnr, udg `ihnanfgfnöd ld cg audfnöd hlc örmgdi. I jnld, pulhl
prlsldtgrsl udg `ihnanfgfnöd ld cg lstrufturg hlc örmgdi (udg pricnalrgfnöd
flcucgr, qul ls fi`i udg `gsg, i udg hns`ndufnöd flcucgr, qul ls fi`i ud
kulfi). Ls dlflsgrni fi`prldhlr jnld fö`i audfnidg lstg ltgpg pirqul culmi
vg`is g vicvlr sijrl ci qul tl gfgji hl fidtgr. Vici `l mustgràg gmrlmgr qul
kgy tlonhis qul ld cg prn`lrg agsl gu`ldtgd su audfnöd y itris qul ld lstg agsl
cg hns`nduyld. Kgy tlonhis qul ld cg prn`lrg agsl kgfld udg pricnalrgfnöd flcucgr,
fi`i sn gmrgdhgrgd lc örmgdi ld fulstnöd (y pihl`is vlr fnlrtis tu`irls) y
itris qul, ld lstg agsl, kgfld ud kulfi ld lc örmgdi. Lsti suflhl g dnvlc
jnicömnfi. Lsti ls ci `grgvnccisi hl ci qul sl pidl hl `gdnanlsti g trgvîs hl lstg
Cly? pihl`is vlr ld quî ltgpg lstç cg ldalr`lhgh ld lsl örmgdi, g quî
fidacnfti jnicömnfi firrlspidhl, fuçc ls cg tlrgpîutnfg pisnjcl0fidvldnldtl g
rlgcnzgr, quî dlflsntg`is kgflr, quî ls ci `çs fidvldnldtl0p
fidvldnldtl0pisnjcl5
isnjcl5 ldtrl itris
jldlanfnis.

Vnmg`is. Ld cg ltgpg hl fidacnfti gftnvi, ld tîr`ndis prçftnfis y

`ldtgcls, lstiy jusfgdhi sicufnidls (yg slgd `ldtgcls, psnficömnfgs i
fidfrltgs). Cl hiy vulctgs gc gsudti tihi lc hàg, `ns pldsg`nldtis mnrgd ld tirdi
g gcmi pudtugc, hàg y difkl. Di hulr`i, gudqul lstiy gftnvi yg qul di `lr`g
`n fgpgfnhgh hl gffnöd. Vn si`is cg plrsidg hlc lol`pci hl cg fgsg usurpghg,
lstiy vnldhi quî kgflr, fidsucti, lvgcÿi y jusfi gctlrdgtnvgs.

Dulstri snstl`g dlurivlmltgtnvi lstç fi`gdhghi pir lc snstl`g

sn`pçtnfi. Di sl gctlrdg hàg y difkl fid lc snstl`g pgrgsn`pçtnfi, pir ci tgdti
ld cg difkl di sl gftnvg cg vgmitidàg y di pulhi hlsfgdsgr. ¹Wuî pgsg ld
tîr`ndis ansnicömnfis9 Fugdhi lstg`is ld agsl hlc fidacnfti gftnvi hl cg
ldalr`lhgh, di hir`n`is (i hir`n`is `gc, tldl`is ndsi`dni, dis
hlsplrtg`is vgrngs vlfls hurgdtl cg difkl). ¹Rir quî sl gctlrg lc sul÷i y, g
plsgr hl lcci, pulhi lxplrn`ldtgr udg mrgd vntgcnhgh9 Rirqul lstiy ld gclrtg,
jusfgdhi sicufnidls. Ls prijgjcl qul di tldmg `ufki gpltnti,
gpltnti , pirqul fugdhi
lc snstl`g dlrvnisi sn`pçtnfi lstç gftnvi sl fidtrgl lc lstö`gmi. Xnldl ud
sldtnhi jnicömnfi. Vn yi siy ud ciji qul kg plrhnhi su tlrrntirni dgturgc y qunlrl
rlfuplrgrci pirqul lsi ls `çs vntgc qul fi`lr, `n flrljri di vg g gftnvgr lc
kg`jrl. Di, fcgri qul di. Qg gh`ndnstrgr `loir lc gcn`ldti hnspidnjcl ld `n
fulrpi, hloçdhi`l ldlrmàg (y tnl`pi) pgrg ijtldlr ci qul gkirg ls vntgc? `n
tlrrntirni.

Ci `ns`i pgsg ld lc slr ku`gdi fugdhi lstç ld cg ltgpg hlc fidacnfti

gftnvi. Jnicömnfg`ldtl, sl vg g fidtrglr lc lstö`gmi y vg`is g tldlr vgrnis

sàdti`gs gsifnghis g udg gftnvnhgh hlc snstl`g dlrvnisi sn`pçtnfi. Rihl`is
tldlr cgs `gdis y pnls aràis, pirqul fugdhi lstg`is ld sn`pgtnfitidàg, ld
fidacnfti gftnvi, cg sgdmrl vg audhg`ldtgc`ldtl kgfng lc firgzöd y kgfng cis
`ÿsfucis. Fi`i lstiy ld gftnvnhgh, ld lstghi hl cufkg y kunhg, pulhl kgjlr
tgqunfgrhng, gu`ldti hl cg prlsnöd grtlrngc, gu`ldti hlc gzÿfgr sgdmuàdli y
sàdti`gs rlcgfnidghis gc gu`ldti hl firtnsic y ghrldgcndgs sgdmuàdlgs qul sl
cnjlrgd ld sntugfnidls hl lstrîs pgrg lstgr prlpgrghi pgrg cg cufkg i cg kunhg.
Hljnhi g lstg sn`pgtnfitidàg ld agsl gftnvg hl cg ldalr`lhgh, cg `gyiràg hl cgs

vlfls di kgy sàdti`gs rlcgfnidghis gc örmgdi lsplfàanfi qul lxprlsg lc

primrg`g, sndi sàdti`gs mldlrgcls hl gftnvgfnöd ghrldîrmnfg (fid gcmudgs
lxflpfnidls fi`i cis fidacnftis `itirls, qul culmi vlrl`is). Ls hlfnr, fugdhi
lc fidacnfti jnicömnfi lstç gftnvi, ld cg `gyiràg hl cgs ldalr`lhghls lstg`is
gsndti`çtnfis ld lc örmgdi lsplfàanfi5 ls hlfnr, di kgy rlmnstri fcàdnfi hl qul cg
ldalr`lhgh sl gftnvö. Wunld slg qul dis vlg, ld mldlrgc di vlrç sàdti`gs hl
ldalr`lhgh. Lsti ls `uy, `uy, n`pirtgdtl.

Hghg dulstrg fucturg ld rlcgfnöd gc kgflr, sn lstg`is gflclrghis l

knplrgftnvis lsti di dis prlifupg `ufki pirqul hl lsg `gdlrg lstg`is
prihuftnvis pgrg dulstrg vnhg cgjirgc.
cgjirgc . Ld mldlrgc, ld lstg ltgpg di fidsuctg`is
gc `îhnfi dn tldl`is rlmnstri hl qul gquà l`plzö lc primrg`g lsplfngc qul
ccg`çjg`is ldalr`lhgh.

Cg `gyiràg hl cis sàdti`gs hl ci qul ccg`çjg`is ldalr`lhgh sl snldtld

fugdhi pgsg`is g cg agsl hl rlpgrgfnöd i slmudhg agsl hlc primrg`g jnicömnfi.

Ldtidfls, cg prn`lrg agsl ls cg agsl hlc fidacnfti gftnvi. Ld lccg gftÿg lc

snstl`g sn`pçtnfi y sl fgrgftlrnzg pir lc lstrîs `ldtgc, lc ndsi`dni y cg
gftnvgfnöd. Lc örmgdi lsplfàanfi ld mldlrgc lstç trgdsair`çdhisl, plri di siy
fidsfnldtl hl qul lc primrg`g sl gftnvö.

\dg vlz qul lc fidacnfti sl rlsulcvl, sn y sici sn lc fidacnfti sl rlsulcvl,

pgsg`is g cg slmudhg agsl, qul ls cg
c g rlsicufnöd hlc fidacnf
fidacnfti
ti i hlstruffnöd hlc
fidacnfti i RFC (pist-fidacnfti-cnsns).

Fugdhi sl rlsulcvl hl gcmudg `gdlrg lc fidacnfti i cg sntugfnöd qul `l

pusi ld fidacnfti, sl pgsg g cg ltgpg hl rlsicufnöd hlc primrg`g lsplfngc fid

sldtnhi jnicömnfi, qul ls cg slmudhg agsl i RFC. Ld lc fgsi hlc lol`pci hl cis
usurpghirls, supidmg`is qul
qul cg picnfàg cis ccimrg
imrg sgfgr y lc hul÷i rlfuplrg su
fgsg. Gkà kgy udg sicufnöd rlgc hlc fidacnfti `lhngdtl udg gffnöd fidfrltg? cg
plrsidg ijtuvi ci qul qulràg y rlsicvnö lc fidacnfti. Vupidmg`is gkirg qul lc
hul÷i hl cg fgsg ls ud ki`jrl `uy tlrrntirngc, qul ti`g hlfnsnidls, fidqunstg
ci qul qunlrl y ls rlsicutnvi y gutisuanfnldtl. Vupidmg`is qul di vnvl lc
fidacnfti ld tîr`ndis hl pîrhnhg hl tlrrntirni pirqul su vnvldfng ls qul di ci vg
g plrhlr. Rlri sà ci vnvl fi`i udg g`ldgzg g su tlrrntirni. Lc tlrrntirni ls gcmi

jçsnfi y vntgc pgrg cgs plrsidgs. ^ sn gqulccg plrsidg vnvldfng qul su fgsg cl ls
vntgc, ldtidfls sl lstgrçd `ltnldhi ld su tlrrntirni, cl lstgrçd quntgdhi
qun tgdhi cumgr, cl
lstgrçd sgfgdhi ci lsldfngc y vntgc, cl usurpgrçd su lspgfni. Gÿd di ci plrhnö,
plri sn cg g`ldgzg sl fidfrltg, pgrg îc ls cg `ulrtl pirqul cl lstçd quntgdhi
lspgfni, qunlrl cufkgr y qunlrl lxpucsgr hl lsl lspgfni gc ldl`nmi. @nldtrgs lc
fidacnfti lstç gftnvi, lstç ld sn`pgtnfitidàg y di tnldl sàdti`gs rlspnrgtirnis ld
mldlrgc. G su vlz, snd qul îc ci rlmnstrl, ld sus jridqunis sl lstç prihufnldhi
udg ucflrgfnöd. ¹Rir quî9 Rirqul cg ÿcflrg mldlrg lspgfni y ldsgdfkg lc
jridquni pgrg qul pgsl `çs ixàmldi y îc pulhg tldlr `çs ldlrmàg pgrg ccufkgr
ufkgr

y hlaldhlr su tlrrntirni. Gkirg supidmg`is qul rlsulcvl lc fidacnfti y vulcvl g

tldlr su fgsg. Lc fidacnfti rlsicvnö y di kgy `çs g`ldgzg. Lsg ÿcflrg qul lc
flrljri knzi pgrg mldlrgr `çs pgsi hl ixàmldi dlflsntg slr rlccldghg pirqul
yg di ls dlflsgrni lc ixàmldi lxtrg. Fi`i cg jnicimàg di sl qulhg fid dghg qul
di dlflsntl, vg g rlccldgr lsg ÿcflrg qul yg di dlflsntg. Lsti suflhl ld cg ltgpg
hl rlsicufnöd. Gfç fi`nldzgd g gpgrlflr tihis cis sàdti`gs y udi snldtl qul
sl vnldl cg difkl. Ld lc fgsi hlc lol`pci, hlpldhnldhi hl cg ndtldsnhgh hlc
fidacnfti y hl cg hurgfnöd hlc `ns`i pulhl prlsldtgr ndacg`gfnöd, tis,
lxplftirgfnöd, `ifi, ijstruffnöd jridqungc, sàdti`gs hl jridquntns y, ld
sntugfnidls fid vnvldfngs `çs ndtldsgs, hlsgrriccgr ud Fçdflr ld cis jridqunis.
Vn aulrg ud Fçdflr, ls gkà qul vg`is g vlr udg `gsg, lc tu`ir, ld lc cumgr hidhl
gdtls lc flrljri `gdhö g kgflr ud kulfi, qul lrg lc lspgfni qul dlflsntçjg`is
pgrg pgsgr `çs ixàmldi. Ls hlfnr qul, fid lc fidacnfti gftnvi, knzi udg ucflrgfnöd
hl cis jridqunis, ud gmuolri pgrg gu`ldtgr lc tg`g÷i hlc jridquni pgrg pgsgr
`çs ixàmldi. Fugdhi lc prijcl`g sl rlsulcvl yg di dlflsntg `çs lc gmuolri
ldtidfls ci rlccldg. Vl air`g ud fgrfndi`g lpnhlr`inhl hl puc`öd qul gftÿg
fi`i rlccldi. ¹Wunîdls kgfld ld dulstris örmgdis lsg trgdsair`gfnöd hlc tlonhi
qul n`pcnfg gjrnr, flrrgr y rlccldgr9 Dulstris `nfrifnruogdis dgturgcls, cis
mîr`ldls (ld cg Fugrtg Cly tl fidtgrî sijrl lc ric jldlanfnisi hl cis mîr`ldls).
Ls mrgfngs g su lxnstldfng qul `ihnanfg`is
`ihn anfg`is cis tlonhis ld audfnöd hl cg dlflsnhgh
hl ci qul lstl`is vnvnldhi. Cis mîr`ldls sici gftÿgd ld cg agsl hl rlpgrgfnöd,
pir ci tgdti, ld lstg slmudhg agsl i RFC ls fugdhi vlrl`is ndacg`gfnöd, `ifi,
pus i sgdmrl. Lstis sid tihis sàdti`gs hl rlsicufnöd hlc fidacnfti, dlflsgrnis
pgrg vicvlr lc primrg`g g cg kgjntugcnhgh i dir`itidàg.

Ldtidfls hl lsti sl trgtg cg slmudhg agsl hl ci qul ccg`g`is

ldalr`lhgh. Ls cg agsl hl rlsicufnöd i RFC (pistfidacnfticnsns, pist cnsns i
hlstruffnöd hlc fidacnfti).

Cg slmudhg agsl ls cg agsl hl furgfnöd i fidacnfticnsns. Fidacnfticnsns qunlrl

hlfnr rlsicufnöd hl fidacnfti. Ld lstg agsl ifurrl ci fidtrgrni g ci qul ifurrl ld
cg gdtlrnir. Fi`i lc fidacnfti sl rlsicvnö,
rlsicvnö , lc snstl`g sn`pçtnfi hlog hl fi`gdhgr
y sl rnml pir lc snstl`g ipulsti qul ls lc pgrgsn`pçtnfi (hl `gdlrg sndfrödnfg
ld cis trls dnvlcls, lsti ls? ld cg psnqul, ld lc flrljri y ld lc örmgdi).

Ci qul l`pnlzg g dnvlc psàqunfi ls ud sldtn`nldti hl gcnvni y ttrgdquncnhgh.

rgdquncnhgh.
Jgog lc lstrîs, sldfnccg`ldtl pirqul lc fidacnfti sl rlsicvnö hl gcmudg `gdlrg
prçftnfg (y lsti ifurrl lxfcusnvg`ldtl sn lc fidacnfti sl rlsulcvl). Fi`i hnon`is
`çs grrnjg, kgy hnalrldtls air`gs hl rlsicvlr lc fidacnfti. Rulhl slr `lhngdtl
sicufnidls mgdghirgs, suplrghirgs, privnsirngs i prçftnfgs. Rulhl slr pir
gffnöd pripng, pir gffnöd hl itris i pir i`nsnöd.
i`nsnöd . Fi`i slg, `n psnquns ndtlrprltg
qul lc fidacnfti yg sl rlsicvnö Fid lc fidacnfti rlsulcti, jgog lc lstrîs y, flsg cg
cufkg i cg kunhg. Culmi hl ud mrgd ndsu`i hl ldlrmàg hl cg agsl gdtlrnir,
dlflsnti hlsfgdsgr.

Ld tîr`ndis psàqunfis sl lxplrn`ldtg trgdquncnhgh y gcnvni. Cg plrsidg

hlog hl pldsgr ld lsg prijcl`çtnfg, jgog su dnvlc hl ghrldgcndg y hl firtnsic y
hlog hl lstgr ld gclrtg.

Ld tîr`ndis ansnicömnfis, lstg ltgpg hl rlpgrgfnöd lstç fi`gdhghg, hàg y

difkl, pir lc snstl`g pgrgsn`pçtnfi, tg`jnîd fidifnhi fi`i snstl`g vgmi (hl
gkà qul lstg ltgpg sl ccg`g ltgpg hl vgmitidàg). Ls fi`i sn dulstri rnt`i
ansnicömnfi aulrg, ld lc sul÷i y ld cg vnmncng, lc rnt`i difturdi. Rrlsldtg`is
`ufki fgdsgdfni. Lstl fgdsgdfni tnldl udg cömnfg jnicömnfg qul ls rlpgrgr tihg
cg ndvlrsnöd hl ldlrmàg qul kuji ld lc plràihi gdtlrnir.

^g vlrl`is qul lstg slmudhg agsl hl rlfuplrgfnöd tnldl, g su vlz, his

ltgpgs. Ld cg prn`lrg pgrtl hl cg agsl hl rlfuplrgfnöd y hl rlpgrgfnöd, vg`is g
lxplrn`ldtgr ud mrgd fgdsgdfni rlacloghi, ldtrl itrgs vgrngjcls, ld ud mrgd
sul÷i. Ld cg prn`lrg pgrtl hl cg rlpgrgfnöd, vg`is g pihlr fidfncngr lc sul÷i,
hir`nr y rlspidhlr g lsl sul÷i hurgdtl lc hàg. Dis vg g cclvgr ud tnl`pi
dir`gcnzgr lc sul÷i hurgdtl cg difkl, lsi pgsgrç ld cg slmudhg pgrtl hl lstg
agsl hl rlfuplrgfnöd. Lsti tnldl udg cömnfg jnicömnfg, kgy ud sldtnhi hltrçs hlc
klfki hl qul g cg difkl, `nldtrgs trgdsntg`is cg prn`lrg ltgpg hl cg rlpgrgfnöd,
tldmg`is ud sul÷i ndtlrru`pnhi y cnvngdi. ¹Fuçc ls lc sldtnhi hl lstg gctlrgfnöd
hlc sul÷i difturdi9 Rldsl`is ld tîr`ndis hl cg jnicimàg, fi`i sn auîrg`is ud
gdn`gc klrnhi ld cg dgturgclzg. Lstg`is rlsicvnldhi lc fidacnfti jnicömnfi,
lstg`is `uy klrnhis y rlfnîd ndnfng`is cg rlpgrgfnöd. Hurgdtl cg difkl, ls
fugdhi `çs ld plcnmri lstg`is. Ldtidfls, lc flrljri `gdtnldl lc gclrtg hurgdtl
cg difkl. Lstl ls ud primrg`g grfgnfi mrgjghi ld dulstri flrljri y fi`pgrtnhi
fid `ufkis slrls vnvis, rlfirhl`is qul lc flrljri jnicömnfi
jn icömnfi di hnstndmul ldtrl
rlgc y sn`jöcnfi. Vn dis lstg`is rlfuplrgdhi, pgrg lc flrljri, di si`is udg
plrsidg qul vnldl hl rlsicvlr ud fidacnfti hl tlrrntirni pirqul ldfidtrö g su
`uolr fid ud g`gdtl5 si`is ud ciji klrnhi qul plclö pir su tlrrntirni, rlsicvnö
lc fidacnfti y qulhö `uy cgstn`ghi. Vn lstiy `uy cgstn`ghi, tldmi `ldis
fkgdfls hl hlaldhlr`l. Vn aulrg ud gdn`gc klrnhi, trgtgràg hl lsfidhlr`l y hl
`ivlr`l ci `ldis pisnjcl, kgstg rlfuplrgr`l. Ld cg dgturgclzg, cg prlsg ls
`çs açfnc hl gtgfgr fugdhi hulr`l pir cg difkl. ^ sn ghl`çs lstç klrnhi,
klrn hi, `ldis
pisnjncnhgh tnldl hl rlgffnöd? yg slg pgrg lsfgpgr hlc plcnmri i ldarldtgrci,
ldtidfls lc flrljri `gdtnldl hurgdtl cg difkl y hurgdtl ud tnl`pi ud lstghi
hl gclrtg. Lc fgdsgdfni, gmitg`nldti, gcnvni `ldtgc y sul÷i sl lxplrn`ldtgrçd
prn`lri hurgdtl lc hàg y culmi sl rlfuplrgrç lc sul÷i difturdi.

¹Rir quî vg`is g suarnr `ufkg agtnmg y mrgd fgdsgdfni9 Lc sldtnhi

jnicömnfi hlc fgdsgdfni ls hnspidlrdis gc hlsfgdsi pgrg rlpgrgr. Lc mrghi hl
fgdsgdfni vg g hlpldhlr hl cg ndtldsnhgh y hurgfnöd hl cg agsl gdtlrnir y hl cg
ldlrmàg qul ndvnrtnö lc irmgdns`i ld cg agsl hl fidacnfti gftnvi. G su vlz, sl
fi`nldzg g rlmucgrnzgr lc rnt`i fgrhàgfi, hns`nduyl cg prlsnöd grtlrngc pirqul yg

di dlflsnti `gyir fnrfucgfnöd hl sgdmrl pgrg cg cufkg, kgy gu`ldti hl gpltnti

pirqul yg di lstiy ld gclrtg
g clrtg y pulhi hnmlrnr, gu`ldtg cg tl`plrgturg y gu`ldtg
lc plsi (rlfirhl`is qul lstg agsl ls ndacg`gtirng y mldlrg rltldfnöd hl càqunhi).
Ld cg `gyiràg hl cgs ldalr`lhghls, cg ltgpg hl rlsicufnöd sl fgrgftlrnzg pir cg
gfu`ucgfnöd hl càqunhi. Lstg rltldfnöd hl càqunhi, ccg`ghg lhl`g, ls pgrg
pritlmlr cg zidg ld cg fugc sl `gdnalstö lc fidacnfti jnicömnfi y su rlsicufnöd.
Xldl`is his fisgs? ndacg`gfnöd, qul mldlrg ud lspgfni hl pritlffnöd ld cg
zidg, y gfu`ucgfnöd hl càqunhi, qul jrndhg dutrnldtls y fidtldfnöd g cg fîcucg
pgrg qul sl rlpgrl. Lstis lhl`gs sl vgd g `gdnalstgr tgdti ld cg zidg hlc

flrljri qul rlfnjnö lc n`pgfti fi`i ld lc tlonhi u örmgdi ld fulstnöd.

Zlfirhl`is qul lc skife trgu`çtnfi n`pgftg ld cg psnqul y gc `ns`i tnl`pi ld
lc flrljri y ld lc örmgdi lsplfàanfi. ^ qul tihgs cgs agsls gftÿgd gc `ns`i
tnl`pi ld cis trls dnvlcls? psnqul-flrljri-örmgdi (Rrn`lrg Cly).

Lc Hr. Kg`lr ci puhi vlrnanfgr g trgvîs hl cgs ti`imrgaàgs hl frçdli snd

fidtrgstl. Vn kgfl`is udg ti`imrgaàg ld cg prn`lrg ltgpg, qul ls cg hl fidacnfti
gftnvi, vg`is g vlr gdnccis fidfîdtrnfis jcgdfis ld ud çrlg lsplfàanfg hlc
flrljri. Lsg knplrhldsnhgh qul sl gprlfng fid `ufkg dntnhlz ls prihufnhg pir
lc fkiqul lcîftrnfi hlc fidacnfti ld lc flrljri. Fugdhi pgsg`is g cg slmudhg
agsl, qul ls cg hl rlpgrgfnöd, vg`is g vnsugcnzgr lsis gdnccis lhl`gtnzghis ld
cg ti`imrgaàg. Vl jirrg ci jcgdfi y gpgrlfl ud ficir mrns
mrn s hlc càqunhi qul pritlml
cg zidg qul rlfnjnö lc n`pgfti y gyuhg g su rlpgrgfnöd. Cg prlsldfng hl càqunhi
ld lc flrljri ld lstg agsl hg sàdti`gs fi`i lc hicir hl fgjlzg, vnsnöd jirrisg,
l`jitg`nldti y iàhis tgpghis. Xihis lstis sàdti`gs prihufnhis pir lc
gu`ldti hl prlsnöd ld lc flrljri gdtl lc gu`ldti hl càqunhi qul gccà sl
fidfldtrg.

Aitis hl Aifis hl Kg`lr, ld ti`imrgaàgs hl frçdli snd fidtrgstl.

Ls `uy n`pirtgdtl sgjlr ld quî agsl lstg`is hl cg ldalr`lhgh, pirqul

sn lstg`is ld agsl hl fidacnfti gftnvi, urml rlsicvlr lc fidacnfti ld cg `gyiràg hl
cis fgsis, slg fi`i slg. ^, g su vlz, lsi dis sl÷gcg udg tlrgpîutnfg
hltlr`ndghg. Vn lstg`is ld agsl hl fidacnfti rlsulcti, rlsicufnöd i rlpgrgfnöd,
dlflsntg`is ti`gr hlfnsnidls pgrg ficgjirgr ld lsg rlpgrgfnöd. ^ lstgs
hlfnsnidls sid tgdti hl cg lsalrg hlc trgtg`nldti `îhnfi fi`i hlc psnficömnfi i
l`ifnidgc qul pulhg lstgr trgdsntgdhi cg plrsidg. Kgy `lhnfg`ldtis qul, pir
su fi`pisnfnöd quà`nfg, kgfld qul vicvg`is g cg ltgpg hl fidacnfti gftnvi,
pirqul gftnvgd lc snstl`g sn`pçtnfi. Xg`jnîd kgy rlgcnhghls l`ifnidgcls y
psnficömnfgs qul di ls dlflsgrni tifgr ld cg rlpgrgfnöd pirqul pulhld
gftnvgrdis fidacnftis qul di sid fidvldnldtls gftnvgr ld lsg ltgpg. ^ ls
n`prlsfndhnjcl qul ld lstg ltgpg hl rlpgrgfnöd cg plrsidg sl snldtg
gfi`pg÷ghg y fidtldnhg, pgrg di gmrlmgr `çs lhl`g qul ndtldsnanqul cis
sàdti`gs. Lc fidifn`nldti sijrl cgs Clyls Jnicömnfgs ls udg klrrg`nldtg `uy
vgcnisg pgrg gjirhgr cg rlgcnhgh ndtlmrgc hl cg plrsidg. Fugdhi cg plrsidg
trgdsntg cg agsl hl rlpgrgfnöd, ls dlflsgrni aifgcnzgrsl ld jgogr lc lstrîs y lc
`nlhi hlc fidsuctgdtl, ghl`çs hl gfi`pg÷gr `îhnfg`ldtl hl `gdlrg
fidvldnldtl y `çs fiklrldtl gc priflsi jnicömnfi. ^ lsti di sici ndfu`jl gc
`îhnfi, sndi tg`jnîd g prialsnidgcls hl itrgs çrlgs, tlrgplutgs, lc fidsuctgdtl
`ns`i, su ag`ncng yg ldtirdi.

Vnmg`is fid lstg slmudhg agsl, cg hl ZLRGZGFNÖD.

Xg`jnîd kgy ud gu`ldti hl cg tl`plrgturg gsifnghi g lstg agsl. ¹Rir

quî suflhl cg anljrl ld lstg ltgpg9 ¹Vgjls hl hödhl vnldl cg pgcgjrg anljrl9
Hlc cgtàd aljrns qul snmdnanfg purnanfgfnöd. Cg anljrl ls fidslfuldfng hlc càqunhi
gfu`ucghi ld lc flrljri qul air`g ud lhl`g y, g su vlz, lc gu`ldti hl
tl`plrgturg cn`png lc irmgdns`i, gsà fi`i fugdhi klrvn`is lc gmug cg
cn`png`is5 ri`pl pritlàdgs hl dulstrg lstrufturg qul yg di sid dlflsgrngs,
fi`i sn ri`pnlrg `ichls qul klrlhg`is qul yg di dlflsntg`is. Cg anljrl `l
ijcnmg gc rlpisi y hlsfgdsi pgrg cg rlfuplrgfnöd, `l ijcnmg g lstgr ld fidtgfti
fid`nmi `ns`i, g `nrgr kgfng hldtri5 cg anljrl ls udg `grgvnccisg rlspulstg hl
dulstri irmgdns`i hl airtgclzg y lc fg`ndi hl sgdgfnöd. Ls fidflpti ls hl cgs
`lhnfndgs irnldtgcls y `l rlsuctg `uy fiklrldtl. Kgy qul hlogr hl hl`idnzgr g
cg anljrl y lvgcugr fghg fgsi pudtugc. Ls dlflsgrni fi`prldhlr su sldtnhi
jnicömnfi rlgc. Xg`jnîd kgy gu`ldti hl cg tl`plrgturg cifgc ld lc örmgdi
galftghi. Lsti suflhl pirqul qunldls kgfld tihg cg rlpgrgfnöd hlc tlonhi, cg
rllstrufturgfnöd, cg vulctg g cg dir`gcnhgh sid dulstris mîr`ldls, pir ci tgdti
gc kgjlr rlpcnfgfnöd y gftnvnhgh hl dulstris `nfrifnruogdis dgturgcls tldhrl`is
ndacg`gfnöd, rujir, fgcir, càqunhi y, pir ci tgdti, hicir, anljrl, `ifi, pus,
sgdmrghis. Xihis lstis sàdti`gs gpgrlfld ld cg prn`lrg agsl hl cg ltgpg hl
rlpgrgfnöd qul ls cg agsl qul snmul g cg rlsicufnöd hlc fidacnfti, tg`jnîd ccg`ghg
RFC G, i pist fidacnfticnsns G.

Lc hicir hl lstg agsl tnldl ud sldtnhi jnicömnfi? irnldtgrdis kgfng cg

rlfuplrgfnöd y lc rlpisi. Vn yi `l fcgvi udg gstnccg ld cg `gdi y di `l hulcl,
snmi usgdhi lsg zidg hl cg `gdi y `l ucflri `çs. Xg`jnîd vg g prlsldtgrsl
hicir rlcgfnidghi fid cg gfu`ucgfnöd hl càqunhi
c àqunhi i lhl`g. Lsl hicir sl pr
prihufl
ihufl
g dnvlc hlc flrljri y hlc örmgdi.

Fi`i sàdti`gs cifgcls, ghl`çs hlc hicir, gu`ldti hl càqunhis y

tl`plrgturg, ci qul sl ijslrvg ld lstg ltgpg ls ud fg`jni gc dnvlc hl cg
lstrufturg i cg audfnöd hlc örmgdi. Hlpldhnldhi hlc örmgdi (qul g su vlz
hlpldhl hl hödhl sl irnmndö lc sàdti`g, g quî fgpg l`jrni
l`jrnicömnfg
cömnfg firrlspidhl
y quî pgrtl hlc flrljri cg mijnlrdg, fi`i vlrl`is ld cg Xlrflrg Cly), pulhld
suflhlr his fisgs? qul lc örmgdi gu`ldtl su audfnöd y slg rlstntunhi y qul lc
örmgdi hns`nduyg su audfnöd y slg hlmrghghi. Vn ld cg agsl hl fidacnfti gft
gftnvi
nvi i
primrg`g lsplfngc fid sldtnhi jnicömnfi (ldalr`lhgh), lc flrljri `gdhö g kgflr
udg ÿcflrg i ud kulfi ld ud kulsi (fg`jnö cg lstrufturg hlc örmgdi), culmi ld
cg ltgpg hl rlpgrgfnöd ci qul kgrç ls tgpgr lsl kulfi (vulcvl g fg`jngr cg
lstrufturg hlc örmgdi). Qg`is gc fgsi hl udg `uolr qul fugdhi su knoi sl aul
hl vngol vnvldfnö lsl lvldti fi`i ud fidacnfti hl slpgrgfnöd (fid cg vnvldfng hl
qul cl grrgdfgrid gc knoi hl su plfki). Gfcgri gcmi pgrg cis qul yg kgd clàhi y
lstçd air`ghis ld lc tl`g? sî qul di lstiy snldhi prlfnsg ld gcmudgs
fulstnidls tîfdnfgs y ls pirqul fidsnhlri qul fi`i prn`lrg gprixn`gfnöd gc
tl`g di ls dlflsgrni kncgr tgd andi y gfcgrgr fulstnidls qul ld lc gquà y gkirg
sid slfudhgrngs). Qicvg`is gc lol`pci gdtlrnir. Lc flrljri hl cg `uolr, gdtl lc
fidacnfti hl slpgrgfnöd hl su knoi, hl su fràg, gftnvö ud primrg`g lsplfngc fid
sldtnhi jnicömnfi, lsg ldalr`lhgh qul disitris ccg`g`is Fçdflr huftgc hl
`g`g i Fçdflr hl cis fidhuftis mgcgftöairis. Ld cg ltgpg gftnvg hl lstl tnpi
hl Fçdflr, lc flrljri `gdhg g fg`jngr cg lstrufturg hlc örmgdi, ld lstl fgsi cg
`g`g (fg`jni qul jnicömnfg`ldtl snmdnanfg ucflrgr cis fidhuftis). Fugdhi lc
fidacnfti sl rlsulcvl l ndmrlsg ld cg ltgpg hl rlpgrgfnöd, ci qul kgrç lc flrljri
ls hgr cg irhld hl nr g rlccldgr lsi qul sl hlmrghö, rlstntunrci, rlkgflr tlonhi (fid
udg cömnfg qul, pgrg mrganfgr y g `ihi knpitîtnfi, sn knzi ud kulfi hl his
fldtà`ltris, lc rlccldi i cg rlstntufnöd slrç hl fugtri fldtà`ltris). Gfç, vg`is g
pgcpgr lsg `gsg. Kgy, ld lstg ltgpg, udg pricnalrgfnöd flcucgr, ud ndfrl`ldti hl
fîcucgs qul vg g lstgr rlccldgdhi lsg ÿcflrg (lc kulfi) qul gdtls sl frlö (lsg
pricnalrgfnöd tnldl ud sldtnhi jnicömnfi).

Gquà, ldtidfls, ls fugdhi fi`ldzgrçd g lvnhldfngrsl cis sàdti`gs, lc

tu`ir, oustg`ldtl fugdhi cg `uolr lstç sgdgdhi. Kgy gcmudis tu`irls, fi`i
lstl lc fgrfndi`g huftgc hl `g`gs, qul gpgrlfld ld agsl hl rlsicufnöd, fi`i
rlccldis hl ÿcflrgs, y itris, cis qul lc Hr
Hr.. Kg`lr hldi`ndö vlrhghlris tu`irls,
qul gpgrlfld ld cg agsl hl fidacnfti gftnvi, fi`i lc Fçdflr hl ficid pir lol`pci.

Zlfirhl`is qul tihi lstl fg`jni hl lstrufturg, lstl kgflr, ri`plr,

rlccldgr, fg`jngr audfnidls, ltf. vg gfi`pg÷ghi ld mldlrgc hl ud mrgd
fgdsgdfni. @ufkgs vlfls, fidsnhlrg`is qul lstl fgdsgdfni lxflsnvi ls udg
fidslfuldfng hl cg ldalr`lhgh, hl gcmi `gci (fi`i gsà tg`jnîd ouzmg`is lc
hlsfldsi hl plsi fi`i fidslfuldfng hl gcmi `gci, fugdhi gfgjg`is hl vlr
qul di ls gsà). Juldi, di ls gsà. Ls sldfncci? sn vnvà ud fidacnfti `uy ndtldsi,
dlflsnti udg rlpgrgfnöd `uy ndtldsg. ^ lc flrljri jnicömnfi tnldl qul hnspidlr
lc fulrpi pgrg lsg rlfuplrgfnöd, pidlrci ld ud lstghi hl udg vgmitidàg ndtldsg,
qul pihrl`is ouzmgr fi`i lxflsnvg. ^ di kgfl agctg nr g mrgdhls ldalr`lhghls
pgrg vlrnanfgrci? disitris, `ldtgc`ldtl, psnficömnfg`ldtl, fid lsg plrsidgcnhgh
fid cg fugc lstg`is nhldtnanfghis, qulrl`is vicvlr g dulstrg rutndg kgjntugc. Vn
dis clvgdtg`is fgdsghis, fid hicir hl mgrmgdtg, fid anljrl, jusfg`is
rçpnhg`ldtl ud `lhnfg`ldti qul dis cnjlrl hl lsis sàdti`gs (i cis hulr`g)
pgrg fidtndugr. Ld gcmÿd `i`ldti, cg `çqundg vg g dlflsntgr hltldlrsl pgrg
pihlr slr rlpgrghg. Kgjntugc`ldtl dis pgsg qul sn di lstg`is suarnldhi `ufki,
sn di dis sldtn`is `uy ndfö`ihis, sn di dis hulcl hl`gsnghi, di cl hg`is
n`pirtgdfng, di dis prlmudtg`is quî dis pgsg, quî dlflsntg`is, ld quî dis
lstg`is sndtnldhi `gc, di vgcirnzg`is sn di kgy hicir.

G cg `gyiràg dis pgsg lsti kgstg fid cgs `çqundgs, cis gutis, cis
lclftrihi`îstnfis y cgs klrrg`nldtgs. Vn `çs i `ldis pulhld slmunr gdhgdhi,
cl hg`is pgrg ghlcgdtl. ^ sici cgs cclvg`is gc `lfçdnfi fugdhi audhn`is lc
`itir. I sici cl fg`jng`is cg rulhg gc guti, fugdhi hl tgd mgstghgs qul
lstgjgd tuvn`is ud gffnhldtl mrgvl. ¹Di ls vlrhgh9

Cclvg`is lc guti gc `lfçdnfi, qunîd dis hnfl? – Rlri lsti kgfl rgti qul
vnldl gsà, tuvnstl vgrngs sl÷gcls, `nrg tgc fisg, tgc itrg. ‐ ¹Wuî pihl`is hlfnr

disitris9 ¹Wul lc guti lstç `gc klfki, qul tuvl `gcg sulrtl, qul cg `çqundg
sl lqunvifö9 Fcgri qul di. Vgjl`is qul aul dulstrg rlspidsgjncnhgh. Wul ls
dulstrg rlspidsgjncnhgh y qul cclmg`is g lsi pir hlfnsnidls qul ti`g`is hàg
g hàg, tihis cis hàgs.

¹Frlls qul fid dulstri fulrpi suflhl gcmi hnalrldtl9 DI.

Ldtidfls, ld lstg slmudhg ltgpg, hl rlsicufnöd kgy hicir y fgdsgdfni.

Rirqul snd hicir y snd fgdsgdfni ls n`pisnjcl qul lc fulrpi sl rlfuplrl, y ls
`uy, `uy n`pirtgdtl rlspltgr lc hlsfgdsi. Lc hlsfgdsi ls n`prlsfndhnjcl pgrg
pgr g
sgdgr.

Gkirg viy g priaudhnzgr ud pifi `çs ld lstg Vlmudhg Cly. Hnon`is gdtls
qul lstg Vlmudhg Agsl hlc primrg`g jnicömnfi qul ccg`çjg`is ldalr`lhgh i
RFC lstç g su vlz fidair`ghg pir his pgrtls? cg prn`lrg, ccg`ghg RFC-G y cg
slmudhg, ccg`ghg RFC-J.

Ls hlfnr qul lstg agsl pistlrnir g cg rlsicufnöd hl fidacnfti i

fid-acnf-ti-cn-sns ls udg agsl hl rlpgrgfnöd hl tihi ci qul suflhnö ld cg agsl
gdtlrnir y sl hnvnhl, g su vlz, ld his ltgpgs. Qicvg`is g `nrgr lc `ns`i mrçanfi
qul tl `istrî gdtls.
 Zlfirhl`is. Kgy udg prn`lrg agsl hl cg ldalr`lhgh.
Cg prn`lrg agsl, cg –`ntgh‐ hlc primrg`g lsplfngc fid sldtnhi jnicömnfi
(qul ccg`g`is pir fidvldfnöd ldalr`lhgh) ls cg hl fidacnfti gftnvi.

^ kgy udg slmudhg agsl hl cg ldalr`lhgh. Cg slmudhg agsl, cg hl

rlpgrgfnöd, pistfidacnfticnsns, qul vnldl culmi hl qul lc fidacnfti jnicömnfi yg lstç
rlsulcti (agsl hl rlfuplrgfnöd).

Lstg slmudhg agsl lstç hnvnhnhg ld his (ijslrvg ld lc mrçanfi qul cg

slmudhg pgrtl tnldl his pgdfntgs pgrg gjgoi)

\dg prn`lrg ltgpg qul vnldl nd`lhngtg`ldtl hlspuîs hl cg rlsicufnöd

hlc fidacnfti jnicömnfi, hldi`ndghg RFC-G qul ls udg ltgpg hl rlsicufnöd gftnvg.
¹Rir quî hl rlsicufnöd gftnvg9 Rirqul ls udg ltgpg lxuhgtnvg, hl càqunhis, hl
hicir, ndacg`gfnöd y anljrl. Gfç gpgrlfld tihgs cgs ccg`ghgs fi`ÿd`ldtl ntns
fi`i, pir lol`pci, cgrndmntns, fnstntns, jridquntns, fidoudtnvntns, rndntns, ltf., cgs
ndalffnidls, yg qul ld lstg ltgpg lstçd ld gftnvnhgh cis mîr`ldls dlflsgrnis
pgrg `ihnanfgr cis tlonhis. Gpgrlfl tihi lc acunhi hl slfrlfnidls, gpgrlfl
gfu`ucgfnöd hl càqunhi ccg`ghg lhl`g, gpgrlfld cgpsus, sgdmrghi, `ifi, `çs
anljrl y hicir pgrg fntgr sàdti`gs kgjntugcls.
 Lstg prn`lrg pgrtl hl cg agsl hl rlpgrgfnöd ls cg pgrtl gftnvg pirqul ls
udg ltgpg hidhl kgy gftnvnhgh hl mîr`ldls, di kgy ud rlpisi gjsicuti hl
snstl`gs y tlonhis. Lstg prn`lrg `ntgh hl cg agsl hl rlpgrgfnöd, ccg`ghg RFC G,
sl tlr`ndg fid ci qul pihràg`is ccg`gr ud rlpudtl hl cg ldalr`lhgh, ud pnfi
`çxn`i kgfng grrnjg hidhl lc fulrpi ldtrg pir ud plràihi firti hl tnl`pi (ld
mldlrgc) ld sn`pgtnfitidàg. Lstl rlpudtl kgfng grrnjg sl ccg`g lpnfrnsns.

Vnmul cg lxpcnfgfnöd fid lc mrçanfi. Qlrçs qul cg agsl hl rlpgrgfnöd (riog)

tnldl g su vlz his pgdfntgs kgfng gjgoi? cg prn`lrg ls ccgg G, fugdhi lstg tlr`ndg
snmul udg càdlg qul sl hnspgrg kgfng grrnjg y qul ls cg lpnfrnsns (pudti `çxn`i
hl furgfnöd) pgrg culmi slmunr fid cg pgrtl J qul ls cg agsl hl fnfgtrnzgfnöd.

¹Fuçc ls lc sldtnhi hl lstg lpnfrnsns9 ¹Hl lstl rlpudtl firtnti hl firtnsic

ghrldgcndg ld lc `lhni hl cg rlpgrgfnöd9 Ld tîr`ndis sldfnccis, ls jrndhgrcl ud
skife gc fulrpi (gc örmgdi galftghi y g cg
c g zidg flrljrgc), udg fidstrnffnöd, fi`i
lxprn`nr lc càqunhi gfu`ucghi pgrg lcn`ndgr lc lhl`g. Lsl lhl`g sl frlö pgrg
pritlmlr cg zidg, plri gc ndmrlsgr gc andgc hlc
h lc primrg`g, g cg slmudhg `ntgh hl cg
rlpgrgfnöd, ti`g lsl n`pucsi pgrg lcn`ndgr lsl càqunhi qul yg di dlflsntg.

Xl rlpnti ¹Wuî ls udg lpnfrnsns9 Lsg càdlg ldtrl cgs his pgdfntgs hlc
mrçanfi ld cg agsl hl rlpgrgfnöd. Vl trgtg hl udg fidstrnffnöd, gcmi sl fidtrgl
ndtldsg`ldtl y culmi, tg`jnîd ndtldsg`ldtl, ci qul sl fidtrgoi tnldl ud
`ivn`nldti hl lxpucsnöd (lstgs lpnfrnsns sid cis
ci s vö`ntis, hngrrlgs, fidvucsnidls,
ndagrtis, ltf.). G trgvîs hl lsg lpnfrnsns lc fulrpi pulhl lxpucsgr tgdti hlc
flrljri fi`i hlc örmgdi lc lhl`g qul kgjàg frlghi pgrg pritlmlr lc tlonhi ld
fulstnöd.

Ls hlfnr, lc flrljri y lc fulrpi sl sgfgd hl ldfn`g lc càqunhi gc`gfldghi

ld cg prn`lrg
prn `lrg pgrtl hl cg rrlpgrgfnöd
lpgrgfnöd cg pist fidacnfticnsns G (cg lanfnldfng, lanfgfng
y plralffnöd hlc snstl`g ls `grgvnccisg). Lol`pcis hl lpnfrnsns? cis ndagrtis, cis
gffnhldtls flrljri vgsfucgrls, cgs frnsns gs`çtnfgs, cis gtgquls hl `nmrg÷g,
`n mrg÷g, cgs
fidvucsnidls y cg lpnclpsng. ^ lstgs sntugfnidls rlqunlrld hl lsplfngc
gfi`pg÷g`nldti y tlrgpîutnfg pirqul sid sntugfnidls rnlsmisgs sn di sl tnldl
lc fidifn`nldti pgrg ud ghlfughi `gdloi l ndtlrprltgfnöd.

Vlmun`is fid cg agsl hl rlpgrgfnöd. Hlspuîs hl cg lcn`ndgfnöd hl

càqunhis, hlspuîs hl cg lpnfrnsns, rlti`g`is cg vgmitidàg y pgsg`is g cg itrg
`ntgh, qul ls cg RFC-J, cg slmudhg ltgpg hl cg agsl hl rlpgrgfnöd (cg slmudhg
pgdfntg riog hlc mrçanfi). Gquà ls fugdhi lstg`is gdtl cg ltgpg andgc hlc primrg`g
lsplfngc fid sldtnhi jnicömnfi, sl tlr`ndg hl lcn`ndgr lc lhl`g, lc càqunhi
rltldnhi, jgog tihg cg ndacg`gfnöd, sl lcn`ndgd cis hlslfkis, y gpgrlfl cg
fnfgtrnzgfnöd y cg rlstntufnöd dgturgc hlc tlonhi. Rlralfti. Qicvl`is g cg
dir`itidàg, ls hlfnr gftnvnhgh hl hàg, hlsfgdsi hl difkl, qul ls ci `ns`i hlfnr
sn`pgtnfitidàg hl hàg, vgmitidàg hl difkl.

¡Alcnfntgfnidls, lstg `gqundgrng `grgvnccisg fu`pcnö su primrg`g

pr imrg`g plralfti
hl l`lrmldfngs y vicvl`is g cg fitnhngdlnhgh!

Xrls gfcgrgfnidls.

Rrn`lrg gfcgrgfnöd? lc càqunhi sl lcn`ndg pir cgs vàgs jnicömnfg`ldtl

pisnjcls. Rulhl slr pir cg pnlc, g trgvîs hl cg irndg, `lhngdtl lc sgdmrghi, pir
cgs vàgs rlspnrgtirngs (lc `ifi), pir lc tuji hnmlstnvi (hngrrlg), hlpldhnldhi hlc
örmgdi qul rlfnjnö lc n`pgfti.

Vlmudhg gfcgrgfnöd? rlfirhl`is pir quî kgy ndacg`gfnöd. Hnon`is qul lc

lhl`g ls pgrg mldlrgr pritlffnöd ld cg zidg galftghg. Ghl`çs, pgrg qul cg
rlpgrgfnöd pulhg lalftugrsl, lc flrljri `gdhg g –udis ijrlris‐ g rlgcnzgrcg?
udis `nfrifnruogdis dgturgcls? cis `nfrijnis. Và, clàstl jnld, cis `nfrijnis. Rir
lsi kgy ndacg`gfnöd ld cg rlpgrgfnöd. Culmi, ld cg Fugrtg Cly Jnicömnfg vgs g
ldtldhlr pir quî CIV @NFZIJNIV DI VID \DG AGCCG.

Xlrflrg gfcgrgfnöd? ls n`pirtgdtl rl`grfgr qul tihi lsti vg g lstgr

suflhnldhi tg`jnîd g dnvlc flrljrgc y g dnvlc hlc tlonhi (hlc örmgdi)
firrlspidhnldtl. Ldtidfls, vlrl`is
vlrl`is qul ld lc flrljri sl hlsgr`g lc lhl`g, sl
cnjlrg càqunhi, jgog cg ndacg`gfnöd (y pir fidsnmunldtl lc hicir) y vl`is
fnfgtrnzgfnöd. ¹Fö`i ls qul vl`is lsg fnfgtrnzgfnöd9 ^g tl ci hnol fugdhi
kgjcg`is hl cg prn`lrg agsl. G trgvîs hl udg ti`imrgaàg hl frçdli snd càqunhi
hl fidtrgstl. Fi`i vlrçs ld cgs aitis snmunldtls, ld fidacnfti gftnvi gpgrlfld
ld cg zidg qul rlfnjnö lc n`pgfti cis gdnccis jcgdfis fidfîdtrnfis (ccg`ghis
Aifis hl Kg`lr), culmi ld cg ltgpg rlsicufnöd sl jirrgd lsis gdnccis y gpgrlfl
lhl`g (sl rlmnstrg udg zidg dlmrg i mrns) ld RFC G, ls hlfnr qul cis gdnccis lrgd
dàtnhis, ld cg agsl hl rlpgrgfnöd hlogd hl slrci. ^ sn ti`g`is lsg n`gmld (lsg
aiti), ld cg agsl andgc hl rlsicufnöd RFC J vlrl`is fnfgtrnzgfnöd jirhlgdhi lc
çrlg hlc gdncci. I slg qul ld lc flrljri gpgrlfld prn`lri gdnccis fidfîdtrnfis
jcgdfis (fidacnfti gftnvi) qul sl hgd pir ud fkiqul lclftriansnicömnfi ld lc çrlg
qul rlfnjnö lc n`pgfti, culmi ld cg rlpgrgfnöd, trgs cg rlsicufnöd hlc fidacnfti,
gpgrlfl càqunhi (lhl`g) ld fidacnfticnsns i RFC G i prn`lrg pgrtl hl cg agsl hl
rlsicufnöd, y pir ÿctn`i cg fnfgtrnzgfnöd (andgc hlc priflsi) ld RFC J. Lstg agsl
fnfgtrnzgc, qul gpgrlfl jcgdfg ld cgs ti`imrgaàgs, ls ci qul kgjntugc`ldtl
ccg`g`is mcnijcgsti`gs.

Vnldti qul ls `uy n`pirtgdtl rl`grfgr lsti, pirqul ls udg `gdlrg hl

vlr cis sàdti`gs titgc`ldtl hnalrldtl g ci qul lstg`is gfistu`jrghis. Ld ltgpg
hl pist fidacnfticnsns, ls hlfnr, culmi hl cg rlsicufnöd hlc fidacnfti, yg ld ltgpg
hl furgfnöd, ci qul audhg`ldtgc`ldtl disitris vg`is g vlr, fi`i yg tl hnol,
sid sàdti`gs hl fgdsgdfni, sul÷i, agtnmg, hljncnhgh, gu`ldti hl plsi, gu`ldti
hl gpltnti y lxtrl`nhghls fgcnldtls. Kgjntugc`ldtl, pir dulstrg fucturg
iffnhldtgc prihuftnvg, pir cis pgrghnm`gs fid cis fugcls lstg`is nhldtnanfghis
y pir fnlrtis vgcirls qul kl`is hlsgrriccghi, lstgr fgdsghis di lstç jjnld
nld vnsti.
Lstç `gc. Vn lstg`is fgdsghis aàsnfg`ldtl, gcm
gcmii `gci ifurrl ld dulstri fulrpi,
di ls ud juld
ju ld sàdti`g. Hlshl kgfl `ufki tnl`pi, lsg ls dulstrg clfturg. Gkirg
jnld, fi`i vl`is, ld rlgcnhgh lsti DI LV GVÀ. Lc fgdsgdfni di ls ud lrrir, lc
lrrir ls frllr qul lstgr fgdsgdhi ls `gci. Di ls ud lrrir lstgr fgdsghi, lstç
`uy jnld gtrgvlsgr lc fgdsgdfni. Vnmdnanfg, ld mldlrgc, qul lstg`is
rlfuplrçdhidis hl ud fidacnfti, lstg`is sgdgdhi. ^ lsti ci vnvldfni
fitnhngdg`ldtl ld `ns fidsuctgdtls? kgy qul rlspltgr lsl fgdsgdfni, kgy qul
plr`ntnrci aàsnfg y `ldtgc`ldtl. ^ hnmi `ldtgc`ldtl pirqul gcmunld fid
hngmdöstnfi hl udg ldalr`lhgh, sn lstç fgdsghi sl prlifupg pirqul pnldsg y
gsifng qul lstç plir, qul lstç `çs ldalr`i pir lstgr fgdsghi. ^, g su vlz,
`ufkgs vlfls, trgtg hl `ivlrsl, trgtg hl lstgr gftnvi y, tg`jnîd, ld vgrngs
ipirtudnhghls, su ldtirdi ci n`pucsg g di lstgr qunlti5 fugdhi ld rlgcnhgh ls ci
qul dlflsntg. Ijvng`ldtl, qul lc fgdsgdfni pulhl tldlr `ufkgs fgusgs, ldtrl
cgs fugcls tg`jnîd lstç cg `lhnfgfnöd, cis trgtg`nldtis, cg ndtixnfgfnöd qul
pulhl tldlr ud fulrpi fid kçjntis di sgcuhgjcls. Rlri tg`jnîd pulhl slr pir
rlsicufnöd hl fidacnfti, ¡lsi ls udg `uy juldg ditnfng! Dlflsntg`is lsfufkgr
fid dlutrgcnhgh y snd ounfni g dulstrg jnicimàg y gfi`pg÷gr sus priflsis rlgcls.
¹Zlgc`ldtl frll`is qul dulstrg `ldtl pulhl sgjlr `çs qul dulstri flrljri
jnicömnfi rlsplfti hl ci qul dlflsntg dulstri fulrpi pgrg rlpgrgr9 Di ls cg
`ldtl cg qul hlfnhl fö`i rlpgrgr lc fulrpi. \dg vlz qul cg jnicimàg lstç
rlpgrgdhi, ls dlflsgrni fi`prldhlr cg rlpgrgfnöd qul cclvg g fgji, y sid
prlfnsg`ldtl cis sàdti`gs cis qul lvnhldfngd lsg rlpgrgfnöd. @ufkgs vlfls,
fidaudhn`is sàdti`gs fid ldalr`lhgh. ^ lc sàdti`g di ls cg ldalr`lhgh. Cg
ldalr`lhgh, fi`i vl`is, di ls ud lrrir. Rir ci tgdti, lc sàdti`g tg`pifi. Wul
lc sàdti`g trgnmg ndfi`ihnhghls, hicldfngs i `iclstngs
`ic lstngs di snmdnanfg qul slg udg
–hlsgr`idàg‐ i ud lrrir jnicömnfi. Kgy qul ifupgrsl hlc sàdti`g. Zlgc`ldtl
ifupgrsl. ^ fugdhi hnmi rlgc`ldtl ls rlcgfnidgr lc sàdti`g g su sldtnhi
jnicömnfi, g su andgcnhgh. Rirqul `ufkgs vlfls ti`g`is hlfnsnidls tlrgpîutnfgs
rlsplfti hl cis sàdti`gs qul kgfld qul lstis hurld `çs hl ci qul hljlràgd
hurgr y slgd `çs ndtldsis5 ls hlfnr, qul cg ltgpg hl rlfuplrgfnöd slg `çs cgrmg
y `çs lxtrl`g. ^ lsti ls gcmi qul sl pulhl lvntgr. @ufkgs vlfls, fid cis
trgtg`nldtis ndgpripnghis fridnanfg`is cis sàdti`gs, ldtirplfl`is lc priflsi
jnicömnfi, di ci hlog`is lvicufnidgr y pir lsi trgdsair`g`is
trgds air`g`is g cis sàdti`gs ld
pghlfn`nldtis frödnfis.

Fidiflr ci qul suflhl ld rlpgrgfnöd ls gprldhlr g cllr sàdti`gs qul

sicl`is hl`idnzgr, gdtl cis fugcls `îhnfis y pgfnldtls dis gcgr`g`is. Kgy
càqunhis (rltldfnöd y lcn`ndgfnöd, fi`i lc lhl`g qul yg lxpcnquî), kgy sgdmrghi,
`ifi, pus (pirqul g trgvîs hl lccis lcn`ndg`is tihi lc `gtlrngc y tlonhi

ndacg`gtirni qul frlgrid cis mîr`ldls qul aulrid g rlpgrgr y qul yg di ls

dlflsgrni). G trgvîs hl lstgs slfrlfnidls lstg`is cn`pngdhi y vicvnldhi g cg
dir`gcnhgh). Xihis lstis sàdti`gs firrlspidhld g cg agsl hl rlsicufnöd. Ld
mldlrgc, ci qul lc fulrpi lstç lxprlsgdhi g trgvîs hl tihgs cgs ntns qul
vnvldfng`is fitnhngdg`ldtl ld disitris, dulstrgs ag`ncngs, dulstris
fidsuctgdtls (itntns, agrndmntns, sndusntns, jridquntns, ltf.) ls cg agsl pistlrnir g cg
rlsicufnöd hlc fidacnfti (g cg slmudhg agsl hl cg ldalr`lhgh, cg rlpgrgfnöd). Di
ls udg agccg sndi qul ls udg sicufnöd, ud `lfgdns`i qul lstç pidnldhi ld
`grfkg lc flrljri g trgvîs hlc fulrpi pgrg vicvlr g cg dir`gcnhgh (ci qul cis
`îhnfis ccg`g`is, snl`prl fid pgcgjrgs hnaàfncls, vicvlr g cg dir`itidàg, ls
hlfnr, snstl`g sn`pçtnfi hl hàg y pgrgsn`pçtnfi hl difkl).

Gfç kgy qul rlpgrgr ld ci hnfki. Rirqul, audhg`ldtgc`ldtl, cg

fi`prldsnöd hl fö`i audfnidg cg ldalr`lhgh, qul ld rlgcnhgh ls ud primrg`g
tl`pirgrni lsplfngc fid sldtnhi jnicömnfi, dis tnldl qul hgr trgdquncnhgh, tgdti
gc `îhnfi fi`i gc fidsuctgdtl. Gc ndnfni, fugdhi grrgdfgjg lc cnjri, tl hnol? –Ci

qul pgrlfl udg urmldfng `ufkgs vlfls di ci ls ‐. Fi`i vlrçs, kgy `ufkis
sàdti`gs qul sulcld prlifupgrdis y gclrtgrdis, tgdti g `îhnfis fi`i g
fidsuctgdtls y ag`ncngrls, qul ld rlgcnhgh sid sàdti`gs hl qul lstg`is
rlpgrgdhi. Rir lol`pci, sn kgy ud sgdmrghi, sicl`is gclrtgrdis. Lstg
ndair`gfnöd dis trgl trgdquncnhgh. Rihlr hlfnhnr, ld audfnöd hl tihgs lstgs
vgrngjcls, fuçc ls cg urmldfng rlgc, fuçc ls cg hlfnsnöd `çs fidvldnldtl g ti`gr,
ld quî `i`ldti hl cg ldalr`lhgh lstg`is, quî snmdnanfg fghg `gdnalstgfnöd
qul kgfl dulstri fulrpi, pir quî y pgrg quî sl prlsldtg.

Fcgri qul fghg plrsidg dlflsntg ud gjirhgol ld pgrtnfucgr, slmÿd su

priflsi. Di lstiy hnfnldhi qul cg `gyiràg hl cgs vlfls di kgyg qul gfi`pg÷gr
y trgtgr lstis sàdti`gs hl rlsicufnöd, fcgri qul sà kgy qul kgflrci, gyuhgr g lsl
priflsi hl rlpgrgfnöd. Di ls ci `ns`i ud rlsarnghi jgdgc qul ud sgdmrghi
ndtlstndgc slvlri qul rlqunlrg udg fnrumàg hl urmldfng. Fcgri qul sn lc sgdmrghi
pidl ld rnlsmi cg vnhg, kgjrç qul ti`gr cgs `lhnhgs `çs fidvldnldtls. Rlri
`çs gccç hl cgs `lhnhgs dlflsgrngs, ls hnalrldtl vlr ld gqulccis sàdti`gs ud
lrrir hl cg jnicimàg i vlr qul cg jnicimàg lstç rlpgrgdhi (pir `çs qul cg
rlpgrgfnöd, ndsnsti, slg ndtldsg). ^ lsti qul tl hnmi y qul pidld hl `gdnanlsti
cgs Clyls Jnicömnfgs di ls udg fulstnöd hl frlldfng sujoltnvg, sndi qul ls udg
lvnhldfng fnldtàanfg, ls ci qul pihl`is ijslrvgr rlgc`ldtl sn dis gtrlvl`is g
kgflrci.
 Wuî hnalrldtl slràg qul g ud pgfnldtl qul fidsuctg pir ud sgdmrghi
ndtlstndgc ld udg mugrhng ld cumgr hl pidlrci ld pçdnfi, y `çs gccç hl cg
tlrgpîutnfg lsplfàanfg qul sl rlqunlrg, sl cl hnolrg? tl vg`is g gyuhgr,
alcnfntgfnidls, lstçs rlsicvnldhi lc fidacnfti jnicömnfi hl ud jifghi ndhnmlsti hl
`nîrficls, hlsgmrghgjcl, kirrnjcl . Vu fulrpi, su psnquns y su gc`g sl
prlhnspidhràgd titgc`ldtl hnalrldtl? fcgrg`ldtl tihi hlspuîs slràg hnalrldtl.
Rirqul g cg mrgvlhgh rlgc hl cg sntugfnöd culmi sl cl su`g cg ndtlrprltgfnöd
rgfnidgc qul kgfl dulstrg pnsqul sijrl ci qul pgsg. Ls hlfnr, cg vnvldfng qul
tldl`is hl ci qul dis pgsg. \dg fisg ls frllr qul dulstri fulrpi ldciqulfnö,
qul lstç tihi `gc, y itrg ls qul, gudqul supidmg`is qul kgy mrgvlhgh, cg
jnicimàg lstç kgfnldhi ci qul hljl kgflr. Lc `nlhi, lc sijrlstrîs qul mldlrg lc
`nlhi sijrl ci qul dis pgsg hnspgrg `ufkàsn`is `çs sàdti`gs. Lsti ls gcmi
lvnhldtl, pgrg `à ls `uy lvnhldtl.

Kgy rlfi`ldhgfnidls pgrg cg ltgpg hl fidacnfticnsns i rlpgrgfnöd qul

gyuhgd g gtrgvlsgr hl `loir `gdlrg lstg ltgpg, ldtrl lccis,
lcc is, cis qul snmuld?

Hlsfgdsgr. Xihi lc hlsfgdsi qul sl dlflsntl.

Di ndmlrnr gcfikic, pirqul gu`ldtg cg vgsihncgtgfnöd y, pir ci tgdti, cis

lhl`gs sijrl tihi g dnvlc flrljrgc.

@gdtldlr cg fgjlzg ld gcti, pgrg hns`ndunr lc lhl`g flrljrgc g trgvîs hl

cg mrgvlhgh.

Ficifgr fi`prlsgs aràgs ld cg fgjlzg pgrg mldlrgr vgsifidstrnffnöd

flrljrgc y hns`ndunr lc lhl`g.

Ridlr cis pnls ld jg÷is hl gmug aràg, tg`jnîd pgrg mldlrgr

vgsifidstrnffnöd y jgogr cis lhl`gs.

Di sijrlknhrgtgr gc pgfnldtl, pirqul lsi gu`ldtgrç lc lhl`g flrljrgc y,

gc kndfkgrsl, lc flrljri pulhl fi`prn`nr gcmudg zidg vntgc y galftgr lc
audfnidg`nldti fgrhàgfi, i sn`pcl`ldtl gu`ldtgr cgs flagclgs.

Ndtldtgr lvntgr cg vàgs hl knhrgtgfnöd ldhivldisg, (sn lsti di ls

lxfcusnvg`ldtl dlflsgrni),
dlflsgrni), ci `çs dgturgc ls cg vàg irgc sn lc fughri ci plr`n
plr`ntl.
tl.

Di utncnzgr sgudgs dn jg÷is hl fgcir qul fgusgd vgsihncgtgfnöd

 Lvntgr cg lxpisnfnöd gc sic, sijrl tihi ld cg fgjlzg, yg qul fgusg
vgsihncgtgfnöd

Xrgtgr lc hicir pgrg lvntgr lc suarn`nldti hl cgs air`gs `çs gr`ödnfgs y

ansnicömnfgs pisnjcls y snl`prl fi`ldzgdhi pir cis `îtihis `ldis ndvgsnvis.

Rir lol`pci, ld agsl hl RFC (hidhl prlhi`ndg cg vgmitidàg), sn hg`is ud

`lhnfg`ldti sn`pgtnfitödnfi (qul gu`ldtl lc firtnsic y cg ghrldgcndg) vg`is g
vicvlr lc priflsi g cg agsl gdtlrnir, pir ci tgdti pihl`is fridnanfgr lc priflsi
kgfnldhi ud fàrfuci vnfnisi.

Ld lstghis vgmitödnfis `uy ndtldsis sl pulhld usgr sn`pgtnfitödnfis

fi`i tî, fgaî y vntg`ndg F pgrg qul slgd `çs ticlrgjcls.

Juld gpirtl hl pritlàdgs ld cg hnltg

hn ltg ld cg agsl hl rlpgrgfnöd.

Lvntgrcl g cg plrsidg itrgs sntugfnidls hl prlifupgfnöd, pirqul gdtl

dulvis fidacnftis sl gftnvgrçd itris primrg`gs, qul hgrçd `çs sàdti`gs y

`gyir lstrîs psàqunfi.

@gdtldlr g cg plrsidg ldtrltldnhg ld gcmi qul cl mustl, qul hnsarutl y qul

cl hl gclmràg, pgrg sgfgr cg `ldtl hl cis sàdti`gs, lsti kgfl `çs rçpnhi y
gmrghgjcl lc priflsi.

¡Di gnscgr gc pgfnldtl!, qul di sl snldtg sici, qul sl ldfuldtrl

gfi`pg÷ghi, fidtldnhi, g`ghi, fi`prldhnhi y gpiyghi. Lsti ls hl vntgc
n`pirtgdfng pgrg hns`ndunr cg rltldfnöd hl càqunhis pir lc fidacnfti hl tÿjucis

ficlftirls hl rn÷öd., pir ci tgdti g `ldis càqunhi gfu`ucghi, `ldis sàdti`gs.

Fi`pgrtnr lc hicir fid cis pgrls, cg ag`ncng, cg pgrlog, ud tlrgplutg i lc
`îhnfi, Fi`pgrtnr lc hicir gyuhg g sgdgr hns`nduyl cis sàdti`gs.

Itrgs gfcgrgfnidls. Kgy qul tldlr snl`prl ld fuldtg qul lc hngmdöstnfi

ld sà `ns`i y cg `gdlrg ld qul slg trgds`ntnhi pulhl hnspgrgr itri fidacnfti. Lc
ccg`ghi FIDACNFXI HL HNGMDÖVXNFI. Lstl ls ud skife, ndlsplrghi,
trgu`çtnfi y vnvnhi ld siclhgh (di sl pulhl gr`gr ld cg psnqul ci qul lstç
pgsgdhi), ls ud `gzgzi ld cg fgjlzg, ud mrgd n`pgfti. @ufkgs vlfls, lsi
gftnvg ud `nlhi, lc `nlhi g cg `ulrtl pir lol`pci. ^ lsi kgfl qul ldtrl`is ld
fidacnfti gftnvi hl lstl dulvi primrg`g (hlpldhnldhi hl fö`i disitris
vnvldfnl`is lsl `nlhi, vg g n`pgftgr ld udg u itrg zidg hlc flrljri, ld ud
tlonhi u itri, ld ud örmgdi u itri). Gsà qul tgc vlz cg plrsidg fidsuctg ld agsl hl
rlsicufnöd hl ud primrg`g (pirqul yg vn`is qul ls ld lstg agsl hidhl ld
mldlrgc gpgrlfld cis sàdti`gs), y g lsg agsl hl rlsicufnöd cl gmrlmg`is ud
dulvi fidacnfti, lc hl hngmdöstnfi, qul lstç l`plzgdhi i slg lstç ld agsl hl
fidacnfti gftnvi, pgrg ci fugc dis ldfidtrgrl`is ld udg fi`jndgfnöd hl
fidacnftis. Rir ud cghi, lc fidacnfti yg rlsulcti, ld su ltgpg hl rlpgrgfnöd, qul
dis cclvö, gdtl cg prlsldfng hl cis sàdti`gs, g kgflrdis ud fklquli `îhnfi. ^,
gc `ns`i tnl`pi, lc fidacnfti gftnvi qul dis gftnvö lc hngmdöstnfi hl ldalr`lhgh.
Ldtidfls, gfç kgy udg fi`jndgfnöd hl sàdti`gs. Rulhi tldlr gpltnti, qul
rlspidhl g udg ltgpg hl rlpgrgfnöd y pulhi di lstgr fgdsghi pir cg agsl gftnvg
hlc dulvi fidacnfti (lc qul `l gftnvö lc hngmdöstnfi). Qnvldfni lstg sntugfnöd g
hngrni y pulhi ganr`gr qul lsti ls gsà. Zlpnti, fugdhi cg plrsidg rlfurrl gc
`îhnfi, pir ci mldlrgc, lsi qul ccg`g`is ldalr`lhgh cg `gyiràg hl cgs vlfls
ldtrö ld su ltgpg hl rlsicufnöd, pirqul ls gkà qul gpgrlfld (pir ci mldlrgc) cis
sàdti`gs. Rulhl lstgr fgdsghg, fid hicirls, fid gcmÿd sgdmrghi, ndacg`gfnöd,
rltldfnöd hl càqunhis i fid lc sul÷i gcmi gctlrghi. Gkirg jnld, fugdhi rlfnjld
lc hngmdöstnfi y `çs pir cg air`g ld cg fugc arlfuldtl`ldtl sl cis hg (`ufkgs
vlfls ld hlsg`ir, ld `ndutis, snd rlmnstri hlc itri, fid pgcgjrgs mldlrghirgs
hl pçdnfi), pir ci qul rlprlsldtg pgrg lc pgfnldtl y pgrg lc `îhnfi, cg plrsidg
ldtrg ld ud sijrlstrîs mldlrghi pir itris fidacnftis y gpgrlfld, pir ci tgdti,
itris sàdti`gs hl ud dulvi primrg`g hl l`lrmldfngs, ci qul fcgrg`ldtl
fi`pcnfg cg sntugfnöd irnmndgc.

Rir lsi kgmi kndfgpnî ld lsti udg y `nc vlfls? cg air`g, lc tidi, cis
mlstis, lc tnl`pi ld lc fugc cis `îhnfis hg`is ud hngmdöstnfi sid
audhg`ldtgcls. Rihl`is slr mldlrghirls hl sgdgfnöd i ldalr`lhgh g trgvîs
hl dulstrgs pgcgjrgs. Cg plrsidg rlfnjl lsg ditnfng fi`i ud `gdhgti. Ld `n
lxplrnldfng, pgrg lc flrljri hl cg plrsidg dulstri hnftg`ld `îhnfi ls udg
irhld. Ls `uy n`pirtgdtl qul slg`is fidsfnldtls hlc gcfgdfl hl udgs pgcgjrgs
pgc gjrgs
qul hurgd slmudhis ld dulstrg jifg y g÷is ld lc fulrpi hlc Itri. Ndsnsti ld cg
cg
hnalrldfng qul `grfg rlsnmdnanfgr cis sàdti`gs? sgjlr qul sgdmrghi, `ifi, pus,
hicir y anljrl di sid ud lrrir
l rrir sndi ud `lfgdns`i jnicömnfi (fid cömnfg jnicömnfg)

hlc fulrpi. @çs gccç hl qul slmÿd su ndtldsnhgh,

n dtldsnhgh, cg ancisiaàg hl vnhg, cg lclffnöd
hl `lhnfndgs, lc gfi`pg÷g`nldti qul slg, cg tlrgpîutnfg qul aulrl, quî
hnalrldtl ls qul cis fidsuctgdtls rlfnjg
rlfnjgdd cg juldg ditnfng hl qul dulstri fulrpi
og`çs hl lqunvifg,
lqunvifg, pir `çs qul hulcg dis tnrl g cg fg`g y dis ndacl. Xihi ttnldl
nldl
ud plralfti sldtnhi.

Gkirg, itrg vlz, dlflsntg`is rlfgpntucgr. Zlpnti, rlpnti y rlpnti pirqul ls

gsà fi`i pihl`is frlgr ud dulvi snstl`g hl frlldfngs, hlspcgzgr vnlois

fidflptis pir rlpltnfnöd y rll`pcgzgrcis pir dulvis. Gsà audfnidg dulstri
flrljri

Zlfulrhg?

G) Lsi qul ccg`çjg`is ldalr`lhgh ls ud primrg`g lsplfngc,

tl`pirgrni, sldsgti y fid sldtnhi jnicömnfi. Fi`i tl hnol, tihi ld
dulstri flrljri lstç primrg`ghi ld tîr`ndis jnicömnfis hl
suplrvnvldfng (fisg qul vg`is g vlr ld cg
c g Wundtg Cly ld hhltgccl)
ltgccl)
J) Lc HKV ls ud skife trgu`çtnfi, gmuhi, mrgvl, ndlsplr
ndlsplrghi
ghi y vnvn
vnvnhi
hi ld
siclhgh i gnscg`nldti (Rrn`lrg Cly). Ls cg fgusg hl tihgs cgs ccg`ghgs
ldalr`lhghls. Lc HKV gftnvg cg gctlrgfnöd qul ccg`çjg`is
‐. Lsti mldlrg ud n`pgfti. Lstl n`pgfti ifurrl gc `ns`i
ldalr`lhgh‐.
ldalr`lhgh
tnl`pi ld cg psnqul, ld ud çrlg lsplfàanfg hlc flrljri y ld ud tlonhi
(örmgdi) firrlspidhnldtl g lsg zidg hlc flrljri.
F) Cg Rsnqul kgfl udg ndtlrprltgfnö
nd tlrprltgfnödd hl cg rlgcnhgh, hlc lvldti i sntugfnöd
qul mldlrg lsl skife trgu`çtnfi y cl pidl udg ltnqultg g ci vnvnhi. Ls
hlfnr, di ls lc lvldti ld sà lc qul mldlrg lsg ldalr`lhgh sndi fö`i
vnvldfng cg psnqul lsl lvldti. Cg psnqul pidl cg ltnqultg i tàtuci g cg
vnvldfng. ls lc primrg`ghir hl cg `çqundg. Lstg ltnqultg ls cg
ndair`gfnöd qul rlfnjl lc flrljri jnicömnfi y gdtl cg fugc rlgffnidg
guti`çtnfg`ldtl. G su vlz, ls n`pirtgdtl hlstgfgr qul lc flrljri di
hnstndmul ldtrl rlgc i n`gmndgrni i sn`jöcnfi. Ls hlfnr, pgrg lc flrljri
ls ci `ns`i qul yi vnvldfnl ud fidacnfti fid udg fràg rlgc, g qul yi
vnvg ud fidacnfti fid `n `gsfitg, g qunîd snldti fi`i udg fràg.
H) Lstl Rrimrg`g Lsplfngc qul ccg`çjg`is ldalr`lhgh fidstg hl his
agsls (Vlmudhg Cly).
Cg Rrn`lrg Agsl hlc Rrimrg`g Lsplfngc fid Vldtnhi Jnicömnfi
(ldalr`lhgh) ls lc fidacnfti gftnvi. Gfç, sgcvi gcmudgs lxflpfnidls,
di kgy sàdti`gs hl ldalr`lhgh. G dnvlc psàqunfi, flrljrgc y irmçdnfi
 lstg`is jusfgdhi sicufnidls. Ld cg ltgpg gftnvg rnml lc snstl`g
dlrvnisi sn`pçtnfi, lstg`is ld gclrtg. Hulr`i pifi hl difkl, plri
lxplrn`ldti udg mrgd vntgcnhgh, pnlrhi lc gpltnti (ld cg
c g `gyiràg hl cis
fgsis) ci fugc `l cclvg g jgogr hl plsi, pulhi lxplrn`ldtgs cgs
lxtrl`nhghls aràgs (`gdis y pnls), tgqunfgrhng y prlsnöd lclvghg. Ld
lc fidacnfti gftnvi, gc dnvlc hlc flrljri y hlc örmgdi, lc primrg`g yg lstç
gftnvi. Lsti qunlrl hlfnr qul lc flrljri vg g rlfnjnr cg ndair`gfnöd hl
qul sl dlflsntg kgflr gcmi, y vg g `gdhgr g kgflr lsi. Ls hlfnr, sn sl
dlflsntg lspgfni, vg g hlmrghgr lc örmgdi, pir lol`pci. Ldtidfls,
hlpldhnldhi hlc fidtldnhi hlc fidacnfti, lc çrlg hlc flrljri jnicömnfi
ndvicufrghg y lc tlonhi (örmgdi) qul rlspidhlrç, lstgrç ifurrnldhi, snd
qul dis hl`is fuldtg, udg `ihnanfgfnöd ld cg lstrufturg hlc örmgdi
(pidnîdhici sn`pcl? `çs i `ldis örmgdi, gu`ldti i hlmrghgfnöd hlc
örmgdi), i udg gctlrgfnöd ld cg audfnöd hlc örmgdi (gu`ldtg i
hns`nduyl ci qul lc örmgdi kgfl). Vn kgfl`is udg ti`imrgaàg hl
frçdli ld lstl `i`ldti, vlrl`is ld udg zidg lsplfàanfg gdnccis
fidfîdtrnfis jcgdfis y dàtnhis ccg`ghis Aifis hl Kg`lr.
L) Ldfuldtri i surml udg sicufnöd gc fidacnfti. Lsg ndair`gfnöd cl cclmg gc
flrljri. Ls dlflsgrng udg sicufnöd fidfrltg y prçftnfg. Ci `çs
arlfuldtl ls qul lstg sicufnöd hlpldhg hl `à pir gffnöd u i`nsnöd,
fugdti `çs tgrhl ld rlsicvlr, `çs ndtldsg y hurghlrg slrç lstg ltgpg
(ci fugc vg g fidhnfnidgr cg ltgpg qul cl snmul). Xl rlpnti, cg sicufnöd
pulhl slr pir gffnöd (pirqul kgmi gcmi), pir i`nsnöd (pirqul hloi hl
kgflr gcmi) i pirqul itri kgyg klfki i kgyg hloghi hl kgflr.
Fidsfnldtl i di. Lstl ls lc `i`ldti qul sl ccg`g
fidacnfticnsns0sicufnöd
fidacnfticnsns0sicufnöd hlc fidacnfti.
A) Agsl pist fidacnfticnsns. Ls cg agsl qul cl snmul g cg sicufnöd hlc
fidacnfti. Ls udg agsl hl rlpgrgfnöd. Gfç fi`nldzg g fi`gdhgr lc
snstl`g pgrgsn`pçtnfi, tg`jnîd ccg`ghi snstl`g vgmi. Ldtrg`is ld
vgmitidàg i rlpgrgfnöd.
M) Rrn`lrg ltgpg hl cg slmudhg agsl (agsl hl rlpgrgfnöd), RFC-G. (agsl
lxuhgtnvg). Ls cg ltgpg gftnvg hl cg rlpgrgfnöd, y tnldl cumgr ld cis trls
dnvlcls gc `ns`i tnl`pi? ld cg psnqul, ld cg zidg hlc flrljri
ndvicufrghg y ld tlonhi u örmgdi firrlspidhnldtl. Vl lxplrn`ldtg kgy
 `ufki fgdsgdfni, agtnmg y hicir. Kgy gu`ldti hl tl`plrgturg i anljrl.
anljrl .
Vulcl lstgr gfi`pg÷ghg hl gu`ldti hl plsi (sl hlspnlrtg lc gpltnti),
kgy ndacg`gfnöd y kgy rltldfnöd hl càqunhi. Vl air`g, tgdti ld lc
flrljri fi`i ld lc örmgdi, ud LHL@G (i lhl`gs). Vn kgfl`is udg
ti`imrgaàg hl frçdli ld lstg Ltgpg hl cg Vlmudhg Agsl, ci qul gdtls
lrgd gdnccis fidfîdtrnfis dàtnhis y fcgris, gkirg sid udi i vgrnis
gdnccis lhl`gtnzghis, yg di jcgdfis sndi ud ficir mrns isfuri i dlmri
qul firrlspidhl g cg gfu`ucgfnöd hl càqunhi ld lc flrljri. Gquà, cg
jnicimàg yg rlsulcvl sicg, di hlpldhl hl disitris. Cg hurgfnöd l
ndtldsnhgh hl lstg ltgpg lstgrç rlcgfnidghg fid cg hurgfnöd i
ndtldsnhgh hl cg agsl hl Fidacnfti Gftnvi (ccg`ghg `gsg fidacnftugc).
Rihl`is gfi`pg÷gr cis sàdti`gs, sugvnzgrcis l ndtldtgr di fglr ld
udg vgmitidàg lxtrl`g. Xi`gr hlfnsnidls d sndtidàg fid cg jnicimàg
hlc fidsuctgdtl y su rlgcnhgh l`ifnidgc qul cl jgold lstrîs y cis
`nlhis, g cis andls hl ficgjirgr fid cg rlpgrgfnöd. Dghg `çs. Gfç sl
prlsldtgd tihis cis sàdti`gs y hicirls gmuhis.
gm uhis. Lc hicir y lc fgdsgdfni
hnspidld g cg jnicimàg g cg rlpgrgfnöd. Qg`is dir`gcnzgdhi lc sul÷i,
sul÷i ,
hlsfgdsg`is plri `çs hl hàg, hurgdtl cg difkl gÿd tldl`is lc
sul÷i ud pifi gctlrghi. Ld lstg ltgpg vlrl`is cis sàdti`gs hl
ndalffnöd pir cg gftnvgfnöd hl cis mîr`ldls, dulstris `nfrifnruogdis
dgturgcls.
K) Lpnfrnsns. Lstç ld cg `ntgh hl cg agsl hl rlfuplrgfnöd, ldtrl cg RFC-G
y cg RFC-J. Hg cg sldsgfnöd hl qul ndtlrru`pl hnfkg rlfuplrgfnöd.
Zlprlsldtg lc Rudti `çxn`i hl cg rlpgrgfnöd. Zlprlsldtg lc pudti
`çxn`i hl cg rlpgrgfnöd. Gfç pulhld gpgrlflr sàdti`gs qul pgrlfld
ndhnfgr ud rltirdi g cg agsl gftnvg hl cg ldalr`lhgh, pirqul ls ud
hnspgrl hl sn`pgtnfitidàg. Cg jnicimàg kgfl ud `ivn`nldti, udg
cnjlrgfnöd hl kir`idgs hl lstrîs, ud skife pgrg lxpucsgr tihi ci
gfu`ucghi ld cg ltgpg gftnvg hl cg rlpgrgfnöd i RFC-G. Ls fi`i
fugdhi qulrl`is hgr ud sgcti? vg`is kgfng gtrçs pgrg ti`gr ldvnöd
y hgr lc sgcti (di pgrg rltriflhlr). Lstg ls cg lpnfrnsns. Lstç
rlprlsldtghg pir cis vö`ntis, hngrrlgs, fidvucsnidls, ndagrtis y
sgdmrghis.
 N) Vlmudhg ltgpg hl cg Vlmudhg Agsl (rlpgrgfnöd) RFC-J. Ls cg ltgpg
hl fnfgtrnzgfnöd. Gfç sl cnjlrg tihi ci qul qulhö ld cg ltgpg gdtlrnir.
Lc fulrpi lxuhg, sgfg, cnjlrg cis càqunhis qul rlstgd pir suhirgfnöd (g
trgvîs hl cg pnlc) pir cg irndg i pir cg sgdmrl. Fi`nldzg cg fnfgtrnzgfnöd
y sl vulcvl gc audfnidg`nldti dir`gc. Lt
Ltgpg
gpg andgc hl ccgg rlpgrgfnöd. Gfç
vg`is vicvnldhi g cg dir`itidàg. Ls hlfnr, qul hurgdtl lc hàg mijnlrdg
lc snstl`g sn`pçtnfi y hurgdtl cg difkl lc pgrg-sn`pçtnfi.
Dir`gcnzg`is lc sul÷i, lc gpltnti y cg tl`plrgturg (cgs lxtrl`nhghls
vulcvld g lstgr fgcnldtls). Andgc`ldtl, lsti fidfcuyl fid cg
fnfgtrnzgfnöd hl cg zidg ndvicufrghg, tgdti g dnvlc flrljrgc fi`i g dnvlc
hlc örmgdi. Lstg fnfgtrnzgfnöd tg`jnîd pulhl vnsugcnzgrsl ld udg
ti`imrgaàg hl frçdli snd càqunhi hl fidtrgstl.
O) N`pirtgdtàsn`i? ci gdtlrnir, fi`i cgs clyls qul cl snmuld, pulhl
vlrnanfgrsl ld lc 722 % hl cis priflsis qul ccg`g`is ldalr`lhgh, gsà
ci vnvldfni yi ld `n vnhg, cg hl `n ag`ncng, `n ldtirdi y ld lc fidsuctirni
hlshl kgfl `çs hl 72 g÷is. Vn lsi di ls udg cly jnicömnfg, di sî quî
ci ls.

Gfç sid dlflsgrngs, itrg vlz, fnlrtgs

fnlr tgs gfcgrgfnidls.

Fidflpti hl Zgàcls (rnlcls, fgrrncls)?

Fugdhi lstg`is gdtl cg prlsldfng hl ud HKV i skife jnicömnfi, dulstrg

`ldtl sl pidl ld lstghi hl lstrîs y gclrtg `çxn`g. Fi`i vn`is, ls udg
sntugfnöd ndlsplrghg qul dis pidl gdtl udg l`lrmldfng vntgc (dulstrg
suplrvnvldfng lstç ld plcnmri). ¹Wuî suflhl ld lsg sntugfnöd9 Gc `i`ldti hl
gqulc skife, lc flrljri fgptg fi`i udg aiti tihis cis fi`pidldtls qul
lstuvnlrid prlsldtls ld lsg lsfldg trgu`çtnfg. Ls hlfnr, sl prlsldtg udg
sntugfnöd qul ld dulstrg `gdlrg hl vnvnrcg (y yg vicvlrl`is sijrl lsti) kgfl
qul rlprlsldtl pgrg disitris ud plcnmri tgc qul hnspgrg lc primrg`g hl
l`lrmldfngs, ld lsl `i`ldti lc flrljri rlmnstrg tihi ci qul lstgjg prlsldtl gc
`i`ldti hl lsg sntugfnöd., Lsl ls lc HKV i lc skife jnicömnfi. Vl pihràg hlfnr
qul mrgjg, ld cg `l`irng flcucgr tihg cg sntugfnöd. ^ tihg cg sntugfnöd ls,
prlfnsg`ldtl, tihg. Xihg cg ndair`gfnöd prlsldtl
prlsldtl qul cl ccclmg
clmg gc flrljri g trgvîs
hl tihis cis sldtnhis? ci qul vl, snldtl, kulcl, tifg, hlmustg, ltf. Lsti ci kgfl
pirqul, prlfnsg`ldtl, cg `l`irng tnldl udg andgcnhgh? cg suplrvnvldfng.
Ldtidfls, mrgjg lsis hgtis pirqul gdtl cg `ns`g rlgcnhgh (rlgc i sn`jöcnfg), lc
flrljri hljl gdtnfnpgrsl y sgjlr fö`i rlgffnidgr y hlspclmgr cg `loir sicufnöd.

Rir lol`pci, ud ki`jrl qul kgfl :2 g÷is trgjgog alcnz`ldtl ld udg

l`prlsg, udg `g÷gdg lsfufkg hl `gdlrg ndlsplrghg ld lc trgjgoi qul cg

fi`pg÷àg lstç pir ldtrgr ld qunljrg. Lsi qul pgrg su flrljri aul ud skife
ndlsplrghi, gmuhi, mrgvl y vnvnhi ld siclhgh, ls ud fidacnfti jnicömnfi. Vu
suplrvnvldfng lstç ld plcnmri. Xgc îc ci vnvl fi`i g`ldgzg hl tlrrntirni y fi`i
qul gcmi cl kulcl `gc. Ld lc `i`ldti hl cg ditnfng, lc flrljri fgptö tihis cis
fi`pidldtls prlsldtls ld cg lsfldg hl plcnmri fi`i udg fç`grg ld 612², lstis
pulhld slr? ficirls, icirls, sgjirls, plrsidgs, sidnhis, gdn`gcls prlsldtls,
lstgfnöd hlc g÷i y kgjàg picld ld lc g`jnldtl, i sn lrg udg ianfndg fid gc
gcai`jrg
ai`jrg
y kgjàg çfgris ld lccg. Xihg cg lsfldg ls mrgjghg ld udg zidg di fidsfnldtl.
Kgstg qul lc fidacnfti sl rlsulcvg, tihis lsis fi`pidldtls qul lstuvnlrid ld

cg lsfldg hl plcnmri qulhgrid gc`gfldghis ld udg zidg di fidsfnldtl y fghg

vlz qul lc sl÷ir sl lxpidmg g gcmudi hl lsis fi`pidldtls, su flrljri vg g
gclrtgr qul lstç flrfgdi g cg lsfldg hl plcnmri. Rir lol`pci, sn ld lsg lsfldg
kgjàg picld pirqul lrg prn`gvlrg, lc sl÷ir pulhl slr qul fghg vlz qul sl
lxpidmg gc picld kgmg sàdti`gs hl gclrmng, tis, lstirduhis, y îc hnmg qul sl
knzi gcîrmnfi gc picld pirqul vnvnö lsg lsfldg fi`i gcmi qul cl icàg `gc. Ld
rlgcnhgh di ls qul kgyg gclrmng, sndi qul lc flrljri fghg vlz qul rlmnstrg lc
picld, rlfulrhg qul pulhl lstgr flrfg hl cg zidg hl plc
plcnmri
nmri y hlsldfghldg lsgs
`gdnalstgfnidls pgrg gclogrsl hl cg zidg i klfki qul pulhl gtldtgr fidtrg cg

suplrvnvldfng hlc sl÷ir. Lsis fi`pidldtls hl cg lsfldg qul vulcvld g hnspgrgr

lc primrg`g hl l`lrmldfngs pgrg gclrtgrdis sl ccg`gd pnstgs i rgàcls. Cg audfnöd
hlc rgnc ls gclrtgrdis pgrg lvntgr lc plcnmri dulvg`ldtl. Lc rgnc hlsldfghldg
dulvg`ldtl lc primrg`g jnicömnfi ccg`ghi ldalr`lhgh y kgfl vicvlr g cg ltgpg
hl fidacnfti gftnvi. \dg vlz qul hltlftg`is ud rnlc, ci pihl`is hlsgftnvgr fid
vgrngs tlrgpngs, rlfidstrunr lc HKV y sus fi`pidldtls, ldsl÷grcl gc flrljri qul
yg di lstç ld plcnmri gdtl lsl fi`pidldtl, lsi sl hlsjciqulg, sl jirrg, y gsà
pir lol`pci pulhld hlsgpgrlflr gclrmngs frödnfgs. Dlflsntg`is kgflr
fidsfnldtl lc rgnc pgrg qul hlol hl gftugr fi`i tgc. Kgy rgncls qul sl mldlrgd

`uy tl`prgdg`ldtl fi`i ld cg mlstgfnöd, lc pripni l`jgrgzi, cis fugcls sid

`çs hnaàfncls hl nhldtnanfgr, kgy `îtihis pgrg gfflhlr gc ndfidsfnldtl y cclvgr gc
fidsfnldtl lstg sntugfnöd pgrg ijtldlr cg ndair`gfnöd pgrg qul lstl rgnc di snmg
iplrgdhi. Qg`is g hgr itri lol`pci hl rgnc? udg `uolr sgcl fid udg g`nmg y
cclvg ld sus jrgzis g su plrrntg. Fugdhi pgsgd pir udg lsqundg vl g su lspisi
jlsçdhisl fid itrg `uolr. ¡Gkà sl prihufl ud HKV! Lc flrljri ci ndtlrprltg
fi`i fidacnfti hl slpgrgfnöd hl fidtgfti hl su `grnhi. Fi`i tldàg g su plrrg
ldfn`g, cis plcis hl cg plrrg lstgjgd ld cg lsfldg hl plcnmri. Gc tnl`pi lccg
hlsgrriccg –gclrmng gc plci hl cis plrris‐, kgfl udg hlr`gtntns i gctlrgfnöd ld pnlc
pirqul lc fidacnfti hl slpgrgfnöd sl vnvnö ld lsl örmgdi, cg pnlc. Wunlrl hlfnr qul
cg prlsldfng hlc plci hl cis plrris cg gclrtg hl cg zidg hl plcnmri, lc plci hl cis
plrris fidstntuyl ud rgnc. Cg prlsldfng hl rgàcls, pulhl kgflr qul cgs
ldalr`lhghls sl tirdld frödnfgs, y hgr sàdti`gs qul ccg`g`is –gclrmngs‐. Lstg
ndair`gfnöd ls `uy ÿtnc pgrg `îhnfi y fidsuctgdt
fidsuctgdtll pgrg lvgcugr udg tlrgpîutnfg
ghlfughg, cg jÿsqulhg hl pisnjncnhghls y lc trgjgoi ld lqunpi.

Itris fidflptis y gfcgrgfnidls

Gfcgrgfnöd 7.

\dg ldalr`lhgh, ud primrg`g lsplfngc tl`pirgrni fid sldtnhi jnicömnfi,

pulhl trgdsntgr cg prn`lrg ltgpg hl fidacnfti gftnvi y di dlflsgrng`ldtl pgsgr g
cgs itrgs ltgpgs. Rirqul cg rlsicufnöd hlc fidacnfti di hlpldhl hl cg jnicimàg. Ci
qul hlpldhl hl cg jnicimàg, fi`i tl hnol,
hn ol, ls cg rlpgrgfnöd. Zlfulrhg qul tl hlfàg
qul ld cg prn`lrg agsl hl fidacnfti gftnvi, lc flrljri y gc `ns`i tnl`pi lc örmgdi
y cg psnqul lstçd jusfgdhi rlsicvlr lc prijcl`g. Ls hlfnr, qul sn lstg`is
vnvnldhi ud fidacnfti hl g`ldgzg hl tlrrntirni y sn, ghl`çs, si`is ud ki`jrl
hnlstri, lsti n`pgftg ld cg firtlzg flrljrgc tlrrntirngc hlrlfkg qul fi`gdhg cis
jridqunis ld lc kl`nsalrni hlrlfki. Ld lstg ltgpg hl fidacnfti gftnvi, lc flrljri
`gdhg g mldlrgr `çs lspgfni ld cis jridqunis. Ld cg agsl gftnvg hlc fidacnfti,
kgy udg ucflrgfnöd hl cg `ufisg jridqungc. ¹Rir quî cis jridqunis9 Cis
jridqunis sid fidhuftis qul kgfld qul lc gnrl hlc lxtlrnir cclmul kgfng ghldtri.
Vn yi snldti qul lstç g`ldgzghi `n lspgfni,
lspgfni , pir lol`pci tldmi `nlhi qul itris
`l sgquld `n trgjgoi, `n flrljri `gdhg g kgflr `çs lspgfni, ucflrg cis
jridqunis, cis kgfl `çs mrgdhls, mldlrgdhi `çs lspgfni pgrg qul ndmrlsl `gs
gnrl, pgrg tldlr `çs ixàmldi pgrg pihlr cufkgr pir `n tlrrntirni. Ijvng`ldtl, lc
flrljri sici pulhl ndtlrvldnr kgfng ghldtri, ld lc fulrpi. Ld cg agsl hl fidacnfti
gftnvi, psàqunfg`ldtl cl lstg`is jusfgdhi udg sicufnöd gc fidacnfti (fidsfnldtl
i di). @nldtrgs yi ld tîr`ndis fidfrltis, rlgcls y prçftnfis, plrsnstg ld cg
g`ldgzg hl tlrrntirni, lc flrljri slmunrç `gdhgdhi cg irhld hl kgflr lspgfni y
lc örmgdi (lc tlonhi ld fulstnöd) lolfutgrç lsg irhld (fi`i hnfnldhi? –Di gcfgdzg
cg ucflrgfnöd qul knfl, dlflsnti ucflrgr `çs ‐). Vn lsti ls `uy ndtldsi, cg
ucflrgfnöd slrç `uy n`pirtgdtl (pirqul, prlfnsg`ldtl, `n vnvldfng ls qul di
pulhi kgflr`l lspgfni). Vn, fi`i tl hnol, di kgy udg sicufnöd hl dndmudg fcgsl,
di sl ndmrlsg g cg ltgpg hl rlpgrgfnöd, cg jnicimàg di ndmrlsg ld cg ltgpg hl
rlpgrgfnöd. Ci fugc pulhl kgflr qul fugdhi ldfidtrl`is udg sicufnöd hl
`gdlrg fidsfnldtl i di, hnrlftg i ndhnrlftg, pir gffnöd u i`nsnöd, y gc ldfidtrgrcg
ndmrlsl`is jnicömnfg`ldtl g cg slmudhg agsl hlc primrg`g lsplfngc fid sldtnhi
jnicömnfi, g cg slmudhg agsl hl cg ldalr`lhgh,
l dalr`lhgh, cg hurgfnöd i ndtldsnhgh hl lstg
slmudhg agsl vg g lstgr hnrlftg y pripirfnidgc`ldtl rlcgfnidghg fid cg prn`lrg
agsl. G su vlz, gcmi g tldlr ld fuldtg ls qul ld fgsn lc >2 % hl cgs
ldalr`lhghls, cis sàdti`gs sl prlsldtgd ld cg agsl hl rlpgrgfnöd. Ld lc fgsi
hl cg g`ldgzg hl tlrrntirni ld rlsicufnöd gpgrlflrçd tis, lxplftirgfnöd,
jridquntns, dlu`idàgs (sn kgy gsifnghi fidacnfti hl tÿjucis ficlftirls hl rn÷öd),
gtlclftgsngs, sgdmrghis y fgrfndi`gs jridqungcls. Qicvnldhi g cg rlsicufnöd,
lsti qunlrl hlfnr qul, gudqul slg hl `gdlrg di fidsfnldtl, gcmi knfn`is, gcmi
hlog`is hl kgflr, gcmi knzi itri pir disitris, gcmi hloö hl kgflr itri, pgrg
rlsicvlr lc fidacnfti. Vlg ci qul aulrg, ls udg ndair`gfnöd ÿtnc pgrg qul pihg`is
rlsfgtgrcg. Vn, ti`gdhi lc lol`pci hl cg `g`ç qul gftnvö ud Fçdflr hl `g`g,
lc fidacnfti sl rlsulcvl fugdhi lc knoi vulcvl hl vngo
vngol,
l, ls ndair`gfnöd `uy vgcnisg
pgrg lccg. Rirqul cl kgjcg hl su `gdlrg hl vnvldfngr cg `gtlrdnhgh y,
slmurg`ldtl, hl su `gdlrg hl vndfucgrsl di sici fid su knoi, sndi fid itri
vàdfucis tg`jnîd. Lc Fçdflr hl `g`g, g lsg `uolr
`uo lr y g tihgs, cls kgfl cclmgr ud
mrgd `ldsgol. Culmi, lstç ld fghg udi rlfimlr i di lc `ldsgol.

Ls `uy n`pirtgdtl ci snmunldtl?

Vn lc fidacnfti di sl rlsulcvl, sl snmul ld agsl hl fidacnfti gftnvi. G lsti

sl ci ccg`g fidacnfti pldhnldt
pldhnldtl.
l. Ld lstg ltgpg, lc flrljri snl`prl hgrç cg irhld
hl kgflr `çs hl ci qul aulrg qul kgmgd cgs fîcucgs qul lstîd ndvicufrghgs ld
cg sicufnöd jnicömnfg? sn ls hlmrghgr lc örmgdi vgd g hlmrghgr `çs5 sn ls gmrgdhgr
lc örmgdi, vgd g gu`ldtgrci `çs5 sn ls gctlrgr i jciqulgr su audfnöd, ci slmunrçd
kgfnldhi. Lsti, ijvng`ldtl, pulhl cclvgr g cg `ulrtl pir gmitg`nldti, pir
hlsmgstl ldlrmîtnfi hl tgdtg sn`pgtnfitidàg. Rirqul ld cg Jnicimàg, snl`prl sl
trgtg hl pihlr GHGRXGZDIV, sn di ci pihl`is kgflr, vg`is g `irnr. Hnfki
gsà, suldg arài. Rlri ls dlflsgrni fi`prldhlr qul cg jnicimàg lstç g dulstri
slrvnfni. Lc fulrpi sici pulhl ifupgrsl hl cg ltgpg hl rlpgrgfnöd sn gdtls
disitris, hl gcmudg `gdlrg, kl`is rlsulcti lc fidacnfti. @nldtrgs tgdti, lc
fulrpi dis hg ud tnl`pi pgrg qul jusqul`is gctlrdgtnvgs. Lst
Lstgs
gs clyls, dis hgd
ndair`gfnöd vgcnisàsn`g pgrg fi`prldhlr y jusfgr sicufnidls lalftnvgs,
fidvldnldtls y pisnjcls pgrg disitris.

Gfcgrgfnöd :

Lc ccg`ghi fidacnfti hl hngmdöstnfi. Qiy g rlpltnr gcmi qul fidsnhlri vntgc.

¹Wuî ls lsti9 Wul lc hngmdöstnfi dis gftnvg `ufkgs vlfls itri fidacnfti. Rir ci
mldlrgc, lc fçdflr pulhl hngmdistnfgrsl hl udg `gdlrg qul cclvg
c clvg hnspgrgr udi i
vgrnis `nlhis. Rulhl slr ud sijrlstrîs, ud `nlhi vntgc. Fugdhi cg plrsidg
rlfnjl lc hngmdöstnfi, ls fi`i ud sgrtldgzi ld cg fgjlzg.
fgjlzg . ^ sn gc hhngmdöstnfi
ngmdöstnfi ci
vnvn`is hl lstg `gdlrg vg`is g lxplrn`ldtgr lsi qul lc Hr. Kg`lr hlsfrnjnö
ld cg Rrn`lrg Cly Jnicömnfg, lsi qul gftnvg lsl primrg`g lsplfngc fid sldtnhi
jnicömnfi, lsi qul gftnvg cg ldalr`lhgh? i slg, ud HKV, ud skife trgu`çtnfi,
mrgvl, gmuhi, ndlsplrghi y vnvnhi ld gnscg`nldti (vnvnhi fi`i n`pisnjcl hl
rlsicvlr, hl ghgptgrdis y sijrlvnvnr). ¹Ldtidfls, quî vg g pgsgr9 Vn vulcvls g
cllr ci qul tl rlsu`à càdlgs `çs grrnjg, ci qul kgstg gkirg vn`is hl cgs Clyls
Jnicömnfgs, vgs g fidfcunr ci `ns`i qul vnvldfni yi ld `n fidsuctirni, ld `n
prçftnfg hngrng? gdtl lc skife trgu`çtnfi hlc hngmdöstnfi (`ufkgs vlfls hghi hl
`gdlrg di fi`pgsnvg, snd tnl`pi dn rlmnstri hlc itri), gdtl lsl n`pgfti qul
ifurrl ld dulstrg psnqul, ci `ns`i vg g suflhlr ld lc flrljri y lc fulrpi. Ls
hlfnr qul, sn lc hngmdöstnfi ls vnvnhi hl `gdlrg trgu`çtnfg pulhl mldlrgr itri
fidacnfti jnicömnfi, gdtl lc fugc lc flrljri vg g hlspclmgr udg sicufnöd jnicömnfg5
ldtnîdhgsl? itrg ldalr`lhgh. Gkirg jnld, gdtl lc skife hlc hngmdöstnfi,
pihl`is ldtrgr ld ud dulvi fidacnfti (sn lc hngmdöstnfi gsà aul vnvldfnghi). ¹Wuî
snmdnanfg lsti9 Wul vg g gftnvgr itri primrg`g lsplfngc fid sldtnhi jnicömnfi i
ldalr`lhgh. Lstl dulvi fidacnfti lstgrç ld su agsl hl fidacnfti gftnvi5 agsl ld
cg fugc lstç gftnvghi lc snstl`g dlrvnisi sn`pçtnfi. Ls hlfnr qul, sn lstg`is ld
lsg rlgcnhgh jnicömnfg, vg`is g tldlr sàdti`gs hl sn`pgtnfitidàg (hl fidacnfti
gftnvi) pir lc hngmdöstnfi qul g su vlz pulhl fidvnvnr fid sàdti`gs hl vgmitidàg
(hl fidacnfti rlsulcti) pir cg rlsicufnöd hlc fidacnfti irnmndgc qul cl hni cumgr gc
ccg`ghi Fçdflr, qul ld cg `gyiràg hl cgs vlfls udg vlz qul sl `gdnanlstg fi`i
ldalr`lhgh lc fidacnfti lstç rlsulcti. Ldtidfls ci qul tl qunlri lxpcnfgr ls qul ,
sn lc hngmdöstnfi dis gftnvg itri fidacnfti, lsi pulhl gftnvgr itrg ldalr`lhgh.
Lstg vnsnöd hl cg ldalr`lhgh rlspidhl gc pir quî hl lsi qul ccg`g`is
`ltçstgsns. Ld rlgcnhgh cgs `ltçstgsns firrlspidhld g hnalrldtls tu`irls qul
sid lc rlsuctghi hl fidacnftis jnicömnfis hnalrldtls y pir ci tgdti sicufnidls
hnstndtgs. Qicvg`is gc lol`pci hl cg `uolr fuyi knoi sl aul hl vngol. Lc knoi vicvnö,
sl rlsicvnö lc fidacnfti tgdti ld cg psnqul fi`i ld lc flrljri y ld lc tlonhi
(örmgdi), gsà qul cg ldalr`lhgh, lc Fçdflr huftgc hl `g`g (ld lc fgsi hlc
lol`pci) lstç ld cg slmudhg agsl, qul ls cg agsl hl rlsicufnöd, hidhl sl
`gdnanlstg lc tu`ir pgcpgjcl, cg `gsg, qul lstç rlccldgdhi cgs ucflrgfnidls hl
cis fidhuftis qul sl knfnlrid ld lc fidacnfti gftnvi. Cg `uolr vg g ud fklquli y
culmi vnldl lc hngmdöstnfi. Ld udg fidsuctg hl 72 `ndutis, gcmunld qul di
lstgjclfnö `àdn`g l`pgtàg fid lccg dn cg fidifl, plri ls ud gcmunld g qunld cl
lstç itirmgdhi lc pihlr hl cg sgjnhuràg, cl hnfl? –Xnldls Fçdflr hl `g`g,
Fçdflr huftgc ndanctrgdtl, fid snmdis hl `uy `gc pridöstnfi, pir lc mrgd tg`g÷i,
lc En 1= lclvghi y cis rlflptirls dlmgtnvis. Xnldl qul kgflr 1 `lsls hl
qun`nitlrgpng, culmi fnrumàg, culmi rgyis y `çs qun`ni itrg vlz. Xihi hurgrç
gprixn`ghg`ldtl ud g÷i y `lhni.‐ Cg `uolr, yg gtlrrghg, cl prlmudtg ? –^ fid
tihi lsi, hiftir, ¹`l viy g furgr9 ‐, G ci qul lc `îhnfi fidtlstg? –Di cl pihràg
gslmurgr, nrl`is vnldhi slmÿd fi`i rlspidhg gc trgtg`nldti‐ . ¹^ quî `l vg g
pgsgr fid lc trgtg`nldti9, prlmudtg cg `uolr. ^, fi`i rlspulstg, sl cl hg udg
cnstg fid sàdti`gs gjlrrgdtls y udg aör`ucg lsfrntg gjgoi pgrg sijrlcclvgrcis.
Gdtl lstl skife (gfcgri qul di lstiy kgjcgdhi hl tlrgpîutnfg, sndi hl cg air`g
ld cg qul sl hg lc hngmdöstnfi y sl lxpcnfg cg tlrgpîutnfg), y snmunldhi lc fgsi
hlc lol`pci, cg `uolr pulhl cclmgr g rlgffnidgr fid his `nlhis? `nlhi g su
pripng `ulrtl i `nlhi g fö`i vgd g sijrlvnvnr cgs fràgs su `ulrtl (lsti sulcl
vlrsl fid `ufkg arlfuldfng). Ldtidfls, sn cg gctlrdgtnvg ls cg prn`lrg, pulhl
qul sl gftnvl ud primrg`g lsplfngc fid sldtnhi jnicömnfi ld cis gcvlicis
puc`idgrls, y vlg`is vgrngs `gdfkgs puc`idgrls (`ltçstgsns puc`idgrls). Vn
ls cg slmudhg gctlrdgtnvg, vg`is g vlr sici udg `gdfkg puc`idgr. Gfcgri di
qunlrl hlfnr qul tihgs cgs plrsidgs vnvldfnld cis hngmdöstnfis hl lstg `gdlrg,
plri lstg ls udg pisnjncnhgh gdtl lc `gctrgti, cg agctg hl fidtldfnöd y rlmn
rlmnstri
stri ld
cg qul sl pulhl rlfnjnr ud hngmdöstnfi.

Lstg ndair`gfnöd, fi`i prialsnidgcls hl sgcuh, ls lxtrl`ghg`ldtl

n`pirtgdtl, kgy qul slr `uy funhghisis fid cgs pgcgjrgs, `ihis y mlstis fid

cis qul hg`is cis hngmdöstnfis, sgjnldhi qul pihl`is kgflr ud mrgd hg÷i g cg
itrg plrsidg. Kgjcgr hl `gdlrg trgdquncnzghirg, jrndhgr fidtldfnöd, iarlflr g`ir
y tldlr ud rlmnstri kgfng lc itri pulhl slr ud gfti titgc`ldtl sgdghir

Lstl lol`pci qul `ldfnidî dis cclvg, g udg tlrflrg gfcgrgfnöd.

Cgs `ltçstgsns. Ld lc ç`jnti fnldtàanfi y `îhnfi, slg`is ndvlstnmghirls,

prialsnidgcls hl cg sgcuh i lstuhngdtls hl `lhnfndg, sgjl`is (i hljlràg`is
sgjlr, pirqul cg ndair`gfnöd sl jrndhg y lstç hnspidnjcl),
hn spidnjcl), sgjl`is qul cg tliràg
hl cgs `ltçstgsns ls ud supulsti fnldtàanfi, udg knpötlsns. Và, ls ud V\R\LVXI.
Wul slg ud V\R\LVXI, di cl quntg vgcir fnldtàanfi. Rlri sà, dlflsntg`is
fi`prldhlr qul ls ud V\R\LVXI. ¹Rir quî ls ud V\R\LVXI9 Rirqul di
kgy, di kgy, lvnhldfngs fidfrltgs, vlrnanfgjcls, qul dis `gdnanlstld, qul udg
fîcucg –fgdflràmldg‐ vngol hlshl ud tlonhi hl cg `g`g kgfng cis gcvîicis
puc`idgrls, yg qul di hlog rgstris ld lsl vngol y, ghl`çs, di hlstruyl cg vàg
pir cg fugc vngog. ¹Fuçcls sid lsgs vàgs9 Cgs `çs fi`udls sid cgs vldgs, cgs
grtlrngs y lc snstl`g cndaçtnfi, ls hlfnr, pir vàg vldisg, grtlrngc i cndaçtnfg. Og`çs
sl puhi ijslrvgr, Ld tihis cis lstuhnis gc `ldis kgstg lc `i`ldti hl lsfrnjnr
lstl cnjri pujcnfghi, og`çs sl puhi ijslrvgr rgstri hl fîcucgs fgdflràmldgs
vngogdhi g itri örmgdi, dn kgy rgstris hlc –vngol‐ hl cgs `ns`gs. ¹Fö`i kgfld
cgs fîcucgs hlc Fçdflr hl `g`gs pgrg nr g cg hîfn`g vîrtljrg hirsgc snd hlogr
dndmudg fîcucg ld lc fg`ndi, dn rgstri hl lsl pgsi9 ¹Rir quî vgd kgfng lsg
vîrtljrg y di g itri cumgr
c umgr g itri tlonhi9 Dghg hl tihi lsti tldàg lxpcnfgfnöd gdtls
hl cg gpgrnfnöd hl cgs
c gs Clyls Jnicömnfgs. Rir lsi, –cg tliràg hl cgs `ltçstgsns‐ ls
ud supulsti. Vn jnld kgy `ufki pgrg slmunr ndvlstnmgdhi gc rlsplfti, ci qul,
hlshl `n lxplrnldfng `îhnfg, `l plr`ntld cgs clyls hl jnicömnfgs ls
fi`prldhlr y vlrnanfgr ci qul suflhl, hgrcl udg lxpcnfgfnöd y sldtnhi jnicömnfi g
cgs @LXÇVXGVNV. Hlshl cg ndtlrprltgfnöd hl cg Dulvg @lhnfndg, cgs `ltçstgsns
di sl trgtgd hlc `ns`i Fçdflr qul vngog hl ud cghi kgfng lc itri, sl trgtg hl
fidacnftis hnalrldtls qul n`pgftgd ld çrlgs flrljrgcls hnalrldtls y ld tlonhis
(örmgdis) hnalrldtls. Lsti tg`jnîd sl pulhl vlrnanfgr g trgvîs hl ti`imrgaàgs
flrljrgcls snd càqunhi hl fidtrgstl. Ld lc fgsi hl cg `uolr fid ud knoi qul sl njg
hl vngol, slràg gsà? lc fidacnfti hl slpgrgfnöd hl su knoi, gftnvg lc Fçdflr hl `g`g
huftgc g `ihi hl sicufnöd. Culmi, lc hngmdöstnfi hlc Fçdflr gftnvg lc `nlhi g
`irnr, pir lol`pci, ci fugc mldlrg fi`i sicufnöd jnicömnfg itri Fçdflr ld cis
gcvîicis puc`idgrls (lsti ls ci qul ccg`çjg`is `ltçstgsns ld puc`öd). Lc
puc`öd gciog ud `nlhi grfgnfi y vntgc, y ud primrg`g hl suplrvnvldfng tg`jnîd
grfgnfi? lc `nlhi g cg `ulrtl, pirqul fugdhi sgcn`is hlc `lhni gfuçtnfi y
aun`is gc tlrrlstrl, ld cg lvicufnöd `irn`is kgstg hlsgrriccgr cis gcvlicis
puc`idgrls). Ldtidfls, sn lc `nlhi ls g `irnr`l yi, vlrl`is vgrngs `gdfkntgs,
hlpldhnldhi hl cg ndtldsnhgh hlc fidacnfti. Gkirg jnld, sn lc `nlhi ls qul sl
`ulrgd itris pirqul yi di viy g pihlr mgrgdtnzgr su suplrvnvldfng, slrç udg
`gdfkntg, y lstis itris tu`irls sid ci qul ccg`çjg`is `ltçstgsns hlc Fçdflr
hl `g`gs ndnfngc, `çs di sgjàg`is pir quî gcmudgs `uolrls kgfàgd slmudhis
tu`irls y itrgs di. ¹Rir quî qunldls cis kgfàgd ci `gdnalstgjgd ld uudd örmgdi
y di ld itri9 Ci qul cgs Clyls Jnicömnfgs dis `ulstrgd ls qul pgrg qul gcmi
slg fnldtàanfi tnldl qul slr 722 pir fnldti rlprihufnjcl y lsti ls ci qul suflhl
gdtl lstl rgzidg`nldti hl qul sn cg `uolr vnvldfnö lsl fidacnfti hl lsg `gdlrg,
`gdlrg ,
`gdnalstgrç ud tu`ir ld hltlr`ndghi cumgr y di ld itri.

Ldtidfls ci qul cg Dulvg @lhnfndg pcgdtlg fid rlsplfti g cgs `ltçstgsns,

y g `à `l rlsuctg gjsicutg`ldtl fiklrldtl ls? ¹Fö`i vngog udg fîcucg hl ud
cghi g itri snd hlogr rgstri9 Xl hnol
hno l qul og`çs sl ldfidtrgrid fîcucgs tu`irgcls
vngogdhi. Rir itri cghi, sn lstgs vngogsld y culmi sl pcgdtgrgd ld itri örmgdi, sl

hljlràgd lstuhngr cgs pruljgs hl sgdmrl pgrg hidgr5 yg qul hl lstg `gdlrg, ld
his suoltis fi`pgtnjcls lc Fçdflr sl pihràg trgds`ntnr i fidtgmngr. Cg prlmudtg
slràg? Vn ficifg`is cg sgdmrl hl udg plrsidg fid fîcucgs tu`irgcls ld vngol ld
itrg plrsidg, ¹lstgs sl sl`jrgràgd ld ud örmgdi hlc dulvi ndhnvnhui9 Di, di
suflhl.

Kgy itrg fisg rlcgfnidghg fid cg Xlrflrg Cly qul `l mustgràg `ldfnidgr.
Vl pcgdtlg cg fiklrldfng hlc irnmld ¹lc irnmld hl quî9 Lsti ci vlrl`is `çs
ghlcgdtl ld cg Xlrflrg Cly, sici ci `ldfnidi pirqul fidtrnjuyl g lstg
gfcgrgfnöd. Fugdhi sl mlstg lc l`jrnöd ndtrgÿtlri, ld cg l`jrnimîdlsns, ld cgs
prn`lrgs ; sl`gdgs hl mlstgfnöd, ndnfngc`ldtl sl air`gd 6 fgpgs l`jrnidgrngs?
ldhihlr`i, `lsihlr`i y lftihlr`i. Hl lstgs fgpgs vgd g hlrnvgr tihis cis
örmgdis y tlonhis. N`gmàdgtl lc l`jrnöd fi`i ud sçdhwnfk, udg kiog sijrl cg
itrg, hl cg prn`lrg kiog air`ghg ccg`ghg –ldhihlr`i‐ hlrnvgrçd fnlrtis örmgdis
(fi`i lc ndtlstndi), hl cg kiog hlc `lhni ccg`ghg `lsihlr`i sl irnmndgrçd itris
örmgdis (fi`i cis kulsis) y hl cg kiog
kio g `çs dulvg ccg`ghg lftihlr`i hlrnvgrçd
itris örmgdis (fi`i cis jridqunis). Fghg fgpg tnldl udg audfnöd lsplfàanfg y
udg fidlxnöd fid ud çrlg lsplfà anfg hlc flrljri, ls hlfnr ud ‛‐çrlg lsplfàanfg‐
hlc flrljri pgrg lc fi`gdhi hl fghg örmgdi, pirqul fghg fgpg aul frlghg ld
ud plràihi lvicutnvi hnalrldtl. Ldtidfls, ¹g hödhl viy fid lsti9 G ci snmunldtl?
ud örmgdi hlrnvghi hlc ldhihlr`i (ndtlstndi, pir lol`pci), ls hlfnr, hlrnvghi hl
udg fgpg, tnldl cg ndair`gfnöd hl lsg fgpg, di sl pulhl trgdsair`gr ld itri
örmgdi hlrnvghi hl itrg fgpg titgc`ldtl hnalrldtl (pir lol`pci kulsi) frlghg
ld itri tnl`pi lvicutnvi `nccidls hl g÷is hlspuîs. Ls hlfnr, udg fîcucg qul sl
mlstö ld udg fgpg, lstç fi`gdhghg pir ud çrlg hlc flrljri y tnldl udg audfnöd
fidfrltg di pulhl trgdsair`grsl ld itrg hnstndtg y kgflr gcmi hnstndti pgrg ci
fugc dgturgc`ldtl aul frlghg. Ls fi`i sn hlc çrjic hl plrgs fi`ldzgrgd g
frlflr hurgzdis y îstis sl fi`nlrgd cgs plrgs5 lsi suldg ndfiklrldtl. Ci `ns`i
suflhl fid dulstrgs fîcucgs? sid ag`ncngs hlrnvghgs hl ud irnmld fi`ÿd qul di
sl pulhld trgdsair`gr ld itrgs hl itri irnmld. Lsi dis hnfl lc supulsti hl cgs
`ltçstgsns? qul udg fîcucg hlc örmgdi `g`g vngog kgfng lc puc`öd y sl
trgdsair`g y sl fi`l y cl ifupg cumgr g cgs fîcucgs hlc puc`öd). Rgrg `à, fi`i
`îhnfg fcàdnfg y idföcimg fid udg air`gfnöd gfghî`nfg air`gc aul `uy aulrtl,
rlvlr cg fiklrldfng hl cgs `ltçstgsns `l ndsu`nö ud cgrmi tnl`pi hl lstuhni, hl
prçftnfg, hl cllr fnldtis y fnldtis hl ndair`ls hl jnipsngs. Clyldhi lsis
ndair`ls aun fi`prijgdhi ci ndlsplfàanfi hl `ufkis rlsuctghis. G su vlz, fö`i
lc `îhnfi pgtöcimi lstç `ufkgs vlfls slsmghi pir lc hngmdöstnfi qul lsfrnjl
lc `îhnfi qul cl hlrnvg cg jnipsng, lsi ls `uy tgdmnjcl. Kgfl ud pgr hl g÷is, ld
ud fidmrlsi `udhngc hl Idficimàg luripli rlpclti hl idföcimis hl tihi lc
`udhi, rlfulrhi qul vn udg sgcg fgsn vgfàg. Rldsî qul slràg udg fidalrldfng hl
pifi ndtlrîs y g lsi cl gtrnjuà cg pifg fidfurrldfng hl ficlmgs. @l qulhî
ijslrvgdhi hlshl cg pulrtg y clà ld cg pgdtgccg gcmi `l gtrgpö. Lstgjgd
prlsldtgdhi ud lstuhni ld lc fugc cls hgjgd cg `ns`g jnipsng (argffnöd hl tlonhi
pgrg lstuhni) g 62 `îhnfis pgtöcimis hnalrldtls snd hlfnrcls lc hngmdöstnfi hlc
pgfnldtl. Qulcvi g gfcgrgr qul lc pgtöcimi lstuhng udg jnipsng tldnldhi ld
fuldtg ud hngmdöstnfi prlvni klfki pir itri `îhnfi, y ld audfnöd hl lsl
hngmdöstnfi ijslrvg cg jnipsng, ls hlfnr qul lstç fidhnfnidghi pir lc hngmdöstnfi
hlc ficlmg. ¹Fuçc lrg lc rlsuctghi9 Hl fghg 72 jnipsngs, ; rlsuctghis lrgd
hnalrldtls. Lsti qunlrl hlfnr qul hl 72 `îhnfis sici findfnhàgd his ld ci qul
ijslrvgjgd. Ci qul pcgdtlgjg lc lstuhni lrg cg air`g ld qul fg`jng lc ioi hlc
ijslrvghir fugdhi pidl ndtldfnöd gc ijolti ijslrvghi (gcmi yg hl`istrghi pir
cg aàsnfg fuçdtnfg, qul ganr`g qul cg `nrghg hlc ijslrvghir fg`jng cg rlgcnhgh).
Lsti aul pgrg `à udg mrgd rlaclxnöd, pirqul rlgc`ldtl pidl ld huhg lc supulst
supulstii
hl cgs @LXÇVXGVN
@LXÇVXGVNV.
V.

Di sî fuçc slrç cg vlrhgh gjsicutg, ld fgsi hl qul gc rlsplfti lxnstg udg.

Hlji hlfnr qul, plrsidgc`ldtl, lc pcgdtli hl lstl Dulvi Rldsg`nldti `l
snldtg `ufki `çs fiklrldtl qul ud pistucghi knpitîtnfi qul sl rlpntl hl
mldlrgfnöd ld mldlrgfnöd. ^ fugdhi lvgcÿi g udg plrsidg fid hngmdöstnfi hl
Fçdflr fid supulstgs `ltçstgsns, snl`prl ldfidtrg`is lc irnmld hl fghg

fidacnfti, qul lxpcnfg cg rlspulstg ld fghg örmgdi. Fid lc vnloi pgrghnm`g hl

pldsg`nldti, dghg tldàg cömnfg, di sl pihàg lxpcnfgr pir quî udg plrsidg tnldl
vgrnis tu`irls y pir quî ld lsis cumgrls, pir quî gpgrlfnlrid ld hltlr`ndghi
`i`ldti y di ld itri, fö`i kgfl ud tu`ir hl cg `g`g pgrg kgflr udg
`ltçstgsns ld lc kàmghi snd ld lsl vngol tifgr dn hlogr rgstri ld dndmÿd itri
örmgdi. Fid cg hl`istrgfnöd hl cgs Clyls Jnicömnfgs sà ci pihl`is kgflr,
pihl`is fi`prldhlr lc irnmld hl cis slmudhis tu`irls. G su vlz, cis
ci s tu`irls
slfudhgrnis mldlrghis pir fidacnftis hngmdöstnfis sid fghg vlz `çs arlfuldtls,
titgc`ldtl lvnhldfngjcls ld `n prçftnfg fitnhngdg, pirqul aun`is fid lc tnl`pi

plrhnldhi lc rlmnstri hlc itri, hl sus dlflsnhghls, hl sus hicirls, hl su sldtnr,

ldtidfls snd fidiflr g udg plrsidg tgc vlz sl cl hg cg plir ditnfng hl su vnhg ld
ud ndstgdtl hl udg `gdlrg agtgc snd `gcg ndtldfnöd, `çs snd rlmnstri g cg vlz hl
cg `gmdntuh hlc vgcir qul tnldl pgrg lccg lsl hnsfursi, snd huhgs cg psnquns y lc
flrljri rlfnjld lc n`pgfti y sl ldvàg cg irhld g qul lc örmgdi rlspidhg. Gkà ls
hidhl culmi vl`is lc tu`ir slfudhgrni.

^g tnldls vgrngs pnlzgs hlc audfnidg`nldti hl dulstrg jnicimàg. Vgjls lc

pirquî hl cg `gyiràg hl cgs ldalr`lhghls (Rrn`lrg Cly, Cly hl Knlrri),
K nlrri), sgjls
fö`i trgdsfurrl lsl primrg`g hl l`lrmldfngs qul ccg`çjg`is ldalr`lhgh g
trgvîs hl cg Vlmudhg Cly (Cly hl cgs His Agsls hl Xihis cis Rrimrg`gs
Jnicömnfis). Gkirg viy g l`plzgr g fidtgrtl hl quî sl trgtg cg Xlrflrg Cly
Jnicömnfg, qul ls cg qul dis vg g lxpcnfgr pir quî udis tlonhis frlfld, itris sl
ri`pld, itris audfnidgd `çs y itris `ldis. Dis vg g lxpcnfgr
lxpcn fgr lc pirquî hl ccgs
gs
hnalrldtls air`gs hl fi`pirtg`nldti hl fghg tlonhi ld cgs his agsls hlc
primrg`g jnicömnfi lsplfngc. Ldtidfls, gdtls hl hlsgrriccgr cg Xlrflrg Cly,
vg`is g rlpgsgr gcmudis fidflptis qul tl gyuhgrçd g fi`prldhlrcg `loir.

Qlàg`is `çs grrnjg qul fugdhi kgy ud HKV, ls hlfnr, ud skife

trgu`çtnfi, mrgvl, gmuhi, hrg`çtnfi, ndlsplrghi y vnvnhi ld siclhgh, sl hg ud
n`pgfti. ^ qul lstl galftg udg zidg hlc flrljri qul lstç rlcgfnidghg fid ud
tlonhi (örmgdi) hltlr`ndghi. Xg`jnîd tl hlfàg qul di n`pirtg lc lvldti ld sà
`ns`i i cg sntugfnöd, sndi lc fidtldnhi l`ifnidgc, cg `gdlrg hl vnvldfngrcg, ls
hlfnr, lc snmdnanfghi qul cl hg dulstrg psnqul g lsl lvldti. Lsg ltnqultg qul cl
pidl cg psnquns gc lvldti ls ci qul kgrç qul lc n`pgfti cclmul g ud çrlg hlc
flrljri i g itrg, y qul gftnvl ud primrg`g y di itri. Vn n`pgftg, ldtidfls, ld

udg zidg hlc flrljri, cg sicufnöd jnicömnfg vg g slr hnalrldtl g qul sn n`pgftg ld
itrg. Fghg zidg, fghg pgrtlfntg hlc flrljri lstç vndfucghg g ud tlonhi (örmgdi).

Gkirg fghg tlonhi u örmgdi sl vg g fi`pirtgr ld

l d lc primrg`g lsplfngc hl
l`lrmldfngs qul ccg`çjg`is ldalr`lhgh hl udg u itrg `gdlrg hlpldhnldhi
hlc `i`ldti hl cg lvicufnöd ld lc fugc aul frlghi lsl örmgdi i hl cg ltgpg
lvicutnvg hl cg fugc privnldl. Lstl rgzidg`nldti surml hl lstuhngr cg
l`jrnicimàg. Cg L`jrnicimàg ls udg `gtlrng qul sl vl ld prn`lr g÷i hl ccgg fgrrlrg
hl @lhnfndg y culmi og`çs vicvl`is g rlpgrgr ld lccg,
l ccg, y qul pir ci tgdti fid cis
g÷is icvnhg`is pir fi`pclti. Ld lstl pudti dis ndtlrlsg, pirqul dis `ltl ld
cg Xlrflrg Cly. Càdlgs grrnjg kgjcg`is hl cgs trls fgpgs ndnfngcls hlc l`jrnöd g
trgvîs hl cgs fugcls sl air`grçd tihis cis örmgdis y tlonhis. Ls n`pirtgdtl qul
ldtnldhgs qul, sn jnld tl viy prlsldtgdhi udg fisg slmunhg hl itrg, fghg fisg
lstç vndfucghg fid cg itrg, cg ndfcuyl5 ls pir lsi qul plrfnjnrçs qul rlpnti
fidflptis. Xl kgjcî hl l`jrnicimàg snd di`jrgrcg fugdhi, pir lol`pci, tl
fidtgjg qul fghg pgrtl hl dulstri flrljri lstç vndfucghg fid ud örmgdi (tlonhi)
hltlr`ndghi slmÿd su irnmld. Dulstri flrljri aul lvicufnidgdhi.
l vicufnidgdhi. \dg fisg lrg
fugdhi îrg`is udg fîcucg ÿdnfg y itrg gkirg qul si`is ndhnvnhuis fi`pclois,
fid `ÿctnpcls snstl`gs y tlonhis. ¹Rir quî aul lvicufnidgdhi y trgdsair`çdhisl
dulstri flrljri9 Fi`i hnon`is gdtls, pir rlqulrn`nldtis hlc ldtirdi y
lxnmldfngs hlc `lhni ld lc fugc vnvàg`is (y vnvn`is) qul dis pidàgd gdtl
hltlr`ndghis fidacnftis vntgcls (hl rnlsmi hl vnhg) y gdtl ci fugcls dlflsntg`is
ghgptgrdis pgrg pihlr lvicufnidgr fi`i lsplfnl. Ghgptgrdis ld tîr`ndis
jnicömnfis. Ls fi`i sn n`gmndgrgs qul g `lhnhg qul aun`is lvicufnidgdhi fi`i
lsplfnl hurgdtl `nccidls hl g÷is aun`is gmrlmgdhi örmgdis y snstl`gs fid su
pgrtl firrlspidhnldtl hlc flrljri qul cis fiirhndl.

Ldtidfls, hlshl qul dgfn`is ld lc gmug y îrg`is udg plqul÷g fîcucg

ndhnvnsg, dis ldfidtrg`is fid cg dlflsnhgh hl ghgptgrdis pgrg sijrlvnvnr.
Ijvng`ldtl qul lstg ghgptgfnöd aul y ls pir ltgpgs. Xl fidtgjg qul fugdhi
lstçjg`is ld lc gmug y sgcn`is gc `lhni tlrrlstrl, kuji cg dlflsnhgh hl
ghgptgfnöd. Gkirg jnld, lsg ghgptgfnöd di aul ndstgdtçdlg, hl ud hàg pgrg lc
itri, ld ud `ls, ld ud g÷i dn ld `ncls. Aul ld `nccidls
`n ccidls hl g÷is. @nldtrgs, `ncls
hl slrls vnvis aulrid `urnldhi ld lc trgdsfursi. Lc pgsi hlc gmug g cg tnlrrg knzi
qul trgdsair`l`is dulstrg jnicimàg y hl`is irnmld g cis gcvîicis puc`idgrls.

¹Rgrg quî9 G trgvîs hl cis gcvîicis

gcvîic is puc`idgrls, fgpt
fgptg`is
g`is ixàmldi ld cg tnlrrg.
^ hl cg `ns`g air`g, fghg örmgdi y snstl`g aul gpgrlfnldhi g `lhnhg qul
surmàg cg dlflsnhgh hl rlsicvlr udg sntugfnöd5 ls hlfnr, g `lhnhg qul gpgrlfàg
ud fidacnfti jnicömnfi. Lsg trgdsair`gfnöd di ls sici g dnvlc hlc örmgdi. Xg`jnîd
ls g dnvlc flrljrgc. Ls gsà ldtidfls qul lc flrljri jnicömnfi tnldl hnalrldtls
pgrtls. Fghg pgrtl firrlspidhl, hl gcmudg `gdlrg, g cgs hnalrldtls ltgpgs hl
dulstrg lvicufnöd jnicömnfg. Kgy pgrtls i lstrufturgs `çs gdtnmugs y kgy itrgs
`çs dulvgs. Cgs `çs gdtnmugs, prlfnsg`ldtl, vgd g lstgr rlcgfnidghgs
r lcgfnidghgs fid cgs
dlflsnhghls `çs prn`ntnvgs, qul pihràg`is ccg`gr prn`grngs i jçsnfgs, y sl

frlgrid `ufki `çs gdtnmug`ldtl. Fugdhi îrg`is plqul÷gs fîcucgs ndhnvnsgs,

pir lol`pci, tldàg`is sici dlflsnhghls audhg`ldtgcls? fi`lr, rlprihufnrdis,
lcn`ndgr cis hlslfkis, rlspnrgr, `gdtldlr lc lstghi hl càqunhis ld lc ndtlrnir. Cg
pgrtl hlc flrljri qul firrlspidhl g lsg ltgpg ls ci qul gftugc`ldtl ccg`g`is
lc tridfi flrljrgc. Ld îc sl gciog tihg cg ndair`gfnöd hl cis örmgdis dlflsgrnis
pgrg kgflr arldtl g lsgs dlflsnhghls jçsnfgs hl suplrvnvldfng. Lsg pgrtl hlc
flrljri (tridfi flrljrgc), fiirhndg lsis tlonhis prn`ntnvis (sid cis örmgdis
firrlspidhnldtls). Zlfirhl`is, lc flrljri jnicömnfi aul y ls qunld, hlshl lc
ndnfni hl cis tnl`pis, mgrgdtnzg dulstrg suplrvnvldfng jnicömnfg. Gsà, gdtl udg

dlflsnhgh i fidacnfti, lc flrljri hlfnhl, ld audfnöd hl cg ndair`gfnöd qul rlfnjl,

quî örmgdi (tlonhi) hljl ndtlrvldnr y quî irhld hljl hgrcl gc örmgdi? cl hnfl sn
hljl fu`pcnr cg audfnöd kgjntugc, ls hlfnr lolfutgr lc primrg`g hl `gdlrg
fitnhngdi, i udg audfnöd lsplfngc, ls hlfnr lolfutgr ud primrg`g lsplfngc fid
sldtnhi jnicömnfi. Ld gqulc tnl`pi, fugdhi îrg`is udg fîcucg ndhnvnsg y
tldàg`is sici dlflsnhghls jçsnfgs grfgnfgs pgrg qul cg lsplfnl sijrlvnvg, lc
flrljri tldàg hnspidnjcls tlonhis gsifnghis g lsgs dlflsnhghls. Fugdhi ld cg
`ns`g îpifg sgcn`is gc `lhni tlrrlstrl, lc flrljri sl vni ld lc fidacnfti vntgc hl
di pihlr gtrgpgr lc gnrl ld cg
c g tnlrrg. Ci prn`lri qul knzi, slmuri, ls hgr cg `ns`g
irhld qul lc flrljri cl hg gc plz fugdhi lstl ls grrgstrghi pir udg icg kgfng cg
irnccg? flrrgr cgs jrgdqungs y rltldlr càqunhi pgrg sijrlvnvnr ci `çs pisnjcl,
lsplrgdhi qul ld gcmÿd `i`ldti gcmudg icg cclmul kgstg gkà y ci vulcvg g
grrgstrgr kgfng lc gmug. Rlri, fi`i cls pgsg g `ufkis plfls, lsg icg di cclmö y
di sl puhi rlmrlsgr gc gmug. Gc di pihlr lfkgr `gdi hl cis primrg`gs y tlonhis
u örmgdis hnspidnjcls, sl dlflsntö trgdsair`gr cg jnicimàg,
jn icimàg, lc fulrpi, cis örmgdis
y tg`jnîd lc flrljri. Rir lstg dlflsnhgh hl fgptgr ixàmldi ld cg tnlrrg pgrg
sijrlvnvnr, cg Dgturgclzg, Hnis i cg Jnicimàg frlgrid lc jritl rlspnrgtirni ndnfngc
hlc fugc hlrnvgrid cis gcvîicis puc`idgrls (udnhghls `çs plqul÷gs hl cis
puc`idls). ^ cg pgrtl hlc tridfi ldflaçcnfi qul hnrnml cis gcvîicis puc`idgrls
tg`jnîd firrlspidhl g lsg ltgpg prn`ntnvg hlc hlsgrricci. Rir ci tgdti, fi`i
pihl`is hlhufnr, cis puc`idls sl frlgd gdtl ud rnlsmi vntgc? cg `ulrtl. Gsà qul
fghg vlz qul sl gftnvl ud `nlhi qul, cntlrgc i sn`jöcnfg`ldtl, slg fi`i gqulc
`nlhi g cg `ulrtl pir lc fugc aulrid frlghis cis puc`idls, fugdhi lsg
ndair`gfnöd cl cclmul gc flrljri, lc flrljri jnicömnfi qul, fi`i tl hnol, di
hnstndmul ldtrl sn`jöcnfi i rlgc, vg g gftnvgr ud primrg`g lsplfngc rlcgfnidghi
fid cis puc`idls. Rirqul cg ndair`gfnöd qul rlfnjl ls, jçsnfg`ldtl, qul
dlflsntg `çs puc`öd pgrg sijrlvnvnr. Cclmghi g ud
u d fidacnfti lxtrl`i, mldlrg ud
tu`ir ld lc puc`öd, ls hlfnr ud ghldifgrfndi`g hl puc`öd. \d tu`ir kgfl `çs
puc`öd, ci gmrgdhg (lsl ls lc sldtnhi jnicömnfi, hnfki sldfnccg`ldtl). Gdtls,
tgrhg`is `nccidls hl g÷is ld frlgr ud puc`öd. Gkirg, lc flrljri tnldl qul
rlspidhlr ld ud ndstgdtl. ^ ls ci qul kgfl? hg udg rlspulstg-sicufnöd jnicömnfg.
Kgy udg cly dgturgc, ci qul g cg jnicimàg cl rlsuctö di ci fg`jng, ci rlpntl y ci
trgds`ntl hl mldlrgfnöd ld mldlrgfnöd ldtrl cg `ns`g y itrgs lsplfnls. Vn cl
rlsuctö kgflr puc`öd pgrg fgptgr gnrl ld cg tnlrrg lsi ls ci qul rlpltnrç udg y `nc
vlfls fugdhi suarg`is ud HKV pir agctg hl gnrl rlgc i sn`jöcnfg
sn`jöcnfg..
 Vnmg`is pldsgdhi. \dg vlz ld cg tnlrrg, gpgrlfnlrid itrgs dlflsnhghls.
Fg`jnö lc ldtirdi, dis vn`is lxpulstis g itris fidacnftis. Rir lol`pci, cgs
rghngfnidls uctrgvnicltgs hlc sic. Xldl`is qul pritlmlrdis hlc sic pgrg di
`irnrdis ndfndlrghis i hlsknhrgtghis. ¹Wuî vg g gpgrlflr pgrg pritlmlrdis hlc
sic9 Và, gflrtgstl, cg pnlc. Fcgri qul sà. Ldtidfls, cg pnlc priaudhg, ccg`ghg
hlr`ns, lstç gsifnghg g udg pgrtl hl dulstri flrljri gftugc, qul cg fiirhndg. Cg
hlr`ns surml i aul frlghg gdtl cg dlflsnhgh0fidacnfti hl pritlffnöd hl cg
ndtlmrnhgh. Ci qul lqunvgcl g hlfnr qul sl frlg fid lc and hl cimrgr vnvnr ld lc
`lhni tlrrlstrl. Rir lstg dlflsnhgh hl pritlffn
pri tlffnöd
öd g cg ndtlmrnhgh aulrid frlghgs
tg`jnîd tihgs cgs `l`jrgdgs qul rlfujrld y pritlmld örmgdis priaudhis,
ccg`ghgs pnlcls priaudhgs, fi`i pclurg, plrnfgrhni, plrntidli.
plr ntidli. Qicvlrî g lxpcnfgr
tihi lsti ld `çs hltgccl `çs ghlcgdtl, ld cg Xlrflrg Cly. Rlri cg nhlg ls qul
vgygs fi`prldhnldhi qul fghg fîcucg hl dulstri fulrpi qul fidair`grç, ld
mrupi, dulstris örmgdis aul frlghg ld rlspulstg g udg dlflsnhgh vntgc,
rlspidhnldhi g ud fidacnfti jnicömnfi, ls hlfnr fid ud audhg`ldti? ud pir quî y
ud pgrg quî. Dghg ld dulstri fulrpi tgd plralfti aul frlghi snd sldtnhi? dn
gdtls, dn gkirg.

^g lstg`is vnscu`jrgdhi cg Xlrflrg Cly. ^g vg`is g lccg. Gdtls qunlri

gmrlmgr itri fidflpti pgrg flrrgr udg nhlg
n hlg qul vldn`is hlsgrriccgdhi.

Dulstri flrljri jnicömnfi pulhl hnvnhnrsl lvicutnvg`ldtl, g mrgdhls

rgsmis, ld his pgrtls. Rir lsi, lc Hr. Kg`lr vg g kgjcgr hl flrljri gdtnmui y hl
flrljri dulvi, ls hlfnr dlflsnhghls qul aulrid `çs jçsnfgs y prn`grngs
pr n`grngs y culmi
dlflsnhghls hl slrls `çs lvicufnidghis. Zlfulrhg qul hnol qul g `lhnhg qul
lvicufnidg`is dulstri flrljri aul lvicufnidgdhi tg`jnîd. Rgrg dulstrg
jnicimàg, lvicufnöd ls sndödn`i hl ghgptgfnöd. Gdtl hltlr`ndghgs dlflsnhghls
i lxnmldfngs hlc ldtirdi, aul (y ls) dlflsgrni
dl flsgrni ghgptgrsl pgrg sijrlvnvnr, gtldhlr
cgs pripngs dlflsnhghls y fidtndugr lvicufnidgdhi. Fi`i hnol, kgy
k gy dlflsnhghls
vntgcls prn`grngs y grfgnfgs fi`i gcn`ldtgrsl (gnrl y fi`nhg), rlprihufnrsl (snd
fidtndunhgh di kgy lvicufnöd), lcn`ndgr cis hlslfkis y fidtricgr ci càqunhis
ndtlrdis. Culmi, g `lhnhg qul aun`is lvicufnidgdhi y gdtl itris ldtirdis,
aulrid surmnldhi itrgs dlflsnhghls y itrgs rlspulstgs jnicömnfgs g cgs `ns`gs,
ls hlfnr, itris örmgdis y snstl`gs. Rir ci tgdti, it
itrgs
rgs pgrtls hlc flrljri qul ccgs
gs
fi`gdhgd. Fghg dlflsnhgh aul y ls ud fidacnft
fidacnftii jnicömnfi. Ldtidfls, pgrg fghg
dlflsnhgh (pgrg fghg fidacnfti jnicömnfi) kgy udg rlspulstg jnicömnfg prlfnsg.
Lsg rlspulstg jnicömnfg ls, sn`pcnanfgdhi,
sn `pcnanfgdhi, lc örmgdi (qul ls, jçsnfg`ldtl, udi
i vgrnis tlonhis). ^ fghg tlonhi y fghg örmgdi tnldld uudd primrg`g qul lolfutg lc
sldtnhi pgrg lc fugc aul frlghi lc örmgdi. ^g slg pgrg gtrgpgr lc jifghi hl gnrl,
yg slg pgrg gtrgpgr lc jifghi hl fi`nhg, yg slg pgrg lcn`ndgr lc hlslfki ld
air`g hl `gtlrng alfgc, ltf. G su vlz, fghg primrg`g tnldl udg audfnöd dir`gc y
udg audfnöd lsplfngc hl l`lrmldfng qul ccg`çjg`is ldalr`lhgh. Ci kgjntugc
ls qul lc örmgdi (lc tlonhi) lstî ld `ihi fitnhngdi, snd l`lrmldfngs. Gdtl udg
urmldfng, gcmi aulrg hl ci kgjntugc, lc örmgdi (lc tlonhi) lolfutgrç lc primrg`g hl
`gdlrg tl`pirgrng (`nldtrgs hurl lsg urmldfng i l`lrmldfng jnicömnfg) ld
`ihi lsplfngc.

Fugdhi sl lstî lolfutgdhi lc primrg`g lsplfngc (ldalr`lhgh) y

hlpldhnldhi hl cg fgpg l`jrnidgrng hl cg qul hlrnvl lc örmgdi ld fulstnöd, ld

cg ltgpg hl fidacnfti gftnvi pihrçd suflhlr his fisgs? qul gu`ldtl i hns`nduyg
cg audfnöd i jnld qul kgyg ud frlfn`nldti flcucgr (udg pricnalrgfnöd i udg `gsg,
ci qul ccg`g`is tu`ir) i udg hlmrghgfnöd flcucgr (ud kulfi, ci qul ccg`g`is
ÿcflrg).

Ls lc flrljri jnicömnfi lc qul irhldg gc örmgdi (gc tlonhi)

t lonhi) quî hljl kgflr
y lc örmgdi lc qul fu`pcl örhldls. Rir lol`pci, lc lstö`gmi, ld su audfnöd
kgjntugc, plr`ntl lc pgsi hl gcn`ldtis. Vn kgy udg l`lrmldfng, fi`i gcmi qul
pulhl cgstn`gr, hg÷gr i ndtixnfgr, lc lstö`gmi ldtrg ld su `ihi lsplfngc
jciqulgdhi cg ldtrghg hl gcn`ldtis. Xg`jnîd, ld su `ihi lsplfngc, lc lstö`gmi
pulhl mldlrgr udg lxpucsnöd hlc gcn`ldti (vö`nti). Fugdhi cg l`lrmldfng aul
rlsulctg, lc lstö`gmi, culmi hl rlpgrgrsl, rlfuplrgrsl y lolfutgr lc `ihi
lsplfngc hl su primrg`g, vulcvl g dir`gcnhgh.

Ldtidfls, g mrgdhls rgsmis, lc flrljri sl hnvnhl ld his mrgdhls

mr gdhls pgrtls.

\dg, hl flrljri gdtnmui. Itrg, hl flrljri dulvi.

Lc flrljri gdtnmui fi`prldhl gc tridfi flrljrgc y lc flrljlci, cis fugcls

sl hlsgrriccgrid ld cgs prn`lrgs ltgpgs lvicutnvgs y, pir ci tgdti, rlspidhld g
fidacnftis `çs gdtnmuis, hl suplrvnvldfng jçsnfg, fi`i cis qul tl fidtî càdlgs
grrnjg.
 Lc flrljri dulvi fi`prldhl g cg firtlzg flrljrgc y g cg `îhucg flrljrgc,
qul sid lstrufturgs qul sl hlsgrriccgrid ld ltgpgs lvicutnvgs pistlrnirls, `çs
dulvgs y, pir ci tgdti, rlspidhld g dlflsnhghls i fidacnftis `çs lvicufnidghis.

Cis örmgdis qul lstçd fidtricghis pir lc flrljri gdtnmui, i slg pir lc

tridfi flrljrgc y lc flrljlci, ld cg ltgpg hl fidacnfti gftnvi vgd g gu`ldtgr su

audfnöd i tldhrçd frlfn`nldti flcucgr. Ld cg ltgpg hl rlpgrgfnöd i RFC, vgd g
hns`ndunr cg audfnöd i tldhrçd hns`ndufnöd
h ns`ndufnöd flcucgr (hlstruffnöd flcucgr).

Rir lc fidtrgrni, cis örmgdis fidtricghis pir lc flrljri dulvi (firtlzg

flrljrgc y `îhucg flrljrgc) iplrgd gc rlvîs? ld cg ltgpg hl fidacnfti gftnvi vgd
g hns`ndunr su audfnöd i vgd g slr hlmrghghis, y ld agsl hl rlpgrgfnöd i RFC
dir`gcnzgrçd su audfnöd i rlccldgrçd cis kulfis y sl gmrgdhgrçd. Ls hlfnr, ld cg
ltgpg hl fidacnfti gftnvi hl cg ldalr`lhgh, prlsldtgd udg ucflrgfnöd, dlfrisns,
gtriangs `usfucgrls, pgrçcnsns, hns`ndufnöd hl cg audfnöd i hl cg lstrufturg.
Culmi, ld cg ltgpg hl rlpgrgfnöd, rlgftnvgd lsg audfnöd pgrg tldhlr kgfng su
dir`gcnzgfnöd, fi`i gsà tg`jnîd tldhrçd udg `uctnpcnfgfnöd flcucgr (pricnalrgfnöd
i gu`ldti flcucgr). Hl lstis tlonhis sl trgtg fugdhi kgjcg`is hl tu`irls hl
rlccldi. Vid cis tu`irls qul gpgrlfld ld cg ltgpg hl rlsicufnöd hl fidacnfti,
fi`i pulhld slr lc fçdflr hl fîrvnx, lc hl ivgrnis, lc hl tlstàfucis, lc Fçdflr
huftgc hl `g`gs, lc lpnhlr`inhl jridqungc hl puc`öd, cis sgrfi`gs, cis
cndai`gs y cgs clufl`ngs, ldtrl itris. Ld lstl fgsi, lsl ndfrl`ldti flcucgr vg g
lstgr rlccldgdhi lsg ÿcflrg qul yg sl frlö fid sldtnhi jnicömnfi ld lc plràihi
gdtlrnir y qul yg di sl dlflsntg `çs. Vn udg plrsidg vnvl ud fidacnfti hl
g`ldgzg ld lc tlrrntirni, y lc fidacnfti ls `uy ndtldsi pirqul cg vnvldfng ls hl
g`ldgzg vntgc, cg `gdlrg qul tnldl lc flrljri hl cufkgr pgrg mgdg
mgdgrr lsl lspgfni
ls tldnldhi `çs ixàmldi hnspidnjcl, pir ci tgdti ld fidacnfti gftnvi ucflrg lc
jridquni pgrg gmrgdhgr cg fg÷lràg pir hidhl rlfnjl lc ixàmldi pgrg qul pulhg
ndmrlsgr `çs fgdtnhgh y pulhg tldlr `çs ldlrmàg, `çs rlspnrgfnöd hnspidnjcl,
lstgr `çs prlpgrghi pgrg mgdgr lc tlrrntirni. Fugdhi rlsulcvl lc fidacnfti hl
g`ldgzg ld lc tlrrntirni, hl cg `gdlrg qul aulrg, lc flrljri rlfnjl cg ndair`gfnöd
hl qul yg di dlflsntg lsl lspgfni lxtrg, pir ci tgdti ci qul kgfl ls rlccldgrci,
pir lol`pci, air`gdhi ud fgrfndi`g lpnhlr`inhl jridqungc. Fid titgc sldtnhi
jnicömnfi.
 Ci qul dis pidld hl `gdnanlsti lstgs clyls, ldtrl itrgs fisgs, ls qul cg
pricnalrgfnöd flcucgr, ls hlfnr lc gu`ldti hl cg `gsg tu`irgc i ci qul ccg`g`is
tu`ir, `ufkgs vlfls dis gsustg, dis pidl ld urmldfng, dis hnspgrg `nlhis y
fidacnftis, tgdti g `îhnfis fi`i g fidsuctgdtls. Lsi qul frlfl y qul pgrlfl
frlflr snd sldtnhi gcmudi, ld rlgcnhgh tnldl fi`pclti sldtnhi. ^, g su vlz, qul
lsl frlfn`nldti vg g lxnstnr, yg slg ld ltgpg hl fidacnfti gftnvi i ld ltgpg hl
fidacnfti rlsulcti, hlpldhnldhi hl quî örmgdi sl trgtl, hl fuçc aul su irnmld y
pir quî lstrufturg hlc flrljri lstç fiirhndghi. Ci qul dis plr`ntl cg
fi`prldsnöd hl lstgs clyls ls, pir ud cghi, gpcgfgr lc `nlhi y jgogr lc lstrîs,
pidhlrgr cg urmldfng rlgc y, pir lc itri, gr`gr ud gjirhgol fidvldnldtl ldtrl lc
`îhnfi y lc fidsuctgdtl, udg tlrgpîutnfg dlflsgrng ld audfnöd hl cg agsl hlc
primrg`g lsplfngc ld cg fugc dis ldfidtrl`is. Lsi ls `grgvnccisi.

Dis agfncntg udg `nrghg ndtlmrgc, rlgc, pgrg jrndhgr ud hngmdöstnfi y udg

tlrgpîutnfg ghlfughis.
Itrg fisg qul pihl`is fi`prldhlr g pgrtnr hl lsti ls qul, g mrgdhls
rgsmis, cg pricnalrgfnöd flcucgr (lc gu`ldti hl cgs fîcucgs, cg `gsg, lc tu`ir) sl
vg g prlsldtgr sn lsg sntugfnöd qul dis pusi ld fidacnfti sl pricidmö ld lc tnl`pi
i sn aul `uy ndtldsg y vnvnhg fid ud mrgd sijrlstrîs. Vlg hidhl slg qul sl
prlsldtl cg pricnalrgfnöd flcucgr? slg ld cg agsl hl fidacnfti gftnvi i ld cg hl
rlpgrgfnöd (RFC). Vn sl prlsldtg ld cg slmudhg ltgpg hl cg ldalr`lhgh ls
pirqul gdtls sl dlflsntö ucflrgr, kgflr ud kulfi `uy mrgdhl. ^ tg`jnîd dis
kgjcg hl ud fidacnfti gfu`ucghi ld lc tnl`pi i hl udg ndtldsnhgh nd`ldsg (ld
tîr`ndis hl lstrîs) vnvnhg gdtl ud lvldti. Ls hlfnr, qul lstg`is kgjcgdhi hl
sntugfnidls vnvnhgs g cgs qul sl cls itirmö `ufkg n`pirtgdfng.

^ kgy gcmi audhg`ldtgc qul dis hnfl lsti? ld dulstri fulrpi di lstç
suflhnldhi dghg `gci. Dlflsntg`is fi`prldhlrci pgrg ti`gr cgs `loirls
hlfnsnidls. Ls hlfnr, hlfnsnidls qul gfi`pg÷ld g dulstrg jnicimàg g kgflr ci
qul tnldl qul kgflr, qul dis gfi`pg÷ld g disitris g trgdsntgr lc priflsi hl cg
`loir `gdlrg pisnjcl. Ls hlfnr, hlfnsnidls tlrgpîutnfgs y plrsidgcls qul di
ijstgfucnfld cg sicufnöd jnicömnfg. Hlfnsnidls qul di slgd fidtrgprihufldtls.

Hlfnsnidls qul dis lvntld ndmrlsgr

n dmrlsgr ld ud fàrfuci vnfnisi nndandnti.
dandnti. Hlfnsnidls qul
dis plr`ntgd vnvnr lc fàrfuci vnrtuisi plralfti hl cg ldalr`lhgh, qul tnldl ud
prndfnpni y ud and fcgris y ud sldtnhi jnicömnfi. \D FÀZF\CI RLZALFXI

Gkirg, culmi hl lstgs gfcgrgfnidls y fidflptis, vg`is fid tihi g cg

Xlrflrg Cly Jnicömnfg.
 Xlrflrg Cly Jnicömnfg? Vnstl`g Idtimîdnfi hl cis Xu`irls y cgs
Ldalr`lhghls

Lc Hr. Kg`lr cg ccg`ö cg jrÿoucg hl cg Dulvg @lhnfndg .

Xuvi cg pisnjncnhgh hl hlsfujrnr lstg cly pir su gaçd hl jÿsqulhg

n`pcgfgjcl, hl di qulhgrsl og`çs fid qul gcmi ld cg
c g Dgturgclzg ls gsà pirqul

sà, sndi fi`prldhnldhi qul tihi ls plralfti, tihi tnldl ud sldtnhi, qul si`is
udg frlgfnöd `grgvnccisg y hnvndg. Lc Hr. Kg`lr sl prlmudtgjg pir quî cis tlonhis
sl fi`pirtgjgd hl `gdlrg hnalrldtl, pir quî kgjàg tlonhis qul frlfàgd ld
fidacnfti gftnvi y pir quî itris sl hlmrghgjgd. Xrgs lsg jÿsqulhg n`plfgjcl,
`grgvnccisg y gh`nrgjcl qul kidri fghg hàg hl `n prçftnfg `îhnfg, îc cimrg
rlhlsfujrnr lstg Xlrflrg Cly ld cg Dgturgclzg.

Lc Hr. Kg`lr cg ccg`ö Vnstl`g Idtimîdnfi hl cis tu`irls y cgs

ldalr`lhghls.

Rgcgjrgs fi`i idtimîdnfi dis mldlrgd udg lsplfnl hl urtnfgrng, di cg

qulrl`is dn lsfufkgr, di cg dlflsntg`is. Rlri frli qul ls prlfnsi g`pcngr
dulstri cldmugol pgrg fi`prldhlr. Cg pgcgjrg ls udg pulrtg, di cg flrrl`is,

gjrç`iscg. Cg pgcgjrg idtimîdnfi vnldl hl idtimîdlsns. Mîdlsns ls lc ndnfni, cg

frlgfnöd. ¹^ idti9 Ls ud prlanoi, qul dis vnldl hlc mrnlmi. Rihl`is rlhufnrci gc
slr. Ls hlfnr, qul cg idtimîdlsns dis kgjcg fö`i sl aul frlgdhi gcmi y fuçc aul
su hlsgrricci, hlshl su dgfn`nldti kgstg cg `ulrtl. Ld lstl fgsi, kgjcgrl`is
hlc hlsgrricci jnicömnfi hl tu`irls y ldalr`lhghls.

Rir ci qul cg Xlrflrg Cly lxpcnfg cg firrlcgfnöd ldtrl cg psnqul, lc flrljri

y lc örmgdi ld lc fidtlxti hlc hlsgrricci l`jrnidgrni (idtimldîtnfi) y lvicutnvi
(ancimldîtnfi) hlc irmgdns`i ku`gdi.

¹Wuî qunlrl hlfnr lsti9

Ls gcmi hl ci fugc vldn`is kgjcgdhi. Lvicutnvg`ldtl y ancimldîtnfg`ldtl,

gdtls hl slr ndhnvnhuis fi`pclois fi`i si`is gkirg aun`is udg fîcucg. Kgfl
`nccidls hl g÷is. ^ fghg ghgptgfnöd g cgs dulvgs dlflsnhghls hlc slr vnvi

n`pcnfö cg frlgfnöd hl dulstris örmgdis (su lvicufnöd), mldlrgdhi, g cg vlz, ud

flrljri jnicömnfi fid hnalrldtls pgrtls qul njg fiirhndgdhi fghg lstrufturg u
örmgdi dulvi. Fi`i hnoi Hgrwnd, gpgrlfnö cg dlflsnhgh y culmi cg audfnöd. Cg
audfnöd ls lc örmgdi qul lolfutg cg rlspulstg g cg dlflsnhgh.

Lsti tg`jnîd suflhl kiy. Culmi hl qul si`is fidfljnhis y qul

fi`nldzg dulstrg mlstgfnöd. Gc prndfnpni si`is fi`i ud piritnti, udg fîcucg qul
vg hlsgrriccgdhi culmi udg lstrufturg jnicömnfg hltlr`ndghg y qul sl vg
rlprihufnldhi. Lsl frlfn`nldti y trgdsair`gfnöd qul kgfl`is ndtrgÿtlri rlpntl
i fipng lc hlsgrricci lvicutnvi hl cg lsplfnl. Hldtri hlc ÿtlri. pgsg`is pir tihgs
cgs ltgpgs hl cg lvicufnöd? hl g`ljg g rldgfugoi y rlptnc, kgstg cclmgr gc slr
ku`gdi, ls hlfnr, ld dulvl `lsls rlpltn`is cis `nccidls hl g÷is hl cg
lvicufnöd, si`is rlsuctghis hl cg lvicufnöd. @ls g `ls rlfnjn`is cg ndair`gfnöd
hl tihi lc hlsgrricci? hlshl qul aun`is udg fîcucg ld lc gmug g kiy, slrls
fi`pclois ccldis hl örmgdis y snstl`gs. Lstl pgsi pir cgs hnalrldtls air`gs ls
pgrg rlfnjnr tihg cg ndair`gfnöd rlfipncghg ld lsis `nccidls hl g÷is
trgdsfurrnhis. Zlsuctg ndfrlàjcl, ¹di9 Zlgc`ldtl si`is cg ijrg `çs plralftg hl
cg frlgfnöd, si`is `grgvnccisis, si`is plralftis, si`is hnvndis, si`is slrls
frlghis pir cg gjsicutg hnvndnhgh.

Xl fidtgjg qul ld dulstrg mlstgfnöd, tihis cis örmgdis y tlonhis hlrnvgd hl trls
fgpgs irnmndgcls ccg`ghgs ldhihlr`i, `lsihlr`i y lftihlr`i

Ld cg n`gmld qul snmul, pihl`is vlr fi`i lc Hr. Kg`lr utncnzö cis ficirls?
g`grncci pgrg cg prn`lrg fgpg hlc prn`lr hlsgrricci, cg `çs grfgnfg, qul ls lc
LDHIHLZ@I5 dgrgdog pgrg cg ndtlr`lhng, lc @LVIHLZ@I5 y rioi pgrg lc
hlsgrricci hl cg fgpg `çs dulvg, lc LFXIHLZ@I. Lstgs fid cgs trls fgpgs hl
cgs qul hlrnvgrçd tihis dulstris örmgdis y tlonhis.

Ldtidfls, g `lhnhg qul vg`is frlfnldhi hldtri hlc ÿtlri, vg`is

hlsgrriccgdhi tlonhis y örmgdis (fi`i dis pgsö ld cg lvicufnöd) qul lstçd
fiirhndghis pir cgs hnalrldtls pgrtls hlc flrljri. Lstg ndair`gfnöd fi`pcltg
lstç ld tihgs dulstrgs fîcucgs. Dulstrgs fîcucgs sgjld plralftg`ldtl ci qul
tnldld qul kgflr. Vgjld hl hödhl vnldld, kgfng hödhl vgd, pgrg quî y fö`i ci
kgfld. ¡Vid ud mrgd lol`pci!

¹Rir quî ls n`pirtgdtl fi`prldhlr lsti9

Rirqul dghg ls fgsugc. Kgy udg cömnfg jni-cömnfg.

Hlfàg`is ld cg Rrn`lrg Cly qul kgy ud HKV i ud skife trgu`çtnfi.

Lsl HKV ls lc qul gftnvg lc primrg`g lsplfngc tl`pirgrni fid sldtnhi
jnicömnfi (qul ccg`g`is, fidvldfnidgc`ldtl, ldalr`lhgh).

Ld cg Rrn`lrg Cly, hlfàg`is tg`jnîd qul fugdhi lsti suflhl kgy ud

n`pgfti (prlfnsg`ldtl, lc skife jnicömnfi). Lsl n`pgfti tnldl cumgr gc `ns`i
ndstgdtl ld cg psnqul, ld udg zidg hlc flrljri y ld lc örmgdi firrlspidhnldtl, y
qul lc cumgr hidhl n`pgftg hlpldhlrç hlc fidtldnhi l`ifnidgc, cg sntugfnöd
fidacnftugc y cg vnvldfng qul lxplrn`ldtö cg psnqul gdtl ud hltlr`ndghi lvldti.

Ld cg Vlmudhg Cly, hlfàg`is qul cg ldalr`lhgh tnldl his ltgpgs, cg hl

fidacnfti gftnvi i FG (mijlrdghg, pir ci mldlrgc, pir lc snstl`g sn`pçtnfi, qul
ls lc snstl`g qul fi`gdhg cg gffnöd, cg vnhg hnurdg, cg gftnvnhgh, cg cufkg y cg
kunhg), y udg ltgpg pistlrnir g cg rlsicufnöd hlc fidacnfti, cg ltgpg hl rlpgrgfnöd,
fid his agsls? RFC G y RFC J (mijlrdghg lstg slmudhg agsl pir lc snstl`g
pgrgsn`pçtnfi, lc snstl`g qul fi`gdhg lc hlsfgdsi, qul dis hnspidl g cg
rlpgrgfnöd, cg vnhg difturdg y lc hlsfgdsi ansnicömnfi).

Fid cg Xlrflrg Cly, hlfn`is qul cg zidg hidhl n`pgftö lc skife

jnicömnfi, lc örmgdi qul rlfnjnö lc n`pgfti y lc tnpi hl rlspulstg qul tnldl lc
tlonhi gdtl lsl n`pgfti (pricnalrgfnöd i tu`ir5 dlfrisns i ucflrgfnöd, pîrhnhg i
gu`ldti hl audfnöd) suflhld hl `gdlrg fgusgc, jgoi udg cömnfg jnicömnfg, yg
qul lc örmgdi sl fi`pirtg gsà gdtl cg dlflsnhgh i fidacnfti ld rlspulstg g pgrg
quî aul frlghi ld lsg ltgpg lvicutnvg hl hidhl privnldl. ^ qul lc tnpi hl
rlspulstg i sicufnöd qul `gdnanlstg lc örmgdi (i tlonhi) vg g lstgr fidhnfnidghg
pir lc çrlg hlc flrljri jnicömnfi qul ldvnö cg irhld. ^ hlpldhnldhi hl ci
gdtlrnir, ld fghg ltgpg hl ci qul ccg`g`is ldalr`lhgh ifurrnrç, sà i sà, udg
fisg y di cg itrg, sl prlsldtgrçd, sà i sà, hltlr`ndghis sàdti`gs y di itris. Xihi
rlspidhl g udg CL^ JNICÖMN
JNICÖMNFG.
FG. Xihi suflhl plralftg`ldtl, dghg ls fgsugc,
dn lc örmgdi qul rlspidhl dn lc sàdti`g qul mldlrg sid prihufti hl ud lrrir,
sndi qul tihi tnldl ud sldtnhi plralfti.
 Xihi lsl fg`ndi ls pgrtl hl cg fiklrldfng hlc audfnidg`nldti hl cg
jnicimàg, hl fö`i lstg kg sgjnhi sijrlvnvnr g ci cgrmi hl cg knstirng. Lc örmgdi
kgfl lsg `gdnalstgfnöd (lsl sàdti`g, lsl tu`ir, ltf.) pgrg gcmi, fid ud sldtnhi
prlfnsi.

Rgrg qul slg `çs tgdmnjcl gud

gu d ci qul tl fuldti, viy g lxpcnfgr ld tîr`ndis
`uy sn`pcls y ccgdis cg lvicufnöd hlc ki`jrl (ls hlfnr? cg ancimldîtnfg), pgrg qul
ci pulhgs fi`prldhlr.

Fi`i hnol, dulstri fulrpi fid tihis sus snstl`gs y audfnidg`nldtis

gftugcls ls cg `çqundg fi`pcltg (y plralftg) rlsuctgdtl hlc hlsgrricci lvicutnvi
g ci cgrmi hl `nccidls hl g÷is (rlsuctghi hl cg ancimîdlsns), hlshl qul pgrtn`is
snldhi udg fîcucg ndhnvnsg ld lc `gr,
`gr , kgstg gkirg, slrls fid `ÿctnpcls örmgdis y
snstl`gs. Fghg snstl`g y su audfnöd (rlspnrgtirng, hnmlstnvg, rlprihuftnvg,
sistîd, `ivncnhgh, pritlffnöd, ltf.) aul gpgrlfnldhi g ci cgrmi hl `nccidls hl
g÷is, g `lhnhg qul njgd surmnldhi cgs dlflsnhghls. Ls hlfnr qul, gdtl udg
dlflsnhgh jnicömnfg, gpgrlfl cg lstrufturg, y sn lstg rlsuctg lxntisg pgrg
mgrgdtnzgr cg suplrvnvldfng, gsà sl trgds`ntl g cgs mldlrgfnidls snmunldtls hl cg
`ns`g lsplfnl y hl itrgs. (Zlfi`nldhi cg clfturg hl cis lsfrntis hlc jnöcimi
Jrufl Cnptid). Fghg fîcucg, tlonhi u örmgdi hl dulstri fulrpi sl frlö, surmnö i
gpgrlfnö, fi`i tl kl hnfki ld rlntlrghgs pgrtls hlc cnjri, ppgrg fu`pcnr udg
audfnöd. \d örmgdi ls lc rlsuctghi hl cg frlgfnöd pgrg rlspidhlr g udg
dlflsnhgh dulvg ld cg lvicufnöd.

Lc slr ku`gdi hl kiy di kujnlsl sijrlvnvnhi fi`i lsplfnl hl di kgjlr

ndtlmrghi ld su flrljri tihis cis primrg`gs jnicömnfis hl suplrvnvldfng
hlsgrriccghis g ci cgrmi hl cg lvicufnöd. Ls hlfnr, g `lhnhg qul surmàg ud
ijstçfuci, cg jnicimàg frlgjg lc snstl`g (örmgdi) pgrg rlsicvlrci. \dg vlz
suplrghi fghg lsficci, cg sicufnöd aul trgds`ntnhg hl mldlrgfnöd ld mldlrgfnöd.
Lsti, pir supulsti, tnldl udg cömnfg jnicömnfg? pgrg lsi lstç cg `l`irng flcucgr,
pgrg trgds`ntnr di sici cis fidacnftis di rlsulctis sndi tg`jnîd cgs sicufnidls
kgccghgs, hl cg `ns`g y itrgs lsplfnls.

Qlg`is fö`i audfnidg lsti kiy. Fi`i tl hnol, pihl`is ijslrvgrci ld

disitris, g pgrtnr hl dulstrg mlstgfnöd.
 Ld cis prn`lris 7= hàgs hl vnhg ndtrgutlrndg, sl hlsgrriccgd 6 fgpgs
(ldhihlr`i, `lsihlr`i y lftihlr`i) hl cgs fugcls hlrnvgrçd tihgs cgs fîcucgs
y tlonhis. Fghg fîcucg rlfnjl tihg cg ndair`gfnöd hl cg lvicufnöd hlshl lc
fi`nldzi hl cg vnhg fi`i irmgdns`i udnflcucgr kgstg cg gftugcnhgh. Xihi. Fghg
fîcucg rlfnjl cg ndair`gfnöd hl pgrg quî y pir quî aul frlghg lccg y cgs itrgs.

¹Vl ldtnldhl9 Xihg cg `l`irng hlshl lc fi`nldzi hl cg vnhg fi`i

irmgdns`i udnflcucgr kgstg cg gftugcnhgh sl mrgjg ld dulstri flrljri (y pir ci
tgdti ld tihgs dulstrgs fîcucgs)? tihis cis primrg`gs jnicömnfis qul dis kgd
plr`ntnhi sijrlvnvnr, ghgptgrdis g hnalrldtls dlflsnhghls y lvicufnidgr. Xihi.
@l prlmudti, ¹ld quî `i`ldti hlfnhn`is qul cg l`jrnicimàg lrg udg `gtlrng
`ldir9

Fi`i tl hlfàg, snl`prl sl trgds`ntld sicufnidls. Cg jnicimàg tnldl udg

cly? di fg`jng gqulcci qul cl hni rlsuctghi, sndi qul ci rlpntl y ci trgs`ntl hl
mldlrgfnöd ld mldlrgfnöd g su lsplfnl y g itrgs.

Qlg`is dulstrg knstirng jnicömnfg lvicutnvg.

Rrn`lrg ltgpg lvicutnvg

Kgfl `nccidls hl g÷is, fugdhi surmnö cg vnhg ld dulstri pcgdltg, dgfnö

ld air`g hl irmgdns`i udnflcucgr, ndnfngc`ldtl ld lc gmug hlc `gr. Xl rlpnti.
Rgrg mgrgdtnzgr su suplrvnvldfng, udg fîcucg rlqunlrl hl audfnidls jçsnfgs?
fi`lr, rlspnrgr, lcn`ndgr, rlprihufnrsl y `gdtldlr cis càqunhis ld su ndtlrnir.
Culmi, cis irmgdns`is udnflcucgrls sl udld g itrgs fîcucgs pgrg sijrlvnvnr
air`gdhi irmgdns`is pcurnflcucgrls. Ls hlfnr, cg fîcucg cimrg sijrlvnvnr
`uctnpcnfçdhisl, gsà gprldhl g rlsicvlr sntugfnidls. Rir lol`pci, sn di kgy
ixàmldi pgrg rlspnrgr, `uctnpcnfg cgs fîcucgs hl cg rlspnrgfnöd pgrg gu`ldtgr cg
fgptgfnöd hl I:5 sn di pulhl lcn`ndgr, rlprihufl cgs fîcucgs ldfgrmghgs hl cg
lxfrlfnöd. Lstl gprldhnzgol i `gdlrg hl sicufnidgr `lhngdtl cg ghgptgfnöd ls
ndair`gfnöd qul tihis cis slrls vnvis cclvg`is ld dulstrgs fîcucgs. ^ gdtl
nmugcls fidacnftis, vg`is g rlpcnfgr cgs sicufnidls yg mlstghgs qul
rlprlsldtgrid udg sicufnöd mgdghirg pgrg cg jnicimàg. Fi`prldhnldhi, itrg vlz,
qul pgrg lc flrljri jnicömnfi ls ci `ns`i qul gcmi slg g qul slg fi`i gcmi. Ls
hlfnr, ls nmugc ci sn`jöcnfi qul ci rlgc, di hn
hnstndmul.
stndmul.
 ¹Fuçc ls lc gprldhnzgol hl lstg ltgpg9 Lc gprldhnzgol hl lstg prn`lrg
ltgpg lvicutnvg aul qul cg suplrvnvldfng lstç gslmurghg fid cg pricnalrgfnöd
flcucgr, fid lc gu`ldti hlc dÿ`lri hl fîcucgs. Lc qul irhldö lsg rlpcnfgfnöd
flcucgr aul lc flrljri grfgnfi i prn`ntnvi, qul ls ci qul pistlrnir`ldtl (`nccidls
hl g÷is hlspuîs), ld air`g `ufki `çs hlsgrriccghg, gfgjg snldhi lc tridfi
flrljrgc i ldflaçcnfi. ^ qul, g su vlz, ls qunld vg g hnrnmnr cis tlonhis hlrnvghis
hl lstg ltgpg, cis qul hlrnvgd hl cg prn`lrg fgpg hl fîcucgs
fîcuc gs qul sl air`g ld lc
l`jrnöd hldtri hlc ÿtlri, ccg`ghg ldhihlr`i (örmgdis hnmlstnvis, pgrîdqun`g
hl kàmghi y pçdfrlgs, mcçdhucgs sgcnvgcls, cgmrn`gcls, tnrinhlg, ghldiknpöansns,
tÿjucis ficlftirls rldgcls, gcvîicis puc`idgrls, `ufisg hl pröstgtg y ÿtlri,
fîcucgs mlr`ndgcls al`ldndgs y `gsfucndgs, `ÿsfuci cnsi, iàhi `lhni). Lstis
örmgdis sid cis `çs gdtnmuis ld cg lvicufnöd y di lstçd rlmnhis pir cg ccly
ly hl cg
cgtlrgcnhgh (lc tnpi hl vàdfuci di lstç rlcgfnidghi fid lc cghi hlrlfki i nzqunlrhi
hlc fulrpi, fi`i vn`is prlvng`ldtl), yg qul cg cly hl cg
c g cgtlrgcnhgh fi`nldzg g
audfnidgr g pgrtnr hl cg snmunldtl ltgpg ld cg qul yg kgy itris slrls. Lstg ltgpg
kgfl rlalrldfng g cg suplrvnvldfng ndhnvnhugc.

Xl viy g `istrgr ud mrçanfi hlc flrljri fid tihgs sus lstrufturgs pgrg
qul pulhgs nr ldtnldhi. Ld lstg ltgpg tnldls qul anogrtl ld cg lstrufturg `çs
gdtnmug qul ls lc tridfi flrljrgc i tridfi ldflaçcnfi.

Ci qul hnfl lc flrljri ld lc mrçanfi ls ci qul firrlspidhlràg g cg firtlzg

flrljrgc pir aulrg y `îhucg flrljrgc pir hldtri. Hljgoi, sl vl lc flrljlci y
hlcgdtl hlc `ns`i, fi`i ud pgcnti pgrghi, lstç lc tridfi ldflaçcnfi (lstl ls lc
sntni qul fiirhndg cis örmgdis hlrnvghis hl lstg prn`lrg ltgpg lvicutnvg, cis `çs
gdtnmuis y grfgnfis, cis hl suplrvnvldfng jçsnfg, cis qul firrlspidhld g fi`lr,
rlprihufnrsl, lcn`ndgr, fidtricgr càqunhis.

Lstl mrçanfi firrlspidhl g udg n`gmld hlc tridfi flrljrgc. @ulstrg lc

tridfi ldflaçcnfi fid firtl gxngc (ls hlfnr, hl ghlcgdtl
ghl cgdtl kgfng gtrçs), fid cis rlcîs
firrlspidhnldtls, qul slràgd cis sntnis hlc tridfi qul fihnanfgd fghg örmgdi
(hnjuoghis fi`i fàrfucis)? lc sntni hidhl n`pgftg lc fidacnfti y ldvàg cg irhld gc
örmgdi lsplfàanfi. G su vlz, hl ficir dgrgdog hltrçs hlc tridfi vls lc flrljlci
qul firrlspidhlrç g cg snmunldtl ltgpg lvicutnvg.

Ldtidfls, ¹fuçcls sid cis fidacnftis jnicömnfis klrlhghis hl lstg ltgpg

lvicutnvg y gsifnghis gc flrljri grfgnfi, kiy nhldtnanfghi fi`i tridfi flrljrgc
i ldflaçcnfi9 Cis fidacnftis gsifnghis g dlflsnhghls vntgcls, cis fidacnftis hl

suplrvnvldfng `çs jçsnfis, rlcgfnidghis fid fi`lr, lcn`ndgr, rlprihufnr,

rlspnrgr y fidtricgr càqunhis y `ndlrgcls pir ci tÿjucis ficlftirls hlc rn÷öd. Ci
qul dis rlsuctg audhg`ldtgc pgrg sijrlvnvnr. Cis fidacnftis rlcgfnidghis fid lstg
ltgpg sid cis qul lc Hr. Kg`lr ccg`g, fid cömnfg jnicömnfg, fidacnftis hl jifghi.
Lstis sid cis fidacnftis qul rlalrn`is fi`i udg dlflsnhgh? –^i dlflsnti.‐ –^i
dlflsnti lsl guti, lsg fgsg, lsl `grnhi, lsg fi`nhg, lsg ndair`gfnöd, ltf.‐

¹Rir quî jifghi9 Rirqul lstç vndfucghi g cg dlflsnhgh hl gtrgpgr ci vntgc

(fi`nhg, gnrl, gmug, sidnhi, cuz), trgmgr lsl jifghi, hnmlrnrci y lxpucsgrci. Vn
rlcgfnidg`is lsti fid qul pgrg disitris ls ci `ns`i gcmi sn`jöcnfi i rlgc, sn
lsi sn`jöcnfi ls vnvldfnghi fi`i sn aulrg rlgc, pihl`is ldtldhlr qul gtrgpgr
ud jifghi pulhl slr qulrlr gcmi qul fidsnhlrg`is vntgc l n`prlsfndhnjcl
(qulrlr hlfnr gcmi, sn ls vnvldfnghi pir disitris hl `gdlrg tgd vntgc fi`i
dlflsntgr fi`lr pgrg sijrlvnvnr, hl gkà vnldld lxprlsnidls fi`i? –tgc fisg ls
fi`i gnrl pgrg `à‐ i –`l ci sgfgrid hl cg jifg‐) . Xg`jnîd lxpucsgr pulhl slr
qulrlr hlskgflrsl hl gcmi (hl ud jifghi). Di pulhi hnmlrnr gcmi, ud jifghi,
qul kiy ls hl `nlrhg y ansnicömnfg`ldtl lstiy fidstnpghi. Zlfirhl`is, y yg sî
qul ci hnol `ufkgs vlfls, qul lc flrljri di hnstndmul ldtrl `ltgaörnfi y rlgc.
Fi`i tl hnol `çs grrnjg, pgrg lc flrljri jnicömnfi ls ci `ns`i di hnmlrnr udg
pgtg hl picci i di hnmlrnr udg sntugfnöd. Gc and y gc fgji, ls di hnmlrnr. ^ ld lstg
ltgpg lvicutnvg gprldhnö qul cg sicufnöd pgrg hnmlrnr ls gu`ldtgdhi lc dÿ`lri
hl fîcucgs ldfgrmghgs hl lsg audfnöd. Rir lol`pci, sn lstg`is ld udg sntugfnöd
fidacnftugc ndtldsg i hl cgrmg hgtg, slràg gu`ldtgr cgs fîcucgs ndtlstndgcls. Lc

irmgdns`i kgfl air`gfnidls qul ccg`g`is ghldifgrfndi`gs i pöcnpis

ndtlstndgcls fid lc and hl hnmlrnr jifghis

Lol`pcis hl fidacnftis hlrnvghis hl lstg ltgpg i hl fidacnftis hl

jifghis?

Jifghi hl ixàmldi? cis örmgdis qul rlspidhld sid cis gcvîicis

puc`idgrls. Di pulhi tldlr ixàmldi gquà, di tldmi ixàmldi pgrg vnvnr, di pulhi
rlspnrgr ixàmldi gquà, tldmi `nlhi g `irnr.

Lc sldtnhi jnicömnfi ls gu`ldtgr cgs fîcucgs puc`idgrls pgrg ijtldlr lc

jifghi. Lsti lol`pcnanfg cg `gdnalstgfnöd hlc ccg`ghi ghldifgrfndi`g
puc`idgr.
 Vusgdg, udg fidsuctgdtl hl <; g÷is qul pirtgjg lc hngmdöstnfi hl LRIF
(ldalr`lhgh puc`idgr ijstruftnvg frödnfg) y ld trgtg`nldti hlshl kgfàg `ufkis
g÷is fid ud dlu`idöcimi fid qunld tldàg udg rlcgfnöd
rlc gfnöd `uy galftuisg, gsnstl g
su fidtric gdugc fid udg rlfnldtl rghnimrgaàg hl törgx. Îc, fi`i snl`prl, cg rlfnjl
`uy gclmrl. Vusgdg `l fuldtg qul lc `îhnfi ti`g cg rghnimrgaàg y gc ndstgdtl
sl pidl pçcnhi, l`pnlzg g tgrtg`uhlgr y sl cl pidld cgs `gdis suhirisgs. Ld
lsl `i`ldti lc cldmugol di vlrjgc hlc `îhnfi cl hnoi qul gcmi `gci lstgjg
suflhnldhi. –Vusgdg, kgy qul fidsuctgr urmldtl fid ud idföcimi. Kgy ud tu`ir
ld lc puc`öd.‐ HKV pgrg Vusgdg pir `nlhi g `irnr. Ld cg pcgfg irnmndgc kgjàg
ud döhuci puc`idgr, gc `ls hl lsl suflsi, ld itrg rghnimrgaàg, kgjàg `ÿctnpcls
döhucis jncgtlrgcls. ¹Fö`i ls cg knstirng hl Vusgdg9 Lc knoi hl :6 g÷is hl
Vusgdg ls agdçtnfi hl cgs `itis, fisg qul snl`prl mldlrö `nlhi ld lccg. Kgfl
ud g÷i, vngog g Jrgsnc fid udis g`nmis y hurgdtl lc vngol lccg rlfnjl ud ccg`ghi
ndlsplrghi, gmuhi, mrgvl y vnvnhi ld siclhgh hl qul su knoi lstgjg ndtlrdghi
pir ud gffnhldtl. Dghg mrgvl tihi sl rlsicvnö, plri lccg g cg hnstgdfng y fid lc
`nlhi qul tnldl pir qul su knoi vngol pir lc `udhi ld `iti, vnvnö lsl HKV hlc
ccg`ghi `nlhi g cg `ulrtl hl su knoi,
k noi, qul knzi frlflr su puc`öd pgrg tldlr `çs
ixàmldi pgrg lvntgr cg `ulrtl, y hl lsg air`g mldlrö döhuci puc`idgr qul vni
lc dlu`idöcimi ld cg rghnimrgaàg
rghn imrgaàg ndnfngc. Lsl primrg`g i ldalr`lhgh hlc puc`öd
aul hlsgplrfnjnhi pgrg lccg, rlfulrhg sicg`ldtl, hlspuîs hl cg cclmghg hl su
knoi, kgjlr tldnhi udg lsplfnl hl mrnpl, udis hàgs hl anljrl y lxplftirgfnöd. Rir
lsi di sl ldtlrö hlc primrg`g vnvnhi ld lc puc`öd. Gkirg, fugdhi sl kgfl cg
rghnimrgaàg hl puc`öd hl fidtric gdugc, ld lc `i`ldti qul lc `îhnfi cg vl y cl
ndhnfg cg lxprlsnöd hl qul gcmi `gci suflhàg, g lccg cl hnspgrg lc `nlhi g `irnr
y gftnvg ud dulvi primrg`g hl `nlhi g `irnr pripni, pir ci fugc lc flrljri ldvàg
cg irhld hl kgflr frlfn`nldti gcvlicgr `ÿctnpcl pgrg fgptgr `çs ixàmldi y qul
Vusgdg di sl `ulrg. Vusgdg lstgjg ld ud primrg`g lsplfngc fid sldtnhi
jnicömnfi qul ccg`g`is ghldifgrfndi`g hl puc`öd pir lc fidacnfti hngmdöstnfi
hl lsg fidsuctg. Zlsgcti ci n`pirtgdtl hl cis `îhnfis y tlrgplutgs gc hgr cg
ditnfng hl ud hngmdöstnfi. Fcgri qul lsti qul cl suflhnö g Vusgdg,
Vusgdg , tg`jnîd tnldl
rlcgfnöd fid qul lccg ls udg plrsidg `uy tl`lrisg hl su sgcuh y hl cg sgcuh hl
sus knois, pir lsi n`pgftgrid hl lstg `gdlrg lstis
l stis suflsis. Vnl`prl gfcgri qul
aul lsg vnvldfng hl Vusgdg ci qul hnspgrö lstl primrg`g, ci qul di qunlrl hlfnr
qul tihgs cgs plrsidgs qul rlfnjgd ud hngmdöstnfi hl lstl tnpi gftnvld lstis
primrg`gs ccg`ghis Fçdflr hl puc`öd.

Jifghi guhntnvi? lc örmgdi qul rlspidhl ls lc iàhi `lhni

Iàhi hlrlfki? di pihlr gtrgpgr lc jifghi guhntnvi, di pihlr rlfnjnr lc

jifghi guhntnvi. \d lol`pci pulhl slr ud dn÷i qul qunlrl lsfufkgr g su `g`ç
y lccg di lstç, ldtidfls lsfufkg cg viz hl su funhghirg. Itri lol`pci ls di
fidslmunr lsfufkgr udg ndair`gfnöd qul pgrg `à ls n`pirtgdtl.

Iàhi nzqunlrhi? di pihlr lcn`ndgr lc jifghi guhntnvi, lc sidnhi i cg

guhnfnöd. \d lol`pci pulhl slr di qulrlr lsfufkgr lc hngmdöstnfi hl Fçdflr, lc
rlmg÷i hl udg plrsidg, ltf.

Ld fidacnfti gftnvi gu`ldtg lc tlonhi. Vl prihufl ud ldmrisg`nldti

gsndti`çtnfi sn lc fidacnfti ls clvl i kgstg ud ghldifgrfndi`g sn lc fidacnfti ls
mrgvl. Fi`i hnol `ufkgs vlfls, cg `gdnalstgfnöd hlpldhlrç hl cg `gsg
fidacnftugc. Fid lc sldtnhi hl gu`ldtgr cg guhnfnöd, trgs cg rlsicufnöd hlc fidacnfti
sl gftnvgrçd cis mîr`ldls pgrg hlmrghgr lc tlonhi qul yg di ls dlflsgrni qul
lstî gu`ldtghi y, fi`i rlsuctghi, sl prihufnrçd, itntns purucldtgs, pir lol`pci.

@n knog Qnicl tnldl < g÷is. Fugdhi lrg `çs plqul÷g sicàg tldlr itntns
purucldtgs ndtldsgs. Dudfg vn g ud dn÷i hlrrg`gr tgdti pus pir cis iàhis. Lccg ls
hnlstrg y cgs itntns sl `gdnalstgjgd snl`prl ld lc iàhi hlrlfki. ¹Wuî suflhàg9
Ld sus prn`lris g÷is hl vnhg, lccg tuvi qul kgflr udg ghgptgfnöd g qul su `g`ç
tldmg udg cgjir hl `îhnfg ghl`çs hl slr `g`ç, ndtlrdgcnzgr qul su `g`ç di
lstî hltlr`ndghgs kirgs fid lccg. Ci jnicömnfi ls qul cg `ghrl lstî hàg y difkl
fid cg fràg, di hnmi qul lsi tldmg`is i di qul kgflr, fghg udi tnldl su `nsnöd
l knstirng ag`ncngr, sici lxpcnfi qul pgrg lc flrljri jnicömnfi cg rlgcnhgh ls lsg.
Ldtidfls kgjàg hàgs ld cis qul lccg sl clvgdtgjg y lsplrgjg lsfufkgr`l,
lsplrgjg –gtrgpgr lc jifghi guhntnvi hl cg viz hl `g`ç‐ plri di ci lsfufkgjg
pirqul sl ldfidtrgjg gfi`pg÷ghg pir itrg plrsidg g`irisg, plri qul di lrg
su `g`ç. \dgs kirgs hlspuîs hl qul yi cclmgrg g cg fgsg, l`plzgjg lc hicir y
cg slfrlfnöd. Lc iàhi hlrlfki ls lc qul qulràg
qulr àg fgptgr lc jifghi hl sidnhi, ls lc
qul rlspidhàg. Fugdhi lccg lsfufkgjg `n viz, rlsicvàg lc fidacnfti. ¹Rgrg quî
`l slrvàg lsg ndair`gfnöd g `à fi`i `g`ç9 Ghl`çs hl fi`prldhlr ci qul cl
lstgjg suflhnldhi, pgrg fi`prldhlr cg cömnfg jnicömnfg, pgrg di gsustgr`l y di

jusfgr fisgs rgrgs fi`i cg prlhnspisnfnöd g cgs itntns. @l slrvàg pgrg jusfgr
lstrgtlmngs, fi`i pir lol`pci kgjcgrcl hir`nhg y hlspnlrtg, gdtnfnpgrcl ci qul
njg g suflhlr lc hàg pistlrnir, fidtldlrcg, hlfnrcl ci qul su iàhi lxprlsgjg. Fid
lc pgsi hlc tnl`pi di knzi `çs itntns. Vl ghgptö g lsg sntugfnöd y su flrljri yg
rlmnstrg lsg ndair`gfnöd, ci fugc ls `uy n`pirtgdtl pgrg frlgr ud dulvi snstl`g
sn stl`g
hl frlldfngs ld cis dn÷is fid rlsplfti g ci qul ccg`g`is ldalr`lhgh. Cls viy
g fidtgr itrg vnvldfng qul, fi`i `g`ç, tuvl hl lstl fidacnfti hl jifghi
guhntnvi. Vl `gdnalstö `uy fcgrg`ldtl ld `n knoi `çs plqul÷i. Vu klr`gdg
hlslgjg priaudhg`ldtl nr gc fndl hlshl kgfàg yg vgrnis hàgs. Vu klr`gdnti
plqul÷i hl ud g÷i lrg cg gtldfnöd hl cg fgsg. G `à, fi`i `g`ç, sl `l ifurrl
rlsicvlr yldhi gc fndl fid g`jis y ficifgrcl gc jljî tgpidls ld cis iàhis.
Zlsuctg qul cg sgcg tldàg `uy `gcg gfÿstnfg, kgjàg mrntis hl itris dn÷is. Ld and,
lc primrg`g yg di lrg lc öptn`i y lc jljî lstgjg `uy `iclsti. Gc hàg snmunldtl,
lc jljî sl clvgdtg fid itntns hlc iàhi nzqunlrhi. Fcgrg`ldtl lstg aul cg
`gdnalstgfnöd hl cg rlsicufnöd hl ud jifghi hl iàhi qul qunsi lxpucsgr, qul aul
lc sidnhi lxflsnvg`ldtl ndtldsi y `iclsti hlc fndl. Gprldhnzgols hl `g`ç.
Fcgrg`ldtl, gc tldlr lstg clfturg, puhl kgflr`l fgrmi hl `ns lrrirls y di
lfkgrcls cg fucpg g cis hl`çs. Cg gutirrlspidsgjncnhgh ls ud klr`isi
gprldhnzgol ld lstg vnhg. Di si`is vàftn`gs sndi rlspidsgjcls hl tihi ci qul
vnvn`is y `gdnalstg`is.

Jifghi hl cuz? lc örmgdi qul rlspidhl ls lc nrns (`usfucgturg cnsg) y cgs

mcçdhucgs cgmrn`gcls

Di pihlr gtrgpgr i lcn`ndgr lc jifghi hl cuz.

Ld agsl hl FG (fidacnfti gftnvi) kgjrç gmrgdhg`nldti hlc nrns, fidtrgffnöd

hl cg `usfucgturg cnsg i `nhrngsns pgrg gtrgpgr i sictgr lc jifghi hl cuz, fi`i
tg`jnîd gu`ldti hl cg prihuffnöd hl cçmrn`gs i cgmrn`li
cgmr n`li (ls fi`i kgflr sgcnvg
pgrg ldtrgr i sgfgr lc jifghi), ld sntugfnidls `çs ndtldsgs pihrçd mldlrgrsl
ghldifgrfndi`gs hl mcçdhucgs cgmrn`gcls.

Ld agsl hl RFC (rlsicufnöd hlc fidacnfti), kgjrç hlmrghgfnöd hlc tlonhi,

cçmrn`gs purucldtgs, cgmg÷gs y, sn lc fidacnfti sl rlpntl fidstgdtl`ldtl, pulhl
kgjlr ioi slfi pir gmitg`nldti i hlstruffnöd hl cgs mcçdhucgs
mcç dhucgs cgmrn`gcls. Lsti
dis lxpcnfg, pir lol`pci, pir quî y pgrg quî ccirg`is. Fugdhi qulrl`is sgfgr
dis lxpcnfg, pir lol`pci, pir quî y pgrg quî ccirg`is. Fugdhi qulrl`is sgfgr

udg sntugfnöd trnstl, cg sgcnvg`is y cg ccldg`is hl càqunhi pgrg sgfgrcg.

Fi`prldhnldhi ci n`pirtgdtl hl cgs cçmrn`gs, pihl`is hlfidstrunr lc snstl`g
pgtrngrfgc ld lc fugc aun`is mlstghis, ld hidhl ccirgr ls hl cis hîjncls i di ls
pgrg ki`jrls. Ccirgr ls sgfgr, cn`pngr y lxpucsgr lsg l`ifnöd i fidacnfti hlc

fulrpi, ci fugc ls `uy n`pirtgdtl y, clois hl priknjnrci, tldl`is qul vgcnhgrci

fi`i klrrg`nldtg hl sgdgfnöd.

Gfi`pg÷gjg g udg fidsuctgdtl `gyir ccg`ghg @nrtg, qul suaràg hl ioi

slfi (lsfgsg prihuffnöd hl cçmrn`gs pir cgs mcçdhucgs). Cl kgjàgd hnfki qul
pihràg hljlrsl g udg lxprlsnöd ndfi`pcltg hl ud sàdhri`l ccg`ghi Vàdhri`l
hl Voimrld (trgstirdi qul, hlshl cg `lhnfndg gcipçtnfg, kgfl rlalrldfng g udg
gctlrgfnöd gutind`udl, ls hlfnr qul cis pripnis gdtnfulrpis hlogd hl rlfidiflr
cis pripnis tlonhis, pir ci qul cis
c is gtgfgd y hlstruyld, ld lstl fgsi cgs mcçdhucgs
cgmrn`gcls). Rldsg`nldti qul, hlshl lstl pgrghnm`g, di tnldl dndmudg cömnfg
pirqul di tnldl cömnfg jnicömnfg. Ld ud `i`ldti, lc fulrpi hlog hl rlfidiflrsl
fi`i pripni y sl l`pnlzg g gtgfgr y gutihlstrunr5 lsi nràg ld fidtrg hl cg cly
dgturgc hl cg suplrvnvldfng hl cg lsplfnl5 slràg pldsgr qul si`is udg frlgfnöd
tgd n`plralftg y lquàvifg qul hlog`is hl rlfidiflrdis. Lc tl`g lrg qul @nrtg
di tldàg cçmrn`gs. Di `l fidsuctö pir lsi cg prn`lrg vlz, plri dulstri ldfuldtri
aul tgd l`itnvi, qul `l fuldtg qul qunsnlrg ccirgr hl l`ifnöd plri tnldl lc
fgstnmi hl di pihlr ccirgr, hl di tldlr cçmrn`gs. Nd`lhngtg`ldtl vndi g `n `ldtl
qul tgdtg ndtldsnhgh i tnl`pi hl fidacnfti gftnvi, hl ldsgcnvgr lc jifghi hl cuz
pgrg sgfgrci, knfnlrid qul sus mcçdhucgs qulhgrid gmitghgs hl lsl priflsi snd
rlsicufnöd. Cl prlmudtî fuçdtis g÷is kgfàg qul cl suflhàg lsti y sn rlfirhgjg,
g÷is gtrçs hlc ioi slfi, sn kgjàg vnvnhi gcmudg sntugfnöd pir cg qul lccg kgyg
pgsghi tnl`pi ccirgdhi. @uy gdmustnghg `l fuldtg qul sà, qul su knog lstgjg
fgsghg fid ud ki`jrl vnicldti. @l hnoi qul di cg pihàg vlr gsà, qul di lrg su
knog, qul sgjàg qul îc cg micplgjg gudqul lccg ci dlmgrg, qul cl rlsuctgjg
ndsipirtgjcl vlrcl cis `irltidls qul lccg hlfàg qul lrgd
lrg d pir gffnhldtl. Wul ccirö
`ufkis g÷is g sicgs. Culmi hl 7< g÷is, `n knog cimrg slpgrgsl hl lstg plrsidg.
^ suflhnlrid `ufkis fgsis hl gjusis y vnicldfng ld `n knog y `ns dnltgs. Gkirg
ldtnldhi, `l hnoi. @l pgsî 7< g÷is ccirgdhi lsg sntugfnöd y `ns mcçdhucgs sl

gmitgrid.
 Jifghis hnmlstnvis?

Jifghi hl prlsg? di pulhi fidslmunr u ijtldlr gcmi, pir lol`pci, ud dn÷i

di pulhl ijtldlr ud oumultl5 i di pulhi lsfupnr gcmi, pir lol`pci, ud ndsucti5
i gcmunld qul `l `iclstg.
`ic lstg. Zlspidhld cgs g`àmhgcgs y mcçdhucgs sgcnvgcls.

Ld agsl hl FG gu`ldtgrç lc tg`g÷i y audfnöd hl cgs mcçdhucgs pgrg

ldsgcnvgr lc jifghi y pihlr gtrgpgrci `loir i lsfupnrci. Ld agsl hl RFC
(rlsicufnöd), hns`nduyl cg sgcnvgfnöd y sl gftnvgrçd cis mîr`ldls (`nfrifnruogdis
dgturgcls) pgrg hlsgr`gr lsi qul yg di sl dlflsntg, pir ci qul sl prlsldtgrç
hicir, ndacg`gfnöd, anljrl y gdmndgs puctçflgs.

\dg g`nmg `l ccg`g ud hàg pgrg prlmudtgr`l qul kgflr, pirqul sl kgjàg
clvgdtghi fid udgs pcgfgs tlrrnjcls ld cg mgrmgdtg, fid anljrl gctàsn`g y
sndtnîdhisl agtgc. Ci prn`lri qul cl prlmudti ls quî jifghi di puhi ldsgcnvgr

hàgs gtrçs, tgd ndtldsi qul di ls qul di ci pihàg trgmgr, sndi qul dn snqunlrg ci
pihàg ldsgcnvgr. @l ldvàg udg fgpturg hl pgdtgccg hl udg rlh sifngc. Ld cg aiti
sl vlàg g su lx`grnhi fid su dulvg pgrlog
pgrlo g `uy alcnfls pgslgdhi pir lc Fgrnjl.
^ cl hnol qul lxgftg`ldtl lsi aul, plri gc lstgr ld cg ntns, cg agrndmntns, qul n`pcnfg
ndacg`gfnöd, hicir, pcgfgs, ltf. yg ci kgjàg pgsghi, ldsgcnvghi y trgmghi. Gsà
kgjàg snhi, lccg tldàg jnld ld fcgri qul su pgrlog di audfnidgjg y qul cg
slpgrgfnöd lrg ci `loir pgrg g`jis, plri nmugc`ldtl lsg aiti, lsg lsfldg, aul
ud HKV pgrg lccg, qul rçpnhg`ldtl rlsicvnö mrgfngs g qul tldàg mrgd trgjgoi
ndtlrnir y sgjnhuràg y pir lsi cg lxprlsnöd aul sici udg gdmndg hl udis hàgs hl

hurgfnöd.
Ld `ns g÷is hl rlsnhldfng ld cg lsplfngcnhgh hl fcàdnfg `îhnfg, tuvl fi`i
lxprlsnöd jgstgdtl arlfuldtl cg prlsldtgfnöd hl gdmndgs puctçflgs ld cis hàgs
snmunldtls g cgs oirdghgs hl mugrhngs. Ld lsl `i`ldti, snd lc fidifn`nldti hl
Dulvg @lhnfndg, pldsgjg qul tgdtgs kirgs snd hir`nr `l jgogjgd cgs hlaldsgs.
Lstl tnpi hl fi`ldtgrni snd cömnfg gcmudg ls jgstgdtl fi`ÿd. Fid lc
fidifn`nldti hl cg Dulvg @lhnfndg kgjntgdhi ld `à, ud hàg `l vndi lc rlfulrhi
hl cgs tlrrnjcls gdmndgs hl cg rlsnhldfng y sl `l vndnlrid g cg `ldtl cgs aitis, lc
rlfulrhi hl ci suflhnhi. Zlsuctg qul ld lsis g÷is, yi lrg udg oivld gpgsnidghg
hl cg prçftnfg fcàdnfg, rlgc`ldtl `uy hlhnfghg g lsg cgjir, qul rlvnsgjg g cis
pgfnldtls ndtlrdghis y fidvlrsgjg fid lccis vgrngs vlfls gc hàg. @ufkgs vlfls,

ci kgfàg pir cg difkl tg`jnîd, gdtls hl qul hlsfgdsld. @ufkgs vlfls, `ns hàgs
hl mugrhng findfnhàgd fid cis hl udg ldalr`lrg yg fgdsghg hl
h l su cgjir, g qunld
(supidmi) cl nrrntgjg `ufki `n gftntuh prigftnvg y alcnz. Rir cgs `ghrumghgs, ld
lc `i`ldti qul yi pihàg tldlr gcmÿd jrlvl hlsfgdsi ld lsis hàgs ndtlr`ndgjcls

hl `ufki sgfrnanfni, lsg ldalr`lrg ccg`gjg gc tlcîaidi hl `n kgjntgfnöd pgrg

n`plhnr lc hlsfgdsi pir fugcqunlr `itnvi y kgfàg qul tldmg qul jgogr cgrmgs
lsfgclrgs, tl`jcirisg hl fgdsgdfni y fid arài pgrg gtldhlr g fulstnidls qul ld
mldlrgc di tldàgd sldtnhi. ¡HKV pgrg `à! Gc hàg pistlrnir g cg mugrhng, yg ld `n
kimgr, suaràg hl tlrrnjcls gdmndgs puctçflgs. Lrg rlgc`ldtl qul di pihàg
ldsgcnvgr gc jifghi hl cg gdtnpçtnfg ldalr`lrg. Gsà audfnidgd cgs fisgs. Kiy cg
rlfulrhi g`irisg`ldtl pirqul gprldhà qul di lrg yi su ldioi, sndi cg
arustrgfnöd hlc lsploi qul cl mldlrgjg qul gcmunld trgjgogsl alcnz ld su cgjir y
`nsnöd.

Dlflsnti trgmgr ud jifghi gtrgmgdtghi, gtrgpg`is lc jifghi,

dlflsntg`is trgmgrci plri di pihl`is. Rulhl slr gcmi qul dis pri`ltnlrid y
di ijtuvn`is, i gcmi g ci
c i qul tuvn`is qul rldudfngr ndlsplrghg`ldtl. N`pgftg
ld lsöagmi ndalrnir.

Ld agsl hl FG, kgjrç gu`ldti hl cg `ufisg, gu`ldti hl cgs mcçdhucgs

slfrltirgs hl `ifi y kgstg ghldifgrfndi`gs hl lsöagmi ndalrnir. Ld agsl hl
RFC, kgjrç hlmrghgfnöd hlc tlonhi, sgdmrghis y cgs fnfgtrnfls slrçd vçrnfls
lsiaçmnfgs. Lc sldtnhi jnicömnfi hlc gu`ldti hl tlonhi ls prihufnr `çs `ifi pgrg
pgsgr lc jifghi. Lstl fidacnfti sl rlanlrl gc lsöagmi ndalrnir, yg qul ls cg pirfnöd
hlc örmgdi qul ls hl irnmld ldhihîr`nfi5 cg pgrtl `çs gdtnmug, cis his tlrfnis
suplrnirls hlc lsöagmi firrlspidhld gc irnmld lftihîr`nfi y, pir ci tgdti,
audfnidgd hl `gdlrg hnalrldtl.

Dlflsnti hnmlrnr ud jifghi ndhnmlsti, di ci pulhi l`plzgr g gjsirjlr, di

ci gmugdti, ci tldmi gtrgvlsghi. Rir lol`pci, udg plrsidg, udg gftntuh, udg
fnrfudstgdfng. N`pgftg ld cg furvgturg `gyir hlc lstö`gmi.

Ld FG, kgjrç ldmrisg`nldti hl cg pgrlh y kgstg air`gfnöd hl

ghldifgrfndi`gs mçstrnfis sn cg `gsg fidacnftugc ls `uy mrgdhl. Ld agsl hl
RFC, kgjrç hlstruffnöd tu`irgc, pir ci tgdti vlrl`is sgdmrghis, ndacg`gfnöd,
mgstrntns, anljrl, fgdsgdfni, vö`ntis lxpucsnvis ld lpnfrnsns, y vö`ntis

ldhihîr`nfis qul sid ld fkirri y di sl pulhld rltldlr. Ld lc fidacnfti gftnvi,

lc sldtnhi hlc frlfn`nldti ls gu`ldtgr cg audfnöd hlc örmgdi pgrg pihlr hnmlrnr
lc jifghi gtrgvlsghi.

Jifghi ndhnmlrnjcl, qul di sl gsn`ncg. N`pgftg ld cg pgrtl hnstgc hl

huihldi, ylyudi l àclid.
Fugdti `çs ali `çs gsqulrisi ls lc fidacnfti, sl ujnfg `çs hnstgc ld lc
ndtlstndi, ls hlfnr ylyudi ls `çs ali qul huihldi, àclid `çs ali qul ylyudi.
Ld FG, sl pulhld air`gr ghldifgrfndi`gs. Ld agsl hl RFC, sl hlstruyl lc
tlonhi pirqul yg di ls dlflsgrni gu`ldtgr cg audfnöd hlc örmgdi y, fi`i
fidslfuldfng, gpgrlflrçd sgdmrghis l ndacg`gfnidls. Cg Ldalr`lhgh hl Frikd
ls ud lol`pci hl rlfnhnvgs hl lstl fidacnfti. Gquà sl rlpntl lc `ns`i sldtnhi
jnicömnfi qul cis gdtlrnirls? ld FG, gu`ldtgr cgs fîcucgs pgrg gu`ldtgr cg
audfnöd y pihlr gsn`ncgr lc jifghi.

@nlhi g `irnr hl kg`jrl,

kg `jrl, fidacnfti hl di rlfnjnr `çs gcn`ldti. N`pgftg ld
lc kàmghi

Rir lol`pci, `nlhi g `irnr fgquîftnfi i lxtrl`ghg`l

lxtrl`ghg`ldtl
dtl hlcmghi pir lc
hngmdöstnfi hl Fçdflr i hl gcmudg ldalr`lhgh ltnqultghg fi`i sifngc`ldtl
mrgvl. Vn lc `nlhi ls g qul yi `ulrg hl ndgdnfnöd, cg lxprlsnöd sid `ÿctnpcls
döhucis klpçtnfis (kgjntugc`ldtl ccg`ghis `ltçstgsns)5
`ltçstgsns)5 sn lc `nlhi ls g qul `ns
slrls qulrnhis `ulrgd hl kg`jrl, slrç ud döhuci klpçtnfi ÿdnfi (ld mldlrgc
ndtlrprltghi fi`i tu`ir prn`grni hl kàmghi).

Qg`is g vlr fö`i audfnidg lstl fidacnfti y pir quî n`pgftg ld lc kàmghi.
Lc kàmghi ls lc örmgdi qul gh`ndnstrg cg mcufisg, lc gcn`ldti, cg ldlrmàg ldtrl
sus audfnidls `çs n`pirtgdtls. Lc sldtnhi jnicömnfi hlc frlfn`nldti flcucgr ld
FG ls gu`ldtgr lc tlonhi pgrg tldlr `çs rrlslrvgs
lslrvgs hl mcufisg, gcn`ldti y ldlrmàg.
Ld lsg agsl hl FG sl air`gd cis döhucis, ccg`ghis ghldifgrfndi`gs (kgy
frlfn`nldti flcucgr). Ld RFC, lstis frlfn`nldtis sid hlmrghghis pir
`nfijgftlrngs, qul air`gd fgvlrdgs, qunstls i ldfgpsucg`nldti sn di kgy
mîr`ldls hnspidnjcls pgrg cg hlstruffnöd. Ld cg agsl hl Fidacnfti Gftnvi, fugdhi
sl lstç `gdnalstgdhi cg air`gfnöd hl tu`irls, ls hidhl kgjntugc`ldtl
hngmdistnfg`is cgs ccg`ghgs `ltçstgsns klpçtnfgs.
k lpçtnfgs.
 Hnsputgs hl jifghis `gtlrngcls, klrldfngs, pgrtls y pldsnidls. Lc örmgdi
n`pcnfghi ls lc pçdfrlgs.

Ld agsl hl FG, kgjrç rlprihuffnöd flcucgr, gu`ldti hlc tlonhi,

ghldifgrfndi`gs pgdfrlçtnfis (ls arlfuldtl vlr lstis tu`irls fi`i rlsuctghi
hl plclgs ag`ncngrls ldtrl klr`gdis i ag`ncngrls pir hnsputgs pir klrldfngs) i
prlsldfng hl nftlrnfng (gu`ldti hl jncnrrujndg pir ijstruffnöd hl cis fidhuftis
jncngrls pir lc frlfn`nldti flcucgr). Lc sldtnhi jnicömnfi hl cg `uctnpcnfgfnöd hlc
tlonhi ls tldlr `çs pçdfrlgs pgrg gu`ldtgr cg hnmlstnöd hl cg sntugfnöd. Ld RFC
(agsl hl rlsicufnöd), sl hlsfi`pidl lc tlonhi frlghi, pir ci tgdti sl prlsldtgrç
anljrl, hicir, pgdfrlgtntns, fgvlrdgs i qunstls (qulhgrçd fi`i slfulcgs).

Jifghi hl `nlrhg qul tldmi qul sgfgr, udg trgnfnöd, udg `gcg oumghg.
Rgrg ud dn÷i, pir lol`pci, prlsldfngr udg plclg alg hl sus pghrls n`pgftg ld
fnlmi, gpîdhnfl y ficid gsfldhldtl.

Ld agsl hl FG, kgjrç gu`ldti hlc tlonhi, ccis

is ghldifgrfndi`gs ficödnfis,
fid lc and hl gu`ldtgr cg audfnöd hl lcn`ndgfnöd hl cg `gtlrng alfgc sufng, y ld
agsl hl RFC kgjrç hlstruffnöd hlc tlonhi, ndacg`gfnöd, hicir, gpldhnfntns,
sgdmrghis.

Jifghi ali, trgnfnöd sufng, gsqulrisg qul kgy qul sgfgr. Cis örmgdis
n`pcnfghis sid lc ficid trgdsvlrsi, ficid hlsfldhldt
hlsfldhldtl,
l, snm`inhls y suj `ufisg
rlftgc. Vuflhl ci `ns`i ld tihi lc ficid i ndtlstndi? ld agsl hl FG sl prihufl
gu`ldti flcucgr y air`gfnöd hl tu`irls. Culmi, ld agsl hl rlsicufnöd
lvnhldfngrl`is sgdmrghis, ndacg`gfnidls, ÿcflrgs y hicirls. Cg ltnqultg
hngmdöstnfg hl ficntns ucflrisg ls ud lol`pci hl rlfnhnvgs hl lstl tnpi hl
fidacnfti.

Cg sl÷irg Fcgrntg, hl ;2 g÷is, cclmg g `n fidsuctg pir ud hngmdöstnfi hl

Fçdflr hl ficid. Lc tl`g ls qul Fcgrntg tnldl cg snmunldtl knstirng? lccg sgdg
prlvng`ldtl snd ti`gr `çs `lhnfgfnöd qul udis yuyntis pgrg lc kàmghi. @l
fuldtg qul kgfl 1 `lsls, culmi hl ud tnl`pi ld lc qul sl sldtàg `uy jnld,
kgfàg sus qulkgflrls hi`îstnfis, tloàg y lstuhngjg pir ndtlrdlt fi`ldzö ud hàg
g tldlr hngrrlgs lxpcisnvgs, plri tgd lxpcisnvgs qul `gdfkgjg tihi lc jg÷i.
Fid vlrmóldzg, `l fuldtg qul dudfg kgjàg nhi hl fulrpi gsà, lrg lxpcisnöd
gjsicutg, fid ud icir lspgdtisi fi`i dudfg kgjàg tldnhi gdtls. Lsg ndair`gfnöd

yg `l hni nhlg hlc irnmld hl cg fulstnöd. Lrg hngrrlg ldhihîr`nfg hl jifghi

sufni qul sl lstgjg lcn`ndgdhi. Cl prlmudtî sn lrg sici hngrrlg i sn ld dndmÿd
`i`ldti sldtàg fgcir ld cg pgdzg fid suhirgfnöd. @l fidtlstg qul pir cg difkl
lxplrn`ldtgjg lsi. Cl prlmudtî sn sldtàg `çs fgdsgdfni hlc kgjntugc ld lsis

ÿctn`is `lsls. @l hnoi qul sà, qul gdtls hl fi`ldzgr fid hngrrlg, tldàg qul
hir`nr udg snlstg, qul gdtls dudfg ci kgjàg dlflsntghi. Xg`jnîd `l fidtö qul
fid cg gpgrnfnöd hl lstg hngrrlg fidsuctö g su `îhnfg fcàdnfg y lstg cg `gdhö gc
mgstrildtlröcimi g kgflr udg ficidianjrisfipàg. Gkà cl ldfuldtrgd ud tu`ir
mrgdhl y sgdmrgdtl ld lc ficid snm`inhls, y cl primrg`gd cg fnrumàg ld udg
sl`gdg. Hlspuîs hl fidtldlrcg y gfi`pg÷grcg, cl fuldti hl quî sl trgtg cg
Dulvg @lhnfndg, fö`i audfnidg su irmgdns`i y cl lxpcnfi qul tnl`pi gtrçs, lccg
tldàg qul kgjlr vnvnhi udg sntugfnöd, gmuhg, mrgvl, hrg`çtnfg, ndlsplrghg y
vnvnhg ld siclhgh qul aul lc hnspgrghir hl lstl primrg`g hl ndtlstndi qul

ccg`g`is Fçdflr y qul cg ndtlrprltgfnöd hl lsl fidacnfti tldàg qul tldlr lc `gtnz
hl kgjlrsl sldtnhi oihnhg, gcmi ali y sufni. Rlri qul fcgrg`ldtl
fcgrg `ldtl lccg lstgjg ld
rlsicufnöd, pir lsi cg hngrrlg icirisg lxpcisnvg qul sl hg ld lpnfrnsns, lc
fgdsgdfni y suhirgfnöd hl cg agsl hl RFC, gsà fi`i lc sgdmrghi hlc tu`ir qul
sl ldfidtrö ld cg ldhisfipàg tg`jnîd lrg lvnhldfng hl qul cis mîr`ldls
lstgjgd lcn`ndgdhi lc tu`ir. Gc hgrcl
hg rcl lstg ndair`gfnöd, `l hnfl? –^g sî, hiftirg,
ci qul pgsö. Xldmi udg knog qul vnvl ld Firrnldtls. Xnldl 82 g÷is y di pulhl
tldlr knois. Lccg lstgjg ld pgrlog fid ud fknfi qul lrg ud knoi pgrg `à. @çs qul
lsi, yi vlàg pir cis iois hl lstl `ufkgfki, qul kgfàg 7< g÷is lstgjg fid `n

knog. Kgfl ud g÷i, `n knog `l ccg`g ccirgdhi

cc irgdhi pgrg fidtgr`l qul gfgjgjg hl vlr
ld lc flcucgr hl îc ud `ldsgol hl itrg
i trg `uolr qul cl hlfàg qul njg g tldlr ud knoi
suyi. Lsg ditnfng pgrg `à aul ud `gzgzi ld cg fgjlzg, sldtà qul dis kgjàg klfki
udg `gcg oumghg, qul kgjàg oihnhi g `n knog, lstuvl tgc fugc `l hnfl ustlh
ru`ngdhi fid lsl pldsg`nldti, di pihàg hir`nr y ci vnvà ld siclhgh pirqul di
ci qulràg fidtgrcl g dghnl pir rlsplti g `n knog.
kn og. Aul `uy huri pgrg `à. Hlspuîs
pgsö lc tnl`pi y lc nr g cg nmclsng `l gyuhö g plrhidgrci y tgc vlz g ldtldhlrci.
Xg`jnîd vn qul `n knog puhi plrhidgr cg sntugfnöd y rlkgflr su vnhg. Gkà, fi`i
ustlh `l hnfl, fi`ldfî fid cg hngrrlg. \d g÷i gtrçs, Fcgrntg kgjàg vnvnhi udg
sntugfnöd qul su psnquns ndtlrprltö fi`i ud jifghi ndhnmlsti, sufni, hl `gcg
oumghg, hl `nîrficls, pir ci qul su ndtlstndi rlspidhnö l knzi ud frlfn`nldti
flcucgr pgrg rlsicvlr y lcn`ndgr
lcn `ndgr lsl jifghi.

Jifghis hl tnl`pi. Lc örmgdi n`pcnfghi ls cg mcçdhucg tnrinhls.

Rihl`is ccg`gr g cg mcçdhucg tnrinhls dulstri fridö`ltri hlc tnl`pi.

Kgjntugc`ldtl lstg mcçdhucg prihufl kir`idgs X6 y X8 qul mldlrgd y gflclrgd
lc `ltgjicns`i firpirgc, pir ldhl, hnràg`is qul dis kgfld `çs rçpnhis. Gc
sgjlr fuçc ls cg audfnöd hlc örmgdi pihl`is hlhufnr qu
quîî fidacnftis sl gsldtgrçd
ld îc. Gcmudis lol`pcis hl lstis fidacnftis hl jifghi sid, pir lc cghi hlrlfki,
sldtnr di slr ci suanfnldtl`ldt
suanfnldtl`ldtll rçpnhi pgrg ijtldlr gcmi hlslghi, pir lol`pci,
di cclmgr g ijtldlr ud hltlr`ndghi pulsti hl trgjgoi pirqul itri ls `çs rçpnhi
qul yi y ci knzi `loir, slr cldti ld rlcgfnöd g `ns pgrls y ijtldlr `ldis îxnti
qul lccis5 y pir cghi nzqunlrhi di slr ci suanfnldtl`ldt
suanfnldtl`ldtll rçpnhi pgrg hlskgflr`l
hlc jifghi, lol`pci di kgjlr vldhnhi gcmi qul gkirg sl hlvgcuö i di kgjlr
klfki ud dlmifni gdtls hl cg frnsns lfidö`nfg. Ld `n lxplrnldfng plrsidgc, y
lsti gfcgri ls ud sldtnr y plrflpfnöd hlshl `n vnvldfng, lstis primrg`gs hl
tnrinhls sid `çs fi`udls ld fidsuctgdtls `uolrls. @n fidfcusnöd sl hljl g cg
fidstruffnöd hl dulstrg sifnlhgh pgtrngrfgc ld hidhl ki`jrls y `uolrls aun`is
mlstghis. Kiy5 cgs lxnmldfngs kgfng cg `uolr sid hl`gsnghi gctgs y `ÿctnpcls? lc
hljlr slr juldgs lspisgs, `ghrls, prialsnidgcls, oövldls, prlpgrghgs,
lxntisgs, gtrgftnvgs, ltf. Cg vgrg sifngc y plrsidgc sl kgfl tgd gctg y cg
fi`pltldfng ls tgd virgz qul ls `uy fi`ÿd tldlr cg
c g vnvldfng hl slr ccldtg
ldtg y, pir
fidsnmunldtl, `gdnalstgr ldalr`lhgh tnrinhlg. Lstl fidacnfti ls titgc`ldtl
lxtrgpicgjcl g cis ki`jrls, `gs `n sldtnr ls qul ci plrfnji fid `çs arlfuldfng
ld `uolrls. Itrg gprlfngfnöd fid rlsplfti g lstl primrg`g jnicömnfi hl tnrinhls
ls cg snmunldtl. Lsfrnjà ld vgrnis pçrrgais qul ldalr`g`is hl ci qul pihl`is y
di hl ci qul qulrl`is. Lc primrg`g jnicömnfi qul hlsgrriccl`is vg g hlpldhlr
hl dulstrg air`g hl plrfnjnr cg rlgcnhgh
rlgc nhgh fcgrg`ldtl, hl ci qul kgjntl ld dulstri
snstl`g hl frlldfngs. Ci qul plrfnji ld cis primrg`gs hl ldalr`lhgh ls hl
tnrinhls ls qul cgs plrsidgs qul ci
c i lxprlsgd ld mldlrgc sid `uy gutilxnmldtls,
yg slg pirqul vnldld hl udg ndagdfng ld cg fugc kuji vnvldfngs hl `ufkg
lxnmldfng, i pirqul sl frlö udg gutilxnmldfng pgrg cimrgr slr vnsnjcl ld ud
g`jnldtl hl gjgdhidi y di rlmnstri. Cg `nrghg plrsidgc ls qul snl`prl pihràg
kgjlrci klfki `loir y `çs rçpnhi, qul lc itri ci kgfl `loir
`l oir qul yi, y ci rlgc ls
qul tihg lsg fidstruffnöd ls hl cg `ldtl. Ldtidfls lstl tnpi hl hngmdöstnfi ld
pgrtnfucgr `l cclvg g rlvlr fuçd fi`pgsnvg siy fid`nmi `ns`g, fid quî vgrg

`l lstiy `nhnldhi, pgrg quî y pir quî `l lstiy fi`pgrgdhi y pir quî di `l
lstiy gflptgdhi. Vgjlr qul ci qul lstiy kgfnldhi ls ci `loir qul puhl kgjlr
klfki fid cgs klrrg`nldtgs qul kiy tldmi `l cclvg g pcgdtlgr`l sn kgy
hnspidnjncnhgh pgrg pihlr fg`jngr `n `udhi ndtlrdi sn rlfioi lc `ldsgol y di

`gti gc `ldsgolri.
¹Fö`i trgdsfurrl lstl primrg`g hl tnrinhls9 Ld agsl hl Fidacnfti Gftnvi,
sl prlsldtg pricnalrgfnöd i frlfn`nldti flcucgr. Cis ghldifgrfndi`gs aicnfucgrls,
pgpncgrls, `çs gu`ldti hl cg audfnöd hl cg mcçdhucg, ls hlfnr, knplrtnrinhns`i i
ldalr`lhgh hl Mrgvls Jgslhiw. Lc sldtnhi jnicömnfi hl lstg agsl ls gu
gu`ldtgr
`ldtgr
lc tlonhi y, hl lstg air`g, cg prihuffnöd kir`idgc pgrg gu`ldtgr lc `ltgjicns`i
y cimrgr slr `çs rçpnhis pgrg
pgr g ijtldlr lc jifghi, i hlskgflrsl hl îc. Ld agsl hl
rlsicufnöd RFC kgy hlstruffnöd hlc tlonhi i tu`ir, ci fugc pulhl hlogr fi`i
slfulcg cg hns`ndufnöd hl cg audfnöd hl cg mcçdhucg,
mc çdhucg, ls hlfnr, knpitnrinhns`i. Lstg
ltnqultg hngmdöstnfg tgd fi`ÿd, lc knpitnrinhns`i, snl`prl aul prlflhnhg hl ud
knplrtnrinhns`i, ls hlfnr hl ud gu`ldti prlvni hl cg audfnöd hl cg mcçdhucg pgrg
slr `çs rçpnhis y gsà pihlr gtrgpgr cis jifghis. Rlri, ld mldlrgc, lstg agsl hl
gu`ldti hl audfnöd ls gsndti`çtnf
gsndti`çtnfgg y, trgs cg
cgss vnvldfngs hl tgdtis fidacnftis hl
cg `ns`g àdhicl, cg mcçdhucg sl gmitg y qulhg fid `ldir audfnöd, ls hlfnr
knpitnrinhlg, y ls ld cg ltgpg hl knpitnrinhns`i qul sl vld cis sàdti`gs hl cg
`ldir audfnöd hl cg mcçdhucg y ls hidhl sl kgfl cg `gyiràg hl cgs fidsuctgs.

Fi`i pihrçs vlr ld cis lol`pcis qul hlsfrnjà, cg rlspulstg hl cis

örmgdis hlrnvghis hlc ldhihlr`i hnrnmnhis pir cg pgrtl hlc flrljri ccg`ghg
tridfi ldflaçcnfi ld cg agsl hl FG (fidacnfti gftnvi) fidsnstl ld gu`ldtgr hl
tg`g÷i i audfnöd y ld agsl hl RFC (rlsicufnöd) fidsnstl ld hns`ndunr hl tg`g÷i
i audfnöd. Ls hlfnr qul tihis cis örmgdis hlc `ns`i irnmld sl fi`pirtgd hl cg
`ns`g `gdlrg ld cgs his agsls hlc primrg`g jnicömnfi hl l`lrmldfngs qul
ccg`çjg`is ldalr`lhgh.

Qlg`is ud lol`pci pgrg slmunr fi`prldhnldhi5

Vgdtngmi tnldl 16 g÷is. Kgfl 62 g÷is qul sl hlsl`pl÷g fi`i

`ltgcÿrmnfi ld udg l`prlsg, ld cg qul ijtuvi mrgdhls rlfidifn`nldtis y
sgtnsagffnidls. \dg `g÷gdg, gc gjrnr su ianfndg ldfuldtrg ud sijrl qul hnfl qul
hljl prlsldtgrsl ld lc hlpgrtg`ldti hl Zlfursis Ku`gdis. Gccà cl hgd cg

ditnfng ndlsplrghg hl hlspnhi pir rlhuffnöd hl plrsidgc. N`gmndl`is lc

`i`ldti ndlsplrghi ld lc qul vl lc sijrl y, ghl`çs, cll cgs pgcgjrgs Zlfursis
Ku`gdis. ^g ldtrg ld gclrtg. Ridmç`idis ld cg sntugfnöd hl Vgdtngmi. ¹Wuî
dis pgsgràg gdtl lc sijrl9 G vgrnis hl disitris dis mldlrgràg tl`ir, `nlhi,

ghrldgcndg. Vl dis flrrgràg lc lstö`gmi5 sn tuvnîrg`is udg `lhngcudg ld cg

`gdi, di cg fi`lràg`is. Dulstris pldsg`nldtis fi`ldzgràgd g rlpcnfgrsl,
dulstrg `ldtl di pgrgràg. Lstgràg`is ld gclrtg, lc snstl`g sn`pçtnfi lstgràg ld
audfnidg`nldti.

Vldtnràg`is plcnmri gdtl ud klfki ndlsplrghi. \d skife trgu`çtnfi. Hnràg

lc Hr. Kg`lr, ud HKV.

G cis 1 `lsls hl lstl lvldti, Vgdtngmi fi`nldzg fid hicirls

gjhi`ndgcls y `gclstgrls hnmlstnvis, qul ci cclvgd g kgflrsl lstuhnis. Culmi,
cl hngmdistnfgd ud ghldifgrfndi`g mçstrnfi. Cg pgcgjrg ghldifgrfndi`g ls udg
fidvldfnöd, udg ltnqultg. Ld rlgcnhgh, ci qul kgy ld tîr`ndis ansnicömnfis ls ud
frlfn`nldti hl cgs fîcucgs mcgdhucgrls hlc lstö`gmi qul disitris ccg`g`is
–tu`ir‐. Lsl tu`ir i fidoudti hl fîcucgs sl air`grid fid ud sldtnhi jnicömnfi?
hnmlrnr cg ditnfng i lc jifghi ndhnmlst
ndhnmlstii qul îc di puhi hnmlrnr. Cg jn
jnicimàg
icimàg rlsicvnö
hl cg `gdlrg ld cg qul snl`prl ci knzi,
kn zi, cg qul gprldhnö ld cg ltgpg lvicutnvg qul
tl fidtî gdtls? `uctnpcnfgdhi cgs fîcucgs dlflsgrngs pgrg lsg audfnöd qul ls
HNMLZNZ lc jifghi. Zlpcnfö cgs fîcucgs mçstrnfgs pgrg gu`ldtgr su audfnöd.

\dg sgcvlhgh. Rldsl`is lstgs his sntugfnidls.

sntugfnidls. \dg, g Vgdtngmi cl hnfld

qul tnldl ud tu`ir i ghldifgrfndi`g mçstrnfi. Kgy gcmi `gci ld tu fulrpi qul
pidl ld plcnmri tu vnhg, kgy qul kgflr gcmi yg. Itrg gctlrdgtnvg, g Vgdtngmi cl
hnfld qul su irmgdns`i prlsldtg ud frlfn`nldti flcucgr ld lc lstö`gmi, fisg
qul irhldö g su flrljri g `uctnpcnfgr cgs fîcucgs qul sl ifupgd hl cg hnmlstnöd.
Kgy gcmi qul di puhi hnmlrnr, gcmi vntgc pgrg îc qul su flrljri ldtldhnö fi`i ud
jifghi qul qulhö gtrgvlsghi ld lc lstö`gmi y qul sn di sl hnmnlrl
hn mnlrl firrl plcnmri
hl `ulrtl, udg sntugfnöd qul vnvnö fid lsl mrghi hl lstrîs. Vl cl lxpcnfg qul su
jnicimàg lstç rlspidhnldhi fid udg cömnfg y fid ud sldtnhi. Wul lstg
`gdnalstgfnöd firrlspidhl g udg ltgpg hl lstl primrg`g jnicömnfi lsplfngc. G

cg ltgpg hl fidacnfti gftnvi. Vl cl hnfl qul lstç

l stç gtrgpghi ld ud fidacnfti qul di
pulhl rlsicvlr dn hnmlrnr. ^, pir ci tgdti, vg g tldlr sàdti`gs qul îc `ns`i pihrç
nhldtnanfgr. Kgy qul ifupgrsl hl rlsicvlr lc fidacnfti y ldfidtrgr udg sgcnhg

gudqul slg privnsirng pgrg mldlrgr gcnvni, jgogr lc lstrîs y lc `nlhi y ifupgrdis
tlrgpîutnfg`ldtl hl sus sàdti`gs.
sàdti`gs. Vl cl lxpcn
lxpcnfg
fg tg`jnîd qul culmi vg g nndmrlsgr
dmrlsgr
ld udg ltgpg hidhl lsg `gsg qul tnldl sl vg g hlmrghgr. Hidhl kgjrç fnlrtis
sàdti`gs hl cis fugcls dis ifupgrl`is. ¹Wuî sldtnràg`is ld udg sntugfnöd i

ld itrg9 Gdtl cg `ns`g n`gmld cg `ns`g aiti, his rlgcnhghls hnstndtgs, his
vnvldfngs hnstndtgs. @l prlmudtgrçs fuçc ls cg vlrhgh.
vlrhgh . Frli qul ci vlrhghlri, ld
tîr`ndis jnicömnfis, ls gqulcci vlrnanfgjcl ld lc 722 % hl cis fgsis. ^ lstgs
clyls, lstg fi`prldsnöd hl cg jnicimàg, sl pulhld vlrnanfgr ld lc 722 % hl cis
fgsis.

Qlg`is itri lol`pci.

Gcnfng tnldl <; g÷is, ls vnuhg, `ghrl hl his knois y gjulcg hl udg dnltg.
Ls prialsirg hl grtl, grtnstg dgtg, g`gdtl hl cg vnhg y hl sus pndturgs5 hl sus
plqul÷gs y mrgdhls frlgfnidls. Vu `grnhi, Midzgci, lrg fidtghir y udg
plrsidg `uy irhldghg y hltgccnstg. Xuvnlrid ud `gtrn`idni hl 82 g÷is y udg
vnhg snl`prl ld pgrlog. Ld cg vnvldfng hl lccg, tldàgd ud vàdfuci fgrgftlrnzghi
pir cg pcldntuh,
pc ldntuh, sl fi`pcl`ldtgjgd, sl gh`nrgjgd y sl rlspltgjgd `utug`ldtl,
ndfcusi ld cgs hnalrldfngs.
hn alrldfngs. Midzgci suarl ud gffnhldtl ld ud vngol cgjirgc y agcclfl
trgs ud `ls hl ndtlrdgfnöd ld tlrgpng ndtldsnvg. Rgrg Gcnfng, lstl klfki aul ci
plir qul kgjàg vnvnhi ld su vnhg. Dudfg kgjàg pgsghi pir sus pldsg`nldtis cg
nhlg hl di tldlr g su fi`pg÷lri. Cg gdmustng ud hicir qul dudfg kgjàg
n`gmndghi. G cis ; `lsls, Gcnfng fi`nldzg fid hicirls gjhi`ndgcls y hnanfuctgh
pgrg trgmgr cis gcn`ldtis. Hlshl lc agcclfn`nldti hl su lspisi di puhi fidfncngr
`çs lc sul÷i, sus pldsg`nldtis hàg g hàg mnrgjgd ld lsl suflsi, ci qul kgjàg
klfki y ci qul di, ci qul pihràg kgjlr lvntghi, ci qul sndtnö fugdhi su lspisi
sl aul y di cl hni n`pirtgdfng, ltf. Rir gqulccis sàdti`gs, fidsuctg g ud `îhnfi
y sl cl hngmdistnfg ud ghldifgrfndi`g hl lsöagmi Ndalrnir.

Qlg`is. Gdtl lstl klfki trgu`çtnfi, ndlsplrghi, gmuhi y vnvnhi ld

siclhgh (di pirqul lstuvnlsl sicg, sndi pirqul sicg`ldtl lccg sgjàg lc hicir qul
cg gtrgvlsgjg, qul dn gc fi`pgrtnrci fid gcmunld pihàg gsl`logrsl g cg rlgcnhgh),
¹quî knzi su fulrpi9 Gdtl lstl suflsi, cgs mcçdhucgs slfrltirgs hl `ifi hlc

lsöagmi ndalrnir, ldfgrmghgs dgturgc`ldtl hl gyuhgr g hgr pgsi gc gcn`ldti i

jifghi, sl `uctnpcnfgrid pgrg gu`ldtgr cg prihuffnöd hl `ifi y gsà agfncntgr cg
hnmlstnöd hlc jifghi gtirghi. Lsg rlpcnfgfnöd flcucgr, qul ccg`g`is tu`ir, ls lc

slrvnfni qul rlgcnzgrid cgs fîcucgs hl Gcnfng pgrg gyuhgrcg g trgmgr lsg sntugfnöd
gtrgmgdtghg. Ijvng`ldtl, Gcnfng lstgjg gpldgs ld su prn`lrg ltgpg hl hulci,
ldtrl ud vgnvîd hl trnstlzg y ldioi, hl rlsldtn`nldti l n`pitldfng, snd pihlr
gtrgvlsgrci5 snd pihlr trgmgr lsl jifghi (qul ls cg vnvldfng qul lccg tuvi gdtl cg

`ulrtl hl su `grnhi, pirqul lsg aul su vnvldfng, itrg plrsidg pulhl vnvldfngr
itrg fisg5 gkirg jnld? ¹tihgs cgs plrsidgs qul tldmgd cg `ns`g lxplrnldfng hl
Gcnfng vgd g `gdnalstgr cg `ns`g sicufnöd jnicömnfg9 ¡Fcgri qul DI! Fi`i hnol
gdtls, di ls lc lvldti ci qul n`pirtg, sndi cg
c g vnvldfng, lc fidtldnhi l`ifnidgc hl
cg sntugfnöd qul dis pidl ld fidacnfti jnicömnfi. ¹Lstg ndair`gfnöd cl snrvnö g
Gcnfng pgrg kgflr su hulci9 Fcgri qul di. Hlpldhnö hl Gcnfng pihlr vlr ld itri
ç`jnti tlrgpîutnfi qul tldàg ud hulci `ldtgc plri di
d i l`ifnidgc hl cg `ulr
`ulrtl
tl hl
su `grnhi. Xg`jnîd, fi`prldhlr fö`i su `ldtl vnvldfngjg hltlr`ndghgs
sntugfnidls (di ls cg prn`lrg
prn `lrg vlz qul Gcnfng `gdnalstgjg jnicömnfg`ldtl gcmi ld

lc lsöagmi5 ld itrgs ipirtudnhghls ci knzi sici qul fid `ldir ndtldsnhgh y ld

rlcgfnöd fid itrgs zidgs hlc snstl`g hnmlstnvi). Lstg ndair`gfnöd sà cl snrvnö g
Gcnfng pgrg ifupgrsl hl lccg `ns`g (sà i sà, pirqul lstgjg `çs pldhnldtl hlc
hicir hl itris qul hlc pripni) y ifupgrsl hl rlsicvlr su fidacnfti. G su vlz, pgrg
fi`prldhlr qul su fulrpi di lstgjg agccgdhi, qul kgjàg udg cömnfg y qul lsg
cömnfg ndhnfgjg fnlrtgs hlfnsnidls tlrgpîutnfgs. Lc `nlhi aul `ufki `ldir. Lc
lstrîs tuvi `ldir n`pgfti. Ci qul, fcgri, gyuhö `ufki ld su priflsi.

Qlg`is itri lol`pci vndfucghi g lstg prn`lrg ltgpg lvicutnvg hl hidhl

hlrnvgd cis örmgdis irnmndghis ld lc ldhihlr`i (prn`lrg kiog hlc hlsgrricci),
qul hgrç cumgr g cis örmgdis `çs gdtnmuis fi`gdhghis pir lc tridfi flrljrgc.
Gcjlrti tnldl 8; g÷is, lstç fgsghi y tnldl fndfi knois. Ls hul÷i hl udg
plrsidgcnhgh `uy su`nsg, snl`prl gc slrvnfni hl cgs dlflsnhghls goldgs. Ls
l`pclghi pÿjcnfi hlshl kgfl :2 g÷is y hlsl`pl÷g sus tgrlgs cgjirgcls fid
lxflcldfng. Lstç snl`prl hnspulsti g ficgjirgr y g `ivlrsl hlc cumgr gdtl cg
dlflsnhgh hl cis itris. Di ls fidacnftnvi. Ls lc sistîd lfidö`nfi hl cg ag`ncng y
tnldl knois qul fursgd hnstndtis mrghis hl cg prn`grng y cg slfudhgrng. Ld su
`ldtl, lrg fidstgdtl cg prlifupgfnöd pir lc hndlri yg qul lrg `uy hnaàfnc fid su
sgcgrni cclmgr g and hl `ls. Ldtrl tihis kgfàgd mrgd lsaulrzi pgrg fujrnr cgs
dlflsnhghls jçsnfgs. \d hàg, vicvnldhi hlc fu`pclg÷is hl 7< hl su sijrndg,
cclmgd g su fgsg y vld qul cg pulrtg lstgjg vnicldtghg. Fugdhi ldtrg, cg fgsg

lstgjg pgtgs pgrg grrnjg. Gsà ci rlanrnö. Xihi tnrghi, vnicldtghi, sus pifgs
plrtldldfngs kgjàgd hlsgpgrlfnhi gsà fi`i lc gkirri hl cis ÿctn`is g÷is pgrg
kgflr grrlmcis hl cg fgsg qul lstgjg `uy hltlrnirghg. Gcjlrti rlfnjnö ud skife.
Vndtnö qul di tldhràg hndlri pgrg sijrlvnvnr y rlsicvlr tgc fgis. Vu fi`pg÷lrg,

Vncvndg, lrg ficgjirghirg hl cg nmclsng. \dg `uolr frlyldtl fid mrgd airtgclzg
lspnrntugc y sistîd l`ifnidgc hl cg ag`ncng. Ld lsl `i`ldti, pusi ld prçftnfg su
sgjnhuràg pgrg cimrgr fidtldlr g Gcjlrti l ndtldtgr hgr ud mnri g lsg sntugfnöd,
pidnldhi îdagsns ld qul lccis lstgjgd tihis jnld, qul ci `gtlrngc sl rlsic
rlsicvlràg
vlràg
hl gcmudg `gdlrg y qul
qu l snl`prl qul vnvnlrid sntugfnidls hnaàfncls Hnis cls kgjàg
hghi cgs klrrg`nldtgs pgrg sgcnr ghlcgdtl. Gsà aul, rlfnjnlrid hidgfnidls hl
`ufkg mldtl. Xg`jnîd, g Gcjlrti cl sgcnlrid gcmudis trgjgois lxtrgs y ld udis
`lsls cg fgsg sl lstgjg rlfi`pidnldhi.

Hnlz `lsls hlspuîs hl lstl suflsi, Gcjlrti fi`nldzg g pprlsldtgr

rlsldtgr irndgs
`çs gjudhgdtls, lspu`isgs y fid lpnsihnis hl sgdmrghi. Xrgs fidsuctgs y
lstuhnis, sl cl hngmdistnfg ud ghldifgrfndi`g rldgc. Vnl`prl ls audhg`ldtgc
fi`prldhlr pgrg quî aulrid frlghis dulstris örmgdis y quî audfnöd fu`pcld.
Rgrg pihlr fi`prldhlr lc primrg`g qul hlsgrriccgrçd gdtl lc fidacnfti i cg
l`lrmldfng. Dulstrg jnicimàg kgjcg, lc fulrpi sl lxprlsg, snl`prl. Vici qul
kgy qul gprldhlr g lsfufkgrci, g cllrci. Zlfimlr lc `ldsgol, di `gtgr gc
`ldsgolri. Lsti dis pulhl pgrlflr fi`pcloi, plri di ls gsà. Rihl`is dlflsntgr
gyuhg pgrg ldtldhlrci y lsg ls udg hl cgs nhlgs hl lstl cnjri (y hl `ufkis itris
cnjris y prialsnidgcls qul jrndhgd air`gfnidls pgrg fi`prldhlr dulstrg
jnicimàg). Ghl`çs, fidanl`is ld qul trgl`is pulstg lstg sgjnhuràg. Ls gsà. Vici
kgy qul rlfirhgrcg. Vldtnrcg. Fi`i fidsuctgdtls, lstg sgjnhuràg dis hg pihlr,
airtgclfl dulstrgs ndtunfnidls y dulstrgs rlalrldfngs ndtlrdgs. Dis plr`ntl slr
gutödi`is y dis hg cnjlrtgh.

Qicvg`is g Gcjlrti y su ghldifgrfndi`g rldgc. Rldsl`is ld cis

ci s rn÷idls.
Cis rn÷idls sid dulstris örmgdis ldfgrmghis hl cg audfnöd hl anctrghi i cn`pnlzg,
gjsirjld gmug y sustgdfngs dlflsgrngs pgrg cg vnhg y hlslfkgd gqulcci qul di
ls dlflsgrni. Lstçd air`ghis pir vgrngs lstrufturgs (pgrîdqun`g, tÿjucis, vàg
lxfrltirg). Ld lc fgsi hl Gcjlrti, cg pgrtl hlc rn÷öd qul rlspidhnö sid cis
ccg`ghis tÿjucis ficlftirls (sid cgs lstrufturgs `çs vnlogs hlc rn÷öd5 cgs
klrlhghgs hl cg prn`lrg ltgpg lvicutnvg, fugdhi cg fîcucg sgcl hlc gmug g cg

tnlrrg. Gkà sl frlgd cis lsjizis hl lstis tÿjucis pgrg qul cg fîcucg pulhg
rlgjsirjlr gmug y di `ulrg hlsknhrgtghg pir cg rghngfnöd hlc sic). Lstis tÿjucis
slràgd udg lsplfnl hl fg÷lràg hldtri hlc rn÷öd, y sid cis ldfgrmghis hl gjsirjlr
gmug y lclftricntis hl cg irndg.
irn dg. Lccis sl ifupgd hl ti`gr ci qul dlflsntg`is pgrg

vnvnr. Ld lstis tÿjucis tgd n`pirtgdtls y vntgcls, gsnldtgd cis fidacnftis hl

sldtnrsl gjgdhidghi (fidacnfti hl rlaumnghi), hl kgjlr plrhnhi tihi5 hl sldtnrsl
sici y snd gyuhg5 hl sldtnrsl lxpucsghi, lxfcunhi, hlsgcioghi, ndfö`ihi ld lc
trgjgoi, ld cg fgsg i ld cg pgrlog i ld lc fulrpi5 hl sldtnrsl fi`i ud plz aulrg
hlc gmug. Lstis tg`jnîd sl gftnvgd gdtl fidacnftis pir hluhgs lfidö`nfgs. ¹Wuî
knfnlrid cis tÿjucis hl Gcjlrti gdtl lc n`pgfti hlc riji9 Gu`ldtgrid, sl
rlpcnfgrid, kuji udg `uctnpcnfgfnöd flcucgr pgrg gjsirjlr gmug y urlg qul ls ci
qul mgrgdtnzgràg cg suplrvnvldfng lstgdhi ud plz aulrg hl cg icg y gu`ldtgrid
cg frlgtndndg pirqul ls udg pritlàdg qul slrvnràg hl gcn`ldti gdtl cg lsfgslz.

Zlfirhl`is, lc flrljri sici pulhl rlsicvlr kgfng lc ndtlrnir hl dulstri

irmgdns`i, di kgfng gaulrg. Ldtidfls lc rn÷öd hl Gcjlrti,
Gcj lrti, sl pusi g hnspisnfnöd
hl su dlflsnhgh (rlspidhnö gdtl cg vnvldfng qul Gcjlrti tuvi hl gqulc lvldti
hlc riji y g su vnvldfng hl kgjlrci plrhnhi tihi) y cg sicufnöd aul mldlrgr cgs
fidhnfnidls pgrg tldlr gmug y gcn`ldti. Ristlrnir`ldtl, fugdhi sl rlsulcvld
cis hg÷is privifghis, lc fulrpi lcn`ndg lsl lxflsi hl tlonhi y càqunhi qul yg di
dlflsntg. Rirqul Gcjlrti rlfuplrg su fgsg y rlsulcvl su fidacnfti (di sici ld
tîr`ndis fidfrltis y `gtlrngcls, sndi tg`jnîd l`ifnidgcls, pirqul pulhl hgrcl
itrg `nrghg g cg sntugfnöd). Cimrg fujrnr sus dlflsnhghls y yg di snldtl qul di

pihrç sijrlvnvnr, yg snldtl qul su kimgr dulvg`ldtl ls su rlaumni, ldtidfls lc

flrljri hlog hl rlfnjnr lsg ndair`gfnöd, sl sgjl ld fidacnfti rlsulcti y gkirg
dlflsntg hlsgr`gr ci qul gr`ö gdtls, ls hlfnr,
hlfnr , qul cgs `nfijgftlrngs fi`nldzgd
g hlstrunr lstl frlfn`nldti flcucgr i tu`ir y pir lsi sl prlsldtg sgdmrghi lldd cg
irndg (kl`gturng). Lstis fgsis hl tu`irls ld agsl hl fidacnfti rlsulcti
prlsldtgd sgdmrghi pirqul lc fulrpi sl lstç hlskgfnldhi hl gqulcci qul yg di
dlflsntg y ci lcn`ndg fi`i hlsklfki.

Cis fidacnftis hl tÿjucis ficlftirls rldgcls sid `uy arlfuldtls ld

dulstrg vnhg fitnhngdg snd qul lc fulrpi cclmul g air`gr ud tu`ir. Ci vl`is
lvnhldfnghi ld mldlrgc pir cg rltldfnöd hl càqunhis. Hl klfki, lc Hr. Kg`lr
hlfàg (y yi fi`pgrti) qul ls lc fidacnfti qul vnvn`is fid `çs arlfuldfng cis

slrls ku`gdis. Ls ud lol`pci fcgri hl rltldfnöd hl càqunhi i hl gu`ldti hl

plsi. @ufkgs vlfls lsfufki ld cg fidsuctg qul cg mldtl sl `gtg g hnltgs y di
jgog hl plsi. Lc fulrpi lstç rltldnldhi gmug pirqul ld gcmÿd pudti sl snldtl
sici, gjgdhidghi, lxfcunhi y fi`i ud plz aulrg hl gmug. ^ sl kgfl ud fàrfuci

vnfnisi? g `çs rltldfnöd hl càqunhi `çs ndfi`ihnhgh, y g `çs fidacnfti, `çs

càqunhi. G su vlz, ls ud fidacnfti qul ld mldlrgc sl gsifng g itris fidacnftis. Rir
lol`pci, udg plrsidg tnldl udg lxprlsnöd hl ud fidacnfti ld cg `g`g, plri fi`i
sl snldtl sicg i fi`i ud plz aulrg hlc gmug, gdtl cg prlsldfng hl cg ldalr`lhgh
hlsgrriccg ghl`çs ud fidacnfti hl tÿjucis ficlftirls y, pir ci tgdti, rltnldl
càqunhi. Lsti kgfl qul kgyg `gyir ndacg`gfnöd, fi`i lhl`gs ld pçrpghis, ld
cis tijnccis i ld cgs `gdis, gu`ldti hl plsi y `ufki `çs hicir (lsti ls `uy
n`pirtgdtl). Vlmÿd `n prçftnfg `îhnfg, ls `uy prijgjcl qul fugdhi udg
plrsidg ls kispntgcnzghg pir gcmudg ldalr`lhgh, sl gftnvl lstl fidacnfti ld cis

tÿjucis ficlftirls hlc rn÷öd, lc fugc l`plirg tihis cis sàdti`gs hl cg

ldalr`lhgh hljnhi g cg rltldfnöd hl càqunhi gmrlmghg. Xg`jnîd, gdtl lc
hngmdöstnfi `ns`i hl udg ldalr`lhgh yg qul gc rlfnjnr
rlfnj nr lc hngmdöstnfi, ld mldlrgc
cgs plrsidgs dis sldtn`is fi`i ud plz aulrg hlc gmug, dis sgfgd hl dulstri
`lhni, dis sldtn`is sicis. Rir lsi, tldnldhi ld fuldtg ci qul mldlrg cg
gftnvgfnöd hlc fidacnfti hl tÿjucis ficlftirls hl rn÷öd, ls audhg`ldtgc qul qunld
trgdsntg cg ldalr`lhgh sl ifupl hl rlsicvlr lstl fidacnfti, sijrl tihi ld ci qul
rlsplftg g cg tlrgpîutnfg `îhnfg, pgrg qul sl `gdnanlstl `ldis hicir, `ldis
ndacg`gfnöd y `ldis rltldfnöd hl càqunhi. Lstg ndair`gfnöd ls vgcnisàsn`g.

¹Fö`i kgflrci, fi`i hlsgftnvgr cis ficlftirls hl rn÷öd9 Kgfnldhi qul lc

fidsuctgdtl di sl snldtg ud plz aulrg hlc gmug, qul di sl snldtg gjgdhidghi,
sndi qul lstî g`pgrghi, ld ud g`jnldtl g`irisi, ld ud rlaumni, fi`prldhnldhi
ci qul cl pgsg, gsnstnldhi sus dlflsnhghls y fidtldnîdhici. Zlmnstrçdhici. Di
ldtrg udg ldalr`lhgh sndi ud ldalr`i. Di lstg`is vnldhi ud fgsi, lstg`is
`nrgdhi g udg plrsidg fid lc gc`g ld ccgmgs. Ci kgfl`is fid G@IZ.

Ld `n lxplrnldfng, hnràg qul cg mrgd `gyiràg hl cgs vlfls fugdhi kgy

lxflsi hl plsi udi hl cis fidacnftis prlsldtls ls lstl, lc hl cis tÿjucis
ficlftirls hlc rn÷öd, gc nmugc qul fugdhi kgy `gdnalstgfnidls fi`i hicirls
lxtrl`is, gfu`ucgfnidls hl càqunhi n`prlsnidgdtls, tgcls fi`i gsfntns slvlrgs,
hlrrg`ls pclurgcls `gsnvis, ndacg`gfnidls slvlrgs, sgdmrghis `gsnvis,

ijlsnhgh `grfghg y ldalr`lhgh ls gpgrgtisgs. Rir lstl `itnvi ls tgd

n`pirtgdtl y vntgc lc gfi`pg÷g`nldti g cg plrsidg qul lstç vnvnldhi lc priflsi,
lc galfti, cg prlsldfng. Ld fugdti vnvg`is ld `gyir fi`prldsnöd, fidtldfnöd,
fi`pgsnöd, jgogdhi lc dnvlc hl lxnmldfngs, ndtldtgdhi plrhidgrdis, plrhidgr y

fidangdhi qul tihi gqulcci qul dlflsntl`is slrç fujnlrti, qul dudfg lstg`is
sicis, qul hlshl lc fnlci y cg tnlrrg lstg`is gfi`pg÷ghis y gsnstnhis, vnvnrl`is
fid `ldis fidacnftis hl tÿjucis ficlftirls, pir ci tgdti `çs
`ç s cnvngdis. Ld fulrpi,
`ldtl, gc`g y lspàrntu.

Ld `n fidsuctg hngrng fi`i `îhnfg, snl`prl gfcgri gc fidsuctgdtl qul

fugdhi dlflsntl pulhl clvgdtgrsl l nr gc jg÷i, pirqul yg sl hl gdtl`gdi qul
ld lstg air`g hl gtldfnöd `çs
`ç s g`irisg, fid `gyir rlmnstri, cg plr
plrsidg
sidg sl snldtl
tgd fidtldnhg y lsfufkghg qul ls `uy arlfuldtl qul hurgdtl cg vnsntg `l
prlmudtl sn pulhl nr gc jg÷i. Fugdhi lsi suflhl, yi hldtri `ài `l gclmri pir
vg`is kgfnldhi jnld cg tgrlg, cg plrsidg sl snldtl fidtldnhg, gfi`pg÷
gfi`pg÷ghg,
ghg, lstç
hlsgftnvgdhi cis ficlftirls hlc rn÷öd y pir lsi tnldl dlflsnhgh hl irndgr. Lsl
pgrg `à ls ud juld
jul d tlr`ö`ltri hl vlr fö`i vg`is.

Itrg sntugfnöd qul pihl`is ijslrvgr ld dulstrg vnhg fitnhngdg, ls qul,

ld mldlrgc, fugdhi rlmrlsg`is g fgsg vg`is g irndgr. ¹Rir quî9 Rirqul sl
hlsgftnvgd cis ficlftirls hl rn÷öd, pirqul cclmuî g fgsg, yg lstiy ld `n rlaumni
y pir ci tgdti lc fulrpi lcn`ndg lc càqunhi qul rltuvi `nldtrgs lstuvn`is aulrg hl
dulstri `lhni.

Ldtidfls, vicvg`is g fö`i trgdsfurrl lstl primrg`g. Ld agsl hl FG hl

tÿjucis ficlftirls hl rn÷öd, kgy rlprihuffnöd flcucgr kgstg kgflr
ghldifgrfndi`gs rldgcls pgrg rltldlr `çs càqunhi (gsà vicvlr`l g `n `lhni
irnmndgc qul ls lc `gr, lc ÿtlri `gtlrdi), rlgjsirjl`is frlgtndndg y urlg (lstgs
sid pritlàdgs, y lc irmgdns`i cgs rltnldl pgrg tldlrcgs hnspidnjcl fi`i gcn`ldti
gdtl lc hlsg`pgri y di `irnr), gu`ldtgd ldtidfls cis vgcirls ld cis gdçcnsns hl
urlg y frlgtndndg pcgs`çtnfgs qul hlshl lc vnloi pgrghnm`g ccg`çjg`is agccgs
rldgcls. Ld agsl hl RFC, kgjrç hlstruffnöd hlc tu`ir i hlc gu`ldti flcucgr, pir
fidsnmunldtl sgdmrghis ld irndg (kl`gturngs), picnurng (`gyir fgdtnhgh hl

hnurlsns lcn`ndgdhi lc càqunhi rltldnhi), pritlndurng (pritlàdgs ld irndg), cis

tÿjucis yg di gfu`ucgrçd pritlàdgs, yg lstg`is g sgcvi, pir ci fugc cgs
c gs lcn`ndg.
Xg`jnîd sl prlsldtgrç anljrl y, fi`i fnfgtrnfls, pulhl kgjlr prlsldfng hl

fçcfucis rldgcls. Và, cis tgd fi`udls fçcfucis rldgcls sid slfulcgs hl lstis
fidacnftis, rlprlsldtgd fgcfnanfgfnidls
fgcfnanfgfnidls hl cis tlonhis fi`i slfulcg hl cg agsl hl
RFC.

Ls `uy n`pirtgdtl tldlr fidifn`nldti hl lstl fidacnfti, yg qul ls `uy

açfnc hl ti`gr `lhnhgs pgrg hlsgrtnfucgrci, sgjnldhi qul ci `çs n`pirtgdtl ls lc
g`ir, lc rlmnstri y cg fi`pgsnöd.

Rgrg rlfgpntucgr, fugdhi sl gftnvl ud primrg`g lsplfngc fid sldtnhi

jnicömnfi, lsi qul ccg`g`is ldalr`lhgh, ld ltgpg hl FIDACNFXI GFXNQI,
tihis cis tlonhis (örmgdis) qul lstîd fiirhndghis i hnrnmnhis pir cg pgrtl hlc
flrljri jnicömnfi qul sl hldi`ndg tridfi flrljrgc, qul firrlspidhlràg g cis
örmgdis hlrnvghis hlc LDHIHLZ@I, vgd g prlsldtgr udg pricnalrgfnöd hl
fîcucgs i gu`ldti hl cg audfnöd (ls hlfnr, vlrl`is udg jifkntg, ud jucti i udg
plcitg, qul disitris vg`is ccg`gr, `îhnfg`ldtl, tu`ir, i vlrl`is ud gu`ldti
ld cg audfnöd). Culmi, ld cg ltgpg hl rlsicufnöd jnicömnfi, vg`is g vnsugcnzgr udg
hlmrghgfnöd flcucgr (qul vlrl`is fi`i udg ucflrgfnöd, sgdmrghi, `ifi i pus)
y, g cg vlz, pir ci mldlrgc, udg dir`gcnzgfnöd hl cg audfnöd qul lolfutg lc tlonhi
ld fulstnöd. Ld

Qg`is gkirg g cg slmudhg ltgpg lvicutnvg hl dulstrg knstirng jnicömnfg.

Ld udg cg slmudhg ltgpg lvicutnvg suflhnö lc pgsi hl cis irmgdns`is hlc

`lhni gfuçtnfi gc `lhni tlrrlstrl. Fid cg suplrvnvldfng gslmurghg ld cg ltgpg
gdtlrnir, gquà lc irmgdns`i hljnö hlsgrriccgr lstrufturgs pgrg pritlmlrsl hlc
`lhni qul ci rihlgjg, hl gqulcci qul pihàg gmrlhnrci, fi`i lcl`ldtis
lc l`ldtis hlc fcn`g
(arài, fgcir, ltf.) y cis gtgquls lxtlrdis. Cg jnicimàg rlsicvnö lsg dlflsnhgh hl
pritlffnöd fid cg air`gfnöd hl `l`jrgdgs i fujnlrtgs pritlftirgs y frlö cgs
ccg`ghgs pnlcls priaudhgs, qul kiy ls ci qul ccg`g`is hlr`ns (pnlc priaudhg),
pclurg (`l`jrgdg qul rlfujrl y pritlml g`jis puc`idls), plrntidli
(`l`jrgdg qul rlfujrl y pritlml örmgdis gjhi`ndgcls), plrnfgrhni (`l`jrgdg
qul rlfujrl y pritlml firgzöd y mrgdhls vgsis) mcçdhucgs suhiràpgrgs y
sljçflgs (lc suhir y lc slji kgfld lc ndhnvnhui `çs pgtndisi y lsfurrnhnzi pgrg
qul di slg açfnc`ldtl gtrgpghi pir lc hlprlhghir), cgs mcçdhucgs `g`grngs
prn`ntnvgs (cis cijucnccis `g`grnis) surmld ld lstg ltgpg lvicutnvg pirqul hlrnvgd
hl cgs mcçdhucgs suhiràpgrgs fi`i ghgptgfnöd hl cgs `ns`gs pgrg cg pritlffnöd

hl cg ndtlmrnhgh hl cg fràg, surml ld lstl plràihi lvicutnvi lc fidflpti hl qul cg

fràg sl funhg.

Wunld irhldö cg air`gfnöd hl lstgs lstrufturgs aul ud flrljri prn`ntnvi qul hni
cumgr g ci qul ls kiy dulstri flrljlci. Lc flrljlci ls lc ldfgrmghi hl fidtricgr
cis örmgdis qul sl hlsgrriccgd g pgrtnr hl cg slmudhg kiog (qul tg`jnîd vldn`is
ccg`gdhi fgpg) ccg`ghg @LVIHLZ@I GDXNM\I. G pgrtnr hl lstg ltgpg, yg
fi`nldzg g rlmnr cg cly hl cgtlrgcnhgh.

Hidhl ld ud ndhnvnhui hnlstri, lc kl`nfulrpi

kl`n fulrpi nzqunlrhi rlfnjnrç cis n`pgftis ld
rlcgfnöd g cis fidacnftis rlcgfnidghis g knois, `ghrl y dnhi. ^ lc kl`nfulrpi
hlrlfki lstgrç ld rlcgfnöd g cis pgrls, cg pgrlog, ci sifngc y lc trgjgoi. Ld udg
plrsidg jnicömnfg`ldtl zurhg, cg ndtlrprltgfnö
n dtlrprltgfnödd ls gc rlvîs

Lc snmunldtl mrçanfi tl `ulstrg lc flrljlci, ld firtl gxngc, hl ghlcgdtl kgfng

gtrçs. Lc flrljlci ls ci qul vls pndtghi hl dgrgdog (cis fàrfucis sid cis rlcîs hl
fghg örmgdi), gdgtö`nfg`ldtl lstç ujnfghi hltrçs hlc tridfi ldflaçcnfi, gc qul
vls pndtghi hl g`grncci.
 ¹Wuî qulhg ld dulstrg `l`irng hl lstg slmudhg ltgpg lvicutnvg9

¹Wuî klrlhg`is hl îstg ltgpg9 Cis fidacnftis rlcgfnidghis g cg

gmrlsnöd, gc gtgqul g cg ndtlmrnhgh, g gqulcci qul pulhl hg÷gr lc fulrpi aàsnfi5
gsà fi`i lc gtgqul g cg ndtlmrnhgh `irgc (sldtnrsl `gdfkghi). Cis fidacnftis hl
gtgqul, plclg y prlifupgfnöd pir lc dnhi. Ls hlfnr, vndfucghis
vn dfucghis g cg pritlffnöd.

G fidtndugfnöd vlrl`is lol`pcis hl fidacnftis rlcgfnidghis g cg slmudhg

ltgpg lvicutnvg, ld cg qul sl hg cumgr g cg
c g air`gfnöd hlc flrljlci, qunld slrç lc
ldfgrmghi hl fi`gdhgr lstis örmgdis?
 Hlr`ns i pnlc priaudhg? fidacnfti hl gtgqul g cg ndtlmrnhgh

Gtgqul rlgc g cg pnlc prihufnhi pir lc sic, qul`ghurgs, ltf.5 gtgqul g udg
pgrtl hlc fulrpi, fi`i ld fnrumàgs hl g`putgfnöd (`gstlfti`àgs, ficisti`àgs)5
gffnhldtls i argfturgs5 gtgqul g cg ndtlmrnhgh `irgc, fi`i slr gfusghi hl gcmi
ndoustg`ldtl i slr ndsuctghi5
n dsuctghi5 sldtnrsl sufni i `gdfkghi.
Ld agsl hl FG, gc nmugc qul cis örmgdis hl irnmld ldhihîr`nfi, cis hl
irnmld ld lc `lsihlr`i gdtnmui vgd g hlsgrriccgr frlfn`nldti flcucgr, ci qul
hgrç fi`i rlsuctghi `lcgdi`gs (tu`irls hl pnlc), dlvus (cudgrls), `gdfkgs
futçdlgs (fi`i cis `lcgs`gs hlc l`jgrgzi), plfgs, lc ccg`ghi sgrfi`g hl
Egpisn. Lc sldtnhi jnicömnfi hlc frlfn`nldti flcucgr ls gu`ldtgr cg pritlffnöd
pgrg hgr pritlffnöd gdtl pröxn`is gtgquls. Ld agsl RFC (rlsicufnöd), kgjrç
hlstruffnöd flcucgr pir kidmis y jgftlrngs, hgdhi fi`i rlsuctghi clsnidls
`nfötnfgs hl cg pnlc, idnfi`nfisns (kidmis ld cgs u÷gs) y gfdî futçdli.

Fid udg cömnfg jnld fcgrg, lc gfdî futçdli ls `uy fi`ÿd ld cg

ghiclsfldfng, qul ls udg ltgpg `uy vucdlrgjcl hlc slr, sldsnjcl gc ounfni hl cis
pgrls, pldhnldtl hlc gsplfti aàsnfi, cg`ldtgjcl`ldt
cg`ldtgjcl`ldtll fid mrgdhls vnvldfngs hl
fi`pgrgfnidls kgfng cis itris. ^ hnmi cg`ldtgjcl`ldtl, pirqul ls itri fgpàtuci
lstl tl`g, `çs snldti qul `ufkis hl cis fidacnftis qul fi`i sifnlhgh vnvn`is
ld lstg ltgpg hl cg vnhg lstçd ld rlcgfnöd fid cis vnlois snstl`gs lhufgtnvis
jgsghis ld lc prl`ni y fgstnmi, cg fi`pgrgfnöd, cgs arustrgfnidls. Xgc ls gsà qul
cg vnvldfng hl lstg ltgpg `ufkgs vlfls ls hl gtgqul g cg ndtlmrnhgh hl cg

nhldtnhgh, hl cg plrsidg, y ls pir lsi qul vl`is fi`ÿd`ldtl cgs mrgdhls

lxprlsnidls hl gfdî futçdli ld ghiclsfldtls. Ci qul `l cclvg g itrg rlaclxnöd,
y pir lsi hnmi qul lstl pgrghnm`g hl Vgcuh lxflhl g cg `lhnfndg5 ls udg
ancisiaàg, udg air`g hl vlr cg vnhg, pirqul fi`prldhnldhi ci qul lxprlsg`is ld
lc fulrpi aàsnfi pihl`is rlfimlr lc mugdtl, fi`prldhlrdis, fi`prldhlr g
dulstris knois, g dulstris pgrls y, hlshl lsl cumgr, gyuhgr g sgdgr ccgg l`ifnöd,
cgs vnvldfngs y cis vàdfucis. G sgdgr fulrpi, `ldtl, gc`g y lspàrntu.

Gfi`pg÷î g ud fidsuctgdtl, Gcarlhi, ud ki`jrl oivld hl << g÷is, `uy

gpulsti, firrlfti y `uy pricnoi ld su gsplfti. Gcarlhi lrg ndmldnlri quà`nfi hl
prialsnöd, hnvirfnghi y pgpç hl trls knois ghiclsfldtls. Cclmg g `n fidsuctg ud
tgdti gvlrmidzghi, kgjcgdhi fid cg `nrghg kgfng gjgoi, fid tidi hl viz jgoi.

Ld lsl `i`ldti, sldtà qul cl rlsuctgjg hnaàfnc fidtgr ci qul cl lstgjg suflhnldhi.
Ldtidfls, pgrg ri`plr lc knlci l`pnlzi cg fidsuctg gc rlvîs, fidtçdhicl hl cg
Dulvg @lhnfndg y hl `n lxplrnldfng, l`pnlzi g kgjcgr hl su vnhg y hl cg `àg.
Zlfnîd udg kirg `çs tgrhl, yg g`jis rlcgoghis, pulhi prlmudtgrcl fuçc lrg su

`itnvi hl fidsuctg. @l rlanlrl qul lrg `uy hnaàfnc pgrg îc fidvlrsgr lsti fid udg
`uolr plri qul su hngmdöstnfi lrg lc hl `lcgdi`g ld lc pldl (tu`ir hl pnlc ld
lc pldl). Kgfàg slns `lsls gprixn`ghg`ldtl kgjàg fi`ldzghi fid udg
`gdfkg dlmrg gzucghg ld lsl cumgr, pir ci qul fidsuctg gc hlr`gtöcimi y cl
kgfld lc hngmdöstnfi hl `lcgdi`g. Cl rlgcnzgd udg fnrumàg y gkirg hljàg
rlgcnzgrsl udg slrnl hl lstuhnis pgrg lvgcugr lc rlsuctghi pistqunrÿrmnfi. Îc cclmg
g `n fidsuctg pir udg fidvlrsgfnöd qul lsfufkö ld ud dlmifni, hidhl udg
sl÷irg fid hngmdöstnfi hl Fçdflr hl `g`g fidtgjg fö`i kgjàg ldfidtrghi lc
sldtnhi g cg ldalr`lhgh. –Lsti qul `l suflhl di ls fgsugc, tldmi qul ldfidtrgr

udg lxpcnfgfnöd.‐ Ldtidfls kgjcg`is hlc `lcgdi`g. Cl lxpcnfi qul lsgs

fîcucgs, cis `lcgdifntis, surmld lvicutnvg`ldtl fid lc and hl pritlffnöd, qul
plrtldlfld g cg hlr`ns priaudhg. ^ cl prlmudti sn ld gcmÿd `i`ldti sndtnö qul
vnvnö udg sntugfnöd mldntgc i slxugc gmuhg, mrgvl, hrg`çtnfg, ndlsplrghg y vnvnhg
ld siclhgh, vnvldfnghg fi`i ud gtgqul g cg ndtlmrnhgh hl su pldl. Vl fujrl cis
iois fid cgs `gdis y `l hnfl qul sgjàg quî lrg. Kgfàg udis `lsls, gc cclmgr g
su fgsg hl `gdlrg ndlsplrghg gdtl cg suspldsnöd hl udg rludnöd cgjirgc,
ldfuldtrg g su `uolr tldnldhi rlcgfnidls slxugcls ld su fg`g fid itri ki`jrl.
^ udis `lsls `çs tgrhl gpgrlfl lc `lcgdi`g. Îc vnvnö lsg sntugfnöd fi`i ud

gtgqul g cg ndtlmrnhgh hl su slr ki`jrl hlshl ci mldntgc, pir lsi rlspidhnlrid

cis `lcgdifntis hl cg hlr`ns hlc pldl.

Mcçdhucgs suhiràpgrgs y sljçflgs? lxprlsgd lc fidacnfti hl gtgqul g cg

ndtlmrnhgh. Nmugc qul cg Hlr`ns, lxprlsgd fidacnftis hl gtgqul g cg ndtlmrnhgh. Lc
sldtnhi jnicömnfi ls gu`ldtgr cg slfrlfnöd hl suhir y slji pgrg qul lc gdn`gc
slg `çs lsfurrnhnzi y di slg gtrgpghi, lsfgpgrsl hlc hlprlhghir. Gcmudgs
`gdnalstgfnidls hl lstis fidacnftis sid cis döhucis hl gfdî y suhirgfnidls
priausgs y aîtnhgs. Di ls ndarlfuldtl qul g `ns fidsuctgs cclmuld `uolrls pir
itri hngmdöstnfi y qul, hurgdtl lc ndtlrfg`jni hl prlmudtgs qul air`gd pgrtl hl
cg fidsuctg, `l fi`ldtld sijrl sus suhirgfnidls priausgs, qul `gdfkgd cgs
gxncgs hl cg ripg. Ld `n lxplrnldfng, vli lsti fi`ÿd`ldtl ld `uolrls qul kgd

rlfnjnhi gcmÿd tnpi hl gjusi slxugc. Cg rlspulstg hl sus mcçdhucgs aul gu`ldtgr
cg audfnöd pgrg lsfgpgrsl hlc hlprlhghir, fi`i cg `gyiràg hl cis gjusis gÿd
kiy sid vnvnhis ld siclhgh, snd pihlr sgfgrcis g cg cuz y sgdgrcis, fidtndÿgd ld
hnfki fidacnfti gftnvi y pir lsi plrsnstld suhgdhi lxflsnvg`ldtl.

Cijucnccis `g`grnis? fidacnftis qul lxprlsgd gtgqul g cg ndtlmrnhgh hlc

dnhi (prlifupgfnöd i plclg pir lc dnhi).

Cis cijucnccis `g`grnis rlprlsldtgd cg lstrufturg `çs gdtnmug hl cgs

`g`gs. Vl frlgd ld lstg ltgpg lvicutnvg pirqul cgs mcçdhucgs `g`grngs
prn`ntnvgs hlrnvgd irnmndgc`ldtl hl mcçdhucgs suhiràpgrgs y aulrid frlghgs
irnmndgc`ldtl pgrg gslmurgr cg ndtlmrnhgh hlc dnhi. Ld cis cijucnccis `g`grnis,
ldtidfls, gsnldtgd cis fidacnftis hl prlifupgfnöd
prlifupgfnöd i plclg pir lc dnhi. Ld agsl hl
FG vl`is gu`ldti flcucgr qul pulhl cclmgr kgstg lc ghldifgrfndi`g cijucnccgr
hl `g`g. Lc sldtnhi jnicömnfi hl lstl frlfn`nldti ls prihufnr `çs clfkl pgrg
qul cg fràg pulhg tldlr suanfnldtl gcn`ldti
gcn `ldti pgrg qul sl pulhg rlpidlr. Ld agsl
hl RFC, vlrl`is hlmrghgfnöd hlc tu`ir (döhuci fgcnldtl, ndacg`gtirni) i
ldfgpsucg`nldti sn di kgy hnspidnjcls `nfijgftlrngs, hgdhi cumgr g cg air`gfnöd
hl ghldi`gs i anjrighldi`gs `g`grnis. Vn lc pripni fulrpi di pulhl lcn`ndgr
lsis frlfn`nldtis hl tlonhi pir di hnspidlr hl cis mîr`ldls i `nfrifnruogdis
dgturgcls, cis ldfgpsucgrç.

Rclurg, plrnfgrhni, plrntidli? fidacnftis hl gtgqul g cg ndtlmrnhgh rlgc i anmurghg

ld cgs zidgs firrlspidhnldtls, fi`i lc törgx, lc çrlg fgrhàgfg y lc gjhi`ld.

Gcmudis lol`pcis hl gtgquls g cg

c g ndtlmrnhgh pulhld slr fnrumàgs cifgcnzghgs ld
lc törgx i ld lc gjhi`ld, gsà fi`i tg`jnîd ndsuctis sldtnhis fi`i udg pu÷gcghg
ld lc firgzöd i pgcgjrgs qul knlrld lc firgzöd.

Ld agsl hl FG, kgjrç frlfn`nldti flcucgr y pihrl`is vlr `lsitlcni`gs pclurgcls

y plrntidlgcls y ldmrisg`nldtis plrnfçrhnfis. Ld agsl hl RFC (rlsicufnöd),
fi`i snl`prl, gpgrlfl cg ndacg`gfnöd, lc càqunhi, ci qul hgrç cumgr g cg air`gfnöd
hl hlrrg`ls pclurgcls y plrnfçrhnfis y gsfntns (càqunhi ld cg fgvnhgh gjhi`ndgc).
Vn ld lstl `i`ldti sl gmrlmg ud fidacnfti hl tÿjucis ficlftirls rldgcls qul

vn`is `çs grrnjg (fidacnfti hl gjgdhidi, pröaumi hl cg ltgpg gdtlrnir), cg

fgdtnhgh hl càqunhi gfu`ucghg pulhl slr lxflsnvg y hgr cumgr g hlrrg`ls
`gsnvis.

Qg`is fid `çs lol`pcis,

Lvgdmlcndg ls udg `uolr hl 61 g÷is qul trgjgog hl slfrltgrng hl udg

l`prlsg hl dlu`çtnfis. Ls sictlrg y di tnldl knois. Xrgs cg `ulrtl hl su pghrl,
hlsgrriccg ud döhuci ld su `g`g hlrlfkg. Cis lstuhnis qul sl rlgcnzg hlrnvgd
ld lc hngmdöstnfi hl ud fgrfndi`g huftgc hl `g`g hlrlfkg. Cl rlgcnzgd udg
prn`lrg fnrumàg pgrg rlslffnöd hlc döhuci (udg fughrgdtlfti`àg).
fughrgdtlfti`àg). G cis 7< hàgs,
rlfnjl lc ndair`l hl cg jnipsng. Lstg grriog qul lc döhuci di aul sgfghi
titgc`ldtl y cl rlgcnzgd pistlrnir`ldtl cg `gstlfti`àg titgc (lxtnrpgfnöd
fi`pcltg hl cg `g`g). Vlsldtg hàgs hlspuîs hl cg fnrumàg, rlpntld udg
ti`imrgaàg pir hicir ld cg rlmnöd hlc kl`ntörgx hlrlfki. Gpgrlfl ud frlfn`nldti
flcucgr pclurgc. Frlfn`nldti flcucgr qul su fulrpi mldlrö, qul su flrljlci
irhldö, gdtl lc gtgqul g cg ndtlmrnhgh hlc törgx trgs cg fnrumàg hl g`putgfnöd.
¹Rgrg quî9 Rgrg pritlmlrsl fidtrg cg gmrlsnöd, pirqul ld cg `l`irng flcucgr
lstç mrgjghi qul cg pclurg ls ud tlonhi pgrg pritlmlr lc gtgqul fidtrg cg
ndtlmrnhgh hlc törgx (y gsà gftÿg). Di qunlrl hlfnr lsti qul tihgs cgs plrsidgs
qul vnvgd udg fnrumàg, culmi kgmgd `gdnalstgfnöd hl ud gtgqul g cg ndtlmrnhgh,
fcgri qul di, dn tg`pifi lstiy ouzmgdhi gqulccg fidhuftg tlrgpîutnfg, pulhl
kgjlr snhi cg firrlftg i di.
di . Di ci sî, ci qqul
ul sà lstiy slmurg, ls qul cg air`g ld
cg qul Lvgdmlcndg, udg `uolr oivld `uy funhghg hl sà `ns`g, vnvnö lsg fnrumàg,
aul gctg`ldtl trgu`çtnfg. Ld lsl `i`ldti di tuvi fidtldfnöd, aul udg hlfnsnöd
qul ud prialsnidgc ti`ö ld fulstnöd hl `ndutis ld cg sgcg hlc kispntgc, hlspuîs
hl cllr cg jnipsng. Lc `îhnfi cclmg g udg fidfcusnöd y ti`g udg hlfnsnöd snd
fidiflr dn fidtldlr g Lvgdmlcndg, snd lc `çs `àdn`i rlpgri pir lc hicir qul
lstgjgd fgusgdhi lsgs pgcgjrgs. Xihg lstg sntugfnöd aul vnvnhg pir lccg fi`i
ud gtgqul g cg ndtlmrnhgh.
nd tlmrnhgh.

Vg`gdtg tnldl hl 61 g÷is. Ifki `lsls hlspuîs hl kgjlr klfki lc hulci

pir kgjlr rlfnjnhi cg ditnfng hl qul di pihràg tldlr knois trgs ud gdçcnsns
kir`idgc fid supulstis àdhnfls hl `ldipgusng, fid cg ltnqultg hl `ldipgusng
prlfiz, ndmrlsg g mugrhng hl urmldfng pir hicir y hnstldfnöd gjhi`ndgc. Cl kgfld
lstuhnis pir n`çmldls y hngmdistnfgd udg tu`irgfnöd hl 72 f` ld lc ivgrni
nzqunlrhi. Vl cl hnfl qul dlflsntg fnrumàg hl urmldfng pir ud Fçdflr hl ivgrni,
y qul hljnhi g su lhgh y lc rlsuctghi hl cgs n`çmldls rlqulràg hl udg fnrumàg
hl lxtnrpgfnöd titgc hl cis örmgdis pîcvnfis. Vl hlfnhl ndmrlsgr gc hàg snmunldtl

g fnrumàg, sl cl lxtrgl ÿtlri, tri`pgs y ivgrnis. Hlfnsnöd qul di lstgjg ld

gjsicuti ld sus pcgdls. Lccg ls udg `uolr `uy funhghisg hl su al`ndlnhgh ld
tihis cis gsplftis. Lccg lxprlsö lc hicir l`ifnidgc hl hnfkg g`putgfnöd. Fugtri
`lsls `çs tgrhl sl cl hngmdistnfgd tu`irgfnidls `ÿctnpcls ld plrntidli

(`l`jrgdg qul rlfujrl cis örmgdis gjhi`ndgcls). Vuarl frlfn`nldti hlc

plrntidli y `uctnpcnfgfnöd flcucgr gdtl lc gtgqul g cg ndtlmrnhgh qul lccg vnvnö ld
lc gjhi`ld trgs cg fnrumàg ndlsplrghg. ¹Wuî knzi su fulrpi gdtl lstl lvldti9
Zlsicvnö `uctnpcnfgdhi cgs fîcucgs hl cg `l`jrgdg hl pritlffnöd hlc gjhi`ld?
lc plrntidli. ¹Rir quî ld lc gjhi`ld9 Rirqul gkà aul, prlfnsg`ldtl, hidhl
vnvldfnö lccg rlfnjnr lc gtgqul (lccg vnvldfnö lsg fnrumàg fi`i udg g`putgfnöd,
fi`i ud gtgqul, fi`i udg gmrlsnöd y gdtl lsg vnvldfng rlspidhnö su jnicimàg).
Zlpnti udg y `nc vlfls qul di tihgs cgs plrsidgs qul vgd g udg fnrumàg hl
urmldfng vnvld lsti y mldlrgd ud tu`ir culmi ld plrntidli. DI, gjsicutg`ldtl

di. Gsà fi`i di ouzmi sn cg hlfnsnöd hl cg fnrumàg sn aul cg firrlftg i di, ci qul
lxpcnfi ls qul cg air`g ld qul lccg ci vnvnö pir fö`i aul gjirhghg, aul vnvnhg
fi`i ud gtgqul g cg ndtlmrnhgh. ^ Dulstri fulrpi snl`prl lstç g dulstrg
hnspisnfnöd5 rlsulcvl gqulcci qul disitris di pihl`is kgflr.

Vidng tnldl 8: g÷is y lstç fgsghg fid Grnlc. Oudtis tnldld trls knogs
plqul÷gs hl 8, 1 y > g÷is. Fidair`gd udg ag`ncng klr`isg y `uy udnhg. Lccg ls
prialsirg hl yimg y îc fi`lrfngdtl. Ld su ag`ncng hl irnmld, Vidng ls cg qundtg
hl fndfi klr`gdis, su `g`ç agcclfnö fugdhi lccg lrg `uy plqul÷g y su pgpç
air`ö itrg ag`ncng. Vidng y sus klr`gdis qulhgrid gc funhghi hl udgs tàgs.
Vidng tuvi udg rlcgfnöd `uy hnstgdtl fid su pghrl tihg cg vnhg, fid pclntis,
plclgs y hlsldfuldtris, Vlns `lsls `çs tgrhl hl udg plclg fid su pghrl, qul
pgrg lccg aul cg plir qul kgjàg vnvnhi ld su knstirng, Vidng (hnlstrg) hlsgrriccg ud
ghldifgrfndi`g cijucnccgr hl `g`g hlrlfkg (fida
( fidacnfti
cnfti hl prlifupgfnöd i plclg)
hl trls fldtà`ltris hl hnç`ltri. Lccg fidsuctg g su mndlföcimg y hlfnhld rlgcnzgr
udg fnrumàg, rghni y qun`nitlrgpng. Rgrg lccg tihg lstg ndstgdfng hl trgtg`nldti
aul hl gctàsn`i suarn`nldti. Lccg snl`prl tuvi cg flrtlzg ndtlrnir hl qul lc tu`ir
ld cg `g`g kgjàg gpgrlfnhi culmi hl hnfkg hnsfusnöd fid su pghrl y su sldtnr
lrg qul lstgjg gmrlhnldhi lxtrl`ghg`ldtl tihis sus fulrpis, lc aàsnfi, lc
l`ifnidgc y lc ldlrmîtnfi fid lsl trgtg`nldti. Cg hlfnsnöd hl rlgcnzgr lc g÷i y
`lhni hl qun`nitlrgpng di lstuvi jgsghg ld udg fidvnffnöd, sndi ld udg

fidvlrsgfnöd fid su pghrl hidhl îc cl hnfl ? –Vn di kgfls tihi ci qul hljls
kgflr, `irnrçs y slrçs cg rlspidsgjcl hl qul tus knogs sl qulhld snd `ghrl fi`i
ustlhls sl qulhgrid snd lccg‐. Gdtl lsgs pgcgjrgs hnftgtirngcls y sldtldfngdtls,
Vidng sl si`ltnö snd pldsgr y g cg vlz snd lstgr hl gfulrhi g tihi lc trgtg`nldti,

snd snqunlrg priflsgrci, pir ci

c i fugc lsgs vnvldfngs aulrid gctg`ldtl trgu`çtnfgs
pgrg lccg. Andgcnzghi lc trgtg`nldti, fid mrgdhls slfulcgs aàsnfgs yg qul sl cl
kgjàg rlgcnzghi udg lxtnrpgfnöd fi`pcltg hl cg `g`g (`gstlfti`àg), fid clsnöd
hl `ufkgs lstrufturgs (sl firtö pnlc, `ÿsfuci, tlonhi dlrvnisi y tldhidls), lccg
tldàg ndtldsàsn`i hicir l n`pisnjncnhgh hl `ivncnzgr lc jrgzi
jr gzi hlrlfki. ^g di puhi
rlgcnzgr `çs sus lolrfnfnis hl yimg, dn cgs gftnvnhghls fitnhngdgs. Vu pnlc lstgjg
`uy hg÷ghg tg`jnîd y his `lsls `çs tgrhl fi`nldzg ud frlfn`nldti hl cg pnlc
hlc törgx ld cg zidg hl cg `gstlfti`àg, fi`i udg fnfgtrnz mnmgdtl, tlonhi hl cg
hlr`ns ld frlfn`nldti lxtldsàsn`i qul knzi fi`i udg firgzg ld lc kl`ntörgx

hlrlfki. ¹Wuî aul lsl frlfn`nldti9 Lccg suarnö, vnvldfnö tihi lc trgtg`nldti
fi`i ud gtgqul slvlràsn`i g su ndtlmrnhgh. Cg `gstlfti`àg cl hloö `ufkgs
clsnidls, fid cg rghnitlrgpng sndtnö qul`çrslcl lc törgx. Vu vnvldfng aul cg hl
suarnr lc plir gtgqul aàsnfi qul rlfnjnö ld su vnhg. Lsi n`pgftö ld su flrljlci,
qul cl ldvnö cg irhld g cg hlr`ns hl frlflr y rlprihufnrsl ld cg zidg hg÷ghg
pgrg pritlmlrsl hl lsl gtgqul. Fi`i tl rlpnti snl`prl, di tihgs cgs plrsidgs
qul rlgcnzgd ud trgtg`nldti idficömnf
idficömnfii rlspidhld hl lstg `gdlrg. Fcgri qul di,
plri sà tihg plrsidg qul vnvldfnl lsl trgtg`nldti fi`i ci vnvnö Vidng pulhl
rlspidhlr fid lstis tlonhis hl pritlffnöd, kgfnldhi frlfn`nldti hl lccis fi`i

rlspulstg hlc irmgdns`i gdtl tgc gtgqul.

Rgrg rlfgpntucgr, tihis cis tlonhis (örmgdis) qul lstîd gsifnghis i
hnrnmnhis pir cg pgrtl hlc flrljri jnicömnfi qul sl hldi`ndg flrljlci, qul
firrlspidhld g cis tlonhis hlrnvghis hlc @LVIHLZ@I GDXNM\I, vgd g
prlsldtgr, udg pricnalrgfnöd flcucgr (qul vlrl`is fi`i udg `gsg, udg
`uctnpcnfgfnöd hl fîcucgs y qul pir ci mldlrgc ls gsndti`çtnfg) y, g cg vlz, ud
gu`ldti ld cg audfnöd qul lolfutg lc tlonhi ld fulstnöd fugdhi sl gftnvg ud
primrg`g lsplfngc fid sldtnhi jnicömnfi, lsi qul ccg`g`is ldalr`lhgh, ld agsl
hl fidacnfti gftnvi. ^ ld cg agsl hl rlsicufnöd jnicömnfg, vg`is g vnsugcnzgr udg
hlmrghgfnöd flcucgr (ls hlfnr, sl vg g ucflrgr i hlstrunr cg `gsg qul gdtls sl
gr`ö fi`i sicufnöd), fi`i gsà tg`jnîd udg dir`gcnzgfnöd hl cg audfnöd hlc

tlonhi ld fulstnöd (ud lol`pci sldfncci slràg qul lc flrljri ld fidacnfti gftnvi
ldtnldhl qul dlflsntg gjrnr cg fgdnccg `çs hl ci dir`gc, qul sl dlflsntg `çs
gmug, culmi, udg vlz rlsulcti, fnlrrg ud pifi cg fgdnccg, pgrg vicvlr g cg
dir`gcnhgh). Ld lstg ÿctn`g ltgpg hl rlsicufnöd ls hidhl, fi`i tl vldmi

hnfnldhi, sl prlsldtgrçd cg `gyiràg hl cis sàdti`gs hl ci qul ccg`çjg`is

ldalr`lhgh.

Fi`i vl`is, cis örmgdis (tlonhis) qul sl kgd irnmndghi i frlghi ld cg

prn`lrg y slmudhg ltgpgs lvicutnvgs, gqulccis fi`gdhghis pir lc tridfi
flrljrgc y flrljlci, qul sid cis `çs gdtnmuis, sl fi`pirtgd hlc `ns`i `ihi
ld agsl hl fidacnfti gftnvi? mldlrgd gu`ldti hlc tlonhi, rlprihuffnöd flcucgr i
tu`ir i gu`ldti hl cg audfnöd. ^ ld agsl hl fidacnfti rlsulcti (RFC) suflhl ci
fidtrgrni? rlhuffnöd hlc tu`ir, flsl hl cg rlprihuffnöd flcucgr, rupturg hlc tu`ir
i dir`gcnzgfnöd hl cg audfnöd.

Qg`is g cg Xlrflrg Ltgpg Lvicutnvg.

Ld tîr`ndis lvicutnvis, ¹hl quî ltgpg vg`is g kgjcgr9

^g ld su dulvi `lhni tlrrlstrl pritlmnhi, lc ndhnvnhui dlflsntg

hlspcgzgrsl y fidqunstgrci. Lstl aul lc `i`ldti ld lc qul cis slrls vnvis
dlflsntgrid `ivncnzgrsl y hlspcgzgrsl pgrg fidqunstgr y lxpcirgr lc `lhni
tlrrlstrl. Gpgrlfld itris rlqulrn`nldtis, itrgs dlflsnhghls hl ghgptgfnöd pgrg

lc `ivn`nldti y lc sistîd hl cgs lstrufturgs. Fi`i sicufnöd g lstgs dulvgs

dlflsnhghls, cg jnicimàg hlsgrriccg lc snstl`g `ÿsfuci lsqulcîtnfi, lc tlonhi
ösli, cis `ÿsfucis lstrnghis, cis tldhidls, cis cnmg`ldtis, cis fgrtàcgmis, cis
kulsis, lc tlonhi ghnpisi y lc tlonhi fidlftnvi i hl sistîd. Xg`jnîd hl lstg ltgpg
hlrnvgd lc snstl`g cndaçtnfi (mgdmcnis y vgsis), cis
c is vgsis sgdmuàdlis (lxflpti cis
vgsis firidgrnis), lc hngargm`g, lc `nifgrhni, lc >2 % hlc `ÿsfuci fgrhàgfi, lc
jgzi, cg firtlzg suprgrrldgc, cis ivgrnis y tlstàfucis (snd ndfcunr fîcucgs
mlr`ndgcls).

Rgrg fidqunstgr lc `lhni tlrrlstrl, sl dlflsntö lrmunrsl, fg`ndgr, trlpgr,

`gdnpucgr, sistldlr, `ihnanfgr lc gaulrg pgrg qul slg gpti pgrg cg suplrvnvldfng.
 Gfç kgy ud ldarldtg`nldti fid lc `udhi lxtlrnir. Hl pihlr `ihnanfgrci
ld audfnöd hl dulstrgs lxplftgtnvgs i hl di pihlr kgflrci. Hl pihlr ti`gr
hlfnsnidls prçftnfgs, slgd firrlftgs i di. Hl gflrtgr i di. Vn ci
c i vndfucg`is fid
lc slr ku`gdi, pihrl`is hlfnr, fid flrtlzg, qul vg`is g lstgr kgjcgdhi hl udg

ltgpg hidhl hlsgrriccg su vgcirgfnöd,

vgcir gfnöd, cis fidacnftis rlcgfnidghis g tihi gqulcci
qul snldtl fi`i di pihlr i di slr fgpgz. Wunlri rlpltnr qul lstgs clyls sl
gpcnfgd g fugcqunlr slr vnvi. Gkirg jnld, fi`i yg hnol, cg psnqul hl udg gdn`gc
di ls cg `ns`g qul cg dulstrg. Lc gdn`gc, pir hlfnrci hl `gdlrg `uy sldfnccg,
vnvl ld ci cntlrgc. Ls hlfnr? di pihlr fidqunstgr ud tlrrntirni ls, cntlrgc`ldtl, di
pihlr fidqunstgr ud tlrrntirni (su psnqul di kgfl udg ndtlrprltgfnöd rgfnidgc hl
cg rlgcnhgh). Gkirg jnld, dulstrg psnqul sà ci kgfl5
k gfl5 pir lsi, pulhl vnvldfngr udg
sntugfnöd sn`jöcnfg`ldtl fi`i sn di puhnlrg fidqunstgr tlrrntirni y vnvnrcg fi`i
udg mrgd gutihlsvgcirnzgfnöd, fi`i hl di slr fgpg. Vn lsti ls vnvnhi gsà, vg g

n`pgftgr ld gcmÿd örmgdi frlghi ld lstg ltgpg lvicutnvg.

Ldtidfls, hl lstg tlrflrg ltgpg lvicutnvg klrlhg`is cis fidacnftis
rlcgfnidghis g cg gutivgcirgfnöd, cg fidangdzg ld udi `ns`i5 cis fidacnftis hl di
sldtnrsl aulrtl, hl sldtnr qul di sl kg gflrtghi, hl di kgjlr pihnhi y hl di
kgjlr snhi fgpgfls. Vl firrlspidhl gc gpgrgti cifi`itir y hl sistîd. ^ cg pgrtl
hlc flrljri ldfgrmghg hl hgr lstg irhld ls, kiy, cg firrlspidhnldtl g cg `îhucg
flrljrgc. Ls lstg pgrtl hlc flrljri jnicömnfi, cg `îhucg flrljrgc, qunld vg g
fidtricgr g lstis örmgdis hl sistîd y `ivncnhgh. Örmgdis (tlonhis) qul sid cis
qul hlrnvgd hl cg fgpg qul sl hlsgrriccg ld lc l`jrnöd hl
hldtri
dtri hlc ÿtlri ccg`ghg
@LVIHLZ@I D\LQI (hl lstg kiog l`jrnidgrng). Ld lstg ltgpg, tg`jnîd
lxnstl cg rlmcg hl cg cgtlrgcnhgh.
 Ld lstl mrganfi sl `ulstrg hödhl sl cifgcnzg cg `îhucg flrljrgc, i ci qul
lstg`is gfistu`jrghis g ccg`gr sustgdfng jcgdfg. Lstg n`gmld ls fi`i vlr lc
flrljri firtghi hl fistghi, ls ud firtl sgmntgc. Cg `îhucg flrljrgc ls lc tlonhi
hl cis kl`nsalrnis flrljrgcls qul qulhg pir hldtri hl cg firtlzg flrljrgc, qul
ls ci lxtlrdi.

G fidtndugfnöd vlrgs itri mrçanfi hl cg `îhucg flrljrgc, lstl ls ud firtl gxngc,

hl ghlcgdtl kgfng gtrçs, l ndfcuyl tg`jnîd cis rlcîs flrljrgcls (sntnis ld cis
c is qul
sl fihnanfg fghg örmgdi). Fi`i tl lxpcnquî fid lc prn`lr mrçanfi hlc flrljri, cis
kl`nsalrnis flrljrgcls tnldld udg pgrtl fldtrgc y itrg plrnaîrnfg, ci qul lstç pir
hldtri ls ci fldtrgc y firrlspidhl g cg `îhucg flrljrgc
 Ldtidfls vg`is g vlr cis
c is fidacnftis qul sl rlcgfnidgd fid lstg ltgpg hl
hlsvgcirnzgfnöd, di pihlr y gutivgcnhgfnöd.

Fid rlsplfti g cis fidacnftis hl vgcirgfnöd, qul n`pgftgd ld tihis cis

tlonhis hl sistîd, kgy qul tldlr ld fuldtg qul rlprlsldtgd
rlp rlsldtgd ud tnpi hl lxflpfnöd.
Lc Hr. Kg`lr cis hldi`ndö örmgdis hl cuoi pirqul udg vlz qul gu`ldtgd hl
tg`g÷i, lc flrljri cis hlog `çs mrgdhls qul gdtls pgrg rlairzgr lc tlonhi qul sl
ndtlrprltö qul di slrvàg. Ls hlfnr, g lstis örmgdis hl cuoi di cis vg g hlsgr`gr
i hlstrunr trgs cg rlsicufnöd hlc fidacnfti, fi`i vlàg`is ld cgs his ltgpgs

gdtlrnirls, sndi qul cis hlogrç `çs mrgdhls qul gdtls pgrg snl`prl pgrg qul
tldmgd `çs pisnjncnhgh y vgcir qul gdtls.
gd tls.

Itrg hnalrldfng fid rlsplfti g cgs his fgpgs gd

gdtlrnirls
tlrnirls ((cgs
cgs hl
ldhihlr`i y `lsihlr`i gdtnmui) ls qul ld lstis örmgdis, lc sldtnhi jnicömnfi
gpgrlfl ld agsl hl RFC (rlsicufnöd hl fidacnfti), ls hlfnr qul ld agsl hl FG
(fidacnfti gftnvi) kgy hlstruffnöd flcucgr (hlstrunr lc tlonhi qul di snrvl, pgrg

culmi rll`pcgzgrci pir udi dulvi `çs aulrtl) y, trgs cg rlsicufnöd hlc fidacnfti
ld agsl hl RFC, sl kgfl ud tlonhi dulvi y `çs mrgdhl pgrg sustntunr lc tlonhi
gdtlrnir.

Gkirg, fid lstgs gfcgrgfnidls hl cgs pgrtnfucgrnhghls hlc @lsihlr`i

Dulvi vg`is g cis lol`pcis.

Gcmudis lol`pcis rlcgfnidghis g cg tlrflrg ltgpg lvicutnvg sid cg

gutivgcirgfnöd y cis fidacnftis pir hlsvgcirnzgfnöd.

Cis kulsis lstçd vndfucghis g cg hlsvgcirnzgfnöd,

h lsvgcirnzgfnöd, gc nmugc qul `ÿsfucis,

tldhidls, cnmg`ldtis y fgrtàcgmis. Ci qul hltlr`ndg qul sl galftld tlonhis

jcgdhis fi`i cnmg`ldtis, fgrtàcgmis y tldhidls, i tlonhis huris fi`i lc kulsi
ls cg ndtldsnhgh y hurgfnöd hlc fidacnfti (cg `gsg fidacnftugc). G fidacnftis hl
`gyir `gsg fidacnftugc, sl galftgrçd tlonhis `çs priaudhis y `çs huris fi`i
cis kulsis, y gdtl fidacnftis `ldis ndtldsis, sl galftgrçd tlonhis jcgdhis y `çs
suplranfngcls fi`i cnmg`ldtis, fgrtàcgmis, tldhidls y mgdmcnis.

Vn kgjcg`is hl kulsis, ld agsl hl FG sl ri`plrç lc tlonhi y vlrl`is

istlipldng, istlipirisns y clsnidls càtnfgs (ci qul kgjntugc`ldtl sl ndtlrprltg
fi`i `ltçstgsns càtnfgs hl tu`irls, i slg gmuolris ld cis kulsis (hlstruffnöd
hl cg pgrtl lxtlrdg hlc kulsi, ccg`ghg firtlzg). Vn lc fidacnfti ls `çs priaudhi,
kgjrç hlstruffnöd hl cg `îhucg öslg (pgrtl fldtrgc hlc kulsi y `gqundgrng
prihuftirg hl fîcucgs sgdmuàdlgs), ci fugc sl `gdnalstgrç fid hns`ndufnöd hl
cgs fîcucgs kl`çtnfgs y mldlrgrç gdl`ng (hlsfldsi mcöjucis riois), clufipldng
(hlsfldsi hl mcöjucis jcgdfis) y pcgqultipldng (hlsfldsi hl pcgqultgs). Gquà
pihràg`is hlfnr? –Ls tgd hicirisi qul fgcg kgstg cis kulsis i kgstg cg `îhucg‐.
Lstgs hlstruffnidls hl kulsi ld lstg agsl hl FG sid gsndti`çtnfgs, ls hlfnr
qul fugdhi sl lstç vnvnldhi lc fidacnfti gftnvi, ld mldlrgc di sl snldtl qul lsi
lstî suflhnldhi ld lc kulsi. Ld agsl hl RFC (i slg fugdhi sl rlsulcvl lc
fidacnfti) kgy rlprihuffnöd flcucgr pgrg rlccldgr lc lspgfni y frlgr ud kulsi `çs
mrgdhl. Ldtidfls vlrl`is istlisgrfi`gs (i tu`irls jcçstnfis hl kulsi),

gu`ldti hlc tlonhi, ndacg`gfnöd, istli`nlcntns, grtrntns, mitg y hicir, gsà fi`i
gu`ldti hl fîcucgs sgdmuàdlgs prihufnhgs ld cg `îhucg qul hg cumgr g
lrntrifntisns, tri`jifntisns y clufl`ngs (gu`ldtis hl mcöjucis riois, jcgdfis y
pcgqultgs rlsplftnvg`ldtl). Zlpgsl`is. Vldtn`is, plrfnjn`is cis sàdti`gs ld

lc kulsi fugdhi lc fidacnfti lstç rlsulcti. Fi`prldhnldhi ci qul tl lxpcnquî

vl`is qul cis tu`irls öslis, cis istliantis (cis frlfn`nldtis öslis qul sl vld
ld cgs grtrisns), cis lspicidls, cis fgccis öslis, cgs grtrntns, cgs clufl`ngs, cis
pcgs`ifnti`gs y cis cndai`gs rlprlsldtgd tihgs rlsicufnidls hl fidacnftis hl
hlsvgcirnzgfnöd. Gkirg qul yg fi`prldhnstl lsti, gmrlmi itri fidflpti? lc
kulsi galftghi dis vg g irnldtgr sijrl cg tl`çtnfg hlc fidacnfti y g qunîd i
qunldls lstç rlcgfnidghg dulstrg vnvldfng hl hlsvgcirnzgfnöd.

Gdtls hl hlsfrnjnr fghg n`pgfti pudtugc (ls hlfnr fghg kulsi i tlonhi hl
lstg ltgpg y lc tnpi hl fidacnfti qul gciog),
gcio g), tl qunlri gfcgrgr qul fghg lstrufturg
pulhl slr galftghg tg`jnîd pir ud fidacnfti hl hlsvgcirnzgfnöd cifgc fi`i ud
gffnhldtl, ud micpl, udg fnrumàg, ltf. Rir lol`pci, sn lc flrljri vnvl ud
hngmdöstnfi hl Fçdflr ld cg `g`g fi`i hlsvgcirnzgfnöd cifgc hl lsg `g`g
ldalr`g, gu`ldtgd hl tg`g÷i cis mgdmcnis rlcgfnidghis g lsg `g`g (y sl
prihufl ci qul ccg`çjg`is
cc g`çjg`is `ltçstgsns mgdmcnidgrls‐), i sn lc flrljri ndtlrprltg
ud micpl ld lc kulsi hlc jrgzi fi`i udg hlsvgcirnzgfnöd pirqul lc jrgzi qulhg
micplghi l ndÿtnc, hlsgrriccg lc primrg`g jnicömnfi hl l`lrmldfngs qul hgrç
irnmld g udg hlstruffnöd
hl struffnöd cifgc ld lsl kulsi.

Gkirg fi`prldhnldhi lstg mldlrgcnhgh, vg`is g hltgccgr tihgs cgs

sntugfnidls pgrtnfucgrls qul pulhld rlprlsldtgrsl ld fghg lstrufturg hlc
lsqulclti.

Fgcitg (fgjlzg) y ficu`dg flrvnfgc? gutihlvgcugfnöd ndtlclftugc, ndsucti

fidtrg dulstri ndtlclfti, nhlgs, fidifn`nldtis, ipndnidls, air`gs hl pldsgr.

Ficu`dg flrvnfgc? tldmi qul flhlr, tldmi qul jgogr cg fgjlzg gdtl
hltlr`ndghg plrsidg i sntugfnöd.

Fgvnhghls irjntgrngs? hlsvgcirnzgfnöd cifgc, fi`i qul tl hnmgd qul tus

iois sid kirrnjcls.

 @gdhàjucg? hlsvgcirnzgfnöd pir di slr fgpgz hl `irhlr pir lstgr ld
hlsvldtgog, pir lol`pci, udg plrsidg `l gmrlhl, y yi di puhl rlgffnidgr5
gcmunld `l lstgag y yi di puhl kgflr dghg.

Ld lstl fgsi ld agsl hl FG, gc kgjlr hlstruffnöd hlc kulsi, cis hnldtls
sl gaciogd, hl klfki pulhld fglrsl pnlzgs hldtgcls, cg ldfàg sl rltrgl y vl`is
qul lc fulcci hlc hnldtl sl kgfl `çs lvnhldtl, ci qul kgjntugc`ldtl sl ccg`gd
ldfàgs rltrgàhgs i pgrihidtisns (rlprlsldtgd fidacnftis hl di pihlr hgr cg
`irhnhg). Ld RFC vlrl`is ndacg`gfnöd y hicir ld cgs zidgs galftghgs.

Lstlrdöd? hlsvgcirnzgfnöd cifgc. Ld lc lstlrdöd, pir gcmi qul suflhl ld lc

törgx. Rir lol`pci, hngmdöstnfi hl ldalr`lhgh hlc firgzöd, gctlrgfnöd hl ud
lstuhni fgrhàgfi fi`i lfifgrhnimrg`g i LFM.

Fistnccgs? hlsvgcirnzgfnöd cifgc5 pir lol`pci, culmi hl ud gffnhldtl i hl

udg fnrumàg fi`i `gstlfti`àg (lxtrgffnöd fi`pcltg hl `g`g).

Ki`jris? di slr ci suanfnldtl`ldtl juld pghrl, juldg `ghrl, juld knoi
i juldg pgrlog, hlpldhnldhi hl cg cgtlrgcnhgh, ld mldlrgc fid sldtn`nldti hl
fucpg. Rgrg udg plrsidg hnlstrg, lc ki`jri nzqunlrhi rlprlsldtg `ghrl, knois y
dnhi. Lc ki`jri hlrlfki pgrlog, pgrls, ci sifngc y lc trgjgoi. Rgrg udg plrsidg
zurhg, cg ndtlrprltgfnöd ls gc rlvîs.

Jrgzis y fihi? fidacnfti hl hlsvgcirnzgfnöd pir di slr fgpgz hl rltldlr i

gjrgzgr g gcmunld (cghi ndtlrdi), di slr fgpgz hl lfkgr g gcmunld (cghi lxtlrdi).

Vnl`prl rlfirhgr cg cgtlrgcnhgh fi`i lxpcnquî gdtls.

@u÷lfg, `gdis y hlhis? hlsvgcirnzgfnöd pir tirplzg `gdugc, pir agctg hl
kgjncnhgh pgrg rlgcnzgr udg tgrlg fid cgs `gdis5 hlsvgcirnzgfnöd pirqul udg
plrsidg sl `l vg hl cgs `gdis5 pir lol`pci, sntugfnidls fid ud knoi, snldti qul
sl `l vg hl cgs `gdis5 hlsvgcirnzgfnöd pir di kgjlr pihnhi gmgrrgr g gcmunld i
g gcmi qul qulràg, gtrgpgr ud trgjgoi, ud sul÷i, ltf.

Qîrtljrgs hirsgcls? hlsvgcirnzgfnöd fldtrgc, hlsvgcirnzgfnöd pir tihi,

galftg cg plrsidgcnhgh pir fi`pclti, sldtn`is qul di vgcl`is dghg, ld ud tihi
ld mldlrgc dis sldtn`is hlsvgcirnzghis, cg `ifkncg qul cclvg`is ls `uy
plsghg.

Qîrtljrgs Cu`jgrls/Vgfrg? hlsvgcirnzgfnöd pir di sldtnrsl gpiyghi i di

kgjlr gpiyghi g gcmunld, hlsvgcirnzgfnöd pir sldtnrsl sici pgrg sistldlr gcmi i
g gcmunld, (cg ag`ncng, lc trgjgoi, cg lfidi`àg i ci qul slg). Vl snldtl qul ci
sistnldl tihi sici.

Rlcvns y kulsi pÿjnfi? hlsvgcirnzgfnöd slxugc. Ld fugcqunlr air`g rlgc i

`ltgaörnfg.

Grtnfucgfnöd fixial`irgc? hlsvgcirnzgfnöd pir di sipirtgr `çs, di

sipirtgr `çs lc plsi hl udg rlcgfnöd, udg pgrlog, `ns knois, ud trgjgoi, udg
ldalr`lhgh, ci qul slg. Xldlr cg vnvldfng hl di gmugdtgr `çs lsi.

Zihnccgs? hlsvgcirnzgfnöd ld lc hlsl`pl÷i aàsnfi, di kl snhi ci

suanfnldtl`ldtl çmnc ld ci hlpirtnvi u itrg gftnvnhgh. Ld mldlrgc, kgjcg hl ud
hlsli hl kgjlr pihnhi slr `loir, hl di slr tgd juldi fi`i cis itris, ltf.

Xijnccis y hlhis hlc pnl? hlsvgcirnzgfnöd pirqul cis pgsis qul hiy ld cg
vnhg di sid jgstgdtl juldis. Xg`jnîd, hlsvgcirnzgfnöd pir di pihlr jgncgr,
sgctgr, hlspcgzgrsl, fg`ndgr.

Rcgdtg hlc pnl? hlsvgcirnzgfnöd pir di pihlr lfkgr i pgtlgr g gcmunld i

gcmi. Hlsvgcirnzgfnöd pir pnsgr ud sntni qul udi di qunlrl5 pir lol`pci, vnvnr udg
vnhg qul di ls cg qul qunsnlrg, vnvnr ld ud cumgr qul di qunlri, `gs lstgs
sntugfnidls vnvldfnghgs hlshl cg hlsvgcirnzgfnöd pir sldtnr di pihlr kgflrci hl
itrg `gdlrg.

^ tl rlpnti qul, ghl`çs hl lstis fidacnftis, fghg lstrufturg pulhl gciogr

ud fidacnfti hl hlsvgcirnzgfnöd cifgc pir ud klfki pudtugc ld lsl kulsi5 lol`pci
ud gffnhldtl i ldalr`lhgh.

Gkirg, fid lstg ndair`gfnöd, tnldls klrrg`nldtgs pgrg rgzidgr priflsis tgd
fi`udls fi`i cis hicirls grtnfucgrls, hl grtrntns y hl grtrisns. Zlfulrhg snl`prl
qul lc hicir y cg ndacg`gfnöd gpgrlfld ld agsl hl rlsicufnöd. Vn ldtri y sgcmi
rlntlrghg`ldtl hlc hicir, ls pirqul lc fidacnfti sl rlgftnvg i pirqul ldtri ld ci
ci
qul ccg`g`is rgàcls, i pirqul cg hlfnsnöd tlrgpîutnfg pgrg lsl priflsi di ls cg
firrlftg y `l kgfl vicvlr g trgvîs hl lsg `lhnfgfnöd g cg agsl hl fidacnfti gftnvi,
i pirqul lstiy gmrlmgdhi fidacnfti hl tÿjucis ficlftirls rldgcls, ls hlfnr
fidacnfti hl sldtnr`l sici, gjgdhidghi, ndfö`ihi, fi`i ud plz aulrg hlc gmug

ld lstg sntugfnöd y lc rn÷öd rltnldl càqunhi pgrg hlvicvlr`l g `n `lhni irnmndgc

qul ls lc gmug, pgrg pritlmlr`l, kgfl qul cg agsl ndacg`gtirng slg `çs
sndti`çtnfg. Lsl càqunhi qul lstiy rltldnldhi sl vg g gfu`ucgr ld cis tlonhis
qul lstçd ld priflsi y lc hicir gu`ldtgrç kgstg tirdgrsl ndsipirtgjcl. Fid lstg

ndair`gfnöd, yg pulhls ndtldtgr ndtlrprltgr lstl tnpi hl sntugfnidls, jusfgr quî

ls ci qul lstç `gdnalstgdhi tu fulrpi, quî sicufnidls g lsl fidacnfti pulhls
ldfidtrgr i quî lsfldgrnis frlgtnvis pulhls mldlrgr pgrg qul tu fulrpi di
dlflsntl kgflr lstg lxprlsnöd.

Xl viy g di`jrgr vgrngs vlfls lc fidacnfti hl tÿjucis ficlftirls hlc rn÷öd, qul sn
jnld plrtldlfl g cg ltgpg ldhihîr`nfg, ls lc qul l`plirg tihis cis hicirls. Xl
rlfulrhi qul lstis tÿjucis gciogd lc fidacnfti hl gjgdhidi, pröaumi, sldtnrsl
sicis i ndfö`ihis. Cg gftnvgfnöd hl lstl primrg`g hl tÿjucis ficlftirls
`nldtrgs trgdsfurrl cg agsl ndacg`gtirng hl itri primrg`g kgfl qul lc hicir sl
kgmg ndsipirtgjcl l ndsistldnjcl. Lc hicir hljl slr dgturgc`ldtl ticlrgjcl. Vn di
ci ls, ls pirqul sl lstç rltldnldhi
r ltldnldhi càqunhi (fi`i, pir lol`pci, pir cg gftnvgfnöd
hlc fidacnfti hl tÿjucis ficlftirls gmrlmghi). Ld `n lxplrnldfng, fugdhi kgy
hngmdöstnfi hl ldalr`lhgh y, sijrl tihi, prlsldfng hl hicir, snl`prl gftnvg`is
lstl fidacnfti pirqul lstg`is ndfö`ihis aulrg hl dulstri lstghi dgturgc qul ls
cg sgcuh. ¹^ pgrg quî dis snrvl lstg ndair`gfnöd9 Rgrg tldlr klrrg`nldtgs pgrg
jgogr lc hicir y cg rltldfnöd hl càqunhis. ¹Fuçcls9 Kgflr qul cg plrsidg sl snldtg
fö`ihg, gfi`pg÷ghg, g`ghg y gsnstnhg hlsgftnvgrç cg rltldfnöd hl càqunhi
hlshl lc rn÷öd y, pir ci tgdti flhlrçd cis sàdti`gs y lc hicir sl kgrç ticlrgjcl.
Fcgrg`ldtl, hlshl tihis cis pudtis hl vnstg, lc G@IZ VGDG. Vgdg lc g`ir.

Vlmun`is fid cg tlrflrg ltgpg.

G fidtndugfnöd, vlrçd itris lol`pcis hl tlonhis qul aulrid frlghis ld lstg

tlrflrg ltgpg lvicutnvg hl hlsgrricci, cg hlc @LVIHLZ@I D\LQI, hidhl sl
`gdnanlstgd itris fidacnftis hl hlsvgcirnzgfnöd.

Xlonhi Ghnpisi? lstl tlonhi ls hl sistîd y ld lc `ns`i tg`jnîd sl gsnldtgd

fidacnftis hl hlsvgcirnzgfnöd5 pir lol`pci, hlsvgcirnzgfnöd pir sldtnrsl `uy
mirhi i hlair`ghi. Lc tlonhi ghnpisi vg g fi`pirtgrsl nmugc qul lc kulsi? ld
fidacnfti gftnvi kgjrç hlstruffnöd, y ld agsl hl rlsicufnöd kgjrç frlfn`nldti pgrg
mldlrgr `çs sistîd y culmi qulhgrç `çs mrgdhl hl ci
c i qul lrg pirqul lc flrljri

ci hlog fi`i örmgdi hl cuoi,

c uoi, pgrg qul slg `çs au
aulrtl
lrtl qul gdtls. \d lol`pci qul
ijslrvg`is fid `ufkg arlfuldfng ls cg flcucntns, g cg qul tgdti cl tl`l`is cgs
`uolrls. Ruls di ls `çs qul cg furgfnöd pldhnldtl hlc fidacnfti hl
hlsvgcirnzgfnöd cifgc, qul mldlrg ud fàrfuci vnfnisi qul gu`ldtg y hns`nduyl lc

tlonhi mrgsi. ¹Fö`i suflhl9 G udg `uolr (lc fidacnfti di ls lxfcuyldtl hl cgs
`uolrls, `gs tgc vlz disitrgs dis plr`ntn`is fi`pgrtnrci) di cl mustgd sus
fghlrgs, cgs `nrg fid hlsvgcirnzgfnöd pirqul sid `çs gdfkgs hl ci qul qunsnlrg
qul slgd (itri tl`g slràgd
slr àgd cis prititnpis aàsnfis n`pulstis, `gs lxflhl
lxflhldd g lstl
gpgrtghi). Cg `uolr sl `nrg gc lsploi y ld su `nrghg hlsvgcirnzg sus fghlrgs,
gkà lc tlonhi ghnpisi ldtrg ld fidacnfti y hlstruyl, `çs fugdhi fidtndÿg lc hàg sl
icvnhg hl sus fghlrgs y lc fidacnfti sl rlsulcvl. Ousti gkà, ld cg rlsicufnöd, kgjrç
gu`ldti hlc tlonhi mrgsi ld air`g hl rlpgrgfnöd. Fugdhi vulcvl gc itri hàg gc
lsploi dulvg`ldtl ldtrg ld fidacnfti hl hlsvgcirnzgfnöd, y gsà, suflsnvg`ldtl,

lc tlonhi mrgsi ri`pl, culmi rlsulcvl y rlmldlrg, y snmul ld ud fàrfuci qul hg

fi`i rlsuctghi cg flcucntns. \dg y `nc vlfls vicvlrî g ci `ns`i. Lc G@IZ VGDG,
VGDG FID G@IZ. Cg jnicimàg di dlflsntgrç lxprlsgr `ufkis hl sus
primrg`gs jnicömnfis qul ccg`çjg`is ldalr`lhgh sn dis `nrg`is y `nrg`is gc
itri fid fi`pgsnöd, fid g`ir, fid gflptgfnöd kgfng `à y kgfng tihi y tihis cis
qul `l rihlgd.

Vnmg`is fid itris tlonhis qul aulrid frlghis ld lstg tlrflrg ltgpg lvicutnvg.

Ivgrnis y tlstàfucis (di cg pgrtl mlr`ndgc prihuftirg hl ivifntis, sndi cg pgrtl

hl sistîd ccg`ghg tlonhi ndtlrstnfngc)? ld lccis sl gsnldtgd cis fidacnftis hl
hlsvgcirnzgfnöd pir pîrhnhgs priaudhgs, fi`i cg pîrhnhg hl knois,
kn ois, fi`pg÷lris,
`gsfitgs, ltf. Ld agsl hl Fidacnfti Gftnvi (fi`i ld tihi lc `lsihlr`i dulvi),
kgjrç pîrhnhg hl tlonhi (dlfrisns) qul, fi`i cg `gyiràg hl vlfls, pgsg
hlsgplrfnjnhg y di tnldl sàdti`gs. Ld `uolrls, kgjrç hns`ndufnöd hl cg
prihuffnöd hl lströmldis pir lstl tlonhi, ci qul sl vl `gdnalstghi fi`i
g`ldirrlg (agctg hl `ldstrugfnöd)5 pulhl kgjlr tg`jnîd hns`ndufnöd hl cg cnjnhi
c njnhi
i hlsli slxugc, qul tg`jnîd sl pulhl prlsldtgr ld ki`jrls pir hlsfldsi hl
cg prihuffnöd hl tlstistlridg pir lc tlstàfuci. \dg vlz rlsulcti lc fidacnfti ld
agsl hl RFC, sl rlmldlrgrç cg pîrhnhg hl tlonhi y hgrç cumgr g ud qunstl hl ivgrni
i tlstàfuci qul tgrhgrç gprixn`ghg`ldtl > `lsls ld `ghurgr. Culmi hl lstl
tnl`pi, sl vlrç ud Fçdflr hl tlstàfuci u ivgrni söcnhi. Fid lstg ndair`gfnöd

ldtldhl`is qul lstg ltnqultg hngmdöstnfg, lc Fçdflr hl ivgrnis y lc hl

tlstàfucis, gpgrlfl i sl `gdnanlstg trgs cg rlsicufnöd hl ud fidacnfti hl
hlsvgcirnzgfnöd pir pîrhnhg priaudhg. Vlmÿd sl `gdnanlstl hlc cghi hlrlfki i
nzqunlrhi sgjrl`is g quî vàdfuci sl rlcgfnidg5 ls hlfnr, lstç rlmnhi pir cg rlmcg

hl cg cgtlrgcnhgh. Lstl primrg`g hl pîrhnhg priaudhg aul lc primrg`g jnicömnfi

vnvnhi pir lc Hr. Kg`lr trgs cg `ulrtl hl su knoi. Îc hlsgrriccö ud Fçdflr hl
tlstàfucis `lsls hlspuîs hl lsl klfki trgu`çtnfi. Lsg sntugfnöd ci cgdzö g cg
jÿsqulhg hl udg rlcgfnöd ldtrl ci vnvnhi y ci qul su fulrpi lxprlsgjg y tlr`ndö
ld cg ndvlstnmgfnöd `çs mrgdhl y `grgvnccisg ld cg knstirng hl cg `lhnfndg.
Gmrghlflrî ltlrdg`ldtl gc Hr. Kg`lr pir kgjlr hghi su vnhg pgrg qul disitris
kiy pihg`is tldlr lstl fidifn`nldti. Mrgfngs, mrgfngs, mrgfngs ndandntgs ld
di`jrl hl cg ku`gdnhgh.

Xl viy g slmunr fi`pgrtnldhi knstirngs hl vnhg qul fidstntuyld lol`pcis hl

fö`i audfnidgd lstis tlonhis hlrnvghis hlc @lsihlr`i Dulvi, qul sl frlgrid
ld cg tlrflrg ltgpg hlc hlsgrricci y qul rlfnjld ld mldlrgc cis n`pgftis pir
fidacnftis hl hlsvgcirnzgfnöd.

Cncngdg tnldl <1 g÷is, ls hifldtl, `g`g hl trls knois y gjulcg hl Vgdtndi
qul tnldl 6 g÷is. Lstç fgsghg fid Gcjlrti. His g÷is gdtls hl cg fidsuctg, cl
hngmdistnfgd ud tu`ir hl `g`g nzqunlrhi pistlrnir gc gffnhldtl hl su knoi
`ldir. Cl rlgcnzgd udg `gstlfti`àg (lxtrgffnöd titgc hl cg `g`g), culmi

rghnitlrgpng y ud g÷i hl qun`nitlrgpng. Aul ud g÷i `uy huri pgrg lccg, hl

mrgdhls `gclstgrls aàsnfis y l`ifnidgcls. Lccg lrg udg `uolr `uy gftnvg y tihg
su vnhg sl trgdsair`ö hlshl qul tuvi lc hngmdöst
hngmdöstnfi.
nfi. Hloö su trgjgoi, ld su fgsg
fidtrgtgrid g udg sl÷irg pgrg qul cg gyuhgrg fid cgs tgrlgs hngrngs, yg qul sus
`gclstgrls hl vö`ntis, fgdsgdfni y sàdti`gs gsifnghis gc trgtg`nldti cl
n`plhàgd kgflrcgs. Ld lc prn`lr tnl`pi, sus knois sl trgscghgrid g vnvnr fid lccg
pgrg gyuhgrcg, plri g cis 1 `lsls hljnlrid rlti`gr sus trgjgois y sus vnhgs
kgjntugcls. Di pihàg oumgr fid su dnlti hljnhi g cis hicirls y `gclstgrls. Ld
ifgsnidls, hljnö ndtlrdgrsl. Vl cl fgyö tihi lc fgjlcci. Cg pgcnhlz, cg lspgchg

fghg vlz `çs ldfirvghg pir lc fgdsgdfni, cg trnstlzg y cg hn`ndufnöd hl su

`ivncnhgh cl kgfàgd sldtnr qul ld udis `lsls sl kgjàg trgdsair`ghi ld udg
plrsidg hnsfgpgfntghg fid lc gsplfti hl udg gdfngdg. Vldtàg qul fi`i `uolr

kgjàg snhi trgdsair`ghg? hlshl cg `gstlfti`àg, lccg sndtnö qul cl g`putgjgd su

al`ndlnhgh. Di sl sldtàg gtrgftnvg, plrhnö lc hlsli slxugc, hlfnhnö
h lfnhnö hlogr lc clfki
`gtrn`idngc y hir`nr slpgrghg hl su lspisi pgrg lvntgr tihi fidtgfti. Xrgs
andgcnzgr lsl g÷i huràsn`i, sl kgfl lstuhnis hl fidtric y gpgrlfld n`çmldls

istlicàtnfgs (hlmrghgfnöd
(hlmrghgfnöd hl kulsi), clsnidls öslgs `ÿctnpcls ld törgx, ficu`dg
hirsgc y fghlrg hlrlfkg. Vu vgcirgfnöd lstgjg pir lc pnsi, di pih
pihàg
àg sipirtgr `çs
cg sntugfnöd, di sl pihàg sistldlr `çs.

¹Wuî suflhnö9 Vu snstl`g hl sistîd y vgcirgfnöd rlspidhnö hl cg `gdlrg

qul sgjl, pgrg ci qul aul frlghi. ¹Fö`i lolfutö lc primrg`g cg jnicimàg9
Kgfnldhi udg ÿcflrg ld cg ltgpg fidacnfti gftnvi. ¹Rgrg quî kgfl udg dlfrisns i
hlstruffnöd ld lc kulsi9 Dlflsntg`is fi`prldhlr qul cg jnicimàg hljncntg i
argmncnzg gcmi pgrg qul culmi sgcmg `çs airtgclfnhi (pgrg lstgr `çs aulrtl ld itrg
ipirtudnhgh). Vu jnicimàg kgfl udg hlstruffnöd ld lc tlonhi ndvicufrghi pgrg
lcn`ndgr lsi qul yg di snrvl pirqul lstç hlsvgcirnzghi pgrg qul, culmi, fugdhi
lc fidacnfti lstî rlsulcti, fugdhi ndmrlsl cg ltgpg hl rlpgrgfnöd, lsg zidg slg
rlccldghg y qulhl `çs mrgdhl5 cg zidg galftghg slrç `çs aulrtl, pihrç sistldlr
`çs, pihrç hgr `loir audfnöd. Lstl ls lc trgjgoi hl cis qul lc Hr. Kg`lr ccg`ö
örmgdis hl cuoi, hldtri hl cis fugcls lstç lc tlonhi ösli. Xrgs kgjlr vnvnhi ud
primrg`g jnicömnfi, lc flrljri hlog g lstis örmgdis `çs mrgdhls qul gdtls.
Lstg air`g hl fi`pirtg`nldti sici suflhl ld cis örmgdis hlrnvghis hl cg fgpg
l`jrnidgrng ccg`ghg @lsihlr`i Dulvi. Cis kulsis hl Cncngdg, anlcls g
hnspisnfnöd hl lccg, sl trgdsair`gd pgrg gyuhgr g sistldlr ci qul llccg
ccg di pulhl.
Zlfirhl`is qul pgrg lc flrljri di kgy hnalrldfng ldtrl ci `ltgaörnfi y ci rlgc.
Ls ci `ns`i qul di pulhg sistldlr ud plsi rlgc i sn`jöcnfi, sn lstiy fgrmgdhi
ud plsi fidfrlti i sn vnvi udg sntugfnöd fi`i sn lstuvnlrg fgrmgdhi ud mrgd
plsi. Di n`pirtg cg sntugfnöd sndi cg `gdlrg ld cg fugc yi cg vnvi. Lsl, fi`i hnol
vgrngs vlfls, ls udi hl cis mrgdhls kgccgzmis hlc Hr. Kg`lr y ls audhg`ldtgc
fi`prldhlrci. Qicvg`is g Cncngdg. Cis n`pgftis ld lc törgx lstgjgd
rlcgfnidghis g su vnvldfng hl hlsvgcirnzgfnöd cifgc pir cg
c g `gstlfti`àg, cis hl cg
ficu`dg hirsgc g cg hlsvgcirnzgfnöd pir ud tihi, pir sldtnr qul lstg sntugfnöd
kgjàg grrgsghi, cntlrgc`ldtl, fid su vnhg, y cis n`pgftis ld cg fghlrg hlrlfkg
lstgjgd rlcgfnidghis g cg vnvldfng hl sldtnr di pihlr sistldlr cg ldalr`lhgh y
tihi ci rlcgfnidghi g lccg

Itri lol`pci.

@grtndg tnldl :2 g÷is y ls jlccg, sldsnjcl y gr`idnisg. G`g lc trgjgoi

fi`udntgrni, lc slrvnfni gc itri y ls ficgjirghirg hl `ÿctnpcls IDM hl gyuhg g
cg lficimàg, lc `lhnig`jnldtl, cg hlsdutrnfnöd y cg hlaldsg hl cis gdn`gcls. Ls
ud slr hl cuz,
cuz , gdmlcghi ld su gsplfti aàsnfi. Ls cg knog `gyir hl udg ag`ncng ld
cg fugc lc vgcir hl ci `gtlrngc ls ci qul nn`plrg,
`plrg, vgcirls fi`pcltg`l
fi`pcltg`ldtl
dtl hnalrldtls
g su slr y sldtnr. Vl rlcgfnidö
rlcgfni dö snl`prl fid ud fàrfuci sifngc fid lc pldsg`nldti
sn`ncgr gc hl su ag`ncng. Cg `ldtnrg, cg fi`pltntnvnhgh y cg lanfnldfng ld tîr`ndis
lfidö`nfis lrg ci qul n`pirtgjg. G cis 7= g÷is, gc andgcnzgr lc slfudhgrni,
@grtndg sl gcloö hl sus g`nmgs. @l fidtö ld udg fidsuctg qul di hnsarutgjg hl
cis ldfuldtris, qul cgs fkgrcgs cl pgrlfàgd kirrnjcls y qul di pihàg fi`prldhlr
lc pldsg`nldti hl sus g`nmgs. Xrgs su gclog`nldti, vnvnö `ÿctnpcls lpnsihnis hl
juccyndm ld tihis cis gsplftis. Hlstrizgrid su slr fnldtis hl vlfls fid
hlsprlfnis y kgjcghuràgs. Vntugfnöd, lstg, qul @grtndg di pihàg fi`prldhlr. Di
ldtldhàg qul udg plrsidg puhnlrg kgflrcl lsi g itri slr ku`gdi. Rgrg @grtndg,
aulrid `lsls hl `ufki suarn`nldti y gnscg`nldti. Di ldfidtrgjg fidsulci dn ld
su kimgr dn ld lc gaulrg5 qul yg dn lxnstàg. His g÷is `çs tgrhl, ld ud trgjgoi
pgrg dn÷is fid hlsdutrnfnöd, fidifl g ud fknfi y sl ldg`irg pir prn`lrg vlz.
Og`çs kgjàg sldtnhi qul gcmunld cg kujnlrg rlfidifnhi y vgcirghi. Dghnl cg
kgjàg klfki sldtnr fi`i îc. Gkirg, sldtàg qul vgcàg pgrg gcmunld, qul pgrg
gcmunld lccg lrg `grgvnccisg. Vlns `lsls `çs tgrhl, fi`nldzg fid hicir ld cg
fghlrg hlrlfkg. Culmi, udg `gsg pgcpgjcl. Cl hngmdistnfgd ud istlisgrfi`g
hl aî`ur (tu`ir hlc kulsi). ¹Fuçc ls cg ndtlrprltgfnöd hl lstg sntugfnöd slmÿd
cg Dulvg @lhnfndg9 Ld fidacnfti gftnvi hl hlsvgcirnzgfnöd, lc kulsi aul kgfnldhi
dlfrisns-hlstruffnöd (rlntlri qul lc kulsi plrtldlfl g cis tlonhis qul lc Hr.
Kg`lr ccg`g örmgdis hl cuoi?
c uoi? fugdhi lstis sl rlpgrgd qulhgd `çs aulrtls qul
gdtls hl qul suflhnlrg lc fidacnfti). Ld lc fidacnfti gftnvi, lc kulsi hl @grndg
aul hlstruyîdhisl pgrg lcn`ndgr tlonhi qul di snrvl pgrg qul, fugdhi lc fidacnfti
slg rlsulcti, lc kulsi sl rlmldlrl fid `gyir fgdtnhgh hl kulsi dulvi, pgrg
qul sl ldmrisl y sl kgmg `çs mrgdhl y `çs aulrtl. Lsl kkulsi
ulsi rlaclog lc sistîd
y cg vgcirgfnöd y snrvl pgrg qul lccg tldmg `çs pisnjncnhgh hl sistîd y vgcirgfnöd
(`çs kulsi, `çs fîcucgs). Ld fidacnfti gftnvi, ls hlfnr fugdhi lstgjg vnvnldhi
cis hlsprlfnis, fugdhi lccg vnvldfngjg tgcls hlsprlfnis fi`i hlsvgcirnzgfnöd

pir di pihlr sistldlr `çs lsgs rlcgfnidls

rlc gfnidls (itrg plrsidg pihràg kgjlr vnvnhi lsi
fi`i udg trgnfnöd, fi`i udg mrgd mugrrghg, fi`i udg fgmghg, y galftgr itri
tlonhi). Lccg ci vnvnö hlshl cg hlsvgcirnzgfnöd slm
slmurg`ldtl
urg`ldtl pir su knstirng ag`ncngr,
hidhl snl`prl sndtnö qul di kgfàg dghg jnld). Fugdhi lccg di pihàg rlsicvlr lsl

fidacnfti, ndtldtgjg `nrgr pgrg itri cghi, di hgrcl n`pirtgdfng, gclogrsl,

hnstgdfngrsl, gnscgrsl y pidlr su `ldtl ld itrgs fisgs y jusfgr sicufnidls
privnsirngs snd rlsuctghis. Cl hgjg vulctgs y vulctgs gc prijcl`g ld su fgjlzg
ld jusfg hl gcmudg sgcnhg. Fid lc fidacnfti gftnvi ld su `ldtl (su pnsqul), su
flrljri y sus kulsis, lccg di sldtàg sàdti`gs aàsnfis. Ld fidacnfti gftnvi, su
kulsi sl lstgjg hl g pifi hlsgr`gdhi pirqul jusfgjg udg sicufnöd,
airtgclflrsl. @grtndg lstgjg ld sn`pgtnfitidàg? di hir`àg y jgogjg hl plsi
açfnc`ldtl. Xldàg lc sul÷i hlsgr`idnzghi plri fid udg lxtrg÷g sldsgfnöd hl
vntgcnhgh (yg vn`is qul pgrg rlsicvlr ud fidacnfti dlflsntg`is lstgr vntgcls).

¹Fuçdhi sl rlsulcvl lc fidacnfti

fidacnfti99 Fugdhi gpgrlfl lstl fknfi qul sl `grgvnccg
fid lccg, fid qunîd lccg
lcc g sl snldtl ÿdnfg y vgcnisg. Ijvng`ldtl, aul udg sicufnöd
privnsirng pgrg @grtndg. Rirqul cg vgcirnzgfnöd, cg gutivgcirgfnöd, di hlpldhl
hl cg `nrghg hlc Itri. Aul ud pgsi prlvni g lsi. Ls fi`i fugdhi ri`pl`is fid
udg pgrlog, udg sicufnöd privnsirng pulhl slr ldtrgr, rçpnhg`ldtl, ld itrg
rlcgfnöd. Di hlog hl slr udg sicufnöd privnsirng, plri kgy qul vgcirgrcg fi`i
sicufnöd. Xg`jnîd, fcgri, pgrg @grtndg aul udg sicufnöd pirqul lccg cimrö lclmnr
ud vàdfuci g`irisi.

Ls hlfnr, kgjcg hl qul @grtndg ri`pl fid ud pgtröd y lcnml itri. Di ls

fgsugc qul lcnog g lsl fknfi. Di sicg`ldtl qul îc cg lcnml, lccg tg`jnîd lcnml udg
plrsidg fid cg fugc vndfucgrsl hlshl lc rlmnstri, cg gflptgfnöd y cg vgcirnzgfnöd.
Ldtidfls, ¹quî kgfld cis kulsis hl @grtndg udg vlz qul lc fidacnfti lstç
rlsulcti9 ¹Wuî `gdhg g kgflr ld lc fulrpi, ld cis kulsis, ld cg `îhucg
flrljrgc qul ls qunld mijnlrdg cis tlonhis hlrnvghis hlc @lsihlr`i Dulvi9 Cg
dlfrisns ld cis kulsis ls rll`pcgzghg pir tlonhi dulvi. Lsg ls cg irhld hl cg
`îhucg flrljrgc, kgflr dulvi tlonhi ld hidhl gdtls sl kgjàg dlfrisghi i
hlstrunhi. ^ prlfnsg`ldtl ld lsl `i`ldti y cumgr sl air`g lc tu`ir. \d tu`ir
hl ud mrgd tg`g÷i. ¹Rir quî hl mrgd tg`g÷i9 Rirqul @grtndg vldàg fid lstl
fidacnfti hl hlsvgcirnzgfnöd kgfàg `ufkàsn`i tnl`pi. Di sici lrg ndtldsi, sndi
tg`jnîd hl cgrmg hgtg. Ldtidfls, fi`i lc fidacnfti aul cgrmi l ndtldsi, cg sicufnöd

jnicömnfg, ls hlfnr lc tu`ir, aul `uy mrgdhl, fid cgrmis `lsls hl hicir l
nd`ivncnhgh. Cis sàdti`gs hl rlpgrgfnöd aulrid `uy ndtldsis y hurghlris.
hur ghlris. Rgrg
@grtndg (fi`i pgrg `à y lsplri qul lsi suflhg tg`jnîd ld tn), fidiflr cgs clyls
hl cg Dulvg @lhnfndg aul ud rldgflr. Cimrö fi`prldhlr ci qul kgfàg su fulrpi.

Vl cnjlrö hl lstrîs y hl `nlhis. Cl plr`ntnö

plr`n tnö g lccg slr su pripni sistîd. \dg vnhg
hnalrldtl fi`ldzö pgrg lccg g pgrtnr hl lsl `i`ldti. Rirqul, g su vlz, @grtndg
tuvi y tnldl cg hnspidnjncnhgh ndtlrdg, cg hlfnsnöd l`ifnidgc y lspnrntugc, hl rlvnsgr
sus `lfgdns`is hl fidhuftg y gsà hgrsl fuldtg hl pir quî y pgrg quî lccg vnvnö
lsfldgrnis hl hlsvgcirnzgfnöd, hl ci qul lccg knzi pgrg qul lsi suflhg, hl su
rlspidsgjncnhgh. Ruhi ti`gr fidsfnldfng, vlr su rlgcnhgh. Ruhi hlsgrriccgr lc
plrhöd kgfng lccg `ns`g y kgfng cis hl`çs, puhi fi`prldhlr qul ci qul cl
knfnlrid sldtnr lsgs plrsidgs, ls pirqul lccgs lstgjgd ld ud cumgr hl tgdti hicir
y tgdti `nlhi qul di tldàgd itrg `gdlrg hl vndfucgrsl, qul gdtl tihi, lc hg÷i

lrg kgfng lccgs `ns`gs, qul lstgjgd `istrgdhi ld lc gaulrg, ld sus gftntuhls,
ci qul cls kgjntghg ld su ndtlrnir. Ruhi fi`prldhlr qul di sl ci kgfàgd g lccg,
qul dghg ls plrsidgc, qul ls ci qul lsgs plrsidgs sl pulhld hgr g sà `ns`gs.
\dg `grgvnccisg trgdsair`gfnöd hl frlfn`nldti y sgdgfnöd ld cg vnhg hl @grtndg
suflhnlrid culmi hlc fidifn`nldti hl cgs < Clyls Jnicömnfgs.

Zlfgpntucl`is. Xihis cis tlonhis (örmgdis) qul hlrnvgd hl cg fgpg ccg`ghg

@LVIHLZ@I D\LQI lstçd hnrnmnhis pir cg pgrtl hlc flrljri jnicömnfi qul sl
hldi`ndg `îhucg flrljrgc, qul ls cg qul gdgtö`nfg`ldtl ccg`g`is sustgdfng
jcgdfg flrljrgc, ls hlfnr, ci qul lstç pir hldtri hl cg firtlzg flrljrgc. Fugdhi
sl gftnvg ud primrg`g lsplfngc fid sldtnhi jnicömnfi, lsi qul ccg`çjg`is
ldalr`lhgh, ld ltgpg hl fidacnfti gftnvi vg g gpgrlflr udg hlmrghgfnöd flcucgr
(qul vlrl`is fi`i udg hlstruffnöd i dlfrisns y qul pir ci mldlrgc ls
gsndti`çtnfg). ^ culmi, ld cg ltgpg hl rlsicufnöd jnicömnfg, vg`is g vnsugcnzgr
udg pricnalrgfnöd hl fîcucgs. Vl vg g tgpgr ci hlstrunhi y vlrl`is cg `gsg, lc
tu`ir. Ld lstg ltgpg hl rlsicufnöd, sl vgd g prlsldtgr cis sàdti`gs fi`i hicir,
lhl`gs, fgdsgdfni y gmitg`nldti.

Vlmun`is fid lc hlsgrricci ancimldîtnfi, fid cgs ltgpgs lvicutnvgs. Qg`is g

Vlmun`is fid lc hlsgrricci ancimldîtnfi, fid cgs ltgpgs lvicutnvgs. Qg`is g
pgsgr g cg fugrtg ltgpg lvicutnvg.

Fugrtg ltgpg hl lvicufnöd

Ld lstg ltgpg, lc ndhnvnhui ldtrg ld fi`udnfgfnöd fid itris ndhnvnhuis

pgrg cimrgr cg vnhg ld `gdghg. Gquà, sl hlsgrriccgd tihis cis örmgdis y snstl`gs
qul dis rlcgfnidgd fid cis itris. Ld lstg ltgpg,
ltgpg , kgy qul plralffnidgr dulstris
örmgdis sldsirngcls pgrg rlfnjnr tihg cg ndair`gfnöd, pgrg plrfnjnr rçpnhi cg
ndair`gfnöd plcnmrisg. Gquà, tldl`is qul fi`udnfgrdis y fidvnvnr fid itris
slrls pgrg sijrlvnvnr.

Ls hlfnr, kgjcg`is hl cg ltgpg hl cg vnhg ld rlcgfnöd i hl cg vnhg ld

`gdghg.

Ls cg ltgpg `çs lvicufnidghg hlc hlsgrricci. Vu ndair`gfnöd lstç

pcgs`ghg ld cg ÿctn`g kiog l`jrnidgrng ld hlsgrriccgrsl, ccg`ghg Lftihlr`i.

Gkirg, fid cg gpgrnfnöd hlc lftihlr`i, tldl`is tihi lc l`jrnöd fi`pclti

air`ghi, fid sus fugtri kiogs i fgpgs? lc Ldhihlr`i, @lsihlr`i Gdtnmui,
@lsihlr`i Dulvi y Lftihlr`i. G pgrtnr hl lstgs kiogs hlrnvgrçd tihgs cgs
fîcucgs, tlonhis y örmgdis qul air`gd dulstri fulrpi ku`gdi, kiogs qul rlfnjld
cg ndair`gfnöd hl cg ltgpg hlc hlsgrricci lvicutnvi ld cg qul sl frlgrid y, pir ci
tgdti, tnldld cg `l`irng i lc rlmnstri hl cis fidacnftis rlcgfnidghis g lsl
`i`ldti hl cg lvicufnöd. ¹Xl hgs fuldtg pir quî hlfàg qul ls hl vntgc
n`pirtgdfng fi`prldhlr cg l`jrnicimàg9 Ls vntgc fi`prldhlr qul ld dulstri
hlsgrricci ndtrgutlrndi sl air`gd lstgs fgpgs qul dis vgd g hlogr pcgs`ghis
pc gs`ghis ld
cis örmgdis lc hlsgrricci hl cis `nccidls hl g÷is hl cg lvicufnöd, y qul dis
lxpcnfgd qul fghg örmgdi sgjl pgrg quî aul frlghi y fö`i tnldl qul gftugr
gdtl cg vnhg fitnhngdg y gdtl cg l`lrmldfng i cis fidacnftis. ¹Xl hgs fuldtg hl
qul sl trgtg hl cömnfg jnicömnfg9 Xihi tnldl sldtnhi pirqul dis `ulstrg qul
dulstrg frlgfnöd fi`i slrls vnvis ls plralftg, plri sl ldfuldtrg ld lc fidtlxti
hlc hlsgrricci lvicutnvi5 qul tldl`is `nccidls hl g÷is hl vnhg ld lc pcgdltg qul
dis prlflhld. Dis `ulstrg fö`i aun`is fidvnrtnîdhidis ld slrls fghg vlz `çs
fi`pclois y lvicufnidghis. CG DGX\ZGCL_G LV XIXGC@LDXL VGJNG. Xihg
sicufnöd mgdghirg ld cg knstirng sl trgscghgrç hl mldlrgfnöd ld mldlrgfnöd hl
cg `ns`g lsplfnl y hl itrgs. ¹Xl hgs fuldtg pir quî9 Xl fidtgrî kgstg lc
fgdsgdfni qul lstgs Clyls Jnicömnfgs sl fu`pcld ld lc 722 pir fnldti hl cis
fgsis y lstçd fi`pcltg`ldtl hnsl÷ghgs ld fiklrldfng. Di kgy agccg. Xihi ls

plralfti. ¹Fuçdhi aul qul pldsg`is qul lc fulrpi sl icvnhg, qul cg frlgfnöd
sl icvnhg hl su audfnidg`nl
audfnidg`nldti
dti y l`pnlzg g gutihlstrunrsl9 Lsi di tnldl cömnfg
jnicömnfg. \dg vlz `çs, cl lxprlsi `n ndandnti gmrghlfn`nldti gc Hr. Kg`lr pir
pidlr hl `gdnanlsti lstgs clyls qul sid gjsicutg`ldtl lvnhldtls ld tihg cg

Dgturgclzg.
Fidtndul`is. Xihi snmul udg cömnfg jnicömnfg. Ld prn`lrg ndstgdfng,
lstuvn`is ld lc gmug? dgfn`is fi`i slrls vnvis ld lc GM\G. Culmi, pgsg`is
g cg tnlrrg y udg vlz ghgptghis gc dulvi `lhni, kuji qul pritlmlrsl pgrg
sijrlvnvnr ld lsgs fidhnfnidls. Fisg qul sl knzi. Kuji qul gr`gr ud fulrpi
qul puhnlrg rlspidhlr g cis rlqulrn`nldtis hlc ldtirdi pgrg hlspcgzgrsl (g
lstgs ltgpgs firrlspidhld cgs gdtlrnirls trls kiogs i fgpgs l`jrnidgrngs hl
dulstri flrljri jnicömnfi). \dg vlz qul sl air`ö lstl dulvi fulrpi fid
pisnjncnhghls hl ghgptgrsl gc fidtlxti, trgscghgrsl pir sà `ns`i y `gdnpucgr,
fidqunstgr y `ihnanfgr lc ldtirdi5 vnldl cg ÿctn`g ltgpg, qul ls cg ltgpg hl
rlcgfnöd fid lc Itri, ls hlfnr, cis pgrls, cis hl cg `ns`g `gdghg y cis hl cgs
itrgs? kgflr fidtgfti fid lc itri, vndfucgrdis fid tihis cis fidacnftis gsifnghis
qul lsi trgl. Rlralfti.

Hl lstg fugrtg ltgpg, ld cg qul sl air`ö lc Lftihlr`i, klrlhg`is cis

fidacnftis `çs dulvis y lvicufnidghis, qul sid fidacnftis `çs fi`pclois qul
cis fidacnftis grfgnfis ndnfngcls qul lrgd cis hl suplrvnvldfng jçsnfg. Ld lc
LFXIHLZ@I, sl nhldtnanfgd cgs pisnjncnhghls hl rlgffnidgr gdtl sntugfnidls
plcnmrisgs (hl gkà hlrnvgd cis fidacnftis hl `nlhi), cg pisnjncnhgh hl pidlrdis ld
fidtgfti fid itris (hl ci fugc hlrnvgd cis fidacnftis hl slpgrgfnöd), cg pisnjncnhgh
hl cufkgr ld lc tlrrntirni (hl gkà hlrnvgd cis fidacnftis hl tlrrntirni). Zlsu`nldhi,
cis fidacnftis klrlhghis hl lstg ltgpg lvicutnvg sl pulhld gmrupgr ld 6 mrgdhls
rgsmis? fidacnftis hl slpgrgfnöd, `nlhi y tlrrntirni. Cis fidacnftis hl
VLRGZGFNÖD lstçd rlcgfnidghis fid lc fidtgfti qul qunlri y di tldmi, lc
fidtgfti qul tldmi y di qunlri. Vl vnvld ld tîr`ndis vntgcls? lc fidtgfti qul `l
grrgdfgrid, lc tldlr qul lstgr flrfg y di qulrlr i lc tldlr qul lstgr clois y di
qulrlr. Cg slpgrgfnöd pulhl slr hlshl lc fidtgfti hnrlfti cntlrgc i hl
`ivn`nldti, lc qulrlr gflrfgrsl i gclogrsl. Cis fidacnftis hl XLZZNXIZNI lstçd
rlcgfnidghis fid qulrlr lspgfni, sldtnr g`ldgzg. Xnldld qul vlr fid cg pîrhnhg
hl tlrrntirni, nhldtnhgh i plrtldldfng ld lc tlrrntirni, cà`ntls, fidtrgrnlhgh, ldioi

ld lc tlrrntirni, arustrgfnöd ld lc tlrrntirni, ltf. Cis fidacnftis hl @NLHI sid cis

qul surmld arldtl gc plcnmri qul vnldl (`nlhi aridtgc), i arldtl gc plcnmri hl slr
sirprldhnhis pir hltrçs (`nlhi pir cg dufg).

L`jrnicömnfg`ldtl, lc flrljri jnicömnfi gquà cclmg g su `gyir hlsgrricci.

Ls, ld tîr`ndis hl tl`pirgcnhgh, cg ltgpg `çs dulvg hl cg lvicufnöd. Cg pgrtl
hlc flrljri qul sl hlsgrriccg ld lstg ltgpg y qul fiirhndgrç cis örmgdis
hlrnvghis hlc lftihlr`i ls cg ccg`ghg firtlzg flrljrgc. Cg firtlzg flrljrgc ls
cg pgrtl `çs lxtlrdg hl cis kl`nsalrnis flrljrgcls. Qn`is ld cg ltgpg gdtlrnir
qul cg `îhucg flrljrgc ls cg pirfnöd fldtrgc hl cis kl`nsalrnis, cg firtlzg ls ci
lxtlrdi, tg`jnîd ccg`ghg sustgdfng mrns. Cis örmgdis hlrnvghis hlc lftihlr`i
sl ldfidtrgrçd rlmnhis tg`jnîd pir cgs clyls hl cg cgtlrgcnhgh (ld udg plrsidg
hnlstrg su kl`nfulrpi nzqunlrhi gciog cis fidacnftis ld rlcgfnöd g `ghrl knois y
dnhi y su kl`nfulrpi hlrlfki gciog fidacnftis sifngcls, hl trgjgoi, fid pgrls,
fid pgrlogs5 ld udg plrsidg zurhg cg ndtlrprltgfnöd ls gc rlvîs). Lstis örmgdis
gciogrçd fidacnftis rlcgfnidghis fid ci qul qunlri y hlji, fi`i hnon`is gdtls,
fidacnftis hl slpgrgfnöd-`nlhi-tlrrnt
slpgrgfnöd-`nlhi-tlrrntirni.
irni.

Cis örmgdis qul hlrnvgd hl lstg fugrtg ltgpg LQIC\XNQG hl vnhg ld

`gdghg, qul hlrnvgd hl cg ÿctn`g kiog ld air`grsl ld lc l`jrnöd ccg`ghg
lftihlr`i, sid cis snmunldtls?

Lpnhlr`ns? sl trgtg hl cg pnlc suplranfngc, cg fgpg `çs lxtlrdg hl cg pnlc,

pn lc, cg
qul `l fidtgftg fid cis itris y fid lc `lhni.

Rlrnistni? ls lc tlonhi `çs lxtlrdi hl cis kulsis, ls cg pnlc hlc kulsi, lc

tlonhi fid `gyir sldsnjncnhgh hlc kulsi.

@ufisg? ls udg tlcg qul rlfujrl cgjnis, pgcghgr, ldfàgs y cldmug,

`l`jrgdgs dgsgcls y hl cis sldis pgrgdgsgcls, ià
iàhi
hi ndtlrdi, frnstgcndi, fördlg,
fidoudtnvg, rltndg, fulrpi vàtrli, ls`gctl hldtgc, fidhuftis mgcgftöairis hl cgs
`g`gs, `ufisg hl cis his tlrfnis suplrnirls hlc lsöagmi, hl cg furvgturg `ldir
hlc lstö`gmi y hl cg pgrtl hnstgc hlc rlfti, rlfujrn`nldti hl cis fidhuftis
jncngrls y cg vlsàfucg jncngr, `ufisg cgràdmlg y jridqungc, fulcci utlrndi y vgmndg,
rlfujrn`nldti hl plcvns rldgc, vlonmg, urîtlr, y urltrg. Zlfujrn`nldti hl grtlrngs
y vldgs firidgrngs (vgsis sgdmuàdlis hlc firgzöd).

Fi`i vlrçs, sn clls hltldnhg`ldtl fghg lstrufturg qul tl di`jrî, `çs

gud sn tl snldtgs g vnsugcnzgrcgs ld ud mrçanfi, vlrçs qul cg `gyiràg sid
lstrufturgs qul dis fidlftgd hl gcmÿd `ihi fid lc gaulrg. ^ hl lsi sl ifupg
lc lftihlr`i, hl cg vnhg ld rlcgfnöd g cg `gdghg.

Ld lc snmunldtl mrçanfi vlrçs cg firtlzg flrljrgc, qul ls cg pgrtl hl cis

kl`nsalrnis flrljrgcls qul lstç pir aulrg hl cg `îhucg flrljrgc qul vn`is ld cg
ltgpg gdtlrnir. ^ ls cg lstrufturg hlc flrljri qul fiirhndg y hnrnml
hnrn ml g cis örmgdis
hlrnvghis hlc lftihlr`i. Lc snmunldtl ls ud mrçanfi hl firtl gxngc, ls hlfnr hl
ghlcgdtl kgfng gtrçs, fid cis rlcîs hl fghg örmgdi (lc sntni ld cg firtlzg qul
fihnanfg i gciog cg ndair`gfnöd hl fghg örmgdi).

¹Fö`i trgdsfurrld cgs his agsls ld lstis tlonhis hlrnvghis hlc

Lftihlr`i9

Ld cg agsl hl fidacnfti gftnvi hl cg ldalr`lhgh (qul gkirg yg sgjl`is

qul ls ud primrg`g jnicömnfi lsplfngc), cis tlonhis (örmgdis) qul hlrnvgd hlc
Lftihlr`i y qul g su vlz sid fidtricghis pir cg firtlzg flrljrgc vgd g hns`ndunr
cg audfnöd qul sulcld lolfutgr dir`gc`ldtl y pulhl slr qul, ld lstg prn`lrg

ltgpg hlc primrg`g, prihuzfgd udg rlhuffnöd flcucgr i ucflrgfnöd hlc tlonhi.
Fugdti `çs ndtldsg i `çs pricidmghg
pric idmghg ld lc tnl`pi lstî cg sntugfnöd fidacnftugc,
qul kgfl qul lc fidacnfti slg `çs mrgdhl, `çs ucflrgfnöd hlc tlonhi (hlmrghgfnöd
flcucgr) kgjrç, y `çs hltldnhg y jciqulghg vg g lstgr cg audfnöd qul lc örmgdi
lolfutg. Ld agsl hl rlsicufnöd hl fidacnfti RFC sl vicvlrç cg audfnöd g cg
dir`gcnhgh y kgjrç gu`ldti hl tlonhi rlccldgdhi cg ÿcflrg qul sl mldlrö ld lc
fidacnfti gftnvi. Fi`i vlrçs, cis örmgdis `çs dulvis sl fi`pirtgd
audfnidgc`ldtl fi`i cis hl cg ltgpg gdtlrnir, cis hlc @lsihlr`i Dulvi? ld
fidacnfti gftnvi tldhrçd hns`ndufnöd flcucgr y cl gmrlmg`is gkirg hns`ndufnöd hl

cg audfnöd y ld fidacnfticnsns i rlsicufnöd hlc fidacnfti, ci ndvlrsi, ls hlfnr, rlccldi,

gu`ldti hl fîcucgs y rlfuplrgfnöd hl cg audfnöd.

Gc ijslrvgr lc audfnidg`nldti hl cis örmgdis y rlcgfnidgrcis fid cgs

ltgpgs lvicutnvgs firrlspidhnldtls
firrlspidhnldtls ld cgs qul sl aulrid frlgdhi, lc Hr. Kg`lr
hlhuoi gslrtnvg`ldtl qul lc flrljri sl hnvnhl g su vlz ld his pgrtls? flrljri
gdtnmui y flrljri dulvi. Lc flrljri gdtnmui lstç air`ghi pir lc tridfi flrljrgc
y lc flrljlci qul sid qunldls hnrnmld cis örmgdis hlrnvghis hlc Ldhihlr`i y lc
@lsihlr`i Gdtnmui (ls hlfnr cgs ltgpgs `çs gdtnmugs hl cg frlgfnöd). Cis
örmgdis hlrnvghis hl lstgs fgpgs sl vgd g fi`pirtgr hl cg `ns`g `gdlrg ld
cgs his agsls hlc primrg`g jnicömnfi (ld fidacnfti gftnvi frlfld y ld rlsicufnöd
hns`nduyld). Lc flrljri dulvi lstç air`ghi pir cg `îhucg flrljrgc y cg firtlzg
flrljrgc qul sid qunldls hnrnmld cis örmgdis hlrnvghis hlc @lsihlr`i Dulvi y
lc Lftihlr`i (ls hlfnr cgs ltgpgs `çs dulvgs hl hlsgrricci). Cis örmgdis
hlrnvghis hl lstgs fgpgs sl fi`pirtgrçd hl cg `ns`g `gdlrg ld cgs his agsls
hlc primrg`g jnicömnfi (ld fidacnfti gftnvi hns`nduyld y ld rlsicufnöd
gu`ldtgd), g cg ndvlrsg hlc fi`pirtg`nldti hlc flrljri gdtnmui.

Qlg`is udis lol`pcis ld rlcgfnöd g cis tlonhis hlrnvghis hlc lftihlr`i

pgrg nr ldtldhnldhi.
Ang`g ls udg `uolr sictlrg, hl 6: g÷is qul di tnldl knois. Ls udg
gjimghg fid `ÿctnpcls hiftirghis, lxnmldtl y gutisuanfnldtl. Vnl`prl kgjàg

lstghi ld rlcgfnidls hl pgrlog qul di cl rlprlsldtgjgd hl`gsnghi fi`pri`nsi,

yg qul di sl ldfidtrgjgd ld sus pcgdls hl vnhg lc `gtrn`idni dn cg `gtlrdnhgh.
Vu ldlrmàg lstgjg pulstg ld su prialsnöd. Ld ldlri hl :278, hurgdtl cg
prlsldtgfnöd hl su hiftirghi `çs n`pirtgdtl ld Cidhrls, fidifl g Vtlvl, ud

oivld hl :2 g÷is, grtnstg pcçstnfi,

pcçstnfi, jikl`ni, huc
hucfl
fl y si÷ghir. Oivld hl qu
qunld
nld sl
ldg`irg y fid qunld snldtl, pir prn`lrg vlz ld su vnhg, plrhlr lc fidtric. Lccg
fg`jng sus pcgdls hl rlmrlsi, hlfnhl qulhgrsl ndhltlr`ndghg`ldtl ld lsl
pgàs gpistgdhi g lstg rlcgfnöd. Ld ldlri :27<, Vtlvl cl pcgdtlg firtgr cg
c g rlcgfnöd
yg qul hlfnhl nrsl g vnvnr g Ntgcng ld hidhl fi`ldzgrç udg mrgd mnrg hl grtl qul
hurgrç his g÷is? cg ipirtudnhgh hl su vnhg hl kgflr lxntisgs sus frlgfnidls.
Ang`g sl sndtnö hlstrunhg pir lstg ditnfng
di tnfng mrgvl, hrg`çtnfg l ndlsplrghg y hlfnhnö
rltirdgr g Juldis Gnrls, su fnuhgh dgtgc. Xrgs `lsls hl gdmustng, snd ndtlrîs ld
fidiflr dndmudg pgrlog y snd hlsli slxugc, mrgfngs g udg mrgd airtgclzg sl

rlfuplrg, fi`nldzg itrgs gftnvnhghls, fidifl g`nmis y air`g ud fàrfuci sifngc

ld lc fugc sl snldtl g musti y fidtldnhg. G cis ; `lsls hl su vulctg fi`nldzg
fid sgdmrghis vgmndgcls, pnfgzöd y hicir cifgc. Gdtl lstis sàdti`gs, lccg hlfnhl
nr g udg fidsuctg `îhnfg. Xrgs kgflr lstuhnis mndlficömnfis, cl hngmdistnfgd ud
fgrfndi`g lpnhlr`inhl hl fulcci hl ÿtlri.

¹Fuçc ls lc sldtnhi jnicömnfi hlc fulcci hl ÿtlri9 Rirqul, fi`i tl hnol

tgdtgs vlfls, ld dulstrg jnicimàg tihi ls frlghi fid ud sldtnhi y udg audfnöd
prlfnsis. Lc fulcci hlc ÿtlri (ccg`ghi fîrvnx) ls ud örmgdi hlsgrriccghi g pgrtnr
hl cg fgpg l`jrnidgrng `çs dulvg? lc Lftihlr`i. Fi`i tl hnol, ld lstg ÿctn`g
ltgpg sl mldlrgd cis fidacnftis `çs dulvis, gqulccis rlcgfnidghis g cg vnhg ld
`gdghg. Cis fidacnftis qul gciog lstl örmgdi lstçd rlprlsldtghis pir cg
arustrgfnöd slxugc? lc fîrvnx utlrndi rlprlsldtg lc tlrrntirni hl cg kl`jrg , y
usg`is ud cldmugol jnld jnicömnfi i gdn`gc pirqul sl lstç kgjcgdhi hl ud
fidacnfti jnicömnfi, gcmi qul lxflhl g cg psnficimàg. Ls lc `ns`i primrg`g qul
sl gftnvgràg ld udg cijg sn vnvl lc `ns`i fidacnfti, sici qul udg cijg ci vnvl sici
ld tîr`ndis rlgcls y ud slr ku`gdi ld tîr`ndis rlgcls y sn`jöcnfis. Lc fidacnfti
slràg? –lc `gfki di vnldl g fipucgr`l g `n tlrrntirni‐, fi`i gsà tg`jnîd ld ci
`ltgaörnfi? –lc `gfki di fujrl `ns dlflsnhghls l`ifnidgcls i lfidö`nfgs‐ .
Hlfn`is qul ls sn`jöcnfi pirqul ld cg dgturgclzg ls lc `gfki lc qul privll lc
gcn`ldti. ^i pulhi vnvldfngr, pir lol`pci, udg rlcgfnöd hidhl siy `uolr y

hlpldhi lfidö`nfg`ldtl hl `n lspisi, qul `l `gdnpucg fid lc hndlri. ^

pulhi vnvldfngrci hl tgc air`g ldtrl his plrsidgs hlc `ns`i slxi, his `uolrls,
y udg hl lccgs sldtnr qul cg itrg ls lc `gfki. Lsti ls jnicömnfi, di psnficömnfi, y
`ldis kgy qul `nrgrci hlshl udg plrsplftnvg sifngc, fucturgc, `irgc, ltf. Lstl

föhnmi jnicömnfi lstç mrgjghi ld dulstri mldi`g, ld dulstri flrljri, di

n`pirtg `n frlldfng. Qicvnldhi g Ang`g, g lstl fidacnfti hl tlrrntirni fid
tidgcnhgh al`ldndg, gdtl lsg arustrgfnöd slxugc, ¹quî kgfl9 @nldtrgs lc fidacnfti
lstç gftnvi, su fîrvnx sl ucflrg (lsti suflhl ld mldlrgc hl `gdlrg gsndti`çtnfg).
Xg`jnîd pulhl kgjlr ld lstg ltgpg ndgpltldfn
ndgpltldfngg slxugc (ls hlfnr hns`ndufnöd hl
cg cnjnhi) y g`ldirrlg (agctg hl `ldstrugfnidls). ¹Rgrg quî sl ucflrg lc fîrvnx
ld agsl hl fidacnfti gftnvi hl arustrgfnöd slxugc9 Ls hlfnr, ¹fuçc ls lc sldtnhi
jnicömnfi hl lstg ucflrgfnöd9 Lc flrljri ci kgfl fid ud sldtnhi prlfnsi, di gc
jicli i pirqul ldciqulfnö i agccg cg ansnicimàg. Vl ucflrg pgrg gu`ldtgr cg

suplranfnl, pgrg gmrgdhgr lc lspgfni, pgrg tldlr `çs tlrrntirni pgrg pihlr gtrglr
`çs gc `gfki. Lccg, gdtl lc lvldti ndlsplrghi hl qul su fi`pg÷lri firtg cg
rlcgfnöd, cg hlog, cg gjgdhidg i hlog hl lclmnrcg), ldtrg ld fidacnfti gftnvi hl
arustrgfnöd slxugc y hlslg gtrglr gc `gfki. Gc prndfnpni, lstç hçdhicl vulctgs gc
gsudti, ldtrl cg trnstlzg y cg hlprlsnöd, ldtrl lc ldioi y lc rlsldtn`nldti? fid ud
fidacnfti gftnvi snd rlsicufnöd. Hl gcmudg `gdlrg, di gflptg ci suflhnhi y qunlrl
rltldlr gc lxdivni, qunlrl gtrglrci hl gcmudg air`g. ^ lsg ls cg ndair`gfnöd qul
rlfnjl lc flrljri jnicömnfi? pir lsi ucflrg lc fulcci hl ÿtlri, kgfl ld cg jnicimàg
ci qul lccg kgfl ld cg psnqul?
psn qul? mldlrgrsl lspgfni pgrg qul lc `gfki vulcvg g su

tlrrntirni. Culmi, sl ldiog, plri snmul ld fidacnfti. Gsà qul cg jnicimàg snmul ld
fidacnfti gftnvi, yg qul cg jnicimàg sici pulhl ldtrgr ld agsl hl rlsicufnöd sn sl
kgccö udg sicufnöd fidfrltg gc fidacnfti. Lc flrljri sici gffnidg kgfng ghldtri,
kgfng aulrg, ld lc lxtlrnir, sici sl pulhl ti`gr hlfnsnidls y gffnidls fidfrltgs
`lhngdtl cg psnqul. Kgstg qul lccg pulhl trgdsntgr lc hulci y fi`ldzgr g
rlsicvlr. \dg hl cgs air`gr hl rlsicvlr ud fidacnfti ls plrhlr ndtlrîs ld lsi qul,
prlfnsg`ldtl, dis ci gftnvö. ^ lsi ls ci qul fi`nldzg g kgflr Ang`g? vulcvl g
Grmldtndg y su ndtlrîs pgsg hlc divni g su dulvg vnhg, fi`i sicufnöd privnsirng
kgstg gflptgr ci suflhnhi. Gflptgr rlgc`ldtl.
 Gkà, lc fidacnfti sl rlsulcvl. Gkà, ldtidfls, cg jnicimàg ldtrg ld `grfkg.
Lc flrljri jnicömnfi, ld lstl fgsi cg firtlzg flrljrgc, ls qunîd `gdhg gc fulcci

hl ÿtlri (fîrvnx) y cl irhldg ZLRGZGZ ci qul kknzi

nzi ld cg lltgpg
tgpg hl fidacnfti gftnvi.
¹Wuî knzi9 \d kulfi (ÿcflrg) qul gkirg tnldl qul tgpgr. Ldtidfls, lsg ÿcflrg
sl rlccldg y sl rlpgrg. Lc rlccldi hl lsg ÿcflrg, lsl jucti, lsg `gsg qul gkirg
ls vnsnjcl ls ci qul sl jnipsng y qul vg`is g ccg`gr fgrfndi`g hl fîrvnx ¹Wuî

ls, cntlrgc`ldtl, ud fgrfndi`g hl fîrvnx9 \d frlfn`nldti hl fîcucgs hl cg `ufisg

hlc fulcci hlc ÿtlri qul lstçd ld air`g `gyir g ci kgjntugc, qul frlfnlrid rçpnhi
rlccldgdhi lsgs ÿcflrgs. Lsi ls ci qul suflhl ld tîr`ndis jnicömnfis. Cg
jnicimàg di tnldl ounfni, ls dlutrgc. Lc flrljri di hnfl ls `gcg cg ÿcflrg y ls `gci
rlccldgrcg. Di, hnfl qul ls dlflsgrng udg sicufnöd. Gkirg, g lsg pricnalrgfnöd
flcucgr disitris pihl`is pidlrcl, fi`i ci kgfl`is, udg ltnqultg fid cg
firrlspidhnldtl vgcirgfnöd? Fçdflr, gcmi `gci lstç pgsgdhi. ¹Wuî tgc sn ld
cumgr hl qul gcmunld cl kujnlsl pulsti lc sldtnhi hl `gci g lsl frlfn`nldti
flcucgr, ci kujnlrg ccg`ghi rlccldi hl cg ÿcflrg9 Ls hlfnr, ud rlccldi fi`i

fidslfuldfng ndlvntgjcl, fid sldtnhi jnicömnfi, hl ci qul gdtlrnir`ldtl suflhnö.

Lsg gpgrnfnöd tu`irgc di dis hgràg `nlhi y lvntgràg `ufkis fidacnftis
slfudhgrnis gc hngmdöstnfi hl gcmi `gcnmdi5 fi`i, ld lalfti, culmi cl suflhnö g
Ang`g. \dg fisg ls vlr qul gcmi `gci y tlrrnjcl sl lxpgdhl ld dulstri fulrpi
snd sldtnhi, snd qul slpg`is pgrg hödhl y hl quî `gdlrg sl pulhl rg`nanfgr y,
pir ci tgdti, kgy qul ndtlrvldnr yg, y hl cg `gdlrg `çs gmrlsnvg pisnjcl (yg qul
gmrlsnvi ls lc ndvgsir). ^ itrg fisg ls vlr ld cg `ns`g n`gmld ud priflsi fid
sldtnhi jnicömnfi, fid udg cömnfg jnicömnfg, fid udgs clyls qul ci sistnldld y
qul sl pulhld vlrnanfgr ld fghg fgsi, ud priflsi qul dis hnfl qul vnvn`is ud

mrgd fidacnfti, ud mrgd sijrlstrîs jnicömnfi qul tuvi su n`pgfti di sici ld cg

jnicimàg sndi tg`jnîd ld cg psnqul. Lstl ls ud fidacnfti gc qul cl ldfidtrg`is
udg sicufnöd jnicömnfg y, udg vlz rlsulcti, cg jnicimàg hn
hnspusi
spusi hl udg ndmldnlràg
ansnicömnfg plralftg pgrg rlpgrgr ci qul
q ul pgsö `nldtrgs cg ltgpg hl fidacnfti lstuvi
gftnvi. Culmi hl lsg ltgpg cl snmunö cg hl rlpgrgfnöd, ls hlfnr? qul lsi qul
pihl`is ltnqultgr fi`i `gci, pihl`is vlrci fi`i rlpgrgfnöd jnicömnfg, lc
fulrpi rlpgrgdhi. Xldl`is lstgs his rlgcnhghls? i lc fulrpi lstç agccgdhi i lc
fulrpi lstç rlpgrgdhi. Rgrg `à, cg ÿdnfg rlgcnhgh pisnjcl, ls hlfnr, vlrnanfgjcl
slmÿd lstgs clyls ld lc 722 % hl cis fgsis ls qul lc fulrpi lstç rlpgrgdhi. Hl
lsi di tldmi huhgs? cg jnicimàg lstç rlpgrgdhi. Fi`i tl hnmi snl`prl, di qunlrl
hlfnr qul di kgyg qul gfi`pg÷gr lstis priflsis, qul di dlflsntl`is
trgtg`nldtis. Lsi ls itri tl`g qul di gjirhgrî ld lstl gpgrtghi. Ls udg

rlgcnhgh qul kgy qul jusfgr sicufnidls gc fulrpi aàsnfi, fgc`gr cis hicirls,
hltldlr cis sgdmrghis, lxtnrpgr tu`irls `ufkgs vlfls, ndhlpldhnldtl`ldtl hl
cg klrrg`nldtg qul utncnfl. Rlri cg `gdlrg hl gjirhgr lc priflsi
pr iflsi y hl kgjcgr fid
lc fidsuctgdtl slrç fi`pcltg`ldtl hnalrldtl sn tldmi lstg ndair`gfnöd. Qicvnldhi

gc hngmdöstnfi hl Ang`g, gkirg pulhls fi`prldhlr qul lc tu`ir hl fîrvnx

gpgrlfl ld rlsicufnöd hl fidacnfti y ls rlccldi hl ÿcflrg. Rlralfti, ¹ldtidfls
pir quî ld lstg ltgpg hl rlsicufnöd ld mldlrgc sl prlsldtg sgdmrghi9 Rirqul
lsl rlccldi hl ÿcflrg, gc ndnfni, ls fi`i ud rlviqul mrislri fuyi tlonhi
lxflhldtl slrç lcn`ndghi pir cis `nfrifnruogdis dgturgcls, qul sid dulstris
mîr`ldls, pgrg qul gsà lc tlonhi, ls hlfnr, lc fulcci hlc ÿtlri qulhl nmugc qul
gdtls hlc fidacnfti (ls fi`i qul lc rlccldi ndnfngc aul ud rlccldi mrislri y culmi
sl cnogrç pgrg cclvgr cg suplranfnl g cg dir`gcnhgh). ¹^ quî mîr`ldls vnvld ld lc
Fîrvnx \tlrndi, qunîdls sid lsis `nfrifnruogdis dgturgcls ld lstl tlonhi9 Cg

ag`ncng hl vnrus ccg`ghis KRQ, sà, lc vnrus hlc pgpnci`g ku`gdi. Lstis sid udg
mrgd ag`ncng hl vnrus, y sid cis rlspidsgjcls hl cg rlpgrgfnöd hl lstl tlonhi, hl
cclvgrci dulvg`ldtl g cg dir`gcnhgh, ls pir lsi qul, ld cgs `gyiràgs hl cgs
jnipsngs hl Fçdflr hl Fîrvnx, lc KRQ ls pisntnvi. Di pirqul lstl slg lc
fgusgdtl hl cg ldalr`lhgh, sndi pirqul ls qunld lstç trgjgogdhi ld agsl hl
rlpgrgfnöd. Vn ld lstg agsl ti`g`is cg aiti, cg jnipsng, ld cg agsl hl rlpgrgfnöd
hl lstl fidacnfti snl`prl vlrl`is lstis mîr`ldls gffnidgdhi, pir ci tgdti
kgccgrl`is lc KRQ pisntnvi. Lc `ns`i tnpi hl fidacnfti (arustrgfnöd slxugc) y tihg
cg lxpcnfgfnöd gdtlrnir gpgrlfld ld tihgs cgs ccg`ghgs clsnidls hl fîrvnx, fi`i

cis FND y cgs gctlrgfnidls

gc tlrgfnidls hlc RGR. Xihgs rlspidhld g lstl tnpi hl fidacnfti hl
arustrgfnöd slxugc, plri vnvnhi fid `ldir ndtldsnhgh. Vn cg ndtldsnhgh ls `gyir,
vlrl`is ud fgrfndi`g hl fîrvnx, sn ls `ldir udg dlipcgsng ndtrglpntlcngc ccg`ghg
FND i sici KRQ pisntnvi ld lc RGR.

Rgrg rlsu`nr, lc sgdmrghi ld lstl fgsi ls pir lcn`ndgfnöd hlc tlonhi

sijrgdtl, sl hg ld rlpgrgfnöd, gsà fi`i cg ndacg`gfnöd y lc hicir firrlspidhld
tihgs g lstg agsl hl RFC. @l qulhö pldhnldtl lxpcnfgr pir quî ld cg agsl hl
fidacnfti gftnvi Ang`g prlsldtö hns`ndufnöd hl cg cnjnhi (hlsli slxugc) y
g`ldirrlg (agctg hl `ldstrugfnidls). Lsti suflhnö pirqul lc cumgr
c umgr qul rlfnjl lc
n`pgfti hl fidacnfti hl arustrgfnöd slxugc ld lc flrljri (firtlzg flrljrgc) ls lc
cöjuci tl`pirgc, qul ls lc sntni hlshl hidhl sl gftnvg cg cnjlrgfnöd hl kir`idgs

al`ldndgs, pir ci tgdti hns`nduyl cg cnjlrgfnöd hl lstgs kir`idgs `nldtrgs lc

fidacnfti lstç gftnvi, ci fugc hns`ndunrç fidslfutnvg`ldtl lc hlsli slxugc y
gctlrgrç lc fnfci `ldstrugc, `gdnalstgfnidls qul sl rlfuplrgrçd trgs cg rlsicufnöd
hlc fidacnfti.

Qg`is g itri lol`pci.

Mlrgrhi tnldl =1 g÷is, lstç fgsghi fid Gcnfng kgfl <2 g÷is y g`jis
vnvld ld udg plqul÷g cifgcnhgh hl Juldis Gnrls, ld cgs gaulrgs hl cg mrgd urjl.
Lccis sid hifldtls hl gc`g, firgzöd y vàsflrgs5 rlvicufnidgrnis pgrg su
`i`ldti. Ld su ouvldtuh, fid mrgd gdklci hl `ihnanfgr lc snstl`g lhufgtnvi.
Vndtnldhi qul ci `gsnanfghi, ci nmugc pgrg tihis, lc prl`ni y lc fgstnmi, ci
hlsfidlftghi hl cg dlflsnhgh hl fghg plrsidg di sid cg aör`ucg pgrg lc
gprldhnzgol y lc gfi`pg÷g`nldti g`irisi hl cis dn÷is, frlgrid udg plqul÷g

lsfulcg rurgc ld cg fugc g`gcmg`grid udg air`g hl lhufgfnöd hnalrldtl, `çs

sn`ncgr g ci qul slràg udg plhgmimàg ld cnjlrtgh. Xrgjgogrid `ufki pgrg lsl
sul÷i, sl prnvgrid hl `ÿctnpcls fi`ihnhghls, pgsgrid difkls snd hir`nr pgrg
fidslmunr fghg cghrncci hl gqulccg lsfulcg. Qnvnlrid fid fghg ag`ncng qul cls hloi
g sus dn÷is. Lstl klr`isi priylfti, fid lc pgsgr hl cis g÷is, aul frlfnldhi.
Frlfnldhi fghg vlz `çs, fid `çs dn÷is y `çs ag`ncngs. Frlfnldhi fid lc
hlsgrricci hl su pripng ag`ncng, yg qul tuvnlrid 6 knois? Gdg, Ougd y Vgcvghir,
qunldls frlfnlrid ld lsl ldtirdi y culmi rlgcnzgrid sus lstuhnis udnvlrsntgrnis
ld Fnldfngs Lfidö`nfgs y Fnldfngs hl cg Lhufgfnöd. Xihis air`grid pgrtl hl

cg mrgd l`prlsg ag`ncngr, fid vgrngs sufursgcls hl lspgfnis hl lhufgfnöd fid

lstg `ihgcnhgh ld `ÿctnpcls fnuhghls. Gdtls hl qul Mlrgrhi fu`pcg =1 g÷is,
sus knois irmgdnzgrid udg rludnöd ag`ncngr. Gkà cl hgd lstg ditnfng? lccis, cis knois,
fidsnhlrgjgd qul Mlrgrhi y Gcnfng lstgjgd `uy `gyirls pgrg fidtndugr ld lc
trgjgoi qul yg lrg gh`ndnstrgtnvi, y lstgdhi lccis trls tgd jnld air`ghis
gfghî`nfg`ldtl y prlpgrghis pgrg fidtndugr fid cg l`prlsg ag`ncngr, di lrg
dlflsgrng su prlsldfng. Cls hnfld qul hlhnquld lsis g÷is g hnsarutgr hl cg
juldg lfidi`àg qul sl kgjàgd mldlrghi, qul di cls njg g agctgr dghg, qul tihi
ci qul dlflsntgrgd njg g slr fujnlrti plri qul qulràgd kgflr udis pgplcls fid
gjimghis pgrg irmgdnzgr dulvg`ldtl cg l`prlsg y qul lccis slgd cis hnrlftirls.
Mlrgrhi sl ldtlrg hl qul yg lstgjg tihi irmgdnzghi? g pgrtnr hlc hàg snmunldtl
pihàg hlogr hl fidfurrnr g su ianfndg. N`gmàdldsl lc n`pgfti ld Mlrgrhi.

Rgrg Mlrgrhi, lstl aul ud klfki mrgvl, ndlsplrghi, hrg`çtnfi y vnvnhi ld

siclhgh5 ls hlfnr, fid tihgs cgs fgrgftlràstnfgs hl ud skife jnicömnfi.
Guti`çtnfg`ldtl,
Guti`çtnfg`ldtl, fg`jnö hl lstghi? pgsö difkls snd hir
hir`nr,
`nr, fid gdmustng, fid
ldioi, `gstnfgdhi cg sntugfnöd, fid su `ldtl ru`ngdhi sijrl lc `ns`i

pldsg`nldti. Andgc`ldtl, trgs pldsgrci hurgdtl `lsls hlfnhl qul cg hlfnsnöd

hl sus knois ls cg `loir. Cclmg g cg fidfcusnöd qul, tgc vlz, îc di sl kgjàg hghi
fuldtg y di tldàg lhgh pgrg tgdti lstrîs. Ls gsà, ldtidfls, qul fi`nldzg g vngogr
fid Gcnfng y g frlgr udg dulvg vnhg. ¹Wuî suflhl culmi hl lstgs sntugfnidls9
Zlvnsl`is. Rrn`lri rlfnjl lsl `gzgzi ndlsplrghi, lsl skife qul ci hlsficifg.
Culmi, kgfl ud hulci hl cg sntugfnöd y cg gflptg5 ls hlfnr, cl ldfuldtrg udg
sicufnöd g gqulc fidacnfti. Ndtlmrg cg sntugfnöd qul vnvnö hl itrg `gdlrg y hlfnhl
rlgr`gr su vnhg. ¹Wuî pgsg culmi hl lstis gfidtlfn`nldtis9 Ifki `lsls
hlspuîs hl kgjlr gflptghi rlgc`ldtl cg sntugfnöd, fugdhi cg sntugfnöd hlog hl

slr ud fidacnfti pgrg fidvlrtnrsl ld udg ipirtudnhgh hl vnvnr hl itrg air`g, ls

hlfnr qul ldfuldtrg udg sgcnhg gc fidacnfti, Mlrgrhi fi`nldzg g tldlr lpnsihnis
hl sgdmrghi ld cg irndg (kl`gturng). Gdtl ci fugc, ijvng`ldtl sl gcgr`g. Kgfl
fidsuctg `îhnfg y culmi hl vgrnis lstuhnis cl hngmdistnfgd ud fgrfndi`g
trgdsnfnidgc hl vlonmg.

Rldsl`is ld cg vlonmg, ld lc sldtnhi jnicömnfi hl cg vlonmg. ¹Rgrg quî aul

frlghg9 Cg vlonmg gc`gfldg cg irndg qul privnldl hl cis rn÷idls (pgrg lcn`ndgrcg
culmi g trgvîs hl cg urltrg). Qgyg`is gc `udhi gdn`gc, qul gkà lstç cg
ndair`gfnöd. ¹Wuî kgfl lc gdn`gc fid cg irndg9 Qlg`is ud plrri di`çs. Fugdhi
vg icagtlgdhi y irndg, ¹pgrg quî9 Và, ci sgjl`is, fcgrg`ldt
fcgrg`ldtll ci sgjl`is? pgrg
`grfgr su tlrrntirni. Cg vlonmg ls ud örmgdi hl tlrrntirni, fi`i tihg cg vàg urndgrng.
Jgstg pgrg ldtldhlrci lc sici klfki hl `nrgr g cis gdn`gcls qul irndgd pgrg
`grfgr su tlrrntirni. Ld lc fgsi hl Mlrgrhi, gdtl cg
c g ditnfng hl cg hlfnsnöd hl sus
knois, sndtnö udg ndvgsnöd hl su tlrrntirni. Rgrg lc ki`jrl, hnalrldtl qul pgrg cg
`uolr (y lsti ls udg fulstnöd jnicömnfg y di `irgc dn psnficömnfg), lc tlrrntirni
lstç gaulrg (pgrg cg `uolr, ls ndtlrdi). Lc tlrrntirni fid lc fugc lstgjg nhldtnanfghi
Mlrgrhi lrg su l`prlsg ag`ncngr hl lspgfnis hl lhufgfnöd. Lrg su frlgfnöd, su
fidqunstg (fi`i ud ciji qul fidqunstg y pritlml su tlrrntirni). ¹Wuî sndtnö
Mlrgrhi gdtl lc lvldti ndlsplrghi, hrg`çtnfi qul aul gqulccg ditnfng9 Vndtnö
qulrlr hl`grfgr cis cà`ntls hlc tlrrntirni (aul cg vnvldfng qul îc tuvi, gc fidtrgrni

hl cg lspisg qul, ld lstl fgsi, sndtnö udg cnjlrgfnöd y pir lsi di n`pgftö ld su
jnicimàg5 rlfulrhld qul di n`pirtg lc lvldti sndi lc fidtldnhi l`ifnidgc qul
fghg udi cl pidmg g lsl lvldti i sntugfnöd). ¹Fö`i ci vnvnö Mlrgrhi9
Jçsnfg`ldtl, cl ndvghnlrid lc tlrrntirni, sl ci ifupgrid. Lsi gftnvö lc fidacnfti. Lc

fidacnfti jnicömnfi gdtl lc fugc lstgjg Mlrgrhi lrg lc hl tldlr qul `grfgr su
tlrrntirni. ¹Fö`i9 Zlfirhl`is cg tràghg? gcmi n`pgftg gc `ns`i tnl`pi ld
psnqul, flrljri y örmgdi. ^ lsis trls dnvlcls vgd g lstgr kgfnldhi ci `ns`i
hlpldhnldhi hl cg agsl ld cg fugc sl ldfuldtrl cg ldalr`lhgh (lc primrg`g
lsplfngc, tl`pirgrni, fid sldtnhi jnicömnfi). ¹Wuî ndtldtgjg su psnqul9 Qlr
fö`i `grfgr tlrrntirni, ru`ngdhi ld pldsg`nldtis, jusfgdhi gctlrdgtnvgs y
rlsnstnldhi. ¹Wuî knzi lc flrljri9 Gftnvö ud primrg`g ld ud tlonhi qul tnldl qul
vlr fid cg vnvldfng hl Mlrgrhi, yg qul lsg ls cg ndair`gfnöd qul rlfnjàg hl cg
psnqul hl Mlrgrhi? gcmunld `l lstç ndvghnldhi lc tlrrntirni. Ldtidfls, tldmi qul

irndgr `çs y hl`grfgr ci qul ls `ài. Xldmi qul mldlrgr `çs irndg. Fid lc
fidacnfti gftnvi, lc flrljri jnicömnfi, ld lstl fgsi g trgvîs hl cg firtlzg flrljrgc,
qul ls cg pgrtl qul fi`gdhg cg vlonmg,
vlo nmg, cl hg cg irhld g lsl tlonhi hl gmrgdhgrsl
pgrg rltldlr `çs irndg. ¹Fö`i mldlri `çs irndg9 Rgrg lsi, dlflsnti gu`ldtgr
lc tg`g÷i hl cg vlonmg, kgflr `çs vlonmg. ¹Fö`i sl kgfl9 \cflrgdhi cg vlonmg
(mldlrgdhi `çs lspgfni, ÿcflrgs qul gc ndnfni sid gsndti`çtnfgs) pgrg gu`ldtgr
su fgpgfnhgh. ^ lstl ls lc sldtnhi jnicömnfi? cimrgr ud `gyir gc`gfldg`nldti
pgrg tldlr `çs irndg pgrg, prlfnsg`ldtl, `grfgr `çs lc tlrrntirni. @nldtrgs
Mlrgrhi cl hni vulctg, snd ldfidtrgr sgcnhg, gc gsudti, sl rlsnstnö, sl ldioö, di

pihàg ghgptgrsl g lsg sntugfnöd, ru`ngjg su `ldtl ld tirdi g lsl pldsg`nldti.

Vu psnqul lstgjg ld gftnvnhgh jusfgdhi fö`i `grfgr lsl tlrrntirni y su fulrpi
lstgjg kgfnldhi ci `ns`i. \d hàg, ld ud ndstgdtl, g Mlrgrhi cl fgl cg anfkg. Vu
anfkg di ls cg anfkg qul cl tnldl qul fglr g tihis. Cg psnqul hl Mlrgrhi, pir cgs
rgzidls qul aulrgd, ldfuldtrg qul cg `loir sgcnhg g lsl fidacnfti ls di cufkgr
pir `grfgr ud tlrrntirni qul, ldtnldhl, yg di ls dlflsgrni pritlmlr, qul di ls
dlflsgrni nhldtnanfgrsl fid lsi fid ci fugc lstuvi nhldtnanfghi tihg su vnhg, y
qul, ghl`çs, cl pulhl ldfidtrgr itri sldtnhi g su vnhg, ls hlfnr, ldfidtrgr itri
tlrrntirni. Gkà rlsulcvl lc fidacnfti ld su psnqul. Gc rlsicvlr, cg jnicimàg pulhl
ldtrgr ld cg ltgpg pistfidacnfticnsns (RFC)5 ls hlfnr, pgsg g cg agsl hl Zlpgrgfnöd.
Ldtidfls, Mlrgrhi rlsulcvl lc fidacnfti pirqul ldfuldtrg itri sldtnhi ld su vnhg
vnhg..
Gkà, lc Flrljri Jnicömnfi irhldg rlccldgr lc lspgfni qul gdtls sl gjrnö, pir ci

qul lsg ÿcflrg ls rlccldghg pir lc `ns`i tlonhi hl cg vlonmg, pirqul yg di

dlflsntg tldlr vlonmg `çs mrgdhl. Lsl rlccldi hl rlpgrgfnöd ls ci qul ccg`g`is
tu`ir i fgrfndi`g trgdsnfnidgc hl vlonmg. ¹Rir quî gpgrlfl sgdmrghi ld cg irndg
ir ndg
hl Mlrgrhi9 Rirqul ld lsl `i`ldti, cis `nfrifnruogdis dgturgcls, cis

mîr`ldls, vgd g gftugr pgrg lcn`ndgr lc tlonhi sijrgdtl. Vnl`prl lc sgdmrghi ls

ld agsl hl rlsicufnöd, gc nmugc qul cg ndacg`gfnöd y, pir ci mldlrgc, lc hicir. Lc
`ns`i tnpi hl fidacnfti, qul ls cg hl`grfgfnöd hl cà`ntls ld lc tlrrntirni, ls lc
qul hlsldfghldgrç ld agsl hl rlsicufnöd cgs ndalffnidls urndgrngs, cgs fnstntns y
cgs pnlcidlarntns. Lc sldtnhi jnicömnfi ls lc `ns`i, cg hnalrldfng hl qul cg
rlspulstg slg udg ndacg`gfnöd i ud tu`ir, fi`i tl lxpcnfi snl`prl, hlpldhlrç
hl cg `gsg fidacnftugc i ndtldsnhgh y tnl`pi hl hurgfnöd hlc fidacnfti.

Qicvnldhi g Mlrgrhi, îc rlfnjl ud hngmdöstnfi hl ci qul

fidvldfnidgc`ldtl ccg`g`is fgrfndi`g hl vlonmg. Ndsnsti? udg ltnqultg di ls
sici udg ltnqultg. Cclvg n`pcàfnti ud ounfni hl vgcirgfnöd, udg supulstg cömnfg qul
cl hg ud sldtnhi g ci qul vnvn`is. Cclvg n`pcàfnti, ld dulstri ndfidsfnldtl,
pisnjncnhghls. ¹Wuî ls pisnjcl y quî di ls pisnjcl9 \dg ltnqultg gjrl udgs
pisnjncnhghls y fcgusurg itrgs. Rir lsi ls tgd n`pirtgdtl lc hngmdöstnfi? ci qul
lstg`is di`jrgdhi, cg `gdlrg hl kgflrci, ls snl`prl fidhnfnidgdtl. Fçdflr
ls sndödn`i hl qul lc fulrpi lstç agccgdhi, ci fugc ls sndödn`i hl udg pisnjcl
`ulrtl. Hlfnr qul lc fulrpi lstç rlpgrgdhi ls sndödn`i hl vnhg5 di hl `ulrtl.
^ gfç di sl trgtg hl mldlrgr agcsgs lxplftgtnvgs i hgr agcsgs lsplrgdzgs. Fcgri
qul di. Vl trgtg hl di`jrgr, ci `çs flrtlrg`ldtl pisnjcl, ci qul dulstrg jnicimàg
lstç kgfnldhi. Hl goustgrdis g dulstrg jnicimàg pgrg di gftnvgr itris fidacnftis
gsifnghis gc hngmdöstnfi. Culmi, cg sgdgfnöd y cg furgfnöd vgd g hlpldhlr, fi`i
yg hnol y slmunrî hnfnldhi, hl `ÿctnpcls agftirls. Goustgrdis g dulstrg jnicimàg di
sici cl gjrl itrgs pisnjncnhghls rlgcls g cg plrsidg qul trgdsntg ci qul ccg`g`is
–Fçdflr‐ (i fugcqunlr itrg ldalr`lhgh), sndi qul tg`jnîd dis gjrl itrgs
pisnjncnhghls tlrgpîutnfgs g cis `îhnfis y prialsnidgcls hl cg sgcuh pgrg ti`gr
`loirls hlfnsnidls y usgr hl cg `loir `gdlrg pisnjcl tihgs cgs klrrg`nldtgs
qul lstçd gc gcfgdfl.
 Qg`is g itri lol`pci.
Flcndg tnldl 81 g÷is. Lstç fgsghg fid Kumi y oudtis tnldld : knois. Ls
cnfldfnghg ld pujcnfnhgh y trgjgog ld udg l`prlsg ld cg fugc tnldl mrgd

rlfidifn`nldti pir sus cimris cgjirgcls. \d hàg, suldg lc tlcîaidi hl su ianfndg.

Gtnldhl, fi`i hl fistu`jrl y udg viz al`ldnd
al`ldndgg cl prl
prlmudtg
mudtg sn ls cg Vrg. F
Flcndg
lcndg
[. Lccg rlspidhl qul sà. Cg viz cl hnfl? –Wunlri fi`udnfgrcl qul kgfl trls g÷is
siy cg g`gdtl hl su `grnhi, qul tuvn`is ud knoi qul yg tnldl ud g÷i y qul di

sipirti `çs qul lsti lstî ifucti y tg`pifi pulhi frllr qul ustlh di sl hî
fuldtg‐,, y cl firtgd lc tlcîaidi. Lsg ditnfng aul mrgvl, hrg`çtnfg, ndlsplrghg y
fuldtg‐
vnvnhg ld siclhgh. ¹Wuî hnfl lccg ld cg fidsuctg, fö`i di`jrg lsg lxplrnldfng9
Lc cldmugol ls ud pcgdi aàsnfi hidhl sl kgfl vnsnjcl dulstri vlrhghlri sldtnr?
lccg vlrjgcnzö qul ld lsl `i`ldti sndtnö qul cl kgjàgd grrgdfghi g su `grnhi.
Ls hlfnr, di sndtnö udg trgnfnöd, di sndtnö qul aul gcmi di puhi hnmlrnr, di sndtnö
qul aul udg mugrrghg, sndi qul sndtnö qul sl ci grrgdfgrid hl su plfki. Cgs
pgcgjrgs qul usg`is pgrg di`jrgr ci qul vnvn`is di sid fgsugcls. @lsls `çs
tgrhl, lccis sl slpgrgd. Flcndg kgfl tlrgpng y fidfcuyl qul su rlcgfnöd hl

`gtrn`idni kgfàg g÷is qul di audfnidgjg, qul fghg udi lstgjg ld su `udhi,
pidnldhi cg cnjnhi ld gqulcci fid ci qul fghg udi lstgjg nhldtnanfgh
nhldtnanfghii y fid
fidslmuàg
slmuàg
vgcirgfnöd y rlfidifn`nldti. Lccg fidfcuyö qul gsà fi`i lccg sl hlhnfö g su
trgjgoi, su `grnhi sl ldg`irö hl itrg `uolr. Ls hlfnr, qul hl vlrsl fi`i udg
vàftn`g hl cg sntugfnöd y trgdsntgr cg trnstlzg, lc ldioi, cg n`pitldfng y lc
rlsldtn`nldti, puhi gclogrsl hl ci qul kgjàg pgsghi y vlr fuçc lrg su
rlspidsgjncnhgh ld lc priflsi, fuçc lrg lc vlrhghlri gfulrhi vndfucgr qul tldàgd
fid su fi`pg÷lri, fuçc lrg su vlrhghlrg rlcgfnöd? dndmudi hl cis his sl
rlmnstrgjg, y gsà fi`i lccg hlspcgzö kgfng lc trgjgoi
trgjg oi tihg su dlflsnhgh (y `nrghg,

`nrghg qul og`çs aul kgfng îc5 ls hlfnr, su pgrlog og`çs rlprlsldtö ud pgr qul
pulhg sistldlrcg y pritlmlrcg fi`i ci kgfàg lc trgjgoi, pir lol`pci), gsà ci knzi
lsl ki`jrl kgfng itrg `uolr (`nrghg qul og`çs pusi ld Flcndg). Xrgs cg
slpgrgfnöd, lccg sndtnö mrgd gcnvni.
gcn vni. Qnvldfnö gcmi qul gdtls di kgjàg ditghi, qul
kgjàg fidvnvnhi fid ud lxtrg÷i. His `lsls `çs tgrhl sl pgcpg ud döhuci ld cg
`g`g hlrlfkg. Jifkntg qul sl lstuhng ^ fuyi hngmdöstnfi ls ud Fçdflr huftgc
hl `g`g hlrlfkg.

Itrg vlz y fi`i tl rlpnti snl`prl, ld prn`lr cumgr kgy qul prlmudtgrsl?
¹fuçc ls lc sldtnhi jnicömnfi hlc örmgdi qul lstç lxprlsgdhi lc primrg`g qul
ccg`çjg`is ldalr`lhgh9 ¹Rgrg quî aul frlghi9 Ld lstl fgsi kgjcg`is hl cgs
`g`gs, lsplfàanfg`ldtl hl udg pgrtl hl lccgs, cis ccg`ghis fidhuftis

mgcgftöairis, qul sid cis ldfgrmghis hl trgscghgr lc gcn`ldti, cg clfkl `gtlrdg,

hlshl lc cijucncci `g`grni hidhl sl prihufl gc plzöd, ls hlfnr gflrfgd lc
gcn`ldti g cg fràg. Lc tldlr lstg ndair`gfnöd dis gyuhgrç g fi`prldhlr quî ls ci
qul cg jnicimàg lstç kgfnldhi y pir quî, ls hlfnr, fuçc ls lc sldtnhi hl lsg

trgdsair`gfnöd ld lc fulrpi.
Ld cis `g`àalris, cgs `g`gs kgd snhi frlghgs fi`i lc örmgdi pgrg
gslmurgr cg suplrvnvldfng hl cg lsplfnl (cis hnalrldtls
hn alrldtls tlonhis qul fidair`gd cgs
`g`gs, kiy fid tihi su hlsgrricci, aulrid gpgrlfnldhi ld cgs hnstndtgs ltgpgs
lvicutnvgs, pir ci fugc ld lc `ns`i örmgdi sl aulrid gmrlmgdhi tlonhis `çs
fi`pclois g `lhnhg qul aun`is lvicufnidgdhi fi`i lsplfnl). G trgvîs hl cgs
`g`gs, cimrg`is cg pritlffnöd hl cgs
cg s fràgs, hlc dnhi, dutrnr gc itri, fidtgftgr fid
lc itri. Ldtidfls, ¹quî tlonhis fidair`gd cgs `g`gs9 Xldl`is ud tlonhi qul
prihufl cg clfkl (slràgd cis cöjucis y cijucnccis `g`grnis), kgy ud tlonhi qul
fidhufl y trgdspirtg cg clfkl (qul sid cis fidhuftis mgcgftöairis, îstis dis
udld fid lc itri), kgy ud tlonhi hl sistîd y fidsnstldfng (tlonhi fidlftnvi y
ghnpisi), ud tlonhi qul rlfujrl (pnlc), `çs cis snstl`gs qul hgd sldsnjncnhgh
fi`i cgs tlr`ndgcls dlrvnisgs, cis qul trgdspirt
trgdspirtgd
gd dutrnldtls y hlslfkis fi`i
grtlrngs, vldgs y cndag. Fghg udi hl lsis tlonhis hlrnvg hl hnstndtgs ltgpgs
lvicutnvgs5 ls pir lsti qul fghg tlonhi lstç fi`gdhghi pir ud çrlg lsplfàanfg
hlc flrljri jnicömnfi y, pir ci tgdti, rlspidhl g fidacnftis y g dlflsnhghls
hnalrldtls. Ci fugc kgrç, fi`i fidslfuldfng ndlvntgjcl, qul hlpldhnldhi hlc
fidacnfti jnicömnfi ld lc qul lstl`is, cg rlspuls
rlspulstg
tg jnicömnfg sl vl
vlgg ld ud tlonhi
i ld itri. Ci qul lxpcnfg fid titgc fiklrldfng qul di ls fgsugc qul ud tu`ir sl
hlsgrriccl ld lc cijucncci, ld lc fidhufti i ld cg pnlc, sndi qul hlpldhlrç hlc tnpi
hl fidacnfti vnvldfnghi. Ls dulstrg vnvldfng gdtl lsg sn
sntugfnöd,
tugfnöd, cg ndtlrprltgfnöd
rgfnidgc qul kgfl cg psnqul hl ci qul vnvn`is ci qul dis cclvgrç g vnvnr udg
sntugfnöd hl udg hltlr`ndghg `gdlrg5 y lsi ls ci vlrhghlri
vlrhg hlri pgrg disitris.

. Gkirg jnld, yg sgjl`is qul lc tlonhi galftghi hlpldhl hl `n vnvldfng.

G lsti gmrlmg`is qul hlpldhnldhi hl fuçc `g`g sl trgtg (hlrlfkg i nzqunlrhg)
y hl sn cg plrsidg ls hnlstrg i zurhg, vg g lstgr hgdhi sl÷gcls hl quî tnpi hl
fidacnfti vndfucgr kgjcg`is. Rir lol`pci, pgrg udg `uolr hnlstrg, ld cg `g`g
nzqunlrhg vgd g gsldtgrsl cis fidacnftis rlcgfnidghis gc dnhi, g cg `ghrl y g cis

knois5 y ld cl `g`g hlrlfkg cis vndfucghis g cis pgrls, pgr

pgrlog,
log, pghrl, fulstnidls
sifngcls y trgjgoi. Ld udg `uolr zurhg cg
c g ndtlrprltgfnöd ls gc rlvîs.

Qicvnldhi g Flcndg, qul ls udg `uolr hnlstrg, su hngmdöstnfi ls fgrfndi`g

huftgc hl `g`g hlrlfkg.

Lc tlonhi galftghi sid cis fidhuftis `g`grnis (cis fidhuftis

mgcgftöairis). Xl rlpnti qul lstis sid cis ldfgrmghis hl trgscghgr cg clfkl hl
cgs mcçdhucgs kgstg lc plzöd. Ls hlfnr, sid cis qul fi`udnfgd g cg kl`jrg fid
cg fràg, sid lc vàdfuci, sid cis
c is qul udld, mrgfngs g lstis fidhuftis cg clfkl cclmg
hlshl su çrlg hl prihuffnöd (cis cijucnccis) g cg fràg, qul ls fi`i hlfnr qul ls
lstl fidhufti fi`i ud knci qul fidlftg g cg `ghrl (qunîd
(qun îd prihufl lc gcn`ldti)
fid cgs fràgs (qunîd ci rlfnjl). Ldtidfls, ld lstis fidhuftis sl gsnldtgd
fidacnftis hl slpgrgfnöd (fi`i pulhl slr lc sldtn`nldti hl qul kgd grrgdfghi

g gcmunld hl `n plfki). Fugdhi suflhl, cis fidhuftis fi`nldzgd g ucflrgrsl

(g ri`plrsl tg`jnîd) ld fidacnfti gftnvi. @nldtrgs cg `ldtl hl Flcndg lstgjg ld
lc fidacnfti gftnvi, ld vlr fö`i rlfidlftgr fid su pgrlog y fö`i slmunr oudtis,
su flrljri jnicömnfi ldvngjg cg irhld g cis fidhuftis `g`grnis hl ucflrgrcis,
ri`plrcis pgrg mugrhgr lsg clfkl pgrg qul di sl pnlrhg pirqul lc vàdfuci di
lstç pir cg slpgrgfnöd5 mugrhgr cg clfkl pgrg fugdhi cg fràg sl rlfuplrl, tldlrcg
hnspidnjcl. @nldtrgs su pnsqul lstgjg ld lsl fidacnfti gftnvi, tg`jnîd ci lstgjg
cg jnicimàg. ^ fugdhi kgy udg rlsicufnöd fidfrltg y prçftnfg, ldtidfls cg jnicimàg
pulhl ldtrgr ld cg ltgpg hl rlpgrgfnöd. @nldtrgs hurgjg lc fidacnfti gftnvi, lc

fulrpi hl Flcndg slmuàg ucflrgdhi cis fidhuftis `g`grnis. Fugdhi lccg

ldfuldtrg cg sicufnöd g su fidacnfti, kgfl tlrgpng, hlfnhl cg slpgrgfnöd rlgc l
ndtlrdgcnzg qul lccis yg di lrgd udg pgrlog kgfàg tnl`pi, fi`prldhnldhi qul ci
`loir lrg (pgrg lccis) di lstgr oudtis, lsgs ÿcflrgs qul air`grid ccis
is fidhuftis
sl fi`nldzgd g rlccldgr. Vl rlfidstruyl lc tlonhi lpntlcngc qul air`gd cis
fidhuftis y gkà gpgrlfl lc tu`ir i fgrfndi`g huftgc hl `g`g‐, fi`i rlsicufnöd
hl fidacnfti i RFC Lc sldtnhi jnicömnfi hl ci qul ccg`g`is
cc g`g`is fgrfndi`g huftgc hl
`g`g gpgrlfl ld fidacnfti gftnvi. Vl ucflrgd cis fidhuftis pgrg qul di sl
hlrrg`l cg clfkl qul di vg g slr utncnzghg pir cg slpgrgfnöd fid lc vàdfuci, pgrg
mugrhgr lc gcn`ldti pgrg fugdhi sl rlfuplrl lc vàdfuci. ^ lstg aul cg `gdlrg
qul Flcndg tuvi hl vnvnr lsl
l sl lvldti, pirqul lsi ls ci qul kgfl qul lstgs clyls
slgd vlrnanfgjcls, ldtrl itris agftirls, ld
ld lc 722 % hl cis fgsis? di qul gdtl ud

hltlr`ndghi lvldti sl gftnvg tgc ldalr`lhgh, lsi di ls gsà, lsg vnsnöd rlspidhl
`çs g `nrghg psnfisi`çtnfg hl cg ldalr`lhgh qul di sl goustg g cg rlgcnhgh.
Di. Gdtl cg `ns`g ndtlrprltgfnöd hl cg rlgcnhgh, gdtl lc `ns`i fidtldnhi
l`ifnidgc, gdtl cg `ns`g vnvldfng, gdtl lsg ndair`gfnöd qul rlfnjl lc flrljri
ls qul sl vg g hlspclmgr cg `ns`g
`n s`g sicufnöd jnicömnfg qul fi`pgrtn`is fid tihis
cis slrls vnvnldtls, sicufnöd qul, fi`i vldmi hnfnldhi, lstç primrg`ghg y
lstrufturghg ld dulstri flrljri jnicömnfi, ld dulstrgs fîcucgs, ld dulstris
mldls y ld dulstri GHD, pgrg mgrgdtnzgr dulstr
dulstrgg suplrvnvldfng vntgc

Flcndg rlsulcvl gc fidacnfti. Gdtl lc fidacnfti rlsulcti vl`is lc tu`ir hl

`g`g, lc fgrfndi`g huftgc hl `g`g. Lstl tu`ir, qul rlprlsldtg fgsn lc >2 %
hl cis tu`irls `g`grnis, rlsuctg hl ud fidacnfti rlsulcti. Lstg ndair`gfnöd ls
vgcnisàsn`g. Di hljlràg slr gdlfhötnfg, sldfnccg`ldtl pirqul di ci ls. Lc >2 %
hl cis Fçdflrls hl `g`g qul sl hngmdistnfgd, sl hltlftgd y hngmdistnfgd
fugdhi lc fidacnfti lstç rlsulcti, ls hlfnr, fugdhi cg jnicimàg ldtrö ld cg ltgpg
hl rlpgrgfnöd. Lc –fgrfndi`g huftgc hl `g`g‐ ls rlpgrgfnöd5 rlpnti?
ZLRGZGFNÖD. Ld fidacnfti gftnvi, kgy ÿcflrg gsndti`çtnfg y pîrhnhg hl cg
sldsnjncnhgh cifgc (lc sldtnhi hl cg pîrhnhg hl sldsnjncnhgh ls di sldtnr
ndtldsg`ldtl cg slpgrgfnöd) pgrg agfncntgr lc icvnhi hl cg slpgrgfnöd. Fugdhi lc
fidacnfti sl rlsulcvl, fi`i tl hnol, gpgrlfl lc döhuci i tu`ir5 lc hicir y cg
ndacg`gfnöd gpgrlfld pgrg ZLRGZGZ.

^ gfç, ld audfnöd hl `n lxplrnldfng, hl `ns fidsuctgs, hl vnvldfngs hl

g`nmgs, ag`ncngrls, fidsuctgdtls y `ufkgs `uolrls qul vli hngrng`ldtl hlshl

kgfl `ufki tnl`pi, `l viy g plr`ntnr slr `çs ldaçtnfg y fgtlmörnfg. Di hnmi
qul ci qul hnmi slg udg vlrhgh gjsicutg, plri sà hnmi qul frli qul ls vlrhghlri?
quî hnalrldtls slràgd cgs fidsuctgs y cgs sgcgs hl lsplrgs hl mndlficimàg y
idficimàg sn cl hnoîrg`is g udg `uolr fid ud fgrfndi`g huftgc hl `g`g, qul g
trgvîs hl su fulrpi lxprlsö y rlsicvnö ud fidacnfti hl slpgrgfnöd y di qul su
jnicimàg ldciqulfnö, qul tnldl udg pricnalrgfnöd gdçrqunfg hl fîcucgs, qul su
fulrpi cg lstç `gtgdhi y kgy qul gffnidgr hl `gdlrg urmldtl pirqul lsgs
fîcucgs cg lstçd hlvirgdhi. Di hlfnrcl qul kgy udg urmldfng hl g`putgrcl cgs
`g`gs, örmgdi sn`jöcnfi pgrg cg nhldtnhgh y vgcirgfnöd hl cg `uolr. Di kgjcgrcl
gsà, hlfrltgdhi lc `nlhi y cg `ulrtl, sndi di`jrgr ci qul ld rlgcnhgh
rlgc nhgh cg jnicimàg
`gdnanlstg, y gsà cl `gdnalstgràg`is ci `grgvnccisg y plralftg qul sid cg

Dgturgclzg y cg jnicimàg. Cl fidtgràg`is ci qul su fulrpi lstç kgfnldhi, fö`i

su fulrpi lstç g su hnspisnfnöd, fö`i su fulrpi cl plr`ntl ghgptgrsl g sus
vnvldfngs, fö`i cl hg cg fkgdfl hl rlvnsgr su rlgcnhgh vndfucgr, su `gdlrg hl
vndfucgrsl fid lc Itri, fö`i su fulrpi knzi ci qul lccg di puhi kgflr y gkirg,
hlspuîs hl qul lccg rlsicvnö, fö`i su fulrpi tg`jnîd lstç rlsicvnldhi y
rlpgrgdhi, fö`i su fulrpi lxprlsg sàdti`gs qul cg fidhufld g cg rlpgrgfnöd,
fö`i lsg ldalr`lhgh qul pihl`is vlr fi`i ud plcnmri y ud ldl`nmi, ld
rlgcnhgh ls udg ipirtudnhgh, udg gcnghg.

Lc fulrpi ls lc lsploi hlc gc`g. Di tnldl lc gc`g itri cumgr hödhl lxprlsgr
gqulcci qul dis suflhl, ci lxprlsg ld cg `gtlrng, ld lc fulrpi, ld lc ÿdnfi sntni
hidhl ci pihl`is vlr. CG JNICIMÀG LVXÇ G D\LVXZG HNVRIVNFNÖD ^ G
D\LVXZI AGQIZ. OG@ÇV LVXÇ DN LVXGZÇ LD FIDXZG D\LVXZG.

Zlpnti. Di hnmi qul di tldmg`is qul gfi`pg÷gr lc priflsi, di hnmi qul

di kgyg qul trgtgr cis sàdti`gs dn lc tu`ir. Di lstiy ouzmgdhi udg tlrgpîutnfg.
Lsi ls itrg fisg. Kgjci hl ci n`pirtgdtl hl fi`prldhlr ci qul suflhl y fö`i
trgds`ntnrci.

Gudqul dis ndfi`ihl. Gsà ci lxplrn`ldti ld `à, hngrng`ldtl. Gsà ci

lxplrn`ldti ld `n ag`ncng, hngrng`ldtl. Gsà ci lxplrn`ldti ld `ns fidsuctgs,
hngrng`ldtl.

Itri `ldsgol `l trgl g `à lstg lstghàstnfg, qul fcgrg`ldtl sl lvnhldfng

ld cgs fidsuctgs idficömnfgs, hidhl lc tnpi `çs arlfuldtl hl tu`ir ld cgs
`uolrls ls lc Fçdflr hl `g`gs. Cg mrgd `gyiràg hl lstis fçdflrls sid
fgrfndi`gs huftgcls, hidhl, fi`i lxpcnquî gdtls, sl gsnldtgd cis fidacnftis hl
slpgrgfnöd. Ls açfnc hlhufnr qul udi hl cis fidacnftis qul `çs arlfuldtl`ldtl
vnvn`is fi`i Ku`gdnhgh ls lc hl slpgrgfnöd, cg vnvldfng hl sldtnr qul dis kgd
grrgdfghi g gcmunld hl dulstri plfki. ¡Wuî ndair`gfnöd tgd vgcnisg! Vn
vnvldfng`is cgs sntugfnidls hl slpgrgfnöd hl lstg `gdlrg, fcgrg`ldtl fi`i
ndhnvnhuis, fi`i ag`ncng, fi`i sifnlhgh y fi`i ku`gdnhgh lstg`is vnvnldhi
ld lc plmi y lc fidtric, g`jis knois hlc `nlhi. ¹Wuî dis lstç suflhnldhi g cis
slrls ku`gdis qul dlflsntg`is gplmgrdis tgdti g cgs fisgs y g cgs plrsidgs9
¹Fö`i lstg`is vnvnldhi, qul ld lc `i`ldti ld udg plrsidg, ud trgjgoi, udg
cgjir di lstç, ci vnvldfng`is fi`i qul dis ci kgd grrgdfghi9 Vn ci
c i fnlrti ls qul

dghg dn dghnl dis plrtldlfl, qul di si`is hul÷is hl dghg dn hl dghnl, qul
tldl`is qul cimrgr fidangr ld qul tihi ls ud pcgd plralfti, hnvndi y suplrnir y
fghg sntugfnöd ls ud gprldhnzgol g fgpntgcnzgr. Di snrvl gplmgrdis, cg ccgvl ls
acunr y fidangr, sgjnldhi qul dghg
dg hg `l agctgrç og`çs pirqul si`is @lrlflhirls
hl cg Rcldntuh pir Hlrlfki hl Dgfn`nldti. Xihi lc rlsti ls ricci hl dulstrg
fidstruffnöd `ldtgc. Xldl`is `nlhi g qul sl vgygd cgs plrsidgs, pirqul di
dis sldtn`is àdtlmris, di ndtlrdgcnzg`is qul cis knois sid knois hl cg vnhg, qul
cgs plrsidgs dis gfi`pg÷grl`is udgs g cgs itrgs kgstg qul lsis fnfcis
tlr`ndld, qul dghg hl lsi lstç `gc y qul di ls hlsg`ir sndi tihi ci fidtrgrni
ls G`ir Qlrhghlri Ndfidhnfnidgc.

Itrg rlaclxnöd qul `l surml,

surml , ls qul cgs `loirls fg`pg÷gs hlstndghgs g
cg prlvldfnöd hlc Fçdflr hl `g`g y tihis cis Fçdflrls, hljlràgd lstgr `çs
irnldtghgs gc frlfn`nldti ndtlrnir, g cg sgdgfnöd hl dulstris dn÷is klrnhis, g cg
fidlxnöd fid dulstrg lsldfng y fid dulstri vlrhghlri pripösnti hl vnhg, g
cn`pngr lc sldtn`nldti hl fgrldfng y lsfgslz qul dis kgfl gplmgrdis g tihi y
tihis. Gc sgdgr lc Gc`g,
Gc `g, lc Lspàrntu y cg @ldtl lxprlsgràg`is `ldis primrg`gs
hl fidacnfti ld lc fulrpi aàsnfi. Lc Hr. Kg`lr hlfàg udg argsl qul fi`pgrti ld
ud 722 %? Cis slrls ku`gdis ldalr`g`is pir `nlhi, gplmi y fidtric. ^
rlgc`ldtl ls gsà y ls gkà hidhl tldl`is qul pidlr lc aifi pgrg qul dulstrg
jnicimàg (dulstri fulrpi) di tldmg qul sgfgr su gs jgoi cg `gdmg qul ls lc
primrg`g jnicömnfi hl l`lrmldfngs y gsà hlsgrriccgr lstg trgdsair`gfnöd qul
ccg`çjg`is ldalr`lhgh.

Qiy g kgflrtl itrg gfcgrgfnöd. Fi`i hn lol`pcis hl tu`irls qul gpgrlfld

ld rlsicufnöd hl fidacnfti, viy g rlpltnr lstl fidflpti sijrl cg rlsicufnöd hl cis
fidacnftis qul yg vn`is ld cg Vlmudhg Cly, plri qul ls n`pirtgdtl fi`prldhlr.
Ci qul snmul di ls cg Xlrflrg Cly, plri ls udg lxpcnfgfnöd fidfl
fidflptugc
ptugc pgrg qul
snmgs fi`prldhnldhi.

Fi`i tl fidtgjg `çs grrnjg, cg jnicimàg sici ndmrlsg ld cg ltgpg hl

rlpgrgfnöd, ls hlfnr qul cg ldalr`lhgh ndmrlsg ld su slmudhg ltgpg sn y sici sn
lc fidacnfti qul gftnvö cg ldalr`lhgh kg snhi rlsulcti, hl udg u itrg `gdlrg,
fidsfnldtl i di, pir gffnöd i pir i`nsnöd, pirqul yi knfl gcmi i hloî hl kgflrci,

pirqul Itri knzi gcmi i hloö hl kgflrci, pirqul sl ldfidtrö udg sgcnhg privnsirng
i pirqul sl ldfidtrö udg sicufnöd mgdghirg, pir ci qul aulrg, fi`i slg, cg
sicufnöd fidfrltg gc fidacnfti ifurrnö. Lsg sicufnöd ls cg ndair`gfnöd qul hljl
rlfnjnr VÀ i VÀ lc flrljri pgrg pidlr ld `grfkg cg ltgpg hl rlpgrgfnöd.
Ijvng`ldtl qul sn cg sicufnöd gc fidacnfti ls privnsirng, sn lc fidacnfti di sl
hnsulcvl sndi qul plrsnstl, lc flrljri di vg g hlsgr`gr cg sicufnöd jnicömnfg qul
ldfidtrö, ls hlfnr, di vg g hlsprimrg`gr cg ldalr`lhgh kgstg qul cg sicufnöd
rlgc gc fidacnfti slg kgccghg,. Ls gsà hl sldfncci. Lsti ls ci qul sl ccg`g fidacnfti
pldhnldtl? cg plrsidg plr`gdlfl ld fidacnfti gftnvi fid sàdti`gs hl
sn`pgtnfitidàg,
sn`pgtnfitidàg, ls hlfnr snstl`g ghrldîr
ghrldîrmnfi,
mnfi, hl cufkg y kunhg, gftnvi pirqul di
kg pihnhi rlsicvlrsl lc fidacnfti i pirqul di sl rlsicvnö fi`pcltg`ldtl.
Rlr`gdlflr ld ud fidacnfti ndtldsi gftnvi hl lstrîs plr`gdldtl hurgdtl cgrmi
tnl`pi pulhl slr agtgc pgrg lc irmgdns`i y fgusgr cg `ulrtl pir gmitg`nldti
l`ifnidgc, aàsnfi y `ldtgc hl cg plrsidg. Lc fulrpi fidsu`l cg ldlrmàg vntgc y
`ulrl pir gmitg`nldti hl cis snstl`gs y örmgdis.

\d lol`pci qul snrvl pgrg mrganfgr lsti sid cis pöcnpis ndtlstndgcls.
Fidacnfti hl jifghi ndhnmlsti hl `nîrficls, gcmi qul sl vnvl fi`i udg `gcg
oumghg. Lstl fidacnfti vnvldfnghi rlpltnhg`ldtl kgrç qul sl air`ld
fidstgdtl`ldtl pöcnpis. G cg plrsidg cl lxtrgld ud pöcnpi ndtlstndgc y, g cis
`lsls, itri y gsà suflsnvg`ldtl. Kgjntugc`ldtl, hlshl udg `nrghg
fidvldfnidgc, cl hlfn`is gc pgfnldtl qul tnldl prlhnspisnfnöd g kgflr pöcnpis.
¹Rrlhnspisnfnöd9 @ufkgs vlfls, fugdhi cg @lhnfndg di cl ldfuldtrg itrgs
rgzidls g ci qul suflhl, fugdhi di ldfidtrg`is gcmudg fgusg qul dis plr`ntg
pidlrcl ud di`jrl g ci qul `gdnanlstg lc fulrpi hlc pgfnldtl, rlfurrn`is g cg
fgusg mldîtnfg, g lstg prlhnspisnfnöd mldîtnfg. Ci fugc ls ud supulsti. Gkirg
jnld, hlshl lstg vnsnöd, pihràg`is di`jrgr ci qul pgsg hl itrg `gdlrg. Ls
hlfnr, pihl`is fi`prldhlr lc sldtnhi jnicömnfi hl ci qul pgsg y ld audfnöd hl
lsi qul lc fulrpi lxprlsg, fi`prldhlr cg vnvldfng qul lxplrn`ldtg cg plrsidg
ld fulstnöd, disitris, cis fidsuctgdtls gftnvis, pihl`is kgflr findfnhnr ci qul
rlgc`ldtl dis pgsg fid ci qul sl di`jrg (gcmi
(gc mi vntgc pgrg cis slrl`is ku`gdis?
cg findfnhldfng ldtrl ci qul pgsg y ci qul sl di`jrg). Gsà, pihl`is hlfnr qul
gqulccg plrsidg, fuyg jnicimàg `gdnanlstg udg y itrg vlz pöcnpis, vnvldfng cgs
sntugfnidls fi`i qul cg oihld (ld tîr`ndis jnicömnfis, hnràg`is qul cg plrsidg

vnvldfng ud ldioi pir udg mugrrghg, snldtl qul cg oihnlrid ), y trgscghg lsi g cg
jnicimàg? su flrljri ldvàg cg irhld g cgs fîcucgs hlc ficid hl qul sl rlpcnquld
pgrg lcn`ndgr lsi qul cg plrsidg di cimrg
c imrg hlskgflr. Vgfgrsl lc pöcnpi cl rlsulcvl
lc `i`ldti, plri di cg jgsl hlc fidacnfti. Kgy qul rlvlr su knstirng, su `ihi hl
rlgffnidgr gdtl cgs fisgs qul di cl mustgd, sus n`pgftis l`ifnidgcls. Vn di
gjirhg su rlgcnhgh l`ifnidgc y sus vnvldfngs, fidtndugrç kgfnldhi pöcnpis fghg
vlz `gyirls. Gfç gprivlfki pgrg fi`ldtgr itrg vlz gcmi. Vn rlvnsg`is cg
knstirng fcàdnfg hl lstg plrsidg qul rlpntl cg air`gfnöd hl pöcnpis ndtlstndgcls,
tgc vlz pihg`is ldfidtrgr ld cg pgrtl hl gdtlflhldtls ag`ncngrls qul su pghrl
ci kgfàg y tg`jnîd su gjulci. Gqulccis gdtlflhldtls dis plr`ntld gjidgr lc
supulsti hl cg prlhnspisnfnöd mldîtnfg. Klrlhg`is cg ldalr`lhgh. Hlshl cg
fi`prldsnöd qul dis jrndhgd lstgs Clyls Jnicömnfgs, pihl`is ldtldhlr qul di
sl klrlhg cg ldalr`lhgh fi`i ud `gc. ^g qul cg ldalr`lhgh ls ud primrg`g
lsplfngc fid sldtnhi jnicömnfi, ls hlfnr, udg klrrg`nldtg qul tnldl dulstrg
jnicimàg pgrg kgflr lstg lxplrnldfng tlrrldgc, pgrg vnvnr ld cg Xnlrrg, rlsicvlr
fidacnftis, ghgptgrsl y lvicufnidgr. Lstç ld dulstri GHD fi`i sicufnöd
jnicömnfg ld fgsi hl l`lrmldfng. Ci qul sl klrlhg ls cg `gdlrg hl vnvldfngr
fnlrtgs sntugfnidls. Ls fi`i sn g udi ci pusnlrgd , i fi`i sn udi ldfgogrg ld udg
plrsidgcnhgh hltlr`ndghg qul dis fidhnfnidg g vnvldfngr cg rlgcnhgh hl fnlrtg
air`g y mldlrgr tgc i fugc fidtldnhi l`ifnidgc hl lsg ndtlrprltgfnöd. @l pihrçs
hlfnr qul ld cgs ldalr`lhghls qul ccg`g`is klrlhntgrngs sl ldfuldtrgd
gctlrgfnidls mldîtnfgs hltlr`ndghgs qul sid tgdmnjcls y lstçd pcldg`ldtl

nhldtnanfghgs. Rlri `n plrflpfnöd fid rlsplfti g lstis

l stis mldls qul ldfidtrg`is
gctlrghis, `utghis i hnalrldtls ls qul ls rlgc y kgy udg gsifngfnöd vçcnhg, plri
cg hnalrldfng hl lstg ndtlrprltgfnöd ls qul cis mldls sid cg fidslfuldfng y di cg
fgusg, sid cgs vàgs g trgvîs hl cgs fugcls lc fulrpi pulhl lolfutgr cg irhld, ci
qul klrlhg`is prn`lri ls cg air`g, lc `gdhgti lc fidtldnhi psàqunfi hl cg
fidhuftg y culmi cg jnicimàg vl fi`i kgfl
kg fl pgrg `gtlrngcnzgr cg rlspulstg, y pgrg
`ihnanfgr lc tlonhi gctlrg cis mldls. Lstl ls `n sldtnr qul, fi`i rlpnti snl`prl,
di ls udg vlrhgh gjsicutg sndi qul ls lsi ld ci qul yi, plrsidgc`ldtl,
ldfuldtri cg cömnfg. Lstis pgtridls klrlhghis sid fidhnfnidg`nldtis qul tgdti
lc `îhnfi fi`i lc fidsuctgdtl dlflsntgd kgflr fidsfnldtls pgrg pihlr
hlsgrtnfucgrcis.

Zlfi`nldhi cl clfturg hlc cnjri hlc jnöcimi Jrufl Cnptid tntucghi Cg

Jnicimàg hl cg Frlldfng pgrg priaudhnzgr ld lstg tl`çtnfg.

Gkirg sà, slmun`is fid cg Xlrflrg Cly, cg hlc hlsgrricci hl cis tlonhis
Lftihîr`nfis (Fugrtg ltgpg lvicutnvg? cg vnhg ld `gdghg)

Qg`is fid ud lol`pci `uy fcgri y arlfuldtl hlc fi`pirtg`nldti hl cis

tlonhis lftihîr`nfis? lc hl cg lpnhlr`ns.

Cg lpnhlr`ns (cg fgpg `çs suplran fngc hl cg pnlc)

Zlprlsldtg dulstri mrgd örmgdi hl fidtgfti, cg qul dis udl gc `udhi

lxtlrnir plri tg`jnîd cg qul dis slpgrg. Lc fidacnfti qul sl gsnldtg ld lstl
örmgdi ls lc hl slpgrgfnöd/fidtgfti. \d fidacnfti vnvnhi fi`i qul `l grrgdfgrid
hl cg pnlc? ud fidtgfti qul qunlri y di tldmi i ud fidtgfti qul tldmi plri di
qunlri, `nlhi g plrhlr ud fidtgfti. Ld mldlrgc, sl trgtg hl ud fidtgft
fidtgftii firpirgc
fid udg plrsidg, `gs tg`jnîd pulhl slr fidtgft
fidtgftii fid udi `ns`i, fidtgfti fid
udg sntugfnöd i fidtgfti fid ud ijolti.

Fi`i vn`is gdtlrnir`ldtl, fi`i lstl tlonhi hlrnvg hlc lftihlr`i, ld cg

ltgpg hl fidacnfti gftnvi prihufl udg ucflrgfnöd (pîrhnhg
( pîrhnhg flcucgr), hlsfg`gfnöd
qul cclvg g knpi-sldsnjncnhgh (hns`ndufnöd hl cg sldsnjncnhgh), cg pnlc sl tirdg
çsplrg y aràg, pulhl gfi`pg÷grsl hl g`dlsng i pîrhnhg hl `l`irng g firti
pcgzi qul ls prihufnhg pir udg hnsifngfnöd hl cgs fîcucgs flrljrgcls ld cg
firtlzg sldsirngc. Lc sldtnhi hl cg ucflrgfnöd y cg hlsfg`gfnöd ls hns`ndunr cg

sldsnjncnhgh y gsà sldtnr `ldis cg slpgrgfnöd. Cg g`dlsng tnldl lc `ns`i lc

sldtnhi jnicömnfi, gc di rlfirhgr `i`ldtçdlg`ldtl cg slpgrgfnöd sl kgfl
`ldis hicirisg, pir ci tgdti sl suarl `ldis.

Ld cg ltgpg hl rlsicufnöd, kgy rlstntufnöd flcucgr, rlmldlrgfnöd hl cg pnlc,

ldriolfn`nldti, pnfgzöd hicir, lhl`g (rltldfnöd hl càqunhi), lstis sàdti`gs
ndacg`gtirnis cifgcls sl hljld g cg agsl hl RFC. Lol`pcis hl ci qul sulcl
gpgrlflr ld lstg agsl sid cis lxgdtl`gs, cgs hlr`gtntns, cgs urtnfgrngs, lc rgsk,
cis lfzl`gs y cgs vlrrumgs.
 \d lol`pci `uy fitnhngdi hl lstl primrg`g ls cg hlr`gtntns hl cis dn÷is.
Lol`pci hlc fidtgfti qul qunlrld y di tnldld. Rir lol`pci? ud dn÷i hlspnlrtg y
lsplrg ldfidtrgr g su `g`ç, qul di lstç pirqul sl aul g trgjgogr tl`prgdi.

Fidacnfti hl VLRGZGFNÖD. Lstç su funhghirg, plri îc lsplrgjg lstgr fid su

`g`ç, yg qul ls cg rutndg. Vl prlsldtg lsl klfki ndlsplrghi pgrg îc. Fugdhi
su `ghrl rlmrlsg, lc dn÷i qul lstgjg ld fidacnfti gftnvi, rlsulcvl. Zlfnîd gkà
rlsulcvl, pirqul pir `çs qul cl hnolrgd qul su `ghrl vicvlràg, sici tldhràg cg
flrtlzg gc vlrcg.
Rifgs kirgs hlspuîs hl rlsicvlr lc fidacnfti, hlsgrriccg cg ndacg`gfnöd hl
cg rlpgrgfnöd y gpgrlfl cg hlr`gtntns.

Cg hlr`gtntns ls cg rlpgrgfnöd hl ud fidacnfti hl slpgrgfnöd hl fidtgfti.

Ld mldlrgc, sn pidl`is gc slr ku`gdi ld pisnfnöd altgc, tihg

`gdnalstgfnöd qul sl ldfuldtrl kgfng ghldtri, ld cg fgrg vldtrgc, rlprlsldtg lc
fidtgfti qul qunlri y di tldmi (sl `gdtnldl fidtgfti firpirgc fid lc plfki y lc
gjhi`ld fid cgs plrsidgs qul qulrl`is) y ci qul sl lxprlsg ld ci hirsgc, lc
fidtgfti qul di qunlri y tldmi. Cg galffnöd hl cg fgjlzg i cg fgrg, ld mldlrgc,
sl gsifng g ud fidacnfti cifgc? agctg hl fgrnfngs gkà ld lsl cumgr. Lc hirsi hl cis
pnls sl trgtg hl ci qul qunlri
qunl ri gtrglr y cgs pcgdtgs hl ci qul qunlri pgtlgr i gc
gclogr,
logr,
pir fntgr gcmudis lol`pcis.

Fi`i pihrçs ijslrvgr, hn lol`pcis gdtlrnir`ldtl fid cis fgsis hl

fgrfndi`gs hl fîrvnx, hl vlonmg, hl fidhuftis huftgcls hl `g`g y primrg`gs
hl lpnhlr`ns. Lxpcnquî fö`i lstis tlonhis ld fidacnfti gftnvi hns`nduyld sus
fîcucgs y kgfld ÿcflrgs pgrg culmi, ld cg ltgpg hl rlsicufnöd, rlccldgr lsgs
ucflrgfnidls y mldlrgr rlprihuffnöd flcucgr i tu`ir l ndacg`gfnöd. @gs tg`jnîd
lxpcnquî qul cis tlonhis hl lstg ltgpg lvicutnvg hlc lftihlr`i pulhld, ld
fidacnfti gftnvi, hns`ndunr i jciqulgr su audfnöd fid ud sldtnhi fidfrlti. Gkirg
vg`is g vlr lol`pcis hl primrg`gs jnicömnfis hidhl ci qul suflhl ls udg
`ihnanfgfnöd hl cg audfnöd hlc örmgdi y di hl cg lstrufturg.

\dg rlhuffnöd hl cg audfnöd ls qul cg audfnöd hlc örmgdi sl vl hltldnhg,

lc örmgdi di lolfutg cg audfnöd pgrg cg fugc aul frlghi sndi qul kgfl ci fidtrgrni,
i jnld hns`nduyl snmdnanfgtnvg`ldtl lsg audfnöd. \d lol`pci hl lsti ls cg
hngjltls. Ld lc fgsi hl lstg ltnqultg i ldalr`lhgh (gkirg yg sgjl`is qul ls
ud primrg`g jnicömnfi lsplfngc hlsgrriccghi ld sntugfnöd hl l`lrmldfng), ld
mldlrgc, kgy udg rlhuffnöd hlc dnvlc hl cg kir`idg ndsucndg hljnhi g udg
hns`ndufnöd ld cg prihuffnöd hl cg `ns`g pir cgs fîcucgs jltg hl cis nscitls

pgdfrlçtnfis. Cg ndsucndg ls udg kir`idg qul kgjntugc`ldtl rlhufl lc dnvlc hl

gzÿfgr ld sgdmrl, yg qul gftÿg fi`i udg ccgvl qul gjrl cg flrrghurg hl cgs
pulrtgs hl cgs fîcucgs hlc fulrpi pgrg qul cg mcufisg (gzÿfgr) pulhg ldtrgr
hlshl cg sgdmrl y slr utncnzghg fi`i ldlrmàg. Vn agctg i hns`nduyl cg ndsucndg,
tgdti gu`ldtg cg mcufisg ld sgdmrl. Gdtl cg prlsldfng hl ud fidacnfti hl
rlsnstldfng, ipisnfnöd i rlfkgzi g gcmi i g gcmunld (fi`i pir lol`pci, rlfkgzgr
g udg plrsidg, udg sntugfnöd, ud fg`jni, ud trgjgoi, udg lsfulcg, ud ogrhàd5 slr
airzghi g kgflr gcmi qul di qunlri i cufkgr fidtrg gcmi i gcmunld) cgs fîcucgs
jltg hl cis nscitls ldtrgrçd ld fidacnfti gftnvi y jgogrçd su audfnöd, lrmi,
mldlrgrçd `ldis ndsucndg y, ldtrgrç `ldis mcufisg g cgs fîcucgs ld mldlrgc pgrg
qul kgyg `çs mcufisg ld sgdmrl5 ls hlfnr, `çs ldlrmàg i gcn
gcn`ldti
`ldti hnspidnjcl g
and hl qul cis `ÿsfucis pulhgd gu`ldtgr su tidi y gftnvnhgh y gsà rlsnstnr,
ipidlrsl y cufkgr. \dg plrsidg fid hngjltls, ld mldlrgc, dis kgjcg hl
hnsfidair`nhgh, hl gcmi qul di qunlrl, hl gcmi qul tnldl qul kgflr plri di
hlslg, hl udg rlsnstldfng g ud tnpi hl gutirnhgh qul sl n`pidl, hl ud lstghi hl
cufkg. Lstç fcgri qul ci qul hnmi ls ld mldlrgc. Gkirg jnld, ld `n lxplrnldfng,
ci qul yi vli ls ci qul hlsfrnji.

Qlg`is ud lol`pci hl lsti.

Zg`nri tnldl :7 g÷is y ls sictlri. Ls lc ÿdnfi knoi hl udg `g`ç sicg. Vu

pghrl cis gjgdhidö fugdhi tldàg ud g÷i. Xuvi udg ndagdfng hnaàfnc, fid mrgdhls
hnanfuctghls lfidö`nfgs. Vu `g`ç trgjgogjg fgsn oirdghg fi`pcltg ld udg fgsg

hl ag`ncng pgrg cclmgr, fid sulrtl, g fujrnr cgs dlflsnhghls jçsnfgs. Gqulccg
`uolr, fid mrgd lsaulrzi, cimrö qul îc rlgcnfl sus lstuhnis. Zg`nri aul snl`prl
`uy gmrghlfnhi fid su `g`ç, rlspltuisi, g`gjcl, rlspidsgjcl y kidlsti. G
cis 7= g÷is, fi`ldzö sus lstuhnis ld fi`lrfni lxtlrnir y ijtuvi lc `loir hl cis
pri`lhnis. Aul ud lxflcldtl gcu`di y lc irmucci hl su `ghrl. G cis :7 g÷is,
cimrg ud trgjgoi g trgvîs hl udg jlfg ld udg ldtnhgh andgdfnlrg. Gc prndfnpni,
pgrlfàg ud trgjgoi pri`ltlhir hidhl îc pihràg hlsgrriccgr udg mrgd fgrrlrg.
Rgsghis slns `lsls, pir udg lsfufkg fgsugc hl udg fidvlrsgfnöd hl su olal (gc
fugc îc gh`nrgjg) hlsfujrl qul cg l`prlsg ls udg agrsg, qul tihi ci qul îc kgfl
snrvl g cgrmi pcgzi pgrg cgvgr hndlri. Lsg lsfufkg pgrg îc aul tlrrnjcl. Xihi su
lsaulrzi, ndtlcnmldfng y hlhnfgfnöd lstgjgd snldhi utncnzghis fid ud and hl lstgag
y cgvghi hl hndlri. Îc, qul sl vlàg ld cg ldfrufnoghg hl di pihlr prlsfndhnr hl

su sulchi, yg qul fid lsl sulchi `gdtldàg g su `ghrl, ld lsl `i`ldti

ldalr`g. G cis `lsls, Zg`nri, hlsgrriccg lc primrg`g lsplfngc qul ccg`g`is
hngjltls. ¹Fuçc ls lc fidacnfti jnicömnfi9 \d fidacnfti hl ipisnfnöd y rlfkgzi.
¹Hödhl dlflsntg rlsnstnr y hödhl cis lsaulrzis qul kgfl di cl gcfgdzgd9
Dlflsntg `çs aulrzg pgrg rlsnstnr (sl ldfidtrgjg ld cg ldfrufnoghg hl nrsl y
plrhlr lc trgjgoi y cg pisnjncnhgh hl sistldlr g su `ghrl y g sà `ns`i, i
fidtndugr, fid cg fidtrghnffnöd qul cl rlprlsldtgjg cg sntugfnöd). Lstç ld ud
fidacnfti gftnvi fidstgdtl. Lc flrljri, fi`i hnon`is, sici pulhl ti`gr hl
hlfnsnidls
fnsnidls
kgfng lc `lhni ndtlrdi? lc fulrpi. Ldtidfls, ci qul kgfl ls hnspidlr hl `çs
ldlrmàg (`çs gzÿfgr ld sgdmrl) y gcn`ldti pgrg sus `ÿsfucis fid lc and hl qul
lstis pulhgd tldlr `çs tidi y aulrzg pgrg rlsnstnr ld cg cufkg.

Itri lol`pci.

Gdmlcndg tnldl fndfi g÷is y ls cg knog lxtrg`gtrn`idngc hl Oucni y Zixgdg.

Zixgdg lrg cg slfrltgrng hl udg l`prlsg hidhl Oucni lrg lc mlrldtl. Hurgdtl 72
g÷is, `gdtuvnlrid udg rlcgfnöd hurgdtl. Oucni tldàg udg ag`ncng fid 8 knois.
kn ois. G cis
slns g÷is hl lsg rlcgfnöd, Zixgdg qulhg l`jgrgzghg, sl rltnrg hl cg l`prlsg
y sl ri`pl cg rlcgfnöd. Hurgdtl cis prn`lris fugtri g÷is hl Gdmlcndg, Oucni di
sl knzi fgrmi hl cg pgtlrdnhgh y prçftnfg`ldtl di ci vni. Zixgdg,
fitnhngdg`ldtl, cl kgjcgjg g Gdmlcndg `uy `gc hl Oucni, kgfnîdhici fucpgjcl hl
cgs hnanfuctghls hl su vnhg. Fugdhi Gdmlcndg fu`pcnö 8 g÷is, Oucni gpgrlfnö hl
sirprlsg ld lc alstloi fid ud mrgd rlmgci. Gdmlcndg ci rlfkgzö. Hlshl lsl

`i`ldti, îc fi`nldzg g qulrlr gcmÿd fidtgft

fidtgftii fid cg dn÷g y lc
lccg
cg ci rlfkgzg, plri
gflptg sus vnsntgs y pgslis. G cis ; `lsls hl cg gpgrnfnöd hl Oucni, Gdmlcndg
hlsgrriccg hngjltls. ¹Fö`i vnvàg i vnvl cg dn÷g cg sntugfnöd hl vnsntg hl su pghrl9
Fi`i gcmi qul di qunlrl plri qul lstç ijcnmghg g kgflr, fi`i ud rlfkgzi, gcmi
ld ci fugc tnldl qul rlsnstnr (yg qul ls udg cufkg fghg vlz qul vl gc pghrl).
Gkirg jnld, kgy gcmi gfç qul ls dlflsgrni `grfgr. Cis dn÷is, `ufkgs vlfls,
lxprlsgd ld su fulrpi di sici sus pripngs vnvldfngs, sndi tg`jnîd sicufnidls
jnicömnfgs g fidacnftis qul di cls plrtldlfld. Lstç fcgri qul cg plrflpfnöd hl
Gdmlcndg rlsplfti hl su pghrl lstç `lhnghg pir cg vnvldfng qul tuvi su `ghrl
ld lc vàdfuci fid gqulc. Lc rlfkgzi, `çs gccç hl tldlr udg fuitg rlgc hl cg dn÷g,
firrlspidhl, ld mrgd `lhnhg, g cg `ghrl. Kgy udg clyc ly jnicömnfg qul hnfl qul cg
fràg vnldl g mgrgdtnzgr cg suplrvnvldfng hlc fcgd, hl cg lsplfnl y culmi hl sà

`ns`g. \dg air`g hl mgrgdtnzgr cg suplrvnvldfng hlc fcgd (ld lc fgsi hl

Gdmlcndg) ls gsu`nr fidacnftis qul di cl plrtldlfld (qul cl plrtldlfld gc fcgd,
ld lstl fgsi g Zixgdg) y iarlflr udg sicufnöd. Cg sicufnöd qul pulhl iarlflr
ud dn÷i hl fndfi g÷is fuyg psnqul di lstç lstrufturghg, di ls udg sicufnöd
psnficömnfg sndi udg jni-cömnfg. Xihis dgfl`is y frlfl`is fid lstl tnpi hl
fidhnfnidg`nldtis. Lc rlfkgzi i cg ipisnfnöd, ld tîr`ndis jnicömnfis, qul
vnvldfng Gdmlcndg cl firrlspidhld g cg `ghrl. Lsti di kgfl g cg `ghrl fucpgjcl
hl ci qul cl pgsg g Gdmlcndg. Di. Cg `ghrl sl hlsvnvl pir lcc
lccg.
g. Rlri cls plr`n
plr`ntl
tl
g cg `ghrl y gc pghrl hl Gdmlcndg fi`prldhlr ci qul suflhl y ti`gr hlfnsnidls
pgrg rlsicvlr sus fidacnftis. Fg`jngr lc lsfldgrni hl Gdmlcndg. Cg dn÷g
dn ÷g sà ls udg
vàftn`g. Di pulhl kgflr dghg pgrg fg`jngr su rlgcnhgh, ld tihi fgsi pulhl
iarlflr udg sicufnöd jnicömnfg. Vid cis ghuctis qunldls pulhld rlfimlr lc
`ldsgol qul lxprlsg lc fulrpi hl Gdmlcndg y ti`gr hlfnsnidls.

Fi`i pihrçs fi`prldhlr, fugdhi kgjcg`is hlc primrg`g jnicömnfi i

ltnqultg hl hngjltls, lstg`is rlanrnîdhidis g udg cufkg y udg rlsnstldfng. Lc
fidifn`nldti hl lstgs clyls, hl lstl primrg`g ld lsplfngc, `l fidanr`ö cg
flrtlzg qul ndtuntnvg`ldtl snl`prl kgjàg tldnhi, y ls qul kgy qul sgcnr hl cg
Cufkg Fidtrg Lc Fçdflr5 di kgy dghg fidtrg qunîd cufkgr yg qul si`is disitris
`ns`is, dulstrgs fîcucgs, lxprlsgdhi ci qul dis suflhl i suflhnö. Di ls
ndarlfuldtl vlr fö`i plrsidgs fid hngmdöstnfi hl Fçdflr gc tnl`pi hlsgrriccgd
hngjltls. ^ ls cömnfi, pirqul fi`nldzgd g cufkgr fidtrg cg ldalr`lhgh. Jgstg
hl cufkgs ndtlrdgs y lxtlrdgs. Cg fi`prldsnöd dis hg pgz, cnjlrtgh, gutidi`àg
y trgdquncnhgh. Fi`prldhg`is lc pir quî y lc pgrg quî hl ci qul ccg`g`is
Fçdflr y dulstrg jnicimàg pihrç rlsicvlr fid `gyir rgpnhlz y gr`idàg.

Vnmg`is fid itri lol`pci hl tlonhis hl irnmld lftihîr`nfi qul sl

prlsldtgd fid hns`ndufnöd hl cg audfnöd ld fidacnfti gftnvi, fi`i sid cis
`ÿsfucis lstrnghis.
l strnghis.

Ld cis `ÿsfucis lstrnghis, cg lstrufturg `usfucgr aul frlghg ld cg tlrflrg

ltgpg lvicutnvg qul firrlspidhl gc @lsihlr`i Dulvi, fiirhndghi pir cg
`îhucg flrljrgc, hidhl sl gciogd
gc iogd cis fidacnftis rlcgfnidghis g cg gutivgcirgfnöd.
@gs lc audfnidg`nldti y cg `ivncnhgh hlc `ÿsfuci firrlspidhld g lstg ltgpg
lvicutnvg, cg hlc Lftihlr`i. Ls cg firtlzg `itirg cg qul fidtricg lc `ivn`nldti.
Cis fidacnftis qul sl gsnldtgd ld lstl sntni sid cis ccg`ghis fidacnftis `itirls,

fi`i di pihlr gflrfgrsl, di pihlr lsfgpgr, kunr, di pihlr `ivlrsl, lstgr

gtrgpghi, di pihlr cnjlrgrsl, `nlhi n`pirtgdtl g di slr fgpgz hl `ivlrsl.
Fcgrg`ldtl, sl trgtg hl ud `ivn`nldti arldghi.

Lc tnpi i dgturgclzg hlc fidacnfti y lc tnpi hl `ivn`nldti jciqulghi

hltlr`ndgrçd quî `ÿsfuci prlsldtgrç lc primrg`g lsplfngc i sàdti`g.

Rir lol`pci, cis mrupis `usfucgrls hl cg fgrg gciogrçd fidacnftis hl di

kgjlr pihnhi hgr cg fgrg, hl kgjlr snhi jurcghi y rnhnfucnzghi. Cis `ÿsfucis hl
cis ki`jris y cg ficu`dg gciogrçd fidacnftis hl di kgjlr pihnhi quntgrsl hlc
fg`ndi. Cis `ÿsfucis hl cis jrgzis gciogrçd fidacnftis hl di pihlr gjrgzgr i
lfkgr g gcmunld i g gcmi. Cis `ÿsfucis hl cgs `gdis gciogrçd fidacnftis hl di
pihlr gmgrrgr g gcmunld i gcmi. Cis `ÿsfucis hl cg plcvns gciogrçd fidacnftis hl
sldtnrsl pistrghi, fcgvghi ld cg tnlrrg, gtrgpghi. Cis `ÿsfucis hl cgs pnlrdgs

gciogrçd fidacnftis hl di pihlr pgtlgr i sgfgr g gcmunld, gflrfgrsl i gclogrsl hl

gcmi i gcmunld. Vnl`prl kgy qul rlfirhgr qul pulhl slr cg sntugfnöd `ltgaörnfg
i rlgc? udg plrsidg pulhl sldtnrsl gtrgpghg pirqul tuvi ud gffnhldtl y qulhö
nd`ivncnzghg i pulhl sldtnrsl gtrgpghg pir udg sntugfnöd fi`i udg qunljrg
lfidö`nfg qul cg gprnsnidg.

Vnmg`is fid lstl primrg`g jnicömnfi hl cis `ÿsfucis lsqulcîtnfis.

¹Fö`i trgdsfurrl ld cgs his agsls9

Ld agsl hl fidacnfti gftnvi, kgjrç pgrçcnsns `itirg (hns`ndufnöd hl cg

audfnöd). ¡Và, lstl hlsfujrn`nldti ls `grgvnccisi! Cgs pgrçcnsns `itirgs sid
fidslfuldfng hl ud fidacnfti `itir arldghi ld agsl hl fidacnfti gftnvi, ¹pir quî,
fuçc ls lc sldtnhi jnicömnfi9 Lc sldtnhi ls qulhgrsl pgrgcnzghi gdtl cg prlsldfng
hlc hlprlhghir pgrg pgsgr hlsgplrfnjnhi, qul ls ci qul kgfl lc gdn`gc gdtl cg
prlsldfng hl itri qul ci vg g gtgfgr y g`ldgzg su suplrvnvldfng. Lc gdn`gc
qulhg nd`övnc (gpgrldtg lstgr `ulrti) y lsg `ns`g rlspulstg kgfl`is disitris
cis slrls ku`gdis, pirqul tihis cis slrls vnvis, tgdti pcgdtgs fi`i gdn`gcls
gdn `gcls y
ki`jrls cclvg`is ld dulstri GHD tihg cg ndair`gfnöd hl cg suplrvnvldfng pripng
y hl cgs itrgs lsplfnls. Culmi, udg vlz rlsulcti lc fidacnfti, ld RFC, kgjrç ud
prn`lr `i`ldti hidhl lsg pgrçcnsns sl ndtldsnanfg pir lc lhl`g flrljrgc hl cg
agsl hl rlpgrgfnöd, culmi lc `ÿsfuci ti`g tihi lc ldvnöd y cg aulrzg mldlrg udg
mrgd fidtrgfturg pgrg sgcnr hl cg pgrçcnsns. Ls ci qul cccg`g`is
cg`g`is fidvucsnöd i frnsns

lpncîptnfg (cifgcnzghg i mldlrgcnzghg). Culmi rltirdg gc `ivn`nldti dir`gc

pirqul yg lstç aulrg hl plcnmri. Lsl ls itri mrgd kgccgzmi hl lstl Dulvi
Rgrghnm`g? cgs frnsns lpncîptnfgs rlprlsldtgd
rlp rlsldtgd cg agsl `çs priaudhg hl rlsicufnöd
(fugdhi sl lstç ti`gdhi tihg cg aulrzg) hl ud `ivn`nldti `itir arldghi. Rir ci
tgdti, snl`prl qul sl prlsldtld fidvucsnidls qul di slgd hl irnmld töxnfi i
pir gffnhldtls kgy qul lvgcugr prlvng`ldtl quî `ivn`nldti di puhi rlgcnzgr cg
plrsidg y, slmÿd cis `ÿsfucis qul sl fidtrgnmgd ld cg frnsns, pihrl`is tldlr
ndair`gfnöd hl quî tnpi hl `ivn`nldti lstuvi jciqulghi. Vn cg plrsidg ld pcldg
fidvucsnöd pgtlg, slrç ud `ivn`nldti hl gcmunld i gcmi qul qunsi pgtlgr. Vn lc
`ivn`nldti ls hl cis jrgzis, slrç gcmi qul qunsi gjrgzgr i lfkgr. Lol`pcis hl
lstl primrg`g hl `ÿsfucis lstrnghis sid cgs ltnqultgs fi`i Munccngd Jgrrî,
lsfclrisns `ÿctnpcl, lsfclrisns cgtlrgc g`nitröanfg, pgrçcnsns agfngc, ldtrl itrgs.
Fugdhi lxnstld vgrnis mrupis `usfucgrls galftghis, kgy qul fi`prldhlr qul
filxnstld vgrnis fidacnftis `itirls g cg `ns`g vlz, fghg udi rlcgfnidghi gc cumgr
qul lstç lxprlsgdhi cg pgrçcnsns.

^g clàstl lol`pcis hl primrg`gs hl tlonhis hl irnmld Lftihîr`nfi?

gcmudis qul `ihnanfgd lstrufturg itris qul `ihnanfgd cg audfnöd. Ld cgs càdlgs
snmunldtls, vgs g rlcllr tihg cg Xlrflrg Cly pgrg rlpgsgrcg y pihlr ndtlrdgcnzgrcg,
yg qul ls lc pudti `çs fi`pcloi hl cg Dulvg @lhnfndg, fid pgcgjrgs g cgs qul
prijgjcl`ldtl tu flrljri di lstî gfistu`jrghi, gsà qul vg`is g rlpltnrcg pgrg
fi`prldhlrcg.

Rgrg fi`prldhlr jnld ci qul dis pgsg,

pgsg , ls dlflsgrni sgjlr ci qul kgfl dulstrg
jnicimàg. Ldtldhlr qul tihi tnldl ud sldtnhi y udg cömnfg. Wul lc fulrpi di agccg.

Rgrg fi`prldhlr fö`i audfnidg dulstrg jnicimàg ls dlflsgrni

fi`prldhlr lc irnmld hl tihi, hl fghg tlonhi qul kiy air`g dulstri fulrpi
ku`gdi. Lsti ls ci qul dis plr`ntl cg l`jrnicimàg.

¹Wuî ls lsti hl cg l`jrnicimàg

l`jrn icimàg qul pgrlfàg slr tgd fi`pcloi9

Cg fisg ls gsà? hurgdtl lc hlsgrricci l`jrnidgrni, ls hlfnr ndtrgÿtlri, lc

alti frlfl g udg vlcifnhgh gflclrghg5 pgsgdhi pir tihgs cgs ltgpgs hl cg
lvicufnöd qul vn`is gdtlrnir`ldtl. Hlshl lc irmgdns`i udnflcucgr qul îrg`is,
kgstg lc slr ku`gdi fi`pcloi qul si`is kiy. Lc hlsgrricci hlc ndhnvnhui ld >
`lsls rlpcnfg lc hlsgrricci hl cg lvicufnöd hlc ki`jrl (lsti ci rlvnvn`is y

vnvn`is hlshl qul si`is mlstghis kgstg slr ud jljî cnsti

cn sti pgrg slr pgrnhi). Ls
hlfnr, rlfnjn`is gjsicutg`ldtl tihg cg ndair`gfnöd qul cg jnicimàg tnldl gflrfg
hl su hlsgrricci y su suplrvnvldfng. Xihg cg ndair`gfnöd ls? XIHG. Ci qul dis
plr`ntnö lvicufnidgr, ghgptgrdis, sijrlvnvnr, hlshl `nccidls hl g÷is kgstg kiy,
hlshl qul îrg`is udg fîcucg ndhnvnsg ld lc gmug kgstg lstl ndhnvnhui fi`pcloi
ld cg Xnlrrg, XIHI LVI ls ci qul rlfnjn`is. XIHI.

Ls hlfnr? tihgs cgs sicufnidls hnspidnjcls ld dulstri fulrpi pgrg kgflr

lstg lxplrnldfng ld cg tnlrrg? tihi primrg`ghi y hnsl÷ghi ld tîr`ndis jnicömnfis
hl suplrvnvldfng pgrg ghgptgrdis, sijrlvnvnr y lvicufnidgr.

Ldtidfls, yi rlaclxnidi ci snmunldtl? Ld ud prn`lr `i`ldti, dulstrgs

fîcucgs (ls hlfnr5 disitris) gprldhnlrid g sijrlvnvnr ld cg tnlrrg `uctnpcnfçdhisl.
Vn kgjàg `çs dlflsnhgh hl ixàmldi, sl `uctnpcnfgjgd
`uc tnpcnfgjgd lsgs fîcucgs pgrg rlsicvlr

lsl fidacnfti, pgrg ghgptgrsl, sijrlvnvnr y lvicufnidgr5 ls hlfnr, pgrg QNQNZ.

¹Wuî ls lsti qul ccg`g`is, fi`i sndödn`i hl `ulrtl, fçdflr9 Dlutrgc`ldtl?
udg pricnalrgfnöd i `uctnpcnfgfnöd flcucgr. ¹Ld quî `i`ldti sl dis ifurrnö
gclogrdis hl dulstrg jnicimàg, di lsfufkgr lstg ndtlcnmldfng jni-cömnfg9 Xldl`is
udg sicufnöd plralftg g dulstrg hnspisnfnöd, y disitris di sici cg ouzmg`is, sndi
qul tg`jnîd cufkg`is fidtrg lccg. ^ lccg, g plsgr dulstri, snmul lolfutgdhi lc
sldtnhi pgrg lc fugc aul, fid cömnfg jnicömnfg, frlghg? fi`i ud `lfgdns`i hl
suplrvnvldfng.

Lstl primrg`g lsplfngc fid sldtnhi jnicömnfi qul ccg`g`is Fçdflr

tg`jnîd ls gcmi qul klrlhg`is. Lstç hldtri hl dulstri fgoöd jnicömnfi hl
klrrg`nldtgs, ls udg `gdlrg hl ghgptgfnöd gdtl udg sntugfnöd hl l`lrmldfng.

¡Ls gcmi `grgvnccisi!

Qicvg`is g cg l`jrnicimàg, g fö`i ls qul sl gr`g tihi lsti.

Hldtri hl cis prn`lris 7= hàgs hl vnhg ndtrgutlrndg, sl hlsgrriccgd trls

kiogs hl fîcucgs i fgpgs l`jrnidgrngs g pgrtnr hl cgs fugcls sl mldlrgrçd tihis
cis örmgdis y tlonhis. Lstgs fgpgs sid lsgs hl cgs qul tl kgjcî y qul gkirg tl
rlfulrhi?
 \dg kiog ndtlrdg, cg prn`lrg ld gpgrlflr, ccg`ghg LDHIHLZ@I. Cgs
fîcucgs hl lstg kiog rlfnjld cg ndair`gfnöd `çs gdtnmug hl cg lvicufnöd5 cg

prn`lrg ltgpg qul `ldfnidg`is gdtls, ltgpg hl dlflsnhghls jçsnfgs? gcn`ldti,

rlspnrgfnöd, lxfrlfnöd y rlprihuffnöd. Lccgs hgrçd irnmld gc gpgrgti hnmlstnvi, cis
gcvîicis puc`idgrls, cis tÿjucis ficlftirls rldgcls y cgs `ufisgs utlrndg y
pristçtnfg. Lstis
Lstis örmgdis rlfnjld cg `l`irng hl ccis
is fidacnftis hl jifghi y lsis
örmgdis hlrnvghis hl lstg kiog lstgrçd fiirhndghis pir lc tridfi flrljrgc, qul
ls cg lstrufturg `çs gdtnmug hlc flrljri.

Cis örmgdis hl irnmld Ldhihîr`nfi, sid cis snmunldtls?

örmgdis hnmlstnvis, pgrîdqun`g mcgdhucgr hl kàmghi y pçdfrlgs5

tÿjucis ficlftirls rldgcls5

gcvîicis puc`idgrls5

`ufisg hl tri`pgs utlrndg y pristçtnfg5

`ÿsfuci cnsi5 y

suj`ufisg irgc, rlftgc, vgmndgc y hl vlonmg5

Ghl`çs hl ci snmunldtl?

Mcçdhucgs (ghldiknpöansns, cgmrn`gcls, tnrinhls, pgrgtnrinhls, sgcnvgcls,

pgrötnhgs, pritçtnfg)

Fîcucgs mlr`ndgcls al`ldndgs y `gsfucndgs (pgrîdqun`g hl ivgrni y

tlstàfuci)

@ltgjicns`i jgsgc (tihi gqulcci qul sl dlflsntg pgrg cgs audfnidls

jçsnfgs, pgrîdqun`g tnrinhli, `îhucg suprgrrldgc).

Ld cg slmudhg ltgpg lvicutnvg sl hlsgrriccg udg kiog l`jrnidgrng

ndtlr`lhng ccg`ghg @LVIHLZ@I, qul sl hnvnhl ld his. Xldl`is lc
@lsihlr`i gdtnmui, qunld rlfnjl tihg cg ndair`gfnöd hl cg slmudhg ltgpg
lvicutnvg. Lstg kiog hgrç irnmld g cis örmgdis hl cgs fujnlrtgs, örmgdis qul
lstçd hlstndghis g RZIXLMLZ (hlr`ns, plrnfgrhni, pclurg, plrntidli, cijucncci
`g`grni, mcçdhucgs sljçflgs y suhiràpgrgs). Lstis örmgdis i tlonhis cclvgd ld
su `l`irng tihi ci qul dlflsntgd pgrg rlsicvlr cis fidacnftis qul cis ndvicufrld
(quî kgflr ld sntugfnidls dir`gcls y quî kgflr ld sntugfnidls lsplfngcls, lc
örmgdi di ls lc qul hlfnhl, ci kgfl
kg fl lc flrljri jnicömnfi, qul ghl`çs hl slr ud

örmgdi ls lc qul fi`gdhg tihi). Lsis örmgdis hlrnvghis hl cg kiog

ki og l`jrnidgrng
ccg`ghg @LVIHLZ@I GDXNM\I cclvgrçd cg `l`irng
`l`irn g hl cis fidacnftis hl hg÷i
g cg ndtlmrnhgh, gtgqul, ldsufng`nldti, hlair`gfnöd, y vgd g rlspidhlr pgrg
iarlflr gcmÿd tnpi hl pritlffnöd i hlaldsg gdtl tgcls fidacnftis). Vu
audfnidg`nldti lstgrç fidtricghi pir lc flrljlci.
Cis örmgdis hlrnvghis hlc @lsihlr`i Gdtnmui, sid cis snmunldtls?

hlr`ns5

`lcgdifntis5

cijucnccis `g`grnis5

mcçdhucgs suhiràpgrgs y sljçflgs5

lpntlcni vnsflrgc hl pclurg, plrntidli, plrnfgrhni.

Lc ldhihlr`i y lc `lsihlr`i gdtnmui firrlspidhld gc Flrljri Gdtnmui

y sl fi`pirtgd hl cg `ns`g `gdlrg ld cgs agsls hlc Rrimrg`g Lsplfngc fid
sldtnhi jnicömnfi? ld agsl hl fidacnfti gftnvi gu`ldtgd tlonhi i audfnöd y ld agsl
hl RFC hns`nduyld tlonhi i dir`gcnzgd audfnöd.

Hlfàg qul lc @lsihlr`i, qul ls cg slmudhg fgpg l`jrnidgrng ld

air`grsl, sl hnvnhl ld his. \dg, qul yg hlsfrnjn`is, qul ls lc @LVIHLZ@I
GDXNM\I. ^ cg itrg, qul firrlspidhl g cg tlrflrg ltgpg lvicutnvg, ls udg kiog
qul sl hldi`ndg @LVIHLZ@I D\LQI. Lc `lsihlr`i dulvi rlfnjl cg
ndair`gfnöd hl cg tlrflrg ltgpg firrlspidhnldtl g dulstrg lvicufnöd jnicömnfg ld
cg tnlrrg. Cg ltgpg hidhl lc ndhnvnhui sgcl g fidqunstgr ci lxtlrdi, sl hlspcgzg y
hlsgrriccg cg lstrufturg hlc snstl`g `ÿsfuci-lsqulcîtnfi? kulsis, fgrtàcgmis,
tldhidls y cnmg`ldtis. Fi`i tihis cis
c is örmgdis, lstis vnldld primrg`ghis fid
ud sldtnhi jnicömnfi prlfnsi, pgrg audfnidgr hl udg air`g, gsà qul rlfnjld cg
ndair`gfnöd hl cis fidacnftis hl gutivgcirgfnöd, hl kgjlr agccghi, hl qul gcmi
sgcmg `gc, hl di pihlr, hl di lstgr g cg gcturg. Gquà di`jri lstis fidacnftis ld
udg tidgcnhgh `çs l`ifnidgc. Lc Hr. Kg`lr ci kgfl fid tlr`ndicimàg `çs gdn`gc.
¹Rir quî lstis fidacnftis hl gutihlvgcugfnöd9 Ls sldfncci, lstg`is kgjcgdhi hl
fidqunstgr lc `lhni lxtlrdi, hl fö`i ci kgfl`is i di, sn gflrtg`is i di.
Lstg`is kgjcgdhi hl vgcirnzgfnöd. Vnl`prl, tldnldhi ld fuldtg qul lc flrljri
jnicömnfi di hnstndmul ldtrl sn`jöcnfi y rlgc? sn `n psnqul ndtlrprltg qul yi di

pulhi kgflr `n trgjgoi –jnld‐ fi`i ud fidacnfti hl hlsvgcirnzgfnöd jnicömnfg, ls

hlfnr cg vnvldfng ls cg `ns`g qul cg hl ud `gfki gcag pir di fgzgr jnld udg
prlsg, ld tîr`ndis hl vgcirgfnöd sn lstg ls cg ndair`gfnöd
n dair`gfnöd qul rlfnjl lc flrljri
jnicömnfi, n`pgftgrç ld cg @îhucg Flrljrgc y hl gkà ld lc örmgdi firrlspidhnldtl
ndvicufrghi.
Cis örmgdis hlrnvghis hlc @LVIHLZ@I D\LQI sid cis snmunldtls?

kulsis, fgrtàcgmis, cnmg`ldtis, tldhidls, `ÿsfuci lstrnghi y fgrhàgfi5

vgsis sgdmuàdlis, vgsis y mgdmcnis cndaçtnfis5

tlonhi mcngc hlc snstl`g dlrvnisi5

pgrîdqun`g rldgc (mci`îrucis)?

firtlzg suprgrrldgc5

tlonhi ndtlrstnfngc hl tlstàfucis y ivgrnis, prihuffnöd hl lströmldis y

primlstlridg.

Andgc`ldtl, vg`is g cg ÿctn`g fgpg hlc hlsgrricci, cg kiog lxtlrdg, qul ls

cg `çs dulvg ld lc priflsi lvicutnvi y, pir lsi, cg ÿctn`g ld air`grsl ld lc
l`jrnöd. Vl ccg`g Lftihlr`i (hlc mrnlmi lfti, qul qunlrl hlfnr aulrg, y hlr`i,
qul privnldl hl hlr`g, qul qunlrl hlfnr pnlc, cntlrgc`ldtl slràg aulrg hl cg pnlc,
ls hlfnr? ci `çs suplranfngc hl cg jnicimàg). G pgrtnr hl lstg fgpg l`jrnidgrng sl
air`grçd cis örmgdis y snstl`gs dlflsgrnis pgrg cg
c g vnhg sifngc y ld `gdghg, ci
ÿctn`i ld hlsgrriccgrsl. ¹Rir quî9 Rirqul gfç yg sgcn`is hlc gmug, yg frlg`is
cis tlonhis pgrg sijrlvnvnr ld lc `lhni tlrrlstrl, yg frlg`is cis tlonhis pgrg
ghgptgrdis g lstl `lhni y fidqunstgrci. ^g lstg`is fidstntunhis, ci qul slràg
ud lqunvgcldtl l`ifnidgc (i psnficömnfi) g hlfnr qul yg si`is ud ndhnvnhui
ndhnvn hui fid
tihi ci dlflsgrni pgrg sijrlvnvnr ld cg tnlrrg. Gkirg, vnldl cg ltgpg hidhl dis
fi`ldzg`is g vndfucgr fid Itris (yg slg ud clöd, ud ciji, udg rgtg i udg
plrsidg, lsti ci fi`pgrtn`is fid tihis cis slrls vnvis). Ld lstg ltgpg ld cg qul
vnvn`is ld `gdghg fi`nldzgd cis fidacnftis hl rlcgfnöd, qul sid fidacnftis `çs
fi`pclois. Hl lstg fgpg l`jrnidgrng, hlc Lftihlr`i, hlrnvgd cis örmgdis
sldsirngcls (cis qul sl l`pclgd pgrg vlr, lsfufkgr, kgjcgr, tifgr y tihi ci qul
`l rlcgfnidg fid lc `lhni), cg lpnhlr`ns (cg pnlc ls lc fidtgfti fid lc itri y
tg`jnîd cg qul `l slpgrg hl cis itris), cis fidhuftis jncngrls, pgdfrlçtnfis,

`g`grnis qul sid hl udnöd5 ldtrl itris. Xihis lstis örmgdis rlfnjld cg
ndair`gfnöd hl cis fidacnftis rlcgfnidghis g cg vnhg ld sifnlhgh? fidacnftis hl
slpgrgfnöd, hl tlrrntirni, hl `nlhi (gc plcnmri pir hlcgdtl i pir hltrçs, gc tlrrntirni,
ltf.). Cis fidacnftis rlcgfnidghis gc hljlr, tihi ci qul `l fi`udnfg y fidtgftg
fid lc itri. Cis örmgdis hlrnvghis hlc Lftihlr`i sid rlmnhis pir cömnfg
jnicömnfg pir cg pgrtl `çs dulvg hlc flrljri, cg firtlzg flrljrgc, qul ls cg pgrtl
pg rtl
`çs lsplfngcnzghg hl cgs lstrufturgs flrljrgcls.

Cis örmgdis hlrnvghis hlc Lftihlr`i sid cis snmunldtls?

Fîcucgs hlc snstl`g dlrvnisi

dlrvni si fldtrgc? `itrnfnhgh, ndlrvgfnöd sldsirngc hl
vnstg (frnstgcndi, fördlg, fulrpi vàtrli, rltndg, fidoudtnvg), iàhi (iàhi ndtlrdi),
icagti (`l`jrgdg dgsgc y hl sldis pgrgdgsgcls), musti (fgvnhgh irgc) y tgfti
(lpnhlr`ns).

Lpntlcni lsfg`isi lxtlrdi y `ufisgs fid sldsnjncnhgh lxtlrdg? cgrndml,

jridqunis, fidhuftis mgcgftöairis `g`grnis, plcvns rldgc, urîtlrls, vlonmg,
urltrg, fulcci hl ÿtlri, vgmndg. Lpnhlr`ns, plrnistni.

@ufisgs hl lpntlcni lsfg`isi hl sldsnjncnhgh ndtlrdg? fgvnhgh irgc, his

tlrfnis suplrnirls hl lsöagmi, furvgturg `ldir hl lstö`gmi, huihldi, pgrtl
hnstgc hl rlfti, rlfujrn`nldti hl vlsàfucg jncngr, fidhuftis jncngrls y
pgdfrlçtnfis, ldhitlcni hl grtlrngs y vldgs firidgrngs.

\dg fidfcusnöd gc rlsplfti

¡Wuî cömnfg tnldl cg jnicimàg! Ls fiklrldtl pldsgr qul cg ndair`gfnöd hl

tgdtis `nccidls hl g÷is hl lvicufnöd y hl tgdtg sgjnhuràg
sgjn huràg lstç gcioghg ld dulstri
`grgvnccisi fulrpi ku`gdi. Lsl, prlfnsg`ldtl, ls lc sldtnhi jnicömnfi hl cg
`l`irng (y hl cg `l`irng tihg, pgrg `à)? mugrhgr gqulcci qul dis ls ÿtnc fi`i
klrrg`nldtgs, sicufnidls y `gdlrgs hl ghgptgrdis. Lsl ls lc clmghi hl tihis
cis qul vndnlrid gdtls hl disitris, kgstg cg fîcucg ndhnvnsg qul aun`is? pgsgrid
pir ud fidacnfti, cl ldfidtrgrid udg sicufnöd y dis iarlfld cg klrrg`nldtg pgrg
qul cg usl`is sn hl gcmudg u itrg `gdlrg (cntlrgc i sn`jöcnfg`ldtl) pgsg`is
pir ci `ns`i. Di lxnstl dghg `çs plralfti ld cg dgturgclzg qul dulstrg jnicimàg,
cg frlgfnöd hl fghg udg hl dulstrgs fîcucgs, su audfnidg`nldti y cg gpgrnfnöd hl
snstl`gs y örmgdis qul aulrid rlspidhnldhi g dulstrgs dlflsnhghls vntgcls.

^ kgy qul fi`prldhlr qul kiy, lc fidflpti hl vntgc pulhl slr ZLGC i
VN@JÖCNFI. Cntlrgc`ldtl, vntgc ls fi`lr, gtrgpgr ud jifghi qul dis dutrg
ansnicömnfg`ldtl, fi`i pulhl slr ud gcn`ldti. @gs sn`jöcnfg`ldtl, vntgc pulhl
slr cg vnvldfng qul lxplrn`ldti sn di pulhi gtrgpgr gcmi qul `n psnqul ndtlrprltg
fi`i vntgc, fi`i hndlri, ud guti, udg fgsg, udg pgrlog ltf. (gcmi qul `n psnquns
ndtlrprltg qul dlflsnti pgrg vnvnr). Vn `n sldtnr i lc fidtldnhi l`ifnidgc qul
itirmg `n psnqul g cg lsfgslz
l sfgslz hl hndlri ls fi`i sn yi jnic
jnicömnfg`ldtl
ömnfg`ldtl di tuvnlsl
gcn`ldti, cg jnicimàg pidhrç ld `grfkg lc `lfgdns`i dlflsgrni pgrg rlsicvlr
lsg dlflsnhgh.

Vn `nrg`is cg l`jrnicimàg y fi`prldhl`is pgrg quî y pir quî aul frlghi

fghg tlonhi, ld quî ltgpg hl cg lvicufnöd aul mlstghi y fö`i audfnidg sn dis
gdn`g`is g vlrnanfgr lsti fid cgs klrrg`nldtgs hnspidnjcls, ls `uy gcloghi hl
cg rlgcnhgh pldsgr qul cg jnicimàg fid tihg su plralffnöd ld ud `i`ldti
fi`nldzg g ldciqulflr y kgfl gcmi snd ud sldtnhi prlfnsi, sl lqunvifg y
fi`nldzg g gutihlstrunrsl. Rirqul vn`is (y tÿ pihrçs vlr y vlrnanfgr fi`i
`îhnfi i fidsuctgdtl) qul fghg örmgdi tnldl ud primrg`g qul lolfutg, y qul
lsl primrg`g tnldl ud `ihi dir`gc i kgjntugc sn cg fisg `grfkg hldtri hl cg
dir`gcnhgh y tnldl ud `ihi lsplfngc fugdhi sl trgdsntg gcmi urmldtl, lsplfngc i
qul sgcl hl cg dir`g. Vn gcmi sl hltnldl i sl jciqulg di ls pirqul lstç
audfnidgdhi `gc sndi qul audfnidg gsà, ld `ihi lsplfngc, pgrg sicufnidgr ud
prijcl`g. Vn fg`ndi, rlspnri dir`gc`ldtl. Vn fg`ndi y `l fgnmi pir gffnhldtl
ld ud pizi fid gmug y `l kudhi, guti`çtnfg`ldtl sl jciqulg `n rlspnrgfnöd
kgstg qul sgcmg g cg suplranfnl. Lsl jciquli, di ls ud `gc audfnidg`nldti. Ls
ud audfnidg`nldti lsplfngc gdtl udg sntugfnöd hl urmldfng vntgc. Hl cg `ns`g
`gdlrg, sà, hl cg `ns`g
`n s`g air`g, audfnidg udg sicufnöd `çs ndtldsg fi`i ci ls lc
Fçdflr. ^ tihi lc tnl`pi audfnidg`is gsà. Ldtidfls, ls ud sndsldtnhi pldsgr
qul cg jnicimàg, qul lstç pgrg mgrgdtnzgr dulstrg suplrvnvldfng y tnldl tihi ci
dlflsgrni pgrg cimrgrci, fi`nldfl g frlgr fîcucgs fid lc ijoltnvi hl
gutihlstrunrsl, qul lc audfnidg`nldti ldciqulzfg y dis qunlrg `gtgr.

Vn cg jnicimàg
jnic imàg dis qunsnlrg `gtgr, lstgràg gtldtgdhi fidtrg sà `ns`g. Lsi
di ls udg cly jnicömnfg, pir `çs supulsti fnldtàanfi qul sl qunlrg vgcnhgr.
Jnicömnfg`ldtl, vldn`is g mgrgdtnzgr cg suplrvnvldfng hl cg lsplfnl. ¹Fö`i
frll`is qul jnicömnfg`ldtl cg jnicimàg pulhl agccgr fid lc ijoltnvi hl pidlr ld

plcnmri cg lsplfnl9 Ls ud sndsldtnhi jnicömnfi. Lsi ls ci qul disitris

pldsçjg`is hl dulstris fg`jnis flcucgrls? qul lrgd gtldtghis g dulstrg
suplrvnvldfng. ¹Rir quî pldsçjg`is lsi9 ¹Hl hödhl vnldl lsl fidflpti9 Ls
sici hl udg frlldfng. Và, dis mustl i di, dis ndfi`ihl i dis ldiol, ls sici udg
frlldfng, ud supulsti fnldtàanfi hlc fugc pgrtn`is plri qul, `çs gccç hl fidtgr
fid fnlrtis grmu`ldtis qul dis cclvld g hgrcl clmntn`nhgh g lsl supulsti, di
kgy fi`prijgfnöd fnldtàanfg gcmudg qul pulhg sistldlr qul lsl supulsti
fnldtàanfi ls udg CL^ JNICÖMNFG qul pulhg vlrnanfgrsl ld lc 722 % hl cis
fgsis, fi`i sà pulhld vlrnanfgrsl ld lc 722 % hl cis fgsis tihgs y fghg udg hl
lstgs clyls qul lstg`is `ldfnidgdhi.

Di lxnstl fi`prijgfnöd fnldtàanfg hl qul udg fîcucg sl lstî fi`nldhi g

itrg hl cg `ns`g lsplfnl, hl qul udg fîcucg slg rlgc`ldtl `gcnmdg. Dghnl ld
udg jnipsng vl udg fîcucg fid hnldtls, lspghgs, gr`gs dn mldlrgdhi ud mgs
töxnfi. Ld lc `nfrisfipni sl vld fîcucgs frlfnldhi gflclrghg`ldtl. ¹Rir quî9
Rirqul lstçd fu`pcnldhi udg hl sus audfnidls lsplfngcls, pirqul lstçd
audfnidgdhi lsplfngc`ldtl, fi`i vn`is. Lstçd `uctnpcnfçdhisl pgrg hnmlrnr lsi
qul lc ndhnvnhui di pulhl hnmlrnr. Di sl lstçd rlprihufnldhi pgrg `gtgr gc
ndhnvnhui. Lsi di ls fnldtàanfi, ls udg fidflpfnöd qul gprldhl`is pir
rlpltnfnöd5 pirqul sl hnfl hl mldlrgfnöd ld mldlrgfnöd y di kuji dghnl qul ci
rlpcgdtll. Gsà lsti dis ldiol.

Lc Dulvi Rgrghnm`g hl Vgcuh, g trgvîs hl ci pulsti ld `gdnanlsti pir

lstgs clyls, sà ci kgfl. Zlpcgdtlg lc fidflpti hl lsi qul ccg`çjg`is

ldalr`lhgh. Dis iarlfl udg fi`prldsnöd jnicömnfg, vlrnanfgjcl ld lc 722 % hl
cis fgsis hl ci qul dis suflhl ld lc fulrpi (sn lsi di ls fnldtàanfi, di sî quî
ci ls). ^ yi tl ndvnti g tn ficlmg
ficlmg,, pgfnldtl, fidsuc
fidsuctgdtl,
tgdtl, ag`ncngr qul lstçs clyldhi
lstgs càdlgs, g qul ci pnldsls y ci snldtgs. ¹Wuî tl mldlrg9

Ld `ns fidsuctgs ci lxplrn`ldti snl`prl? gcnvni, pgz, trgdquncnhgh. Lsi ls

ci qul suflhl trgs cg lxpcnfgfnöd hl lstgs Clyls Jnicömnfgs.
Jnicömn fgs. Lc Fçdflr di vnldl
g `gtgrdis, dulstri fulrpi di ldciqulfl,
ldc iqulfl, di kgy udg pricnalrgfnöd gdçrqunfg hl
fîcucgs sndi udg `uctnpcnfgfnöd flcucgr fid sldtnhi jnicömnfi. ^ ci hnmi g plsgr hl
qul gcmudis `l gfidslogd di hlfnrci, gsà ci vnvldfni yi, lsti ls vlrhghlri pgrg
`à y ls vlrhghlri pgrg qunîd rlsuldl ld lstg vnvldfng? LC FÇDFLZ DI @GXG.
Di `irn`is pir fucpg hlc fçdflr. Dulstrg jnicimàg di agccg. Di kgy lrrir ld

dulstri fulrpi. Vi`is slrls jnicömnfis, pir ci tgdti si`is jnicömnfg`ldtl

plralftis.

Kgy sicufnidls. G vlfls, lsg sicufnöd jnicömnfg qul lc fçdflr ls di

gcfgdzg pgrg mgrgdtnzgr dulstrg suplrvnvldfng. G vlfls, cis trgtg`nldtis qul
iarlfl`is pidld ld rnlsmi dulstrg jnicimàg hl tgc `gdlrg qul lsg sicufnöd, lc
fçdflr, di pulhl slr ci qul vndi g slr? udg sicufnöd. G vlfls, dulstri fulrpi
lstç tgd ficgpsghi pir `gcg gcn`ldtgfnöd l ndtixnfghi l`ifnidgc`ldtl pirqul
di cn`png`is dulstris örmgdis, qul di kgy `gdlrg hl
h l qul cg jn
jnicimàg
icimàg tldmg cg
ldlrmàg ansnicömnfg dlflsgrng pgrg ldfgrgr cg ltgpg hl rlpgrgfnöd qul supidl
fghg priflsi jnicömnfi qul ccg`g`is
cc g`g`is ldalr`lhgh.

CG JNICIMÀG DI AGCCG, DI VL LW\NQIFG, DI KG^ LZZIZ.

Vnmunldhi fid cis hlsfujrn`nldtis hl cg Dulvg

Du lvg @lhnfndg fid rlsplfti g
lstg Xlrflrg Cly, kgy gÿd gcmi `çs hl ci qul tg`jnîd tl vldmi kgjcgdhi.

Fi`i vn`is, tihis cis örmgdis y tlonhis qul pisll`is hlrnvgd hl cgs
trls fgpgs l`jrnidgrngs qul sl mldlrgd ld cis prn`lris 7= hàgs hlc hlsgrricci
l`jrnidgrni? ldhihlr`i, `lsihlr`i y lftihlr`i. ^ cg cömnfg jni-cömnfg di
tlr`ndg gquà. Xihis cis tlonhis qul hlrnvld hl cg `ns`g kiog l`jrnidgrng, fi`i
rlfnjnlrid nmugc ndair`gfnöd ld su mlstgfnöd, sl vgd g fi`pirtgr hl cg `ns`g
`gdlrg.

Lstg ndair`gfnöd ls vgcnisàsn`g. ¹Rir quî9 Rirqul ld audfnöd hl ci qul

ijslrvl`is ld cgs n`çmldls, ld cis gdçcnsns, ld cis lstuhnis y, `çs qul dghg,
lstn`ghg y lstn`ghi ficlmg, ld lc fulrpi hlc fidsuctgdtl y ld sus sàdti`gs,
vg`is g sgjlr `ufkgs fisgs? ld quî ltgpg hl lsl primrg`g qul ccg`çjg`is
ldalr`lhgh lstg`is (sn ld agsl hl fidacnfti gftnvi i rlsicufnöd), quî ls `çs
fidvldnldtl kgflr ld tîr`ndis tlrgpîutnfis (fid cgs klrrg`nldtgs hnspidnjcls,
cgs qul tldmg`is gc gcfgdfl y cgs qul lstl`is hnspulstis g lxpcirgr), quî ls
fidvldnldtl di kgflr, quî fi`prldsnöd iarlflr hl ci qul pgsg, quî urmldfng
rlgc kgy i di kgy y quî hlfnsnidls ti`gr ld air`g fidoudtg fid cg plrsidg qul
gtrgvnlsg lc primrg`g jnicömnfi qul ccg`çjg`is ldalr`lhgh. Xg`jnîd vg`is g
hlsplogr `nlhis, lvntgr itris fidacnftis fid hngmdöstnfis qul gftnvld ud

sijrlstrîs qul culmi hlsldfghldg itrg sicufnöd jnicömnfg (i ldalr`lhgh),

gjirhgr ci qul pgsg fid trgdquncnhgh (qul, fi`i hnol gdtls, di snmdnanfg dlmgr ci
qul pgsg dn mldlrgr udg agcsg lxplftgtnvg).

Lc snmunldtl mrçanfi sijrl cg Xlrflrg Cly rlsu`l lc fi`pirtg`nldti hl cis

hnalrldtls tlonhis slmÿd su irnmld ld cgs his agsls hlc primrg`g lsplfngc fid
sldtnhi jnicömnfi.

Zlpgsl`is.

Xlonhis hlrnvghis hlc Ldhihlr`i, fi`i tl hnol, cg prn`lrg kiog ld

air`grsl, cg qul gciog cg `l`irng `çs prn`ntnvg,
prn `ntnvg, cg qul hgrç irnmld g cis ör
örmgdis
mgdis
fiirhndghis pir lc tridfi flrljrgc, hidhl gsnldtgd cis rlfulrhis hl cis
fidacnftis hl jifghi5 fi`i sid gpgrgti hnmlstnvi, gcvîicis puc`idgrls, tÿjucis
ficlftirls rldgcls, `ufisg utlrndg pristçtnfg, ldtrl itris. Lstis kgrçd udg fisg
ld cg prn`lrg agsl hlc primrg`g lsplfngc fid sldtnhi jnicömnfi ( ldalr`lhgh), ls
hlfnr fugdhi lc fidacnfti lstç gftnvi, y kgrçd itrg ld cg agsl hl rlpgrgfnöd.

Ldhihlr`i, agsl hl fidacnfti gftnvi, mldlrgrçd?

• Ld tîr`ndis irmçdnfis? rlprihuffnöd flcucgr/frlf

flcucgr/frlfn`nldti.
n`nldti.
• Ld tîr`ndis
tîr`ndis hl cg audf
audfnöd
nöd hl cis ttlonhis
lonhis (örmg
(örmgdis)?
dis)? gu`ldti audfnidgc.

Zlfulrhg qul ccg`g`is tu`ir (Fçdflr) gc frlfn`nldti flcucgr.

Ldtidfls, pldsgdhi ld lstis tlonhis, ¹ld quî ltgpg vg`is g vlr lc

tu`ir9 Ld cg ltgpg hlc fidacnfti gftnvi hl cg ldalr`lhgh. Ls hlfnr, qul ld lc fgsi
hl cis tu`irls firrlspidhnldtls g lstis tlonhis fi`i ghldifgrfndi`gs hl
gpgrgti hnmlstnvi, ghldifgrfndi`g puc`idgr, ghldifgrfndi`gs rldgcls y
ghldifgrfndi`gs ldhi`ltrngcls pristçtnfis, sl vgd g mldlrgr ld cg agsl hl
fidacnfti gftnvi.

Ld cg agsl hl rlpgrgfnöd (furgfnöd)? vg`is g ijslrvgr udg pîrhnhg flcucgr

y cg dir`gcnzgfnöd hl cg audfnöd tlonhi u örmgdi ld fulstnöd. Ld lsl priflsi
lstgrçd prlsldtls kidmis y `nfijgftlrngs, fuyi sldtnhi jnicömnfi tl slrç
rlvlcghi ld cg snmunldtl cly). Ld lstg agsl, lstis tu`irls slrçd hlmrghghis pir
kidmis y `nfijgftlrngs. ¹Rgrg quî9 Vn jnld ci vlrl`is ld cg snmunldtl cly, tl ci
ghlcgdti? pirqul sid dulstris `nfrifnruogdis dgturgcls. Gcmunld tnldl qul
hlsgr`gr ci qul gdtls sl gr`ö? sn kgy ud jucti, gcmunld ci tnldl qul hlstrunrci y
lsg ls cg audfnöd hl kidmis, `nfijgftlrngs y lc rlsti hl cis mîr`ldls, fi`i
vlrl`is culmi. Ldtidfls, ¹quî lstgrç prlsldtl ld lstg agsl hl rlsicufnöd9
Vgdmrghis, ndacg`gfnöd y hicir qul, fi`i yg vn`is ld cg Vlmudhg Cly, sid
sàdti`gs qul tnldld ud sldtnhi jnicömnfi. Rir ci qul, fugdhi lc hngmdöstnfi hl
ud Fçdflr ls g trgvîs hlc sgdmrghi hl ud tu`ir (pir lol`pci sgdmrghi ld
`gtlrng alfgc, ld irndg, ltf.), sgjl`is qul lstg`is ld agsl hl rlsicufnöd yg qul
lsl tu`ir lstç snldhi hlmrghghi. Và, clàstl jnld? lc tu`ir lstç snldhi
hlmrghghi, kgy rlpgrgfnöd. Lc sgdmrghi ls pgrtl hl cg agsl lxuhgtnvg hl cg
rlpgrgfnöd, lcn`ndg ci qul yg di snrvl, lc `gtlrngc hl hlslfki. Gkirg jnld, sn
hlsfidizfi lstg cömnfg jni-cömnfg, pulhi ouzmgr qul `n fulrpi lstç agccgdhi
pirqul lstç sgdmrgdhi, pirqul ghl`çs lstç ndacg`ghi, lhl`gtnzghi y fid
hicir. Gkirg jnld, prlfnsg`ldtl lsg ndacg`gfnöd, lsl sgdmrghi, lsl lhl`g y
lsl hicir sid cis qul agfncntgd, g plsgr hl cg ndfi`ihnhgh, cg rlpgrgfnöd. Fcgri,
di ls fulstnöd hl gtrgvlsgr lc hicir snd `çs, i hlsgdmrgrsl i gmidnzgr fid cg
rlpgrgfnöd, fcgri qul di. Kgy qul ifupgrsl hlc hicir, hlc sgdmrghi y hl cgs

`iclstngs, plri ifupgrsl hl udg `gdlrg y fid udg plrsplftnvg qul ficgjirld
fid cg jnicimàg.

Qg`is g cis tlonhis hlrnvghis hl @lsihlr`i.

Fi`i lxpcnquî gdtls, lstg slmudhg kiog sl hnvnhl ld his.

@lsihlr`i Gdtnmui y @lsihlr`i Dulvi.

@lsihlr`i Gdtnmui? kiog l`jrnidgrng qul hg cumgr gc hlsgrricci hlc

flrljlci y cis örmgdis ld cis qul gsnldtgd ccis
is fidacnftis rlcgfnidghis gc gtgqul
g cg ndtlmrnhgh, gc ldsufng`nldti y g cg hlair`gfnöd. Lstis tlonhis sid? hlr`ns
(`lcgdifntis), mcçdhucgs sljçflgs y suhiràpgrgs, cijucnccis `g`grnis,
plrnfgrhni, pclurg y plrntidli.

Fi`pirtg`nldti ld cgs his agsls hlc primrg`g lsplfngc

Agsl hl fidacnfti gftnvi? rlprihuffnöd flcucgr, frlfn`nldti, gu`ldti

audfnidgc5 ls hlfnr, air`gfnöd tu`irgc. Gquà tldl`is cis `lsitlcni`gs pclurgcls
y plrntidlgcls, lc fgrfndi`g cijucnccgr hl `g`gs y cis
c is `lcgdi`gs.

Agsl hl rlpgrgfnöd (pist fidacnfticnsns, ls hlfnr? ltgpg qul snmul g cg

rlsicufnöd hlc fidacnfti)? gfç sl prlsldtg cg dir`gcnzgfnöd hl cg audfnöd y cg
pîrhnhg flcucgr (ls hlfnr, cg hlstruffnöd hl cis tu`irls) fid cg gyuhg hl jgftlrngs
y `nfijgftlrngs qul cn`pngd.

Fi`i vl`is, cis tlonhis hlrnvghis hlc Ldhihlr`i y @lsihlr`i Gdtnmui

sl fi`pirtgd hl cg `ns`g `gdlrg ld cgs his agsls hlc primrg`g (sid cis tlonhis
`çs gdtnmuis ld lc hlsgrricci lvicutnvi).

Culmi fidtndÿg lc hlsgrricci hlc flrljri dulvi fidair`ghi pir ci

snmunldtl?

@lsihlr`i Dulvi? ld lstis tlonhis gsnldtgd cis fidacnftis rlcgfnidghis

fid cg vgcirgfnöd, fi`i cis fidacnftis hl hlsvgcirnzgfn
hlsvgcirnzgfnöd
öd vndfucghis g cg pgrlog,
gc trgjgoi, g ci sifngc y g cg ag`ncng. Qnvldfngs tgcls fi`i cg hl slr frntnfghi, kgjlr
agccghi ld gcmi i qul gcmi sgcmg `gc. Lstis sid cis tlonhis hl sipirtl y sistîd,
fi`i kulsis, fgrtàcgmis, cnmg`ldtis, tldhidls, vgsis sgdmuàdlis y cndaçtnfis,
ivgrni, tlstàfuci, ltf. Lstis tlonhis lstçd fiirhndghis pir cg `îhucg fflrljrgc.
lrljrgc.

Fi`pirtg`nldti ld cgs his agsls hhlc

lc primrg`g jnicömnfi hl
l`lrmldfngs?

Agsl hl fidacnfti gftnvi? pîrhnhg

pî rhnhg flcucgr, dlfrisns

Agsl hl rlpgrgfnöd? gu`ldti flcucgr, hnvnsnöd flcucgr (air`gfnöd hl

tu`irls fi`i sgrfi`gs, tu`irls `lsldqun`ç
`lsldqun`çtnfis,
tnfis, clufl`ngs, cndai`gs). Kgy
gftnvnhgh hl jgftlrngs, pir ci tgdti prlsldfng hl hicir, anljrl y lhl`gs. Ld lstis
tlonhis, ld cg agsl hl rlsicufnöd sl ijslrvgrç cg air`gfnöd hlc tu`ir.
tu`ir . ¹Rir quî9
¹Fuçc ls lc sldtnhi9 Hlogr lc örmgdi `çs aulrtl y mrgdhl qul gdtls pgrg
sistldlr, sipirtgr, qul tldmg `çs y `loir audfnöd qul gdtls pirqul di slrvàg.
Ls udg sicufnöd jnicömnfg? lc flrljri di pulhl kgflr dghg kgfng gaulrg, gkà ls
cg psnqul i `ldtl cg qul tnldl qul ldfidtrgr udg sicufnöd prçftnfg. Ldtidfls, lc
flrljri ti`g hlfnsnidls y lolfutg sijrl cg ÿdnfg rlgcnhgh
rlgc nhgh qul pulhl ndacunr, qul

ls dulstri fulrpi).
^ cg ÿctn`g fgpg l`jrnidgrng, tg`jnîd firrlspidhnldtl gc flrljri dulvi,
ls lc Lftihlr`i.

Lftihlr`i? lstç fi`pulsti pir cis tlonhis hlrnvghis hl cg tlrflrg kiog

l`jrnidgrng, cg `çs dulvg, qul firrlspidhl g cg fugrtg ltgpg ld dulstri
priflsi lvicutnvi. Gccà gsnldtgd cis fidacnftis `çs dulvis, gqulccis vndfucghis g
cg vnhg ld `gdghg, cis hl slpgrgfnöd, tlrrntirni, `nlhi, ltf. Air`g pgrtl hlc
hlsgrricci `çs dulvi hlc flrljri (cg firtlzg flrljrgc). Lstis tlonhis sid cis

örmgdis sldsirngcls, cg lpnhlr`ns, cgs `ufisgs lpntlcngcls, cgs grtlrngs y vldgs

firidgrngs, cgs `ufisgs cgràdmlgs, jridqungcls y hl fîrvnx utlrndi5 cis huftis
`g`grnis, pir fntgr gcmudis.

Fi`pirtg`nldti ld cgs his agsls hlc primrg`g jnicömnfi hl l`lrmldfngs?

Agsl hl fidacnfti gftnvi? ci qul sl vg g lvnhldfngr ld tîr`ndis hl cg

lstrufturg hlc örmgdi ls udg pîrhnhg flcucgr i dlfrisns. Ld rlcgfnöd fid cg
audfnöd hlc tlonhi qul lstî ndvicufrghi, pihl`is ijslrvgr udg pîrhnhg hl cg
audfnöd, ls hlfnr qul cg audfnöd sl pulhl hltldlr, hns`ndunr i jciqulgr, fi`i
pgrtl hl cg sicufnöd.

Ltgpg hl fidacnfti rlsulcti i RFC? sn gdtls sl hlmrghö lc tlonhi, fi`i

fidslfuldfng ndlvntgjcl sl prihufnrç udg rlfidstruffnöd flcucgr y udg
rlfuplrgfnöd hlc tlonhi y hl su audfnöd.

Fi`i vl`is, cis tlonhis hl irnmld lftihîr`nfi sl fi`pirtgd hl cg `ns`g

`gdlrg qul cis irnmndghis ld lc `lsihlr`i dulvi ld cgs his agsls hlc
primrg`g lsplfngc fid sldtnhi jnicömnfi qul ccg`çjg`is ldalr`lhgh. Ld
fidacnfti gftnvi prlsldtgd pîrhnhg flcucgr i jciquli hl cg audfnöd y ld fidacnftö-
cnsns (ls hlfnr? culmi qul sl rlsulcvl lc fidacnfti y sl ndmrlsg ld cg ltgpg hl
rlpgrgfnöd) frlfn`nldti flcucgr y rlfuplrgfnöd hl cg audfnöd. Gsà sl air`gd cgs
tu`irgfnidls hl rlccldi, fi`i lc fgrfndi`g hl fîrvnx, lc fgrfndi`g huftgc hl
`g`g, lc fgrfndi`g trgdsnfnidgc hl vlonmg, lc fgrfndi`g lpnhlr`inhl hl puc`öd
y lc fgrfndi`g lpnhlr`inhl hl cgrndml, ldtrl itris. Xihis lstis sid hl
dgturgclzg furgtnvg, ci qul qunlrl hlfnr qul sid rlccldis hl ÿcflrgs, di
vlrhghlris tu`irls, y ci tgdti gpgrlfld ld agsl hl rlsicufnöd hlc fidacnfti.
Qulcvi g rlpltnr udg y `nc vlfls, di qunlrl hlfnr qul pir lsi di kgyg qul
gfi`pg÷gr lstis priflsis i hlogrcis hl trgtgr, di lstiy kgjcgdhi hl tlrgpîutnfg
ld lstl gpgrtghi, plri rlpnti qul cg ndtlrprltgfnöd hl ci qul suflhl ls lc pudti
`çs jçsnfi pgrg fi`prldhlr lc priflsi y pcgdtlgr cömnfg`ldtl ud trgtg`nldti.

Culmi hl kgjlr vnsti, rlpltnhi y lol`pcnanfghi hl `ÿctnpcls air`gs cg Xlrflrg

Cly, ccg`ghg jrÿoucg hl cg dulvg `lhnfndg (pirqul ls cg qul cl hg sldtnhi g cg
air`g hl rlspulstg hl tihis cis tlonhis), pgsl`is gkirg g cg pldÿctn`g? cg
Fugrtg Cly Jnicömnfg.

Fugrtg Cly Jnicöm nfg? Cly Jn icö mnfg hl cg Dg

Dgtur
turgclz
gclzg
g

Lc snstl`g idtimldîtnfi hl cis `nfrijnis

¹Difnöd hl fg`jni hl pgrghnm`g9

Ls ci qul pidl
pi dl hl `gdnanlsti lstg Cly.

Ls udg cly qul sl pulhl vlrnanfgr sn tldl`is cg hnspidnjncnhgh pgrg

kgflrci, sn rlvnsg`is dulstrgs frlldfngs, sn lstg`is hnspulstis g garidtgr
dulstris `nlhis5 sn dis qulrl`is iarlflr cg fkgdfl hl kgflr ud sgcti hl
fidsfnldfng. Xihi fg`jni hl pgrghnm`g n`pcnfg rlsnstldfngs. Xl ci hnmi pir

lxplrnldfng pripng. Fugdhi fidifà lstg Cly, hloî hl cllr lstis hlsfujrn`nldtis
pir ud tnl`pi. Vldtàg ld ud pudti lstgr plrhnldhi `n nhldtnhgh plrsidgc y
prialsnidgc, `l sldtàg plrhnhg, sicg, di sgjàg fö`i fidtndugràg hlspuîs hl
ldfidtrgr`l fid lstg vlrhgh. Ci `ns`i `l aul suflhnldhi ld `n vnhg, gc
ldfidtrgr`l fid itrgs vlrhghls `çs ghlcgdtl, di sici ld lc fg`pi hl cg sgcuh,
tg`jnîd ld cg lhufgfnöd, cg fnldfng, ld tihgs `ns vnlogs frlldfngs. Lstg gplrturg
hl fidsfnldfng sl aul lxtrgpicgdhi g tihis cis sldtnrls, pldsgrls, gffnidls y
ricls ld `n vnhg.

¹Fö`i lolrflr cg `lhnfndg culmi hl îstis sgjlrls9 ¹Lstgjg tihi `gc9

¹Hljàg ri`plr `n tàtuci9 Gcmi ld `à lstgjg fulstnidgdhi lc irhld lstgjclfnhi
hl cgs fisgs, pgtlgjg `n tgjclri. Fi`i ld fugcqunlr rlvicufnöd i lvicufnöd,
sldtn`is cg rlsnstldfng hlc stgtus qui, hl cgs fidvldfnidls n`pcàfntg`ldtl
pgftghgs y gsu`nhgs fi`i vlrhghls lstgjclfnhgs,
lstgjclfnhgs, hl gqulcci ld ci qul frll`is
pir fidvldfnöd (pir ud gfulrhi ficlftnvi l ndhnvnhugc tçfnti i lxprlsi), hl lsi
qul supulstg`ldtl LV GVÀ. Lsti suflhl ld fugcqunlr lvicufnöd vlrhghlrg, ls
hlfnr qul n`pcnfg ud sgcti hl fidsfnldfng, itrg fi`prldsnöd hl cgs fisgs. ^ yi
`l rlsnstà ndnfngc`ldtl y pldsî qul lsi qul clàg lrg udg ccifurg.
ifurg.

¹Wuî hnfl lstg cly, gsà, sldfnccg`ldtl9 Dis hnfl qul cis
`nfriirmgdns`is, ls hlfnr, cgs `nfijgftlrngs, cis kidmis, cgs jgftlrngs y kgstg
cis vnrus (sn ls qul lxnstld), tnldld ud sldtnhi jnicömnfi prlfnsi y, ld cumgr hl slr
rlspidsgjcls, fucpgjcls i fgusgdtls hl gcmi `gci ld dulstri fulrpi, lstçd gkà

pgrg gyuhgrdis g rlsicvlr ci qul dis suflhl, lstçd gkà fid udg audfnöd
lsplfàanfg, pgrg gyuhgr g cg jnicimàg g lolfutgr lstl primrg`g lsplfngc fid
sldtnhi jnicömnfi qul ccg`çjg`is ldalr`lhgh. ¡Cis vnrus! ¡Cgs jgftlrngs! ¡Cis
kidmis! ¡Cis `nfrijnis! ^i qul frlfà lsfufkgdhi qul di hljàg cclvgr`l dghg g
cg jifg pirqul tldàg `nfrijnis i qul tldàg ud mlr`ld qul lrg lc fgusgdtl hl
udg ldalr`lhgh. ^i, y kgjci sici hl `à, qul lstuhnî y qul ldtldhà qul lc kidmi
ls gcmi `gci, qul cgs jgftlrngs sid ldl`nmis, lstgjg clyldhi ccii fidtrgrni, qul
ld rlgcnhgh sid dulstris gcnghis. ^i qul snl`prl ndtldtî fi`jgtnrcis, gkirg
tldmi qul pldsgr qul cis mîr`ldls aulrid plralftg`ldtl pcgdlghis y
hnsl÷ghis ld ud pcgd fös`nfi hnvndi y plralfti pgrg gsnstnrdis ld dulstrg
suplrvnvldfng y lvicufnöd.

@l hnol? –Gfç kgy gcmi `gc qul di gdhg jnld ‐. Lc Hr. Kg`lr rlgc`ldtl
hlsvgrnö. Ldciqulfnö. ¡Wuî lstç hnfnldhi! Vn lsti ls vlrhgh, viy y qul`i `n
tàtuci, cg `lhnfndg ls ud hlsgstrl, lstg`is kgfnldhi tihi `gc. Cg `lhnfndg,
fi`i ud tàtuci hl ud cnjri qul yg `ldfnidî, lstç pgtgs pgrg grrnjg.

Xrgdquncis, cg fisg di ls gsà.

^i frli qul, fi`i hnfl lc tàtuci hlc cnjri, lsti ls ud fàrfuci. Lc rlcgti
tg`jnîd ls fnrfucgr, gsà qul tl ci hnmi gfç, y tl ci hnrî tg`jnîd gc andgc? yi frli
qul dlflsntg`is rlvnsgr tihi lc tnl`pi cis sgjlrls. Xg`jnîd lc sgjlr qul
iarlfld lstgs Clyls. Di ls –fidifn`nldti‐, pir lc fidifn`nldti ls gcmi lstçtnfi.
Ls sgjnhuràg, gcmi hndç`nfi. Cg @LHNFNDG ls, fi`i hnfl lc Ourg`ldti
Knpifrçtnfi, ud GZXL, ls frlgfnöd y di rlpltnfnöd. Di kgy qul rlpltnr lc `gdugc.
^i di lstiy hl gfulrhi fid lsi. Kgy qul frlgr tihi lc tnl`pi. Zlvnsgr,

fulstnidgr (ld lc juld sldtnhi) y hlogrdis

hlo grdis mungr pir ci vlrhghlri. Ci vlrhghlri,
frli yi, y lsti `l ci hl`ulstrgd lstgs clyls, ls sldfncci. Ci fugc di qunlrl hlfnr
hlfn r
qul di slg priaudhi.

Di qul`î `n tàtuci, gc fidtrgrni, ci rlsnmdnanquî g cg cuz hl lstgs clyls.

Di hloî hl lolrflr cg @lhnfndg, gc fidtrgrni, cg rlvgcirnfî.

Ldtrî ld frnsns fid lstl sgjlr, plri lsg frnsns aul udg ipirtudnhgh hl slr
`çs anlc gc ourg`ldti
o urg`ldti `îhnfi, hl iarlflr `n grtl gc slrvnfni hlc ldalr`i, ls hlfnr,
ifupgr`l hl cg plrsidg y di hl gcmi ccg`ghi ldalr`lhgh.

Fi`prldhà qul cis lrrirls sid gftis frlgtnvis.

Di jusquî fucpgjcls, sndi qul gsu`à rlspidsgjncnhghls.

Di `l sldtà vàftn`g hl ud snstl`g qul qunlrl ldalr`gr g cgs plrsidgs

pgrg culmi vldhlrcls cg furg. @l firrà hl cg cömnfg hl cg vàftn`g y hlc vnftn`grni.

Gsu`à cg dlutrgcnhgh. ^ ld cg dlutrgcnhgh sl `gdnanlstg ci vlrhghlri.

Gprldhà y gprldhi g prgftnfgr lc Di Ounfni, g sgcnr hl cg hugcnhgh. Lc sgjlr

qul tihi ls plralfti, qul cg ijslrvgfnöd y cg lsfufkg ld fgc`g ls lc fg`ndi
pgrg lc hnsflrdn`nldti. ^ qul lstl hnsflrdn`nldti ls cg jgsl hl `n vlrhgh.

^ gsà, snd ounfnis y sictgdhi dulstris `nlhis, sictgdhi lc fidtric, pihl`is

cclmgr g fi`prldhlr y g vlrnanfgr (ci fugc ls gsi`jrisi) qul cis kidmis, cgs
jgftlrngs, cis `nfrijnis y cis vnrus kgd snhi frlghis fid ud sldtnhi jnicömnfi
prlfnsi, y lsl sldtnhi ls, prlfnsg`ldtl, lc hlc gyuhgr g lolfutgr lc primrg`g
lsplfngc, tl`pirgrni, fid sldtnhi jnicömnfi qul ccg`çjg`is
cc g`çjg`is ldalr`lhgh, y qul
îstl sl pidl ld `grfkg pgrg mgrgdtnzgr dulstrg suplrvnvldfng.

CIV MÎZ@LDLV VID GCNGHIV.

¹Fö`i pulhl slr lsti9

Kgy ud lol`pci sijrl lstg Cly qul ls `uy rlprlsldtgtnvi.

Vn auîrg`is ud slr hl itrg mgcgxng qul di ldtldhnlsl lc audfnidg`nldti

hl cgs fisgs gquà ld cg Xnlrrg y dis `istrgrgd udg aiti hl ud ndfldhni, vlràg`is

ci snmunldtl? udis ki`jrls fid fgsfis trgjgogdhi ld lc ndfldhni.

Xrgdquncg`ldtl, hlshl grrnjg, g cg hnstgdfng, pihràg`is fidfcunr qul cis
ji`jlris sid fucpgjcls hlc ndfldhni, qul sid qunldls prihuolrid lc ndfldhni.
Lsi ls, jçsnfg`ldtl, cg `nrghg qul kl`is tldnhi sijrl cis vnrus, jgftlrngs,
kidmis y `nfrijnis. Frllr qul sid cis rlspidsgjcls hl cgs ldalr`lhghls
pirqul cis vl`is ld cg aiti. Ql`is cg pcgfg hl gdmndg y lc lstrlptififi lstç
prlsldtl. Ijvng`ldtl, gsu`n`is qul cg gdmndg ls fucpg hlc lstrlptififi. Vijrl
tihi, sn prlsldti sàdti`gs hl ldalr`lhgh y ld cis gdçcnsns qul rlfltg lc `îhnfi
hltlftgrl`is gcmudg jgftlrng, qul slrç cg rlspidsgjcl hl ci qul `l suflhl. ^

gfç kgy gcmi vlrhghlri y gcmi agcsi g cg vlz? sà, cgs jgftlrngs sid rlspidsgjcls
plri di hl gcmi `gci, sndi hl
h l gyuhgr gc priflsi hl rlpgrgfnöd ld lc qul lstç `n
jnicimàg. ¹Fö`i pulhl slr lsti9

¹Di gtldtgd cis vnrus fidtrg lc snstl`g nd`udicömnfi9

¹Lc snstl`g nd`udicömnfi di cis trgtg hl fi`jgtnr snl`prl9

snl`prl 9

Xgc vlz, lc snstl`g nd`udicömnfi di ls ci qul frll`is, fi`i tgdtgs itrgs

fisgs.

^ gfç hlog`is hl cllr y lfkg`is pir tnlrrg tihi ci qul kgstg lstl
`i`ldti dis rlsidgjg fid `ufki sldtnhi. Lsi `l pgsö g `à. Hnol, gfç Kg`lr
sl lqunvifö.

Hîog`l hlfnrtl qul, sn jnld fcgrg`ldtl kgy qul slmunr ndvlstnmgdhi y

lsfcgrlfnldhi vlrhghls, ci qul pcgdtlg lstg
lstg Cly, di ylrrg. ^ lsg ls `n vnvldfng
y `n lxplrnldfng fitnhngdg. Ld lsg vlrhgh, cg qul kl ldfidtrghi y fi`prulji
hàg g hàg, ls ld hidhl sl jgsg lstl lsfrnti.

Qlg`is, ld hltgccl, pir quî cg Fugrtg Cly kgjcg hl Vnstl`g hl @nfrijnis.

Rirqul lsi hnfl, qul jgftlrngs, `nfrijnis, kidmis y vnrus air`gd ud Vnstl`g (hl
cg `ns`g air`g qul tldl`is ud snstl`g dlrvnisi). Rir ci tgdti, sn air`gd ud
snstl`g, qunlrl hlfnr qul lsl snstl`g lstç rlcgfnidghi fid lc rlsti hl dulstrg
jnicimàg fid ud sldtnhi jnicömnfi, qul ficgjirg pgrg qul cg fisg audfnidl fi`i
tnldl qul audfnidgr, di qul gtldtg pgrg qul cg fisg `grfkl `gc. Rihl`is ndtunr
qul sn ls ud snstl`g qul sl frlö fid ud sldtnhi prlfnsi, ldtidfls fi`i tihi ci
qul sl aul frlgdhi ld cgs hnalrldtls ltgpgs lvicutnvgs, tg`jnîd rlspidhl g cis
hnalrldtls `i`ldtis hl dulstrg lvicufnöd jnicömnfg y gpgrlfld gdtl udg
dlflsnhgh y fid udg audfnöd lsplfàanfg.

Ci hnmi sldfncci? cis vnrus,

vnru s, jgftlrngs, kidmis y `nfrijnis sid l`pclghis.
Gyuhgd g kgflr ci qul kgy qul kgflr. Vn kgy qul kgflr udg ÿcflrg, gmgrrgd cg
pgcg (i lc tgcghri) y kgfld ud pizi. Vn kgy qul rlccldgr, rlccldgd. Vn kgy qul
jgrrlr, jgrrld. Vn kgy qul ri`plr, ri`pld. Vn kgy qul cn`pngr, cn`pngd. Vn kgy
qul rlpgrgr, rlpgrgd. Fghg udi, fcgri, tldhrç udg audfnöd prlfnsg, udg irhld
qul lolfutg gc pnl hl cg cltrg. Cg irhld cg hg lc flrljri jnicömnfi, pirqul ls qunîd
fi`gdhg g cgs jgftlrngs, g cis kidmis, g cis `nfrijnis y g cis vnrus. Rirqul

jgftlrngs, vnrus, `nfrijnis y kidmis lstçd rlmnhis pir cgs hnalrldtls lstrufturgs
qul air`gd lc flrljri jnicömnfi (fi`i vn`is ld cg Xlrflrg Cly). Fugdhi
ndtlrvnldld ci kgfld fid udg irhld. ^ di ls qul cg jnicimàg ldciqulfl, dn lstç
snldhi ndvghnhg pir ud gmldtl lxtlrdi, dn sl cl gftnvg udg ji`jg qul cg kgrç
lxpcitgr, dghg hl lsi. Cis mîr`ldls y disitris si`is jnicimàg, si`is
dgturgclzg y aun`is frlghis ld lc `ns`i Rcgd Fös`nfi, Hnvndi
Hn vndi y Rlralfti, fghg
udi fid su audfnöd lsplfàanfg.

¹Fö`i pulhl slr lsti9

 \d lol`pci ls cg `nfijgftlrng hl cg tujlrfucisns. Cg tujlrfucisns,
fcgrg`ldtl, dis kg `gtghi hurgdtl `ufki tnl`pi. Di tnldl cömnfg dn sldtnhi.
¹Fö`i pulhl slr qul lstg Cly hnmg qul cg `nfijgftlrng hl cg tujlrfucisns tnldl

ud sldtnhi jnicömnfi fcgri y audhg`ldtgc g cg kirg hl hlmrghgr fnlrtis tu`irls

qul sl kgd air`ghi y qul lstç hnspidnjcl
hnspidn jcl fi`i klrrg`nldtg pgrg fidfcunr cg agsl
hl rlpgrgfnöd hl fnlrtis tnpis hl Fçdflr9
Fçd flr9 ¹Fö`i pulhl slr lsti9

Lsti ls, jçsnfg`ldtl, ci qul `çs rlfkgzi mldlrg.

Rirqul fulstnidg supulstis jçsnfis hl dulstrg `lhnfndg hl kiy. Rirqul

n`pcnfg ud fg`jni hl pgrghnm`g. ^ yi sî qul kgy y kgjrç `ufkgs rlsnstldfngs.
Ci fugc ls cömnfi.

Xg`jnîd sî qul ci vlrhghlri snl`prl sl `gdnanlstg.

`gdn anlstg. Vnl`prl.

Qlg`is ldtidfls lsti hlc Vnstl`g Idtimîdnfi hl cis @nfrijnis.

¹Wuî lxpcnfg lstg Fugrtg Cly9

Lstg cly jnicömnfg lxpcnfg lc ric jldîanfi hl cis `nfrijnis y su firrlcgfnöd

fid cgs trls fgpgs l`jrnidgrngs hurgdtl cg agsl hl furgfnöd? kidmis,
`nfijgftlrngs, jgftlrngs y vnrus (sn ls qul lstis lxnstld). Hlshl lstg
plrsplftnvg, sid gcnghis hl dulstri fulrpi y di ldl`nmis. Vn lfkg`is `gdi hl
cg l`jrnicimàg, vg`is g ijslrvgr qul hlshl tnl`pis rl`itis sid dulstris anlcls
fi`pg÷lris, yg qul ld cg Dgturgclzg di kgy dghg qul lstî hlsprivnsti hl
mîr`ldls. Hlshl cg lxnstldfng hl cg
c g vnhg `ns`g, vnvn`is ld sn`jnisns fid lccis.
¹Wuî ls lsti hl qul lstçd ld sn`jnisns fid disitris9 @loir hnfki, kidmis,
`nfrijnis, jgftlrngs y vnrus lstçd ld sn`jnisns fid lc rlsti hl cis snstl`gs,
tlonhis y örmgdis. ¹Wuî ls udg sn`jnisns9 Ls fugdhi kgy udg gsifngfnöd àdtn`g
hl irmgdns`is hl hnalrldtls tnpis qul, prlfnsg`ldtl, sl gsifngd fid cg andgcnhgh
hl ijtldlr ud jldlanfni. Kgy jgftlrngs qul lstçd ld sn`jnisns fid lc ndtlstndi
pgrg mldlrgr ud jldlanfni, qul ls cg acirg ndtlstndgc. Ls hlfnr, qul kidmis,
`nfijgftlrngs, jgftlrngs y vnrus fiiplrgd fid lc audfnidg`nldti hl dulstri
fulrpi y qul hl di lxnstnr lstgràg`is `ulrtis. Hnrçs qul lsti ls n`pisnjcl, sn
sl supidl ci fidtrgrni.

Ci qul sumnlrl lstg cly ls qul hlol`is hl supidlr ci fidtrgrni y

vlrnanqul`is qul hlshl tihgs cgs ltgpgs hlc hlsgrricci, cis `nfrijnis kgd snhi
ndhnspldsgjcls pgrg dulstrg suplrvnvldfng. Kgd snhi ndhnspldsgjcls pgrg
sijrlvnvnr.

Rldsl`is ci snmunldtl.

Dulstri fulrpi fidtnldl hnlz vlfls `çs jgftlrngs qul fîcucgs ku`gdgs.
Dulstri fulrpi fidtnldl hnlz vlfls `çs jgftlrngs qul fîcucgs. Ls hlfnr,
hlfnr , `nccidls
y `nccidls hl jgftlrngs (fid cgs fugcls dgfl`is y `irn`is). @nccidls y `nccidls
hl mîr`ldls ld tihis dulstris tlonhis5 ls hlfnr, ld cg pnlc, cg dgrnz, cis
c is iàhis, cg
jifg, cg mgrmgdtg, lc snstl`g hnmlstnvi, lc snstl`g rlspnrgtirni, lc snstl`g
urndgrni, cg vgmndg, ltf. Kgy `çs `nfrijnis qul fîcucgs y lc slr ku`gdi lstç
plralftg`ldtl hnsl÷ghi gsà, fid `nccidls hl mîr`ldls pir fghg fîcucg hl
dulstri irmgdns`i.

Hnfki hl itrg air`g? cg prlsldfng hl lsis `nccidls y `nccidls hl

mîr`ldls ls ci qul dis kg plr`ntnhi, ld lc priflsi lvicutnvi, ghgptgrdis y
sijrlvnvnr. Cis mîr`ldls sid dulstris gdflstris. Gpgrlfnlrid ld cg Xnlrrg
`ufki gdtls qul disitris y dis suplrgd g`pcng`ldtl ld dÿ`lri. Vn lccis di
qunsnlrgd dulstrg lxnstldfng, di lstgràg`is vnvis. Hnfki hl itrg `gdlrg, snd su
prlsldfng disitris `irnràg`is.

¹Rir quî pldsg`is ci fidtrgrni9

Cg rlspulstg fgl hl `ghuri? pir ci qul ldtldhl`is qul cg ldalr`lhgh

ls.

Vn cg ldalr`lhgh ls gcmi `gci, tihi ci vndfucghi g cg `ns`g ls `gci.

Kgy ldalr`lhgh, kgy jgftlrng.

Kgy ldalr`lhgh, kgy vnrus.

Kgy ldalr`lhgh, kgy `nfijgftlrng.

`n fijgftlrng.

Kgy ldalr`lhgh, kgy kidmi.

Kgy ldalr`lhgh, kgy `nfrijnis.

`n frijnis.

Kgy ldalr`lhgh, dulstri fulrpi agccg.

Kgy `nfrijnis, jgftlrngs, kidmis y vnrus y sid lstis cis qul ficgjirgd g
qul dulstri fulrpi agccl, ls hlfnr, sid cis qul ficgjirgd g qul cg ldalr`lhgh
sl prlsldtl.

Fi`i hnol, ld lsti kgy gcmi vlrhghlri y, g cg vlz, agcsi.

Di sid `gcis, pirqul cg ldalr`lhgh di ls gcmi `gci.

^ sà, ficgjirgd ld cg ldalr`lhgh. Gkirg jnld, ldtldhnldhi g cg

ldalr`lhgh fi`i tl ci vldmi hnfnldhi? fi`i ud primrg`g lsplfngc fid sldtnhi
jnicömnfi qul dulstri fulrpi gftnvg, pidl ld `grfkg, pgrg mgrgdtnzgr dulstrg
suplrvnvldfng.

Hl`idnzg`is g cg ldalr`lhgh.

Hl`idnzg`is g cis `nfrijnis.

Ls pgrg itri cnjri, sici qunlri hlfnr qul ld ud `i`ldti, cg `lhnfndg

gsu`nö ud ounfni rlsplfti hl ci qul suflhàg ld lc fulrpi, slpgrö cg ldalr`lhgh
hlc ldalr`i, sl ifupö hl cg ldalr`lhgh y ouzmö qul lstg lrg udg agccg. Fid
fiklrldfng y cömnfg, fi`ldzö g slpgrgr ci juldi y ci `gci (ci qul ldtldhàg fi`i
tgc). Gsà, ldtidfls, sl hnvnhnö g cis mîr`ldls ld juldis y `gcis. @nldtrgs di
prlsldtl`is sàdti`gs,
sàdti`gs, sid acirg dir`gc. Gkirg jnld
jnld,, cis `ns`is mîr`ldls sid
`gcis fugdhi sl ldfuldtrgd prlsldtls ld cgs ldalr`lhgh ls. Vl cls ghouhnfg
gsà cg rlspidsgjncnhgh hl cgs `ns`gs hnfnldhi qul sid pgtömldis. Rgrg cg Dulvg
@lhnfndg, cg fi`pgrgfnöd ls cg snmunldtl? tl rlpnti (sà, udg vlz `çs) lc lol`pci
hlc ndfldhni gc qul sl gflrfgd cis ji`jlris g gpgmgr lc aulmi. Vn sgfg`is udg
aiti, ld cg lsfldg vl`is g cis ji`jlris fid cgs `gdmulrgs y cg fgsg qul`ghg,
g dghnl sl cl ifurrnràg hlfnr qul cis ji`jlris aulrid cis rlspidsgjcls hl qul`gr
cg fgsg. Lsl ls lc fidflpti rlgc hl cis `nfrijnis. Cis `nfrijnis vgd g gftugr
fi`i ji`jlris? g rl`ihlcgr lc tlonhi slmÿd cg irhld qul cls hî lc flrljri. ^ sn
sgfg`is cg aiti hl ud tu`ir hidhl cis `nfrijnis lstçd gyuhgdhi g hlmrghgr,
ouzmg`is qul lstis llstçd
stçd ndalftgdhi lc tu`ir y qul sid cis fgusgdt
fgusgdtls
ls hl cg
ldalr`lhgh (fugdhi ifurrl ci fidtrgrni). Cis `nfrijnis slràgd cis ji`jlris hlc
lol`pci, cis `nfrijnis gpgmgd ndfldhnis y iptn`nzgd cg rlpgrgfnöd.

¡LVXI LV GCMI @GZGQNCCIVI!

Rirqul `grgvnccisg ls dulstrg jnicimàg. ¹Vl dis ifurrl pldsgr qul di

vg`is g tldlr tihi ci dlflsgrni pgrg rlsicvlr ci qul kgyg qul rlsicvlr9
Jnicömnfg`ldtl, di. Vn jnicömnfg`ldtl kgy qul gr`gr ud rlccldi (qul ccg`g`is
cc g`g`is
tu`ir) pgrg sicufnidgr gcmi, lsl prihufl udg `uctnpcnfgfnöd flcucgr, qul ls cg
`gdlrg qul tnldl cg jnicimàg hl sicufnidgr gcmi. \dg vlz qul cg fisg lstç
rlsulctg, lsl rlccldi tnldl qul sgfgrsl pirqul yg di snrvl `çs dn tnldl dndmÿd
sldtnhi, gsà tg`jnîd cg jnicimàg hnspidl hl cgs klrrg`nldtgs pgrg lolfutgr lsg

iplrgfnöd qul ls hlstrunr lc rlccldi, sgfgrci y cn`pngr cg zidg. Fi`i tl hnol,

dulstrg jnicimàg ls cg `çqundg `çs plralftg qul lxnstg y lxnstnrç ld cg Xnlrrg.

Qlg`is g lstis gcnghis y l`pclghis lanfnldtls, qunldls g plsgr hl

dulstris lsaulrzis pir firtgrcls cg auldtl hl trgjgoi, lfkgrcis y pidlrcis ld lc
fghgcsi, snmuld kgfnldhi ci qul tnldld qul kgflr, gqulcci pgrg ci fugc aulrid
frlghis, gyuhgrdis.

¹Vgjls fuçdtgs jgftlrngs tnldl dulstri fulrpi9 Hnlz vlfls `çs qul
fîcucgs. Ls hlfnr, `nccidls y `nccidls hl jgftlrngs. ¹Xl pgrlfl qul vnldld g
`gtgrdis9 Vid cgs jgftlrngs cgs qul plr`ntld cg ghgptgfnöd jnicömnfg. Cg
jgftlrng ls sndödn`i hl vnhg, di hl `ulrtl. Lsti kiy ls rlgc`ldtl fi`prijghi
fid lc usi tlrgpîutnf
tlrgpîutnfii hl prijnötnfis (ficidngs hl clvghurgs, kidmis y jgftlrngs
qul sl utncnzgd pgrg trgtgr `ÿctnpcls sàdti`gs y pgrg rlpgrgr tlonhis). Dis mustl

i di, suflhl qul fid fnlrtis `lhnfg`ldtis, cgs prn`lrgs vàftn`gs sid cgs
jgftlrngs. Rir lsi, `ufkgs vlfls di lstçd hnspidnjcls
hn spidnjcls lstis gcnghis? pirqul dis
ifupg`is hl `gtgrcis. Gsà hl sn`pcl. Gfcgri udg y `nc vlfls qul di lstiy
kgjcgdhi hl tlrgpîutnfg ld lstl gpgrtghi, di lstiy hnfnldhi qul dudfg kgyg
qul utncnzgr udg u itrg klrrg`nldtg hl trgtg`nldt
trgtg`nldti.
i. Lsi hlpldhlrç hl fghg fgsi
ld pgrtnfucgr y hl cg cömnfg hl lsl priflsi ld cg plrsidg lsplfàanfg qul ci vnvl,
`gs tl cclvi gc rgzidg`nldti hl fi`prldhlr ci qul dis suflhl y fö`i suflhl
pgrg pihlr ti`gr cgs `loirls hlfnsnidls ld fghg fnrfudstgdfng, yg qul pgrg
frlgr ud usi rgfnidgc hl cg tlrgpîutnfg ls dlflsgrni jgsgrsl ld cg gjsicutg

fi`prldsnöd hlc priflsi.

Vlmun`is fid lstl mrçanfi qul pulhl slrvnrtl hl muàg.
 Lstl mrçanfi dis `ulstrg cg plralffnöd gjsicutg hl cg Frlgfnöd. Ld fghg
ltgpg lvicutnvg hlc hlsgrricci, fghg örmgdi i tlonhi aul frlghi fi`i rlspulstg
g udg dlflsnhgh lsplfàanfg g pgrtnr hl udg fgpg l`jrnidgrng y aul fiirhndghi
pir udg pgrtl hlc flrljri. Ld lsg `ns`g ltgpg lvicutnvg sl hlsgrriccgrid cis
mîr`ldls audfnidgcls g `gdtldlr vnvis lsis tlonhis. Ls hlfnr qul, ld fghg
ltgpg, sl frlgrid cis mîr`ldls lsplfàanfis pgrg `gdtldlr vnvis cis tlonhis
frlghis ld lsg ltgpg. Vn lsti di ls udg @gqundgrng Jnicömnfg Rlralftg, ¹quî ls
cg plralffnöd9

Qg`is g fghg ag`ncng hl mîr`ldls.

 Kidmis y `nfijgftlrngs? fi`i cg fçdhnhg (kidmi) y cg tujlrfucisns
(`nfijgftlrng).

Vid cis fi`pg÷lris `çs gdtnmuis, cis qul dis gfi`pg÷gd hlshl cg
prn`lrg ltgpg hlc hlsgrricci. Lccis hlstruyld cis tu`irls mldlrghis ld cg agsl
hl fidacnfti gftnvi trgs cg rlsicufnöd. Ls hlfnr, udg vlz rlsulcti lc fidacnfti, lc
tu`ir yg di ls dlflsgrni y lccis ci hlmrghgd (hlmrghgd tu`irls hl puc`öd, hl
ficid, hl pröstgtg, hl `g`g, ltf.). Hlmrghgd cis ccg`ghis ghldifgrfndi`gs.
Kidmis y `nfijgftlrngs sid cis `nfrifnruogdis dgturgcls `çs gdtnmuis.

Ls udg cly jnicömnfg qul gcmi qul yg di tnldl utncnhgh, qul di snrvl `çs,
slg lcn`ndghi. Cg jnicimàg di hlog gftnvi gcmi fuyg prlsldfng yg di tnldl sldtnhi.
Rirqul sistldlrci ls ldlrmàg ansnicömnfg y jnicömnfg pulstg gc slrvnfni hl lsi.
Xihi ci qul cg jnicimàg `gdtnldl ls pirqul fidsnhlrg qul, ld cg lfugfnöd titgc,
ls `loir hlogrci qul sgfgrci. ^ lsti vg hlshl ud tu`ir, ud döhuci i udg ÿcflrg,
g fugcqunlr lstrufturg. Lc flrljri jnicömnfi di hlsgr`g udg sicufnöd sn tihgvàg
kgy pisnjncnhgh hl qul lsg sicufnöd slg dlflsgrng (y lsti slrç pirqul kgy ud
fidacnfti jnicömnfi qul sl `gdtnldl, qul ls plrsnstldtl). Cg jnicimàg snl`prl
iptn`nzg cis lsaulrzis y cg
c g ldlrmàg. Qicvnldhi g ci qul tl hlfàg gdtls? ls udg cly
jnicömnfg sl lcn`ndl tihi gqulcci qul di
d i tnldl utncnhgh, qul yg di snrvl yg.

Ls ci qul kgfld kidmis y `nfijgftlrngs, sid `nfrifnruogdis dgturgcls

hnrnmnhis pir lc Flrljri Gdtnmui, ld lsplfàanfi, pir lc Xridfi Flrljrgc y lc
Flrljlci, qul plrtldlfld gc Ldhihlr`i y @lsihlr`i Gdtnmui). Lstis
mîr`ldls (kidmis y `nfijgftlrngs trgjgogd ld cis tlonhis `çs
`ç s prn`ntnvis pirqul
sid cis mîr`ldls `çs gdtnmuis hl cg lvicufnöd y pir ci tgdti fi`pgrtld cg

knstirng hlc hlsgrricci lvicutnvi hl lsg îpifg.

Ld cg agsl hl fidacnfti gftnvi, lc tridfi flrljrgc y lc flrljlci ldvàgd cg
irhld hl rlprihuffnöd hl kidmis y `nfijgftlrngs pgrg tldlr rlslrvg hl `nfri-
fnruogdis pgrg cg rlsicufnöd. ¹Vl ldtnldhl9 Và lstg`is kgjcgdhi hl tridfi
flrljrgc y flrljlci, fi`i tl hnol ld cg Xlrflrg Cly, lstg`is kgjcgdhi hl cgs
kiogs l`jrnidgrngs ccg`ghgs Ldhihlr`i y @lsihlr`i Gdtnmui, ls hlfnr, cis
tlonhis (örmgdis) hlrnvghis hl lstgs fgpgs kgfld `uctnpcnfgfnöd
`uc tnpcnfgfnöd flcucgr, jucti i
udg `gsg flcucgr (qul ccg`g`is tu`ir) ld cg Ltgpg hl fidacnfti gftnvi. Fugdhi
lc tridfi flrljrgc i lc flrljlci ldvàgd cg irhld hl `uctnpcnfgfnöd flcucgr ld
fidacnfti gftnvi, `gdhg tg`jnîd cg irhld hl rlprihuffnöd hl cis mîr`ldls qul
sl vgd g dlflsntgr ld lc `i`ldti hl cg rlpgrgfnöd. ¹Rir quî9 Lc flrljri
jnicömnfi di sgjl fuçdhi grrgdfgrç cg ltgpg hl rlpgrgfnöd. Lc flrljri hlfnhl

ndstgdtl g ndstgdtl. ^ cg rlpgrgfnöd pulhl ifurrnr ld ud ndstgdtl. Hl klfki, ls ci

qul pgsg. Rlri di sl sgjl ld quî ndstgdtl (yg qul cg rlsic
rlsicufnöd
ufnöd hlc fidacnfti qul
gftnvö cg ldalr`lhgh, cg rlsicufnöd fidfrltg y prçftnfg di hlpldhl hlc flrljri
sndi hl cg psnqul). Ldtidfls, lc flrljri jnicömnfi `gdhg g rlprihufnr g tihis cis
l`pclghis Ldtrl lsis l`pclghis, ld lc fgsi hl cis tlonhis qul hlrnvgd hlc
tridfi flrljrgc y flrljlci, kgy kidmis y `nfijgftlrngs lsplrgdhi pgrg kgflr ci
qul sgjld kgflr, ls hlfnr? gqulcci pgrg ci fugc aulrid frlghis. \dg vlz
suplrghi lc fidacnfti, ls hlfnr fugdhi sl pgsg g cg ltgpg hl rlpgrgfnöd, lc tridfi
flrljrgc i lc flrljlci ldvàgd cg sl÷gc hl gftnvgfnöd g lstis `nfriirmgdns`is
pgrg qul lcn`ndld lc tlonhi qul aul prihufnhi ld cg ltgpg gdtlrnir, pgrg qul
lcn`ndld lc tu`ir, pirqul yg di ls dlflsgrni gu`ldtgr cg audfnöd hlc örmgdi
pirqul lc fidacnfti aul rlsulcti. Ls hlfnr, lc flrljri cls hg cg irhld hl qul sl
pidmgd g trgjgogr.

Fi`i vl`is, cg Dgturgclzg y cg

c g jnicimàg sl ifupgd hl tihi. Mldlrgd udg
lstrufturg qul disitris ccg`g`is Fçdflr fid cg audfnöd hl rlsicvlr lsg
sntugfnöd qul disitris di pihl`is rlsicvlr, y fugdhi yg di sl ddlflsntg
lflsntg `çs cg
hlsgr`g. Gkirg jnld, fugdhi pir hnalrldtls rgzidls di sl tnldl hnspidnjncnhgh
hl cis kidmis y cgs `nfijgftlrngs dlflsgrnis pgrg hlmrghgr lc tu`ir qul sl
gr`ö ld cg agsl hl fidacnfti gftnvi ci qul kgfl cg jnicimàg ls ldqunstgr lc tu`ir
y ldfgpsucgrci (kgfl qul qulhl gkà snd mldlrgr ndfidvldnldtls, y ci hlog fi`i
ud qunstl snd vnhg).

Hl ci lxpcnfghi, pihrçs hlhufnr qul

q ul cis mîr`ldls gftugrçd snl`prl ld ccgg
agsl hl rlsicufnöd. Xrgs cg gftnvgfnöd hlc fidacnfti, lc flrljri ldvàg cg irhld hl
su rlprihuffnöd, plri sici fugdhi kgy rlsicufnöd hl fidacnfti, ls hlfnr, fugdhi
pgsi g cg agsl hl RFC, cis mîr`ldls slrçd gftnvghis pgrg cg rlpgrgfnöd.

Zlpnti udg y `nc vlfls.

Cg jnicimàg di agccg og`çs.

Cg JNICIMÀG VNL@RZL, VNL@RZL VGJL RIZ W\Î ^ RGZG W\Î CI

KGFL.
KGFL.

Ditl`is qul cg jnicimàg ls tgd plralftg qul cis `nfriirmgdns`is qul sl

frlgrid ld cg prn`lrg ltgpg lvicutnvg (kidmis y `nfijgftlrngs, pir lol`pci,

tujlrfucisns) sid gqulccis ndvicufrghis ld cgs sicufnidls jnicömnfgs qul

fi`pri`ltld g cis tlonhis hlrnvghis hlc Ldhihlr`i y @lsihlr`i Gdtnmui.
Lstgs kiogs l`jrnidgrngs sid lc cumgr ls hidhl gsnldtgd cis fidacnftis `çs
gdtnmuis (cis hl jifghi y gtgqul g cg ndtlmrnhgh rlsplftnvg`ldtl). Ls hlfnr, di
ls fgsugc qul gdtl tgcls fidacnftis, ld tgcls tlonhis, ld tgcls `i`ldtis hlc
priflsi jnicömnfi, vlg`is cg prlsldfng hl kidmis y `nfijgftlrngs qul sid cis
`nfriirmgdns`is `çs gdtnmuis, cis prn`lris ld gpgrlflr ld cg knstirng lvicutnvg.
Xnldl ud sldtnhi jnicömnfi. \dg fisg sl frlö fid cg itrg. \d tlonhi jnicömnfi tnldl
ud primrg`g qul cl hg udg cömnfg y udg audfnöd? quî tnldl qul kgflr, fö`i,
fuçdhi y hödhl. ^ pgrg kgflr ci qul tnldl qul kgflr, cg jnicimàg frlö tihi ci
dlflsgrni, y ldtrl lsgs frlgfnidls lstçd cis mîr`ldls.

¡CG DGX\ZGCL_G LV RLZALFXG!

Vlmun`is fid cg gpgrnfnöd hl cis itris mîr`ldls. Gkirg cls tifg lc turdi
g cgs jgftlrngs.

Cgs jgftlrngs sid mîr`ldls qul sl hlsgrriccgrid hlspuîs qul cis kidmis
y cgs `nfrijgftlrngs. Vn slmun`is cg càdlg hl rgzidg`nldti, açfnc`ldtl
fidfcunrl`is qul cgs jgftlrngs sici trgjgogd ld örmgdis y tlonhis hnrnmnhis pir
pgrtls `çs dulvgs hlc flrljri, ls hlfnr, pir lc flrljri dulvi, fi`i ls cg
`îhucg flrljrgc, fuyi irnmld ls lc @lsihlr`i Dulvi. Ldtidfls, vgd g audfnidgr
fid cg `ns`g cömnfg.

Fi`i hnol gdtls, cis mîr`ldls sl rlpcnfgd hurgdtl cg agsl hl fidacnfti

gftnvi y ldtrgd ld gffnöd trgs cg rlsicufnöd hlc fidacnfti. Ld lstl fgsi, cgs
jgftlrngs hurgdtl cg agsl hl rlpgrgfnöd gyuhgd g rlpidlr y rlccldgr cg pîrhnhg hl
tlonhi qul suflhnö hurgdtl cg agsl hl fidacnfti gftnvi, ls hlfnr qul cgs jgftlrngs
gyuhgd g cg rlfidstruffnöd hlc tlonhi. ¹Rir quî9 Zlfulrhg qul ld cis tlonhis y
örmgdis qul hlrnvgd hlc @lsihlr`i Dulvi, hurgdtl cg ltgpg hl fidacnfti gftnvi
kgy dlfrisns, rupturg y hlmrghgfnöd hlc tlonhi y lc örmgdi. \dg vlz qul lc
fidacnfti lstç rlsulcti, ld cg ltgpg hl rlpgrgfnöd, kgy qul rlccldgr lsl gmuolri
(lstg cömnfg lxpcnfg ci sldfncci qul ls ci vlrhghlri? sl kgfl ud gmuolri pgrg
rlsicvlr gcmi y udg vlz rlsulcti, hghi qul lsl gmuolri yg di ls dlflsgrni, sl ci
tgpg). G `ihi hl5 rlaclxnöd slfudhgrng, hljlràg`is goustgrdis g cg jnicimàg y

gprldhlr hl lccg, yg qul ld lccg, sn`jöcnfg`ldt

sn`jöcnfg`ldtl
l, pihl`is ldfidtrgr sicufnöd g
`ufkis hl dulstris prijcl`gs.

¹Wuî kgfld, ldtidfls, cgs jgftlrngs9

Gyuhgd g rlfidstrunr lc tlonhi ösli, lc tlonhi hlc ivgrni y lc tlonhi hlc

tlstàfuci, pir lol`pci. Xg`jnîd pgrtnfnpgd ld cg air`gfnöd hlc tlonhi fnfgtrnzgdtl
i tlonhi fidlftnvi. ¹Xl hgs fuldtg hl ci qul lstçs clyldhi, di9 ^ hnsfucpg `n
lxflsi hl ldtusngs`i, plri ls qul culmi hlc n`pgfti qul `l fgusgrid lstgs
clyls, y culmi hl fi`ldzgr g vlr qul lsti audfnidg gsà, snmunö lc gsi`jri? cgs
jgftlrngs gyuhgd g fnfgtrnzgr. Lsti ls gcmi
gc mi `grgvnccisi. Cg lltgpg
tgpg hl rlpgrgfnöd,
fi`i tl hnol ld cg Vlmudhg Cly, tnldl his agsls? udg agsl qul ccg`g`is fgcnldtl
i RFC-G y qul ls `uy sndti`çtnfg, pirqul gkà lstçd dulstris sichghis
rlair`gdhi lc tlonhi, rlccldgdhi y rlpgrgdhi cgs dlfrisns. Rir lstgs rgzidls ls

tg`jnîd qul kgy fgcir, tu`lagffnöd, hicir y anljrl ld lstg agsl. Fugdhi vl`is
lstis sàdti`gs, sgjl`is qul lsi qul ouzmg`is `gci ls ld rlgcnhgh cg
rlsicufnöd hl ud fidacnfti prlvni5 cg prlsldfng
p rlsldfng hl lstgs jgftlrngs dis ndhnfg qul
lstg`is ld cg agsl hl furgfnöd. Fcgri qul kgy qul kgy ndfi`ihnhgh, hicir,
kndfkgzöd, y qul g vlfls lstç gfi`pg÷ghg hl udg vgmitidàg lxtrl`g (hljnhi
g cis trgtg`nldtis). Rlri lsi DI qunlrl hlfnr qul slg `gci ci qul lstç pgsgdhi.
Cg jnicimàg snl`prl lstç rlsicvnldhi, y ci kgfl
kg fl fgsn snl`prl g plsgr hl dulstrg
agctg hl fi`prldsnöd. ^ cg itrg agsl hl cg rlpgrgfnöd ls cg RFC-J,
RFC -J, hidhl yg kgy
`ufkg `ldir ndacg`gfnöd y hidhl prndfnpgc`ldtl kgjrç fnfgtrnzgfnöd, tg`jnîd

mlstnidghg pir cis mîr`ldls.

^ andgc`ldtl, cis mîr`ldls `çs dulvis, qul sid cis vnrus (sn ls qul
lxnstld).

Çdmlcls fgàhis, mulrrlris hlc `gc, ondltls hlc gpifgcnpsns, `gc g lrrghnfgr.

Gsà cis vl`is, mldlrgc`ldtl.

Qnrus, cis vnrus fulstnidghis.

Hnmi fulstnidghis pirqul `ÿctnpcls fnldtàanfis pidld ld fidtrivlrsng su

lxnstldfng, yg qul cgs pruljgs qul fidanr`gd cg lxnstldfng hl cis `ns`is sid
ndhnrlftgs. ¹Rir quî9 Rirqul ganr`g`is qul kgy ud vnrus di pirqul lstis slgd
vnsugcnzghis, sndi pirqul sl ldfuldtrgd gsifngfnidls hl pritlàdgs y, çfnhis

dufclnfis g cis qul disitris hlfn`is lqunpgrgr g ud vnrus (ls hlfnr, `ufkis
vnrus sid supulstis). Ls pisnjcl qul cg
c g pgrtl `çs dulvg hlc flrljri, cg firtlzg,
trgjgol fid lstgs pritlàdgs pgrg rlmldlrgr cis tlonhis `çs dulvis, qul sid cis
lftihîr`nfis, ld cg agsl hl rlpgrgfnöd (pir lol`pci, cg lpnhlr`ns, lc fulcci hlc
ÿtlri, lc rlfujrn`nldti hlc lstö`gmi, cis fidhuftis jncngrls, cg `ufisg irgc, cg
`ufisg dgsgc, cg `ufisg jridqungc, ltf.).

Jnld, supidmg`is qul sà lxnstld, qul lsgs pritlàdgs sid trizis hl mîr`ldls
ccg`ghis vnrus, y qul ci qul ldtldhl`is fi`i vnrus lstç gkà pgrg rlpgrgr. ¹Wuî
ls ci qul vgd g rlpgrgr9 Cömnfg`ldtl, cis tlonhis `çs dulvis, cis hlrnvghis hlc
lftihlr`i, cis fiirhndghis pir cg firtlzg flrljrgc (cg pgrtl `çs dulvg hlc
flrljri). Rirqul cömnfg`ldtl sid cis tlonhis `çs dulvis ld hlsgrriccgrsl, cis
ÿctn`is. Ls hlfnr, tnldld cg `ns`g ndmldnlràg hl cis tlonhis dulvis y pir lsi
trgjgogd ld lccis. ^ fi`i tihis cis itris mîr`ldls, cis vnrus sl rlprihufld trgs
lc HKV y sici sl gftnvgrçd ld ltgpg hl rlsicufnöd hl fidacnfti, ls hlfnr ld
rlpgrgfnöd, y kgrçd rlfidstruffnöd hl cis tlonhis lftihîr`nfis

Ld rlsu`ld, ci qul lxpcnfg lstg cly ls qul cis `nfriirmgdns`is air`gd

pgrtl hl dulstrg vnhg. Vid dulstris gdflstris dgturgcls. Qnvn`is fid lccis, ld
sn`jnisns, hlshl dulstrg lxnstldfng `ns`g. Lccis sid cis gyuhgdtls dgturgcls,
audfnidgcls g tihis cis fg`jnis hl lstrufturg qul lc fulrpi vg kgfnldhi?
rl`ihlcgd, fnfgtrnzgd, vulcvld g cg lstrufturg irnmndgc, jgrrld, cn`pngd, rlpgrgd.
Lc flrljri cls ldvàg cg irhld hl gftugr. Hlshl cgs hnalrldtls pgrtls hlc flrljri,

slmÿd lc tnpi y lc irnmld

irnm ld hlc tlonhi. Rgrg cis tlonhis `çs gdtnmuis, kgy mîr`ldls
`çs gdtnmuis fi`i kidmis y `nfijgftlrngs. Rgrg cis tlonhis `çs dulvis, kgy
mîr`ldls `çs oövldls fi`i jgftlrngs y cgs gsifngfnidls hl pritlàdgs qul
ccg`g`is vnrus y qul aulrid cis ÿctn`is ld gpgrlflr, pir ci tgdti rlpgrgd cis
tlonhis `çs dulvis hl cg lvicufnöd.

Kgy udg ndair`gfnöd n`pirtgdtl g tldlr ld fuldtg, y ls qul cis `nfrijnis

sid ldhî`nfis, vnvld ld sn`jnisns fid tihis cis irmgdns`is hlc ldtirdi
lficömnfi ld lc qul sl kgd hlsgrriccghi pir `nccidls hl g÷is. @gs pulhld slr
prijcl`çtnfis fugdhi di air`gd pgrtl
pgr tl hl dulstris mîr`ldls fidifnhis. Gkà, ld
rlgcnhgh, pulhld rlprlsldtgr ud prijcl`g. Fi`i sl hg, pir lol`pci, ld cis
vngols hl cgrmg hnstgdfng hidhl dis lxpidl`is g ag`ncngs hl mîr`ldls
hlsfidifnhis pgrg disitris y pgrg dulstrg jnicimàg. Gkà, gdtl cg dlflsnhgh hl

rlsicufnöd hl ud fidacnfti (y lsti suflhl sici sn kuji fidacnfti y sn kuji

gftnvgfnöd hlc primrg`g lsplfngc), lc örmgdi ld rlpgrgfnöd lfkgrç `gdi g
mîr`ldls dulvis cifgcls qul lstçd hnspidnjcls y lsg rlpgrgfnöd fid mîr`ldls
hnalrldtls g cis qul lstg`is gfistu`jrghis g fidvnvnr pulhl hgr mrgdhls
sàdti`gs. Ls hlfnr, pir lol`pci, sn vngog`is g ud fidtlxti qul fidtl`pcg
rlgcnhghls pgrg cgs fugcls dulstrg jnicimàg di lstç hnsl÷ghg y hidhl kgy vnrus
qul dulstrg jnicimàg hlsfidifl, gc ldtrgr ld fidtgfti gc usgr lstis mîr`ldls
hlsfidifnhis pgrg cg rlpgrgfnöd, lc fulrpi kgrç sàdti`gs `çs aulrtls y slvlris.

Gfcgrl`is gcmi `çs sijrl cgs fucpgs qul cls gsnmdg`is g cis mîr`ldls?
cgs lpnhl`ngs.

Vn cis `nfriirmgdns`is lstçd g dulstrg hnspisnfnöd, ¹pir quî lxnstld

lpnhl`ngs qul gtldtgd fidtrg disitris9 Rirqul, ld rlgcnhgh, di lxnstl mlr`ld
qul dis qunlrg `gtgr i fi`lr, sndi qul cg Dgturgclzg lstç klfkg pgrg cg
suplrvnvldfng y di pgrg cg gutihlstruffnöd. Ci qul suflhl, ld lc fgsi hl
lpnhl`ngs, ls qul sid fidacnftis lxplrn`ldtghis hl `gdlrg ficlftnvg. Rir
lol`pci, fgtçstrials, mulrrgs, ndudhgfnidls, frnsns lfidö`nfgs y sifngcls, ltf.,
hidhl kgy udg sldsnjncnhgh ficlftnvg g udg sntugfnöd, ud HKV ficlftnvi, udg
vnvldfng ficlftnvg hl ud hltlr`ndghi fidacnfti. Gdtl cg rlsicufnöd hl lsl fidacnfti
ficlftnvi, ls hlfnr, culmi hl qul cg fgtçstrial, cg mulrrg, cg frnsns lfidö`nfg sl
rlsulcvl ld tîr`ndis ficlftnvis, sl ndmrlsg (ficlftnvg l ndhnvnhugc`ldtl) ld cg
ltgpg hl rlpgrgfnöd. Ls gkà, ldtidfls, qul vgd g gftugr cis mîr`ldls

firrlspidhnldtls? lc `ns`i tnpi hl mîr`ldls pirqul lc fidacnfti aul lc `ns`i.

^ vicvg`is g `ldfnidgr g cis ji`jlris? sn vl`is hngrrlg, sgfg`is cg aiti y
fucpg`is g cg jgftlrng fi`i gmldtl prihuftir hl cg hngrrlg. ¹Wuî tgc sn ci
pldsg`is gc rlvîs9 Lstg`is lcn`ndgdhi ci qul suflhnö y cgs jgftlrngs lstçd
gyuhgdhi5 pir lsi cgs ldfidtrg`is gkà, ld cg hngrrlg. Fi`i lc fidacnfti aul
vnvldfnghi pir vngrngs plrsidgs, tihgs lccgs lstgrçd rlpgrgdhi fid lc `ns`i
`nfrifnruogdi dgturgc, hl klfki dis cis trgscghg`is, dis prlstg`is cis
`nfrifnruogdis, dis cis fidtgmng`is, `gs sici tldhrçd sàdti`gs gqulccgs
plrsidgs qul kgygd vnvnhi y rlsulcti lc fidacnfti. Fi`i fidfcusnöd, pulhls
fi`prldhlr qul fugdhi kgy ud sàdti`g qul slg ficlftnvi, fi`i ld udg
lsfulcg, ud ogrhàd, udg fnuhgh, ud pgàs, ltf. kgy qul `nrgr quî fidacnfti prlvni g

lsg `gdnalstgfnöd vnvnlrid ld fi`ÿd lsgs plrsidgs i lsgs fi`udnhghls pgrg

fi`prldhlr quî ls ci qul sl lstç rlpgrgdhi.

Itrg gfcgrgfnöd n`pirtgdtl ls qul fid tihg lstg lxpcnfgfnöd di qunlri

hlfnr qul `ufkgs vlfls di slg dlflsgrni jgogr lsl dnvlc hl lxprlsnöd hl cis
mîr`ldls, lsg ndacg`gfnöd, lsl hicir, lsl sgdmrghi. Di hnmi qul dudfg kgyg
qul hns`ndunrcis, ¡di, fcgri qul di!! Rirqul g vlfls suflhl qul cgs rlpgrgfnidls
rlpgrg fnidls
sid tgd ndtldsgs qul lc fulrpi di cgs sipirtg y dlflsntg`is fgc`grcgs, i sn lc
frlfn`nldti hl mîr`ldls ls tgd n`pirtgdtl pirqul aul ud fidacnfti `uy ndtldsi
n dtldsi
i cg fidoudfnöd hl vgrnis fidacnftis, hljl`is gtldugr lsg agsl pgrg qul sl kgmg
ticlrgjcl y lc fulrpi di ldtrl ld fgis. I lc lol`pci hl cg urmldfng5 qul ls ud
fgpàtuci hnalrldtl. Vn lc fidacnfti ld rlsicufnöd i ccis
is lvldtis trgu`çtnfis aulrid
tgd ndtldsis qul lc fulrpi di gcfgdzg g ghgptgrsl y lstç ld udg
hlsfi`pldsgfnöd, kgy qul gftugr fid rgpnhlz y sgcnr fid l`lrmldfng hl lsg
hlsfi`pldsgfnöd fid cgs klrrg`nldtgs qul slgd dlflsgrngs. Wul, ld lstis
fgsis, ld mldlrgc, sid klrrg`nldtgs hl cgs qul yi ccg`i hurgs, quà`nfgs y
rçpnhgs. \d lol`pci `uy sldfncci. ^i pulhi gfi`pg÷gr
g fi`pg÷gr cis priflsis jnicömnfis
hl `n knoi hl `gdlrg dgturgc ld ci fitnhngdi. Gkirg jnld, supidmg`is qul ud
hàg `n knoi ldtrg ld udg frnsns hl jridfi lspgs`is slvlris, di pulhl rlspnrgr y
su vnhg lstç ld plcnmri. Kgy qul rlsfgtgrci. Gkà, ls dlflsgrni lfkgr `gdi hl cgs
klrrg`nldtgs gcipçtnfgs, rçpnhgs y gjirtnvgs hlc sàdti`g. @gs ls n`pirtgdtl
tldlr ld fuldtg qul `ufkgs vlfls ndtlralrn`is ld cis priflsis hl sgdgfnöd hl
dulstrg pripng jnicimàg pir di fi`prldhlr cgs agsls hlc priflsi, pir cllrci hl
`gdlrg lrrödlg. Fcgri lstç qul tg`jnîd ls `çs açfnc fgccgr gc `ldsgolri, di
fi`prldhlr, di kgflrsl fgrmi hl ci qul lstç pgsgdhi y sncldfngrci fid ud gr`g
nd`lhngtg. Ls `çs açfnc, plri fcgrg`ldtl di ls lc fg`ndi `çs fidvldnldtl.
Gudqul tgc vlz, ld gcmudis `i`ldtis slg lc ÿdnfi fg`ndi pisnjcl5 ci ÿdnfi qul
pulhi i ci ÿdnfi qul tldmi g `gdi. Xg`jnîd `l ci tldmi qul plrhidgr? kgy
`i`ldtis ld `n vnhg ld qul tldhrî cg pisnjncnhgh hl lsfufkgr `n jnicimàg y itris
`i`ldtis ld qul, pir `n sntugfnöd plrsidgc y `n knstirng, di lstiy prlpgrghi
pgrg lsfufkgr, pgrg vlr fisgs qul rlsuctgd hl`gsnghi hicirisgs. Ci qul
kgmg`is, lstiy fidvldfnhg, slrç ci `çs fidvldnldtl ld lsl `i`ldti pgrg
disitris. Vnl`prl, ld `n lxplrnldfng fcàdnfg y plrsidgc, suflhl hl lsg `gdlrg.
Xrgdquncg, trgdqunci sn lstçs clyldhi lstgs càdlgs, sn tl hgs lstg ipirtudnhgh hl

fi`prldhlr ci qul `gdnanlstg dulstri fulrpi hlshl itri cumgr ls pirqul

vnjrg`is ld ud fg`ndi hl fid-fnldfng. Hl g pifi, tihis nrl`is cimrgdhi ud
hgrdis fuldtg rlsplfti hl ci qul dis pgsg. Lstiy fidvldfnhg qul udi pulhl
vlr udg rlgcnhgh
r lgcnhgh fugdhi lstç prlpgrghi pgrg vlrcg. Rirqul, sldfnccg`ldtl, culmi
hl qul vl`is udg rlgcnhgh ls n`pisnjcl
n `pisnjcl vicvlr cg `nrghg gtrçs.

Gkirg sà, kgjnldhi fi`prldhnhi cg Fugrtg Cly Jnicömnfg, lc ric jldlanfnisi

hl cis mîr`ldls, pgsl`is g cg Wundtg Cly.
Wundtg Cly
Cly Jn icömnfg? Cg q undtgl
undtglsfldfng
sfldfng

Lstg cly ls cg qul cl hg lc sldtnhi g tihi ci gdtlrnir? lc fnlrrl y lc fi`nldzi.

Lstg cly ls, pgrg `à, cg qul cl hg sldtnhi gc tàtuci hl lstl cnjri? Lc Fçdflr ls lc
Fàrfuci Rlralfti.

Lstg cly lxpcnfg fö`i tihgs cgs trgdsair`gfnidls qul ccg`çjg`is

ldalr`lhghls sid, fi`i tl hnol, Rrimrg`gs Lsplfngcls fid Rcldi Vldtnhi
Jnicömnfi frlghis pir cg Dgturgclzg pgrg rlsicvlr ud fidacnfti hltlr`ndghi.

Ls fi`i sn disitris auîsl`is ud primrg`g y tuvnîsl`is udg air`g hl

iplrgr gdtl cg vnhg fitnhngdg kgjntugc y itri `ihus iplrgdhu` gdtl cg sntugfnöd
hl gtldtghi fidtrg dulstrg suplrvnvldfng5 y lsl itri `ihi, lc hl l`lrmldfng,
ls cg air`g ld qul dulstrg jnicimàg gprldhnö g rlsicvlr ud fidacnfti qul gtldtg
fidtrg dulstrg suplrvnvldfng.

Lstg cly ls cg qul hnfl qul tihi, gjsicutg`ldtl tihi, lstç primrg`ghi
ld dulstri flrljri ld tîr`ndis jnicömnfis hl suplrvnvldfng. Di kgy agccg. Di kgy
lrrir.

Lstl fidflpti ls fi`pcltg`ldtl hnalrldtl gc snmdnanfghi hl ldalr`lhgh

qul fitnhngdg`ldtl sl utncnzg5 lc fugc n`pcnfg udg hnsaudfnöd i ud `gc
audfnidg`nldti, ud lrrir5 tihi ci fidtrgrni.

Zlgc`ldtl tnldl `ufki `çs sldtnhi pldsgr qul lc fulrpi ku`gdi, gcmi
tgd plralfti ld cg dgturgclzg, rlgcnfl fg`jnis y fi`nldfl g lqunvifgrsl, g hlogr
hl rlfidiflrsl y g gdnquncgrsl. Di kgy lsplfnl ld cg jnicimàg qul tnldhg g cg
gutihlstruffnöd dgturgc. Vnl`prl, snl`prl cg tldhldfng dgturgc ls g cg
suplrvnvldfng.

Lstgs clyls, sl gpcnfgd g tihis cis slrls vnvis (gdn`gcls, pcgdtgs y slrls
ku`gdis). ^ sl pulhld vlrnanfgr. Lsti ls n`pirtgdtl. Di ls sici udg fulstnöd hl
frlldfng. Lsti ls rlgc`ldtl fnldtàanfi pirqul ls lxtrgpicgjcl gjsicutg`ldtl g
tihis.
 Lsti ls fnldtàanfi y vlrnanfgjcl pgrg `à. Ls `n vnvldfng kgfl `çs hl udg
hîfghg ld fnldtis y fnldtis hl fidsuctgdtls. ^ g lsgs vnvldfngs cgs pulhi
fi`prijgr ld `à `ns`g, ld `n ag`ncng, ld `ns g`nmis y ld `ns `gsfitgs. Hl

lsti sl trgtg cg @lhnfndg Jgsghg ld Lvnhldfng. Ndsnstl, pihl`is vlrnanfgrci ld lc

722 % hl cis
c is priflsis qul ccg`çjg`is ldalr`lhghls.

Rihl`is vlrnanfgr qul fghg lxprlsnöd jnicömnfg tnldl ud sldtnhi jnicömnfi

lsplfàanfi.
Kgmg`is, itrg vlz, lstg prlmudtg

¹Fuçc ls lc sldtnhi jnicömnfi hl ci qul dis suflhl, pir quî cg jnicimàg

lcnml utncnzgr lsl `ihi lsplfngc hl rlspulstg9

Ldfidtrl`is cg rlspulstg, itrg vlz, ld ud lol`pci. Lol`pcis, cis `àis,

qul di sid n`gmndgrnis5 sn jnld cis di`jrls qul utncnzi sid hl anffnöd. Vid
lol`pcis hngrnis. Di sid fgsis. ^i di vli fgsis fcàdnfis. ^i gfi`pg÷i
plrsidgs, slrls ku`gdis, ndtlmrgcls. Fid udg jnicimàg qul lstç, fi`i ld tihis,

g su slrvnfni. Ci vli tihis cis hàgs. Ld `n fidsuctirni, tihis cis hàgs vlrnanfi
lstgs Clyls Jnicömnfgs. Ls gsà.

Qlg`is g Cgurg.

\d tnl`pi hlspuîs hl cg `ulrtl hl su knoi, Cgurg hlsgrriccg ud Fçdflr

hl ivgrni nzqunlrhi? fidacnfti hl hlsvgcirnzgfnöd pir udg pîrhnhg priaudhg.
¹Fö`i audfnidg lc primrg`g hlc ivgrni gdtl lstl fidacnfti9 Ld agsl hl fidacnfti
gftnvi, mldlrgrç pîrhnhg flcucgr ld air`g hl dlfrisns. Kgjrç hns`ndufnöd flcucgr
pirqul sl trgtg hl tlonhi hlrnvghi
hlrn vghi hlc @lsihlr`i Dulvi. Gdtl lstg hlstruffnöd
flcucgr, lc ivgrni lstç hlsvgcirnzghi y cg psnquns ndtlrprltg qul lc örmgdi di snrvl
(kgy hlsvgcirnzgfnöd pir cg pîrhnhg). Fid lsg hns`ndufnöd flcucgr, hns`nduyld
fidslfuldtl`ldtl cis lströmldis prihufnhis pir lc ivgrni, pir ci tgdti sl
prlsldtgrç g`ldirrlg (agctg hl `ldstrugfnöd), y hns`ndufnöd hl cg cnjnhi
c njnhi i hlsli
slxugc. Xrgs cg rlsicufnöd hlc fidacnfti, trgs lc hulci hl cg `ulrtl hl su knoi, Cgurg
pgsg g agsl hl RFC (rlpgrgfnöd), hidhl lsg dlfrisns (lsg pîrhnhg hl tlonhi) ls
rlccldghg y rlpgrghg kgfnldhi frlflr lc örmgdi (yg qul sl trgtg hl ud örmgdi hl
cuoi, ls @lsihlr`i Dulvi, lc örmgdi tnldl qul qulhgr `çs mrgdhl qul gdtls
pgrg qul audfnidl `çs y pgrg pihlr prifrlgr `çs y sustntunr cg pîrhnhg). Ls ld
cg agsl hl rlpgrgfnöd ld hidhl vl`is cg `gsg i tu`ir ccg`ghi Fçdflr hl
ivgrnis, fid cg rlfuplrgfnöd hlc dnvlc kir`idgc, cg cnjnhi
cnjn hi y lc fnfci `ldstrugc. Lsti
ls lc lqunvgcldtl g ud Fçdflr hl tlstàfuci ld cis ki`jrls. Zlpnti qul di ls cg

`ulrtl hlc knoi qul gftnvg lc Fçdflr hl ivgrni, sndi cg `gdlrg hl vnvnr lsg
sntugfnöd pir pgrtl hl Cgurg, hl su psnqul, hlc fidtldnhi l`ifnidgc qul cl hni,
hl cg ndtlrprltgfnöd qul knzi hlc lvldti, hl cg vnvldfng hl lsg sntugfnöd. Ci
`ns`i pulhl pgsgr ld udg clidg, pir lol`pci. Vn ud clöd hi`ndgdtl `gtg gc
`gfki gcag hl udg `gdghg, y sn cg clidg tnldl fràgs, guti`çtnfg`ldtl îc vg g
`gtgr g cg fràgs, pirqul tnldl qul mgrgdtnzgr su cndgol. Culmi hl qul lc dulvi
`gfki gcag `gtl g cgs fràgs, cg Clidg, pgsgrç ud tnl`pi hl `ldipgusng qul
culmi sl rlstgjclflrç y lstgrç `çs prlpgrghg
prlp grghg qul gdtls pgrg vicvlr g prifrlgr.
¹Fö`i ls lsi9 Rirqul kgjrç ld lccg udg pricnalrgfnöd hl fîcucgs y udg
`uctnpcnfgfnöd flcucgr ld cis ivgrnis. Vn cl kgfl`is ud hngmdöstnfi g cg clidg,
hnrl`is qul tnldl Fçdflr. Cg clidg di
d i sgjl qul lsi ls ci qul ccg`g`is Fçdflr,
ldtidfls ci vnvl sici jnicömnfg`ldtl. ^ snmul, su vnhg, snd `çs.

Itri lol`pci.
Cufàg ls udg `uolr hnlstrg qul sl ldfuldtrg ld udg rlcgfnöd hl pgrlog
fidacnftnvg. Cufàg, trgs udg mrgd hnsfusnöd sijrl cg fidtndunhgh hl cg rlcgfnöd,
hlsgrriccg ud fgrfndi`g cijucnccgr hl `g`g hlrlfkg. Fidacnfti hl plclg,
prlifupgfnöd, ld lstl fgsi pir cg pgrlog. Ld audfnöd hlc fidtldnhi l`ifnidgc
hlc fidacnfti, ¹quî kgfl su jnicimàg9 Lc tlonhi mcgdhucgr `g`grni rlgcnzgrç
hnvnsnöd flcucgr y lc hngmdöstnfi qul cl hgrl`is slrç ghldifgrfndi`g cijucnccgr
hl `g`g. ¹Rgrg quî knzi
kn zi cg `g`g lsg trgdsair`gfnöd, pir quî lc flrljri gftnvö
lsl primrg`g hl l`lrmldfngs9 Ci knzi fid lc sldtnhi hl prihufnr `çs clfkl, yg
qul lc lxflhldtl hl gcn`ldti pulhl agvirlflr gc funhghi y cg sgdgfnöd, ld lstl
fgsi hl cg pgrlog (`g`g hlrlfkg ld `uolr hnlstrg).

Itri lol`pci.

Lrdlsti. Lrdlsti ls hlsplhnhi hl n`privnsti hl su trgjgoi, y lsti cl

mldlrg mrgd ldioi. ¹Fö`i ci vnvl9 Ci hnfl ld cg fidsuctg? –Vldtà qul aul udg
fgmghg, qul `l fgmgrid cg vnhg. ¹Wuî `gdnanlstg su jnicimàg9 Gftnvg lc
primrg`g hl l`lrmldfngs rlcgfnidghi g su vnvldfng hl jifghi ndhnmlsti hl
`nîrficls Hlsgrriccg ud ghldifgrfndi`g hl ficid (frlfn`nldti flcucgr ld lc
ndtlstndi). Ld tîr`ndis jnicömnfis, lc fidacnfti ls ud fidacnfti hl jifghi ndhnmlsti
hl `nîrficls qul kgy qul sgfgr. Cgs fîcucgs ndtlstndgcls sl rlprihufld,

gu`ldtgd cg hnvnsnöd flcucgr pgrg prihufnr `ifi, slfrlfnidls, y gsà pihlr

lcn`ndgr lsl jifghi
ji fghi sufni.

Itri lol`pci.

G Cufgs cl hngmdistnfgd ud tu`ir hl rn÷öd. Cl hnfld qul ls ndiplrgjcl y

qul su vnhg lstç ld plcnmri. ¹Fö`i vnvldfng lc hngmdöstnfi, lsg ditnfng9 Rihràg
slr fi`i udg fgmghg. Rlri di aul gsà, sndi qul aul fid `nlhi g cg `ulrtl. Ld
tîr`ndis jnicömnfis, vnvldfng ud –fidacnfti hl `nlhi g `irnr‐. ¹Wuî kgfl su
jnicimàg9 ¹Wuî primrg`g hl l`lrmldfngs gftnvg9 Hlsgrriccg udg hnvnsnöd flcucgr
ld cis gcvîicis puc`idgrls (qul sl `gdnanlstgd fid cgs ccg`ghgs `ltçstgsns
puc`idgrls) fid lc and hl tldlr `gyir fgptgfnöd hl ixàmldi. Rirqul, fid sldtnhi
jnicömnfi, fid `çs tlonhi gcvlicgr kgy `çs pisnjncnhghls hl gprivlfkgr lc gnrl,
ti`gr ixàmldi y sijrlvnvnr. Rlralfti.

Itri lol`pci.

\dg `uolr oivld hl :< g÷is, Rncgr, trgs ud lxg`ld mndlficömnfi sl cl

rlgcnzg udg jnipsng snd plhnrcl plr`nsi. Và, lstgs fisgs pgsgd? qul g udg
pgfnldtl, ls hlfnr, g udg plrsidg,
plr sidg, sl cl rlgcnfl udg jnip
jnipsng
sng snd su fidsldtn`nldti
(pir `çs qul sl kgmg fid –cg `loir‐ ndtldfnöd, di n`pirtg5 ls su vnhg di cg
dulstrg). ¹Fö`i ci vnvl lstg `uolr9 Ci snldtl fi`i udg ndvgsnöd qul di puhi
lvntgr. Ld tîr`ndis jnicömnfis fi`i ud –fidacnfti hl di pihlr hl`grfgr cis
cà`ntls‐. ^ hlsgrriccg udg pnlcidlarntns (ndalffnöd urndgrng gctg) udg sl`gdg

hlspuîs hlc priflhn`nldti. Ld ltgpg hl fidacnfti gftnvi, su jnicimàg ucflrö cg

`ufisg hl cg plcvns rldgc fid lc sldtnhi hl gu`ldtgr lc hnç`ltri pgrg mugrhgr
`çs irndg pgrg culmi cimrgr udg `gyir lxpucsnöd hl cg `ns`g5 ls hlfnr? pihlr
irndgr `çs pgrg `grfgr lc tlrrntirni, hl`grfgr cis cà`ntls hlc tlrrntirni. Xrgs kgjlr
pgsghi cg sntugfnöd, gpgrlfl cg rlsicufnöd, agsl hl RFC, fid prlsldfng hl
mîr`ldls5 pir ci tgdti, `iclstngs, anljrl y hicirls rldgcls. G trgvîs hl cg irndg,
irndg ,
cis gdn`gcls `grfgd su tlrrntirni. Disitris tg`jnîd ci kgfl`is.
k gfl`is.

¹Fö`i gfflhl lc Hr. Kg`lr g lstg Cly y g cgs itrgs9 Ijslrvgdhi l

ndvlstnmgdhi cg dgturgclzg tihg, cg jnicimàg. ^ ci qul Kg`lr vl, g ioi hl juld
fujlri, fi`i hnràg`is ld Grmldtndg, ls qul tihi ld cg dgturgclzg fidvnvl ld
udg plralftg gr`idàg. Ld tîr`ndis `çs fnldtàanfis, hnràg`is qul ld sn`jnisns y
ki`listgsns. Fcgri qul kgy `ulrtl ld cg dgturgclzg, y kgstg cg `ulrtl tnldl ud

sldtnhi jnicömnfi. Vn di kujnlrg hlprlhghirls y prlsgs, cg dgturgclzg slràg ud

fgis. Kiy, pir lol`pci, hghg cg gctlrgfnöd qul fgusg`is prihufti hl dulstrg
`gdlrg hl vnvnr (cg fidtg`ndgfnöd g`jnldtgc), kgy hlprlhghirls qul kgd
hlsgpgrlfnhi i kgd snhi rlhufnhi g udg `àdn`g lxprlsnöd. Ld fidslfuldfng,
kgy udg sijrlpijcgfnöd hl fnlrtgs lsplfnls. Rihl`is ijslrvgrci, ld cgs
fnuhghls, pir lol`pci, fid cg fgdtnhgh hl pgci`gs. Ci rlgc ls qul udg lsplfnl
ficgjirg fid cg itrg y g`jgs fid lc snstl`g titgc. Fugdhi ud lol`pcgr hl udg
lsplfnl kgfl hl itri lol`pcgr hl itrg lsplfnl su prlsg y sl cg fi`l, lstç
kgfnldhi qul lc snstl`g audfnidl. Cg prlsg ficgjirg fid lc hlprlhghir pirqul
ci gcn`ldtg, y lc hlprlhghir ficgjirg fid cg lsplfnl hl cg prlsg pirqul gsà
fidtricg cg pijcgfnöd hl lsg lsplfnl y cg plralffnidg, yg qul snl`prl lc
hlprlhghir sl vg g fi`lr g cg prlsg `çs hîjnc). Ls hlfnr, ci qul lc Hr. Kg`lr
ijslrvg y `gdnanlstg ls qul di kgy gcmi `gci ld cg dgturgclzg. Wul lsti hl
`gcnmdi y jldnmdi ls udg vgcirgfnöd qul di cl plrtldlfl g cg jnicimàg pirqul cg
jnicimàg ls dlutrgc.

Xihi ci qul `gdnanlstg cg jnicimàg ci kgfl fid ud sldtnhi jnicömnfi

sldsgti.

Ci qul dis hnfl lstg Wundtg Cly ls, jçsnfg`ldtl, qul fugdhi lc fulrpi
lxprlsg gcmi ci kgfl fid ud sldtnhi, fid udg andgcnhgh. ^ qul lsg lxprlsnöd
jnicömnfg, lsg `gdnalstgfnöd aàsnfg qul disitris ccg`çjg`is ldalr`lhgh y qul
frlàg`is qul lrg gcmi `gci, ls ld rlgcnhgh ud primrg`g fid lc qul vldn`is
–primrg`ghis‐ pgrg vnvnr lstg lxplrnldfng tlrrldgc. Ls ud `lfgdns`i lsplfngc
qul trgl`is lsfrnti ld lc GHD. Lsi qul ccg`çjg`is ldalr`lhgh ls ud
`lfgdns`i hl suplrvnvldfng pgrg kgflr arldtl g sntugfnidls
sn tugfnidls ndlsplrghgs. Xihi
ci qul lstç ld dulstri flrljri jnicömnfi lstç primrg`ghi y hnsl÷ghi ld tîr`ndis
jnicömnfis hl suplrvnvldfng. Cg jnicimàg dis gyuhg g trgdsntgr cgs vnvldfngs qul
tldl`is. Cg jnicimàg ls udg gcnghg pgrg qul pihg`is rlsicvlr ci qul
dlflsntg`is rlsicvlr. Ls hlfnr, cg jnicimàg dis hg tnl`pi.

¹Xnl`pi pgrg quî9 Rrlfnsg`ldtl, pgrg rlsicvlr. Rgrg ghgptgrdis g ci

qul suflhl. Dis hg udg ipirtudnhgh pgrg rlvnsgr cg rlgcnhgh ld cg
c g qul lstg`is.
Rgrg gflptgr, pgrg rlfkgzgr, pgrg ndtlmrgr, pgrg kgflr hulcis, pgrg sgdgr
klrnhgs, ltf.

Ls n`pirtgdtl vicvlr g rl`grfgr

r l`grfgr lsti. Cg jnicimàg dis hg tnl`pi. Ls hlfnr,
lc fulrpi g`irtnmug lc micpl qul dis mldlrgd fnlrtgs sntugfnidls. Dis hg cg
fkgdfl hl rlfimlr lc `ldsgol, ti`gr fidsfnldfng y ti`gr hlfnsnidls. Gkirg
jnld, cg jnicimàg tnldl ud cà`ntl? lc fulrpi di ls udg auldtl ndgmitgjcl hl
sicufnidls. Vn airzg`is y airzg`is cg `çqundg, ld ud `i`ldti vg g hlogr hl
audfnidgr. Ls gsà. ¹Wuî tl qunlri hlfnr fid lsti9 ^ hl lsti kgjcg lstg Wundtg
Cly? qul lc fulrpi tnldl ci dlflsgrni pgrg kgflr lc priflsi hl rlpgrgfnöd qul
n`pcnfg cg pulstg ld `grfkg hl ud primrg`g lsplfngc fid ud sldtnhi jnicömnfi
(ccg`ghi ldalr`lhgh). Ls hlfnr, lc fulrpi tnldl ci dlflsgrni pgrg furgrsl g sà
`ns`i. Gkirg, lc fulrpi y cg jnicimàg pulhld gpirtgr gcmudgs sicufnidls.
Hnmg`is, g`irtnmugr cis prn`lris micpls. Vn culmi disitris di vl`is ci qul lc
fulrpi dis `ulstrg g trgvîs hlc sldtnhi jnicömnfi y slmun`is micplçdhidis,
puls di fucpl`is g cg jnicimàg
jn icimàg hl qul kgfl `gc cgs fisgs i qul ldciqulfl.

Vn tihi lstç primrg`ghi ld tîr`ndis jnicömnfis hl suplrvnvldfng, fi`i

hnfl lstg cly qul hg ud sldtnhi ndtlmrgc g tihgs cgs itrgs clyls
clyl s (tihgs vlrnanfgjcls
ld lc 722 % hl cis fgsis), sn tihi lstç hnspidnjcl pgrg gyuhgrdis g ghgptgrdis,
g rlsicvlr y g lvicufnidgr, sn cg ldalr`lhgh ls ud primrg`g lsplfngc qul sl
pidl ld `grfkg gdtl udg sntugfnöd lsplfngc qul lc flrljri rlmnstrg fi`i
plcnmrisg ld tîr`ndis vntgcls hl suplrvnvldfng, ls pirqul disitris lstg`is
vnvnldhi plcnmrisg`ldtl. Rirqul fid cgs hlfnsnidls qul ti`g`is, cgs
rlgcnhghls qul tldl`is y cg `gdlrg hl vnvnr cgs sntugfnidls dis pidl`is ld

plcnmri. Cg jnicimàg di pidl ld `grfkg tihg cg ndmldnlràg qul rlprlsldtg l

ndsu`l cg ldalr`lhgh gdtl ud micplfnti. Lc flrljri jnicömnfi kgfl ndtlrvldnr g
cg jnicimàg pirqul dulstri slr ndtlmrgc lstç ld plcnmri, pirqul cg sntugfnöd hl
sijrlstrîs ls tgc, qul kgy qul ti`gr hlfnsnidls `çs ndtldsgs. ^ fuçdti `çs
ndtldsis y pricidmghis slgd cis fidacnftis, puls `çs ndtldsgs slrçd cgs
sicufnidls jnicömnfgs, `çs cis sàdti`gs y `gyirls cgs trgdsair`gfnidls
`gdnalstgrl`is.

Gkirg jnld, lc fulrpi di ls udg auldtl ndgmitgjcl hl sicufnidls.

Ijvng`ldtl, trgtg`is g dulstri fulrpi fi`i trgtg`is g cg Xnlrrg, ls hlfnr,
fi`i sn aulrg udg auldtl ndgmitgjc
ndgmitgjcll hl rlfursis. Dulstri fulrpi, fi`i cg Xnlrrg,
tnldl tihi ci dlflsgrni pgrg rlsicvlr fidacnftis, plri kgstg ud pudti. Disitris,
fgsn snl`prl plrsnstn`is ld fnlrtis fidacnftis y dis ldfgprnfkg`is fid fnlrtgs

rlgcnhghls. Vistldl`is ci ndsistldnjcl. Wulrl`is qul cgs fisgs slgd hl udg

hltlr`ndghg `gdlrg fugdhi cg rlgcnhgh dis hnfl itrg fisg. Lstç fcgri qul, g
vlfls, audfnidg`is gsà hl `gdlrg fidhnfnidghg. Nmugc`ldtl, lc fulrpi dis hg
sl÷gcls, dis kgjcg. Ld su pripni nhni`g, plri dis kgjcg.

Di si`is vàftn`gs, si`is rlspidsgjcls hl dulstrg rlgcnhgh.

rlgc nhgh.

Dulstri prlsldtl ls lc rlsuctghi hl cgs hlfnsnidls hl gylr, y dulstri

auturi hlpldhlrç gjsicutg`ldtl hl cgs hlfnsnidls hl kiy. Hl lsti sl trgtg cg
gutirrlspidsgjncnhgh, qul ls udi hl cis pncgrls hlc Dulvi Rgrghnm`g.

Dulstri irmgdns`i lstç gkà pgrg mgrgdtnzgr dulstrg suplrvnvldfng. Lc

`ns`i irmgdns`i rlspidhl gdtl udg dlflsnhgh i fidacnfti fid lc fg`jni hl
lstrufturg lsplfàanfi i cg `ihnanfgfnöd hl cg audfnöd hl udi i vgrnis örmgdis.
Lsg rlspulstg lstç gsifnghg gc tnpi hl fidacnfti i dlflsnhgh qul lstl`is
vnvldfngdhi. Xrgl`is lsg rlspulstg, ndair`gfnöd i sicufnöd ld dulstri GHD, ld
dulstri jgdfi mldîtnfi hl rlspulstgs, sicufnidls l ndair`gfnidls. Vid cgs
rlspulstgs, ndair`gfnidls y sicufnidls fid cgs fugcls cg jnicimàg kg rlsulcti ccis
is
fidacnftis g ci cgrmi hl cg lvicufnöd. ^ lstçd gkà, hnspidnjcls, pgrg usgr fugdhi
dlflsntld slr usghgs. Vid fi`i cufls hl l`lrmldfng. Vl usgd sn y sici sn sl
firtg cg cuz lcîftrnfg. Gkirg jnld, sn cg cuz di vnldl y di vnldl. Vn lc fidacnfti
lcîftrnfi di sl sicufnidg, sn plrsnstl, sn sl pricidmg ld lc tnl`pi, ¹quî pgsg9
Rgsg ci qul ls lvnhldtl qul vg g pgsgr,
pg sgr, qul g cg cuz hl l`lrmldfng sl cl gmitgd
cgs jgtlràgs y di pulhl lolfutgr lc sldtnhi pgrg lc fugc aul frlghg. Ci `ns`i
suflhl fid dulstri fulrpi y lsi ls gcmi qul lc flrljri jnicömnfi tnldl fcgràsn`i.
Lstgr pgrgcnzghis, pgrghis, qunltis ld ud `ns`i fidacnfti i gdtl lc plcnmri di ls
udg sicufnöd pgrg cg jnicimàg. I cufkg`is i kun`is, plri gcmi qul kgy qul
kgflr. Fugdhi di rlsicvl`is i fugdhi plrsnstn`is ld ud fidacnfti, cclmg ud
`i`ldti ld lc qul lc flrljri jnicömnfi di pulhl kgflr lsi pgrg ci fugc îc y lc
rlsti hlc fulrpi aulrid frlghis? mgrgdtnzgr dulstrg suplrvnvldfng. ^ fugdhi lsti
pgsg, lc Flrljri cclvg cg tlfcg hlc ndtlrruptir hl ID g IAA y gpgmg lc snstl`g.
Ls hlfnr, kgfl ud fg`jni hl lstghi. Ls hlfnr, `irn`is. Ls gsà hl sldfncci. Ls
gsà.

Lstç fcgri qul kgfl`is ci qul pihl`is.

Di si`is fucpgjcls, `gs sà si`is rlspidsgjcls.

Ci qul di hljl`is kgflr ls fucpgr i rlspidsgjncnzgr g cg jnicimàg pir di

kgflr ci qul disitris di kgfl`is, pir di pihlr kgflr ci qul disitris di
pihl`is. Itri lol`pci, sldfncci. Kgz hl fuldtg qul lstiy `grtnccgdhi y pir
gffnhldtl, pir hnstrgffnöd, pirqul di sî usgr lc `grtncci i kgstg pirqul qunlri
vlr quî sl snldtl gc kgflrci, `l `grtncci ud hlhi. ¹Wuî suflhl9 Vnldti hicir gc
ndstgdtl. ¹Rgrg quî snrvl lc hicir9 Fi`i yg tl lxpcnqul, snrvl pgrg pihlr rlpgrgr
lc hlhi. Cg jnicimàg `l hnfl qul lsl hlhi hljl slr pritlmnhi, qul di hlji
usgrci, tifgrci dn vicvlrci g micplgr. @l hnfl qul prlstl gtldfnöd, qul di ls
fidvldnldtl `grtnccgr`l lc hlhi. G su vlz, ls `uy prijgjcl qul sl ndacg`l cg
zidg y sl air`l ud lhl`g. Ndacg`gfnöd y càqunhis. ¹Rgrg quî9 ^g ccii vnstl, pgrg
pritlmlr lc hlhi, dutrnrci y hnspidlr
hn spidlr gsà g su rlfuplrgfnöd. Gkirg jnld, pidmg`is
qul vulcvi g `grtnccgr`l lc hlhi (fisg qul `ufkgs vlfls suflhl, rlgc i
sn`jöcnfg`ldtl), y qul itrg vlz ci `grtncci gc pudti hl argfturgrci. Gud gsà, cg
jnicimàg pulhl rlpgrgrci. Ls hlfnr, vg g hnspidlr tihi pgrg rlpgrgr cg argfturg.
¹Wuî kgrç9 Qg gftnvgr g cgs fîcucgs prihuftirgs hl kulsi qul sl ccg`gd
istlijcgstis pgrg qul sl rlprihuzfgd pgrg slccgr cg argfturg. Vupidmg`is qul
yi `l snmi `grtnccgdhi udg y itrg vlz lc hlhi. ¹Wuî tl pgrlfl qul pulhl
suflhlr9 ¹Rihrç cg jnicimàg slmunr hnspidnldhi hl sicufnidls g lsl fidacnfti9
Ls `uy prijgjcl qul, ld ud `i`ldti, `n snstl`g ficgpsl y lc flrljri jnicömnfi
hlfnhg hls`gygr`l fi`i `lhnhg hl l`lrmldfng gdtl tgc rlgcnhgh. ^ ls `uy
prijgjcl qul yi di rlfuplrl lc hlhi. ¹@n jnicimàg agccö9 Gfç hnrl`is qul di.
Ld lstl lol`pci dis rlsuctg lvnhldtl, plri plr`àtl`l hlfnrtl qul ls gsà ld lc
rlsti hl cis fgsis ld cis
c is qul dis pgrlfl `ldis lvnhldtl. G vlfls, fi`i fid lc
`grtnccgr hlc hlhi, plrsnstn`is ld ud fidacnfti pir gffnhldtl, pir hnstrgffnöd,
pirqul di sgjl`is kgflrci hl itrg `gdlrg, pirqul di pihl`is lvntgr kgflrci
g plsgr hl sgjlr qul di hljl`is i pir ci qul aulrg. Cclmgrç ud `i`ldti ld lc
qul lc fulrpi vg g hlfnr jgstg.

Cg jnicimàg di sl lqunvifg.

Lc fulrpi di ldciqulfl.
 Ci qul ccg`çjg`is ldalr`lhgh di ls gcmi `gci dn tg`pifi ls gcmi
juldi. Cg jnicimàg kgfl ci qul tnldl qul kgflr. Cg jnicimàg di tnldl ounfni dn
hugcnhgh. Ls fi`i fid cg cuz hl l`lrmldfng. Vn usg`is lc `ns`i frntlrni pgrg
ouzmgr g cg cuz hl l`lrmldfng qul lc qul hlspclmg`is pgrg vgcirgr cg

ldalr`lhgh, hnràg`is qul fugdhi cg cuz hl l`lrmldfng audfnidg ls juldg y

fugdhi sl qulhg snd jgtlràg y di dis gcu`jrg ls `gcg. Cg ldalr`lhgh di ls dn
juldg dn `gcg, ls udg klrrg`nldtg hl suplrvnvldfng, ls ud primrg`g lsplfngc
plralfti. Fi`i tl hnol, sn plrsnstn`is ld lc fidacnfti, cg klrrg`nldtg sl vulcvl
ndÿtnc. Ci qul qunlrl hlfnr qul di pulhl lolfutgr lc sldtnhi pgrg lc fugc aul
frlghg. Ci qul qunlrl hlfnr qul di snrvl pgrg mgrgdtnzgr dulstrg suplrvnvldfng.
Cg ldalr`lhgh di ls ud lrrir jnicömnfi, ndsnsti. Dulstrg jnicimàg di sl hlsqunfng
sndi qul tnldl udg cömnfg jnicömnfg.

¹Rir quî frll`is ci fidtrgrni9

¹Rir quî frll`is ci fidtrgrni fi`i sn aulrg udg vlrhgh gjsicutg9

Xl hgrî `n vnsnöd qul ls, fi`i tl hnol gdtls, `n `gdlrg hl vlr cgs
cg s fisgs.
Di sl trgtg hl udg vlrhgh gjsicutg, plri sà hl ci qul kiy frli qul ls vlrhghlri,
pirqul gsà ci lvnhldfni hngrng`ldtl. ^ gfcgri, itrg vlz, qul lstg vnsnöd di `l
plrtldlfl ld su titgcnhgh. Ld pgrtl, lstç klfkg pir itrgs sgjnhuràgs (fi`i cg hlc
Hr. Kg`lr) y pir itris sgjlrls. ^ ld pgrtl, g su vlz, lstç airoghg fid `n pripn
pripngg
lxplrnldfng. Ld audfnöd hl lsi ls qul yi lcnoi fid fidfnldfng, cnjlrtgh y
gutidi`àg lstg vnsnöd.

Hlshl `n air`gfnöd hl prlmrghi ld @lhnfndg kl rlfnjnhi udg ndair`gfnöd,

qul cg ldalr`lhgh ls `gcg, pgrg hlfnrci hl `gdlrg sldfnccg. I, hnfki hl udg
`gdlrg `çs fi`pclog, qul cis tu`irls sid ud frlfn`nldti gdçrqunfi y

hlsfidtricghi hl fîcucgs qul, g plsgr hl slr hlslstrufturghgs, n`ntgd lc

audfnidg`nldti hlc tlonhi dir`gc y cl fidsu`ld lc gcn`ldti gc tlonhi sgdi. Gc
kgflrci cl ifupgd cumgr y pir lsi fgusgd cg `ulrtl. Vgjl`is lsi plri di
sgjl`is pir quî i pgrg quî sl prihufl. Lstg ndair`gfnöd ls cg qul yi kl
rlfnjnhi, cg qul sl `l kg trgds`ntnhi y cg qul yi trgds`ntà hurgdtl vgrnis g÷is.
Kiy, g cg cuz hl cgs < Clyls Jnicömnfgs (fnldtàanfg`ldtl vlrnanfgjcls) y `n
lxplrnldfng plrsidgc, frli y snldti pifi fnldtàanfg lsg knpötlsns hl qul dghg
tnldl rgzöd hl slr. Kiy frli qul lsg ndair`gfnöd ls pgrtl hl ud snstl`g hl
frlldfngs qul sl trgds`ntl hl mldlrgfnöd ld mldlrgfnöd y qul, gc slr rlpltnhi

snd slr fulstnidghi, pgsö hl slr udg vlrhgh ndstgcghg g slr udg vlrhgh gjsicutg.
Kiy frli qul lc fidflpti hl ldalr`lhgh qul fidsfnldtl l nndfidsfnldtl`l
dfidsfnldtl`ldtl,
dtl,
ficlftnvg l ndhnvnhugc`ldtl, ficiqungc i gfghî`nfg`ldtl `gdlog`is cg `gyiràg

hl disitris y cg `gyiràg hl dulstris lspgfnis pÿjcnfis i prnvghis, ls ud

fidflpti qul hurgdtl hîfghgs y hîfghgs rlpltn`is y trgds`ntn`is snd
fulstnidgr. Ls ud supulsti qul sl kg ndstgcghi
n dstgcghi fi`i udg frlldfng nrrlautgjcl, gc
pudti hl irnldtgrdis snd prlmudtgrdis sijrl cg `ns`g.

Kiy, fi`i `îhnfis, gsu`n`is snd huhgr qul lc tu`ir ls gcmi `gci.

Kiy, fi`i pgfnldtls, gsu`n`is snd huhgr qul lc Fçdflr ls ud lrrir.

Kiy, `îhnfis y pgfnldtls cl itirmg`is g lsl supulsti (pirqul

fnldtàanfg`ldtl dghnl pulhl dlmgr qul ls sici ud supulsti pifi vlrnanfgjcl) cg
`ns`g ldtnhgh, pir lol`pci, qul g cg lvnhldfng fnldtàanfg qul dis hnfl qul cg
tnlrrg mnrg gcrlhlhir hlc sic. Kgy ud hltgccl? kgstg kgfl lc lqunvgcldtl g fndfi
`ndutis (sn pldsg`is ld tihg cg knstirng hl cg
c g ku`gdnhgh), frlàg`is qul lc Vic
mnrgjg gcrlhlhir hl cg tnlrrg. Lxgftg`ldtl ci `ns`i frli qul dis pgsg fid cg
ldalr`lhgh.

Frll`is qul cgs fîcucgs pricnalrgd snd sldtnhi.

^ yi frli, g cg cuz hl clyls vlrnanfgjcls, qul cgs fîcucgs pricnalrgd fid

sldtnhi jnicömnfi. Rir supulsti qul yi y tihis hlsfidifl`is fuçc ls cg vlrhgh
gjsicutg (ld fgsi hl qul lxnstg). Di sî qunîd tnldl cg vgrg hlc sgjlr. Ci qul sà
sî ls qul fghg udi hl disitris dlflsntg gsu`nr cg rlspidsgjncnhgh, lc
fi`pri`nsi y cg fidsfnldfng rlsplfti hl ci qul frll vlrhghlri. Rirqul ld
audfnöd hl dulstrgs frlldfngs ls qul dis `ivl`is ld lc `udhi. ^, ld rlcgfnöd
fid lstl cnjri, irnldtg`is dulstrg `nrghg kgfng lc fulrpi, dulstris trgtg`nldtis
trgtg`nldtis,,
dulstrgs fidsuctgs y, pir ci tgdti, dulstrg pripng vnhg ld audfnöd hl ci qul
frll`is qul sid cg ldalr`lhgh y lc fçdflr.

Gsu`n`is vlrhghls pirqul dis hnfld qul ls cg vlrhgh. ^ fi`i privnldl

hl udg gutirnhgh, hl ud cumgr gc fugc cl fidalrn`is pir fidvldfnöd lc pihlr sijrl
lc tl`g, di ci fulstnidg`is. ^ yg dn snqunlrg cg gutirnhgh `ns`g sl fulstnidg
lsi qul hnfl, lsg vlrhgh qul trgds`ntl. Cg gsu`l fi`i vlrhgh y cg trgds`ntl.
 Rlrsidgc`ldtl, fi`i tl fidtî, gcmi `l l`plzö g kgflr runhi kgfl

tnl`pi. \dg viz ndtlrdg qul tldàg su firrlcgfnöd ld cg prçftnfg `îhnfg. Rihràg
pidlrcl ud di`jrl g lsg ndtunfnöd prn`grng? sldtnhi fi`ÿd. Culmi, fid lc
fidifn`nldti hl lstgs clyls pulstgs hl `gdnanlsti ld cg dgturgclzg, ci qul `l

`ivncnzö aul cg cömnfg. Rirqul g trgvîs hl lstgs clyls yi puhl vlrnanfgr ci qul
ndtuàg. Rirqul lstgs clyls sid, fi`i tl vldmi hnfnldhi, vlrnanfgjcls. ^ dis
gpirtgd, tgdti g `îhnfis fi`i g pgfnldtls, cg pisnjncnhgh hl sgjlr pgrg quî y
pir quî pgsg ci qul dis pgsg ld lc fulrpi.

¹Cg ldalr`lhgh ls ud lrrir9

Hloi udgs rlaclxnidls pgrg qul fghg udi gjrg su pripni ndtlrrimgtirni.

¹Lc Fçdflr ls udg pricnalrgfnöd gdçrqunfg hl fîcucgs9 Lsi ls ci qul

trgds`ntn`is.

Rldsl`is. \d frlfn`nldti gdçrqunfi, hlsfidtricghi y snd sldtnhi dn

audfnöd, ¹slràg tgd plralfti
plralfti fi`i pgrg n`ntgr gc örmgdi hl irnmld9 Vn lrls `îhnfi
i lstçs vndfucghi gc çrlg hl cg sgcuh, slmuri ci sgjls i hljlràgs sgjlrci, sn di

ci lrls ls fidvldnldtl qul ci slpgs. Cgs fîcucgs hlc tu`ir (fîcucgs

fgdflràmldgs) sid plralftgs? sus `l`jrgdgs y sus irmgdlcgs ndtlrdgs sid ud
fÿ`uci hl fîcucgs nhîdtnfgs gc tlonhi hidhl gsnldtgd. Cgs fîcucgs tu`irgcls hl
ud ghldifgrfndi`g hl ndtlstndi hlcmghi sid nmugcls g cgs fîcucgs qul tnldl lc
ndtlstndi hlcmghi. ¹Wuî qunlrl hlfnr lsti9 Wul lsi supulstg`ldtl lxtrg÷i qul
ls udg fîcucg tu`irgc, tgd lxtrg÷i di ls, pirqul ls nhîdtnfg g cgs fîcucgs hlc
örmgdi (tlonhi) ld lc fugc sl ldfuldtrg. G su vlz, cgs fîcucgs qul fidstntuyld lc
tu`ir mldlrgd ud plralfti snstl`g hl dutrnfnöd fid vgsis sgdmuàdlis pripnis
pgrg gcn`ldtgrsl. Ls hlfnr, tnldld su pripni snstl`g vgsfucgr. Vgjl`is qul lc

priflhn`nldti ls plralfti y cg ndmldnlràg ansnicömnfg qul sl pidl ld `grfkg pgrg

frlgr gcmi gsà ls n`plfgjcl. Gc `ns`i tnl`pi, gqulccis vgsis sgdmuàdlis y
grtlrngs g trgvîs hl cis fugcls sl gcn`ldtg DI sid galftghis pir lc tu`ir. Ls
hlfnr, lc tu`ir, gcmi hlstruftnvi, pir ci qul frll`is, di hlstruyl lc snstl`g
vgsfucgr y grtlrngc qul frlg pgrg gcn`ldtgrsl. Lc tu`ir di sl gcn`ldtg
gc n`ldtg hlc örmgdi
hidhl gsnldtg, tnldl su pripni snstl`g hl gcn`ldtgfnöd, sndi qul kgfl vgsis hl
dliair`gfnöd (dulvgs vàgs pgrg rlfnjnr gcn`ldti). G su vlz, lc tu`ir fidvnvl ld
sn`jnisns fid lc rlsti hlc snstl`g snd hg÷grci5 pirqul lc snstl`g vgsfucgr y
fnrfucgtirni g trgvîs hlc fugc sl gcn`ldtg lc tu`ir sl fidlftg gc snstl`g

sgdmuàdli qul tldl`is snd hg÷grci. Xg`jnîd suflhl qul `ufkgs vlfls cgs
fîcucgs hlc tu`ir fu`pcld cg `ns`g audfnöd qul cgs fîcucgs hlc tlonhi ld lc fugc
sl air`g lc tu`ir. ¹Fö`i pulhl slr qul gcmi tgd plralfti y fid ndtlcnmldfng

ansnicömnfg slg gcmi gdçrqunfi, gcifghi y snd sldtnhi9 ¹Lc irmgdns`i kgrç tihi
lsl lsaulrzi y lsl mgsti ldlrmîtnf
ldlrmîtnfii sici fid lc and hl `gtgrdis9 Lc priflsi hl
air`gfnöd hl ud tu`ir y cg `gdlrg ld cg fugc sl hg, sl prlsldtg `uy plralfti
fi`i pgrg slr gcmi tgd lrrçtnfi. ¹^ sn di ls lrrçtnfi dn gdçrqunfi9 ¹Vn di ls ci
qul pldsçjg`is qul lrg9 ¹^ sn hurgdtl g÷is lstuvn`is ld ud pgrghnm`g
lqunvifghi9

Rir itri cghi, fidsnhlrl`is qul tldl`is gvgdfls tlfdicömnfis

mnmgdtlsfis. Kiy, sl pulhl vlr g trgvîs hl ud `nfrisfipni lc GHD, lc mldi`g.
^ gud fid gqulccis gvgdfls, fid cis `ncls hl fldtris hl ndvlstnmgfnöd g
hnspisnfnöd y fid fnldtis hl ndvlstnmghirls hnspidnjcls, slmun`is snd fidiflr cg
fgusg, lc irnmld y lc `itnvi pir lc qul sl prihufld `çs hlc >2 % hl cgs
ldalr`lhghls, gsà fi`i hlsfidifl`is cgs rgzidls pir cgs fugcls cg `gyiràg

hl cgs ldalr`lhghls sl tirdgd frödnfgs l ndfurgjcls. Kgfl udis g÷is, ld ud

fidmrlsi ndtlrdgfnidgc `uy ag`isi sijrl Fçdflr hl @g`gs, lsfufkl udg
fidalrldfng `uctntuhndgrng fid fnldtis hl idföcimis hl tihi lc `udhi. Ld lccg
ud ndvlstnmghir lxpcnfgjg ld udg nd`ldsg pgdtgccg, cgs vàgs `iclfucgrls
`ic lfucgrls g trgvîs
hl cgs fugcls frlfld cgs fîcucgs qul ccg`g`is hl Fçdflr hl `g`g. Lstl
prlstnmnisi ndvlstnmghir, qul di huhi hlhnfg su vnhg fid pgsnöd g lsi, fidtgjg
cg knstirng hlc trgtg`nldti hlc Fçdflr hl `g`g. Hlfàg qul lc Fçdflr usgjg udg
vàg pgrg frlflr, ldtidfls cg jciqulgjgd. ^ lc fçdflr l`plzgjg g usgr itrg,
ldtidfls cg jciqulgjgd. Fugdhi kgjcg cg jciqulgr, sl rlanlrl g qul ndvldtgjgd
n dvldtgjgd

ud `lhnfg`ldti pgrg flrrgr cg vàg hl frlfn`nldti hl cg fîcucg.

fîcucg . ^ gsà fid itrg vàg
y itrg g ci cgrmi
c grmi hl cis g÷is. ¹Fö`i pnldsgd slmunr9 ¹Rir quî snmul frlfnldhi
lc tu`ir9 ¡Wuî mgdgs `l hgjgd hl mrntgrcls cg rlspulstg! Lc flrljri slmunrç
ldvngdhi örhldls pgrg qul lc tu`ir frlzfg sn kgy ud sldtnhi pgrg qul ci kgmg
kgmg,,
ls hlfnr qul `nldtrgs lsg `uolr fidtndÿl ld fidacnfti, slmunrç gftnvgdhi lc
primrg`g lsplfngc hl l`lrmldfngs, pir ci fugc pir `çs qul cl sgqul`is `nc
vàgs hl frlfn`nldti gc tu`ir, cg jnicimàg fi`i ls n`prlsnidgdtl y tnldl `nc
rlfursis slmunrç mldlrgdhi itrgs vàgs gctlrdgtnvgs hl frlfn`nldti. Cg jnicimàg
snl`prl, snl`prl mgdg. Lc flrljri slmunrç rlsicvnldhi gqulcci qul rlfnjl fi`i
ndair`gfnöd qul dis lstç pidnldhi ld plcnmri hl suplrvnvldfng. Lc fidacnfti.
Fidaài ld qul gcmÿd hàg kgjcgrl`is tihis lc `ns`i nhni`g. Zlti`i fid cgs
frlldfngs, tl ci hnol gdtls y tl ci vulcvi g hlfnr, pldsl`is ld cg `ltçstgsns.

Hlshl lc dgfn`nldti hlc –ccg`ghi Fçdflr‐, kgfl hîfghgs y hîfghgs, sl lstuhngd

cgs `ltçstgsns. Frll`is vlr `ltçstgsns l ndtldtg`is kgccgr sus fgusgs y fö`i
ls qul sl prihufl. Ci ndtldtg`is, snd dndmÿd rlsuctghi sgtnsagf
sgtnsagftirni.
tirni. ^, g plsgr
hl lsti, slmun`is sistldnldhi lc supulsti hl cgs `ltçstgsns. Di sici lsi, ci
trgds`ntn`is fi`i vlrhghlri. G tgc pudti qul yg ls udg vlrhgh ndstgcghg ld lc
ndfidsfnldtl ficlftnvi. ^g qul, ficiqungc`ldtl,
ficiqungc`ldtl, lc `nlhi qul sl tnldl ls qul lc
Fçdflr sl pulhg rg`nanfgr i nr pgrg itri cghi. Ls hlfnr, ci qul ls ud supulsti i
udg pisnjncnhgh sl frll fi`i udg rlgcnhgh. ¹^ sn lc prijcl`g di lstç ld hödhl
jusfg`is sndi ld fö`i ci jusfg`is9 ¹^ sn lc prijcl`g lstç ld dulstrg
`nrghg9 ¹Di slrç qul ld gcmÿd sldtnhi tldl`is qul vlr cgs fisgs hl itri
`ihi9 ¹Fö`i pulhl slr qul fid tgdti primrlsi fnldtàanfi rlsicvg`is tgd pifi
rlsplfti hlc irnmld hl cis tu`irls9 Ld lc çrlg hlc Fçdflr, `ldis hlc 72 % hl
cis tu`irls gvgdzghis rl`ntld. ¹Fö`i pulhl slr9 Fghg vlz kgy `çs fgsis hl
Fçdflr ld plrsidgs `çs oövldls y cgs tgsgs hl rlspulstg hl rlmrlsnöd tu`irgc
sid jgoàsn`gs5 dn qul kgjcgr hl cg furgfnöd fi`pcltg. G `à lsti `l kgfl `ufki
runhi. G `à, G @N `l kgfl pldsgr qul dis lstg`is lqunvifgdhi.

¹Rir quî cufkg`is fidtrg lc Fçdflr9

Lstç fcgri, pirqul frll`is qul ls ud ldl`nmi. Vl cufkg fidtrg gcmi qul
fidsnhlrg`is qul gtldtg fidtrg disitris. ^i snldti qul ls udg cufkg snd
sldtnhi.

Fuçdti `çs cufkg`is, `çs ldl`nmi frll`is qul lc Fçdflr ls. Rir `çs
juldgs ndtldfnidls qul tldmg`is. Ldtidfls, fugdhi dis hngmdistnfgd
hn gmdistnfgd Fçdflr,
fghg vlz `çs mrgdhl ls lc ldl`nmi qul fidqunstö dulstri fulrpi, qul vnldl g
quntgrdis ci qul dis plrtldlfl? cg vnhg. ^ lc sijrlstrîs qul hnspgrg lc hngmdöstnfi
gftnvg ld cg jnicimàg priflsis jnicömnfis qul dis fi`pcnfgd `çs.

Frli qul di kgy qul cufkgr fidtrg lc Fçdflr. Kgy qul fi`prldhlrci.
Gfcgri dulvg`ldtl, di lstiy hnfnldhi qul di kgyg qul kgflr trgtg`nldtis, dn
frlgr tlrgpîutnfg firrlftg, fcgri qul di. Di lstg`is prlpgrghis pgrg lsi. Frli
qul kgy qul ndvlrtnr rlfursis, ku`gdis, lfidö`nfis y fnldtàanfis ld lsg
fi`prldsnöd rlgc.

@n sldtnr fid rlsplfti g cgs ldalr`lhghls ls qul lstg`is pgrghis fi`i

gqulccis fnldtàanfis qul hnsfutàgd qul cg Xnlrrg lrg pcgdg l nd`övnc. Fcgrg`ldtl
lccis vlàgd fö`i suflhàgd cis fnfcis hlc hàg y cg
c g difkl, fö`i lc sic sgcàg pir ud
cghi y sl mugrhgjg ld lc ipulsti. Lsi tldàg udg cömnfg, lsl sgjlr hl qul cg
Xnlrrg lrg fughrghg l nd`övnc
n d`övnc sl pgsö hl mldlrgfnöd ld mldlrgfnöd. ^ hl tgdti
rlpltnr ud supulsti y di fulstnidgrci sl fidvnrtnö ld udg vlrhgh gjsicutg, hl cg
fugc kiy dis rlà`is pir fidsnhlrgrcg udg nmdirgdfng. ¹^ sn disitris, rlsplfti g
cgs ccg`ghgs ldalr`lhgh ls, lstg`is vnvnldhi cis `ns`is `ntis, lstg`is
trgdsair`gdhi ud supulsti snd lvnhldfng y snd vlrnanfgfnöd gcmudg ld udg vlrhgh
gjsicutg, vlrhgh qul trgds`ntn`is hl mldlrgfnöd ld mldlrgfnöd fnlmg`ldtl9
¹^ sn hl gcmi qul udis kgd pldsghi y gflptghi fi`i vlrhgh plrsidgc, fi`i
ud supulsti ld udg jÿsqulhg ndhnvnhugc sl tlr`ndö fidstruyldhi udg vlrhgh
ficlftnvg snd lvnhldfng9 ¹^ sn lsti suflhl9

Xl rlpnti gcmi. ^ lsti, pgrg `à, ls nrrlautgjcl? di kgy dndmudg pruljg

fnldtàanfg hl qul lc Fçdflr slg udg ldalr`lhgh mldlrghg pgrg `gtgrdis. Di
vl`is ld ud `nfrisfipni fîcucgs fid gr`gs, fid ji`jgs lstgccgdhi cgs vlfndgs,
di vl`is lsi. Frll`is qul `irn`is pir fgusg hl Fçdflr. ¹Hl quî `urnö9 Hl
Fçdflr hl `g`gs. ¹Fö`i kgfl ud mrupi hl fîcucgs hl cg `g`g pgrg pgrgr tihi
ud snstl`g9 ¹Fö`i kgfl ud dihucnti hl ud fldtà`ltri ld lc kàmghi pgrg
`gtgrdis9 Di ls gsà. @ufkgs vlfls, `irn`is g fgusg hlc ficgpsi hlc snstl`g,
gmitg`nldti, lstrîs pir `ÿctnpcls fidacnftis. Gkà lc flrljri lcnml hlsfidlftgr,

pirqul udg plrsidg tgd plrturjghg di sl ls ÿtnc g sà `ns`g dn cl ls ÿtnc g cg

`gdghg. Xg`jnîd `irn`is g fgusg hl trgtg`nldtis di goustghis g fghg
plrsidg, hlsplrsidgcnzghis, ld siclhgh, snd gfi`pg÷g`nldti, snd rlmnstri
r lmnstri y snd
g`ir. @ufkgs vlfls, lstg`is tgd ndtixnfghis, ficgpsghis, fid irmgdns`is
hltlrnirghis qul dulstrg jnicimàg di tnldl cg ldlrmàg dlflsgrng pgrg kgflr lc
priflsi hl rlpgrgfnöd (cg slmudhg agsl hl cg ldalr`lhgh). @ufkgs vlfls, fi`i
tl hnol, lsg sicufnöd jnicömnfg qul rlprlsldtg lc Fçdflr di pulhl gyuhgrdis g
rlsicvlr lc i cis fidacnftis ld cis qul lstg`is, qul hl tgd ndtldsis y plrsnstldtls
kgfld ndÿtncls cis lsaulrzis hl suplrvnvldfng qul hlspcnlmg lc fulrpi.

Wul lc Fçdflr `gtg rlspidhl g ud snstl`g hl frlldfngs ndstgcghi, qul

sl pgsö hl mldlrgfnöd ld mldlrgfnöd y kiy ls pgrtl hl dulstri snstl`g hl
frlldfngs fi`i udg vlrhgh gjsicutg. Lc Fçdflr kg cclmghi g slr sndödn`i hl

suarn`nldti, hicir y `ulrtl. Lsg tràghg ls cg qul sl hlsgrriccg ld fghg plrsidg

ld cg qul sl hngmdistnfg ud fg`jni hl lstrufturg flcucgr gc qul ccg`g`is
Fçdflr. Ld fghg plrsidg hngmdistnfghg fid Fçdflr, ld fghg ag`ncngr hl lsg
plrsidg, ld fghg g`nmi hl lsg plrsidg, ld fghg vlfndi hl lsg plrsidg, ld
fghg sifnlhgh hidhl vnvl lsg plrsidg. Hlfn`is Fçdflr y ls sndödn`i hl
suarn`nldti, hicir y `ulrtl. Gsà n`pgftg ld dulstrg ld psnqul. ^g ls udg
gsifngfnöd guti`çtnfg qul kgfl dulstrg `ldtl5 ci kgfl hl air`g ndfidsfnldtl
(di snd fidsfnldfng, sndi snd slr fidsfnldtl qul yg air`g pgrtl hl udg supulstg
vlrhgh n`pcàfntg). ^g lstg`is fidhnfnidghis pir lstg frlldfng. Di sl trgtg,
sicg`ldtl, hl qul cg `ldtl, hl `gdlrg fidsfnldtl, tldmg ud pldsg`nldti
pisntnvi. Rirqul lsti yg lxflhl cg vicudtgh. ^i qunlri pldsgr qul di ls mrgvl
fugdhi `l hnfld Fçdflr, plri, ld cg `gyiràg hl disitris, sl hnspgrg
guti`çtnfg`ldtl lc gclrtg, ud mrghi hl sijrlstrîs lxtrl`i, ud n`pgfti, ud
skife trgu`çtnfi. Dulstrg psnqul, gc lsfufkgr Fçdflr , gsifng –suarn`nldti, hicir
y `ulrtl‐. Lsti ls lvnhldtl ld dulstrg prçftnfg `îhnfg. ^ cg `gyiràg hl cgs
plrsidgs qul kgd snhi hngmdistnfghgs fid Fçdflr y sus ag`ncngrls, g`nmis y
vlfndis ci kgd lvnhldfnghi tg`jnîd. Gkirg, yi `l prlmudti, pihl`is
prlmudtgrdis ¹Fuçdhi cl kl`is hghi tihi lsl pihlr g udg pgcgjrg9

Lc Fçdflr sl lxpgdhnö fi`i udg lpnhl`ng hl air`g tgc qul g cg

pricnalrgfnöd flcucgr, g cg `uctnpcnfgfnöd flcucgr, g cg `gdlrg jni-cömnfg qul tnldl
y tuvi snl`prl cg jnicimàg hl rlsicvlr cis fidacnftis, sl cg ltnqultö fid udg

pgcgjrg fgrmghg hl ounfni y vgcirgfnöd dlmgtnvg. Aul gsà qul hlspclmg`is fghg
vlz `çs Fçdflr, `çs `nlhis, `çs pîrhnhgs, `çs hlsvgcirnzgfnidls, `çs
slpgrgfnidls, `çs gtgquls, `çs siclhgh, `çs fidtric, `çs ldioi, `çs nrg, `çs
`nlhis, `çs `nlhis, `çs `nlhis y `çs Fçdflr.

¹Vgjls hl hödhl privnldl cg pgcgjrg Fçdflr9 Ls hlfnr, su ltn`icimàg.

Rihl`is rlfurrnr gc hnffnidgrni ltn`icömnfi Firi`ndgs, gcmi `grgvnccisi.
`grg vnccisi. Fçdflr
privnldl hlc cgtàd y sl gsl`log g fgdmrloi. Gc pgrlflr, Mgcldi, ld lc snmci NN, ld
udg ijslrvgfnöd qul knzi, fidfcuyö qul cg air`g qul tnldld cis vgsis
sgdmuàdlis hl cis –tu`irls `gcnmdis‐ (lc ldtrlfi`nccghi ls `ài) sl pgrlfld g
cgs pgtgs hl ud fgdmrloi. Ls ndtlrlsgdtl cg ijslrvgfnöd qul kgfl Firi`ndgs? cgs
tldgzgs hlc fgdmrloi sl gsl`logd gc ndstru`ldti hl tirturg fid lc qul sl

fi`pgrg lc suarn`nldti qul fgusg lstg ldalr`lhgh, lc Fçdflr. Ls hlfnr? Fçdflr

nmugc g tirturg.

Lsti, sn`pcnanfgdhi, yg pgsgjg ld lc Vnmci NN. Lstg`is ld lc Vnmci [[N.

@ufkg gmug kg firrnhi jgoi lc puldtl. Lstg gsif

gsifngfnöd
ngfnöd ls pgrtl hlc ndfidsfnldtl
ficlftnvi.

Cg Wundtg Cly, lstg qul lstiy gprivlfkgdhi pgrg grriogr gcmudgs

fidfcusnidls, dis hnfl oudti g cgs itrg fugtri, qul lc fçdflr ls sndödn`i
sn dödn`i hl vnhg,
lc fçdflr tnldl sldtnhi jnicömnfi, lc fçdflr ls ud primrg`g lsplfngc plralfti
frlghi pir cg dgturgclzg gdtl udg vnvldfng
vn vldfng hl gtldtghi g cg suplrvnvldfng. ^ cg
vnhg di lxfcuyl lc hicir, pir supulsti. Lc hicir tnldl su andgcnhgh jnicömnfg. G su
vlz, lc suarn`nldti fid lc qul lstç gsifnghi lc Fçdflr vgrngs vlfls sl hljl gc
tnpi hl gjirhgol qul kgfl`is. Xg`jnîd, gc lstghi, gc funhghi i hlsfunhi ld
rlgcnhgh hl dulstri irmgdns`i, yg gdtls hl qul dis gmgrrl lc Fçdflr (u itrg
ldalr`lhgh). ^ pirqul fugdhi dis hngmdistnfgd Fçdflr y fi`ldzg`is cg
tlrgpîutnfg, sl gftnvgd ld disitris fidacnftis jnicömnfis qul kgfld qul lc hicir
slg suarn`nldti5 fi`i lc fidacnfti hl cis tÿjucis ficlftirls hl rn÷öd. Gdtl lstg
pgcgjrg fid udg fidditgfnöd tgd dlmgtnvg, lc Fçdflr yg dis sldtn`is sicis y
gjgdhidghis, fi`i ud plz aulrg hlc gmug, rltldl`is càqunhi pir cis tÿjucis
ficlftirls hlc rn÷öd y l`plirg`is tihis cis sàdti`gs5 pgsg`is hlc hicir gc
suarn`nldti.

@ufkgs vlfls cg fisg sl pidl `çs alg i `çs mrgvl pirqul lstg`is fid lstl
fidacnfti (lc hl cis tÿjucis ficlftirls rldgcls) gftnvghi. ^ `ufkgs vlfls, lstl
fidacnfti tg`jnîd sl gftnvg pir hlfnsnidls `îhnfgs, ag`ncngrls i plrsidgcls.
pl rsidgcls. Rir
lc hngmdöstnfi, pir cg air`g hl hgrci y pir cg hhll rlfnjnrci, pir lc tnpi hl trgtg`nldti,
pir cg `gdlrg ld cg fugc sl kgfl lc trgtg`nldti (titgc`ldtl hlsplrsidgcnzghi,
arài, snd l`pgtàg dn rlmnstri hl cg plrsidg), pir lc cumgr (hidhl cg plrsidg sl
snldtl, cntlrgc`ldtl, fi`i ud rlaumnghi), pir lc ldtirdi ag`ncngr hlc pgfnldtl qul
cl mldlrg `çs `nlhi y lstrîs, pir `ufkgs sntugfnidls rlcgfnidghgs gc
sldtn`nldti hl siclhgh y hlsicgfnöd.
hl sicgfnöd.
 ^ pir ci tgdti, sn kgy ndacg`gfnöd `çs ndacg`gfnöd.
Vn kgy rltldfnöd hl càqunhi, `çs rltldfnöd.

Vn kgy lhl`g, `çs lhl`g.

Vn kgy hicir, `ufki `çs hicir, ls hlfnr? suarn`nldti.

Vn kgy suarn`nldti, `çs `nlhi, `çs sijrlstrîs.

Vn lsti suflhl, y di sl rlsulcvl, `çs fidacnfti jnicömnfi

jn icömnfi y, tgc vlz, `ulrtl.

¹Rir fucpg hl cg jnicimàg qul knzi cgs fisgs `gc9

¡Fcgri qul di! Vi`is disitris, `ufkàsn`gs vlfls (y di hnmi tihgs pir
firtlsàg), cis qul ndtlralrn`is
nd tlralrn`is ld cis priflsis sldsgtis hl dulstrg jnicimàg.

Dulstrg jnicimàg dis kgfl sijrlvnvnr g plsgr dulstri.

Lsti dis tnldl qul irnldtgr ld dulstrg prçftnfg `îhnfg, fi`i gsà tg`jnîd
dis tnldl qul slrvnr hl agri ld cg
c g lclffnöd hlc prialsnidgc fid qunîd trgtgrdis. ^g
sî qul, g vlfls, sldtn`is qul di tldl`is ipfnöd. Dn fi`i `îhnfis dn fi`i
pgfnldtls. ^g slg pirqul, fi`i `îhnfis, lstg`is gdtl hlfldgs y hlfldgs hl
pgfnldtls hngrnis, firrnldhi hl ud cghi kgfng lc itri, tgpgdhi gmuolris,
sistldnldhi ud snstl`g hl sgcuh qul kgfl gmug pir vgrnis cghis, fu`pcnldhi
ricls qul di dis firrlspidhld, pidnîdhicl lc fulrpi g rlfcg`is y qulogs qul
di dis plrtldlfld. I yg slg pirqul, fi`i pgfnldtls, pir dulstrg rlgcnhgh
sifngc, fucturgc y lfidö`nfg, sldtn`is di tldlr gctlrdgtnvgs pgrg lclmnr.
Nmugc`ldtl, ndsnsti, snl`prl kgy gcmudg fkgdfl hl lclffnöd. Hl trgtgrdis
g`gjcl`ldtl, fid l`pgtàg, fid rlmnstri y fid g`ir, snl`prl kgy pisnjncnhgh hl
trgdsair`gfnöd. Lsi sà ci pihl`is lclmnr. Fi`i pihl`is lclmnr
lc lmnr slr fidsuctgdtls
gftnvis y l`pihlrghis y di pgfnldtls vàftn`gs hl cgs hlfnsnidls goldgs,
tg`jnîd pihl`is lclmnr `nrgr gc fulrpi fid udg `nrghg qul sl goustl g dulstrg
jnicimàg, ldtldhlr sus priflsis, trgtgr fid g`ir gc fulrpi y g cg jnicimàg.
Xg`jnîd, fi`i ag`ncngr hl ud pgfnldtl fid Fçdflr, sn ci kgfl`is sldtnr
gfi`pg÷ghi, fidtldnhi, fid g`ir, sn cl jrndhg`is fi`pgsnöd y rlmnstrg`is su
rlgcnhgh, tihi sl trgdsair`g.

Wul cg plrsidg vnvldfnl qul lstç rlaumnghg, pritlmnhg, rlmnstrghg. Lsi

gcnvngràg `ufki. Di sici lc hicir aàsnfi, tg`jnîd (y sijrl tihi) cg klrnhg
l`ifnidgc.

¹Lc Fçdflr ls sndödn`i hl suarn`nldti, hicir y `ulrtl9

Kgy qul rlsnmdnanfgr lstis tîr`ndis.

Ld lstl pudti, ls n`pirtgdtl rlfidiflr cis prndfnpnis hl cg aàsnfg fuçdtnfg.

¹Wuî dis hnfl9 Wul cg rlgcnhgh hlpldhl hlc ijslrvghir. Ld ud lstuhni, lc

ijslrvghir snl`prl ndacuyl sijrl lc ijolti ijslrvghi, y pir ci tgdti gctlrg lc

rlsuctghi. Lsti sl rlpntl ld tihis cis lstuhnis fnldtàanfis y ci `ns`i suflhl fid
cis slrls ku`gdis. Rldsl`is ci snmunldtl, gqulcci qul fnldtàanfg`ldtl dis
pruljg cg aàsnfg fuçdtnfg? lc fulrpi ku`gdi lstç klfki hl `icîfucgs, qul g su
vlz lstçd fidair`ghgs pir pgrtàfucgs `çs plqul÷gs. Cis çti`is. ^ lstis hl
pgrtàfucgs sujgtö`nfgs qul g su vlz lstçd klfkgs hl ndair`gfnöd y ldlrmàg. Ls
hlfnr qul dulstri fulrpi, qul g dulstris sldtnhis dis pgrlfl gcmi söcnhi, `nrghi
`nfrisföpnfg`ldtll ls udg rlgcnhgh ld fidstgdtl `ivn`nldti. Ls ndair`gfnöd.
`nfrisföpnfg`ldt

^ lsg ndair`gfnöd sl fidstruyl.

Dulstris pldsg`nldtis, fcgri, sid air`gs hl ldlrmàg qul ndacuyld ld

itrgs air`gs hl ldlrmàgs firpirgcls hldtri hl cgs fugcls lstçd cgs fîcucgs. Ls
hlfnr, tihi ci qul sldtn`is y pldsg`is ndacuyl ld lc `ivn`nldti hl `nccidls hl
pgrtàfucgs, çti`is y `icîfucgs hl dulstri fulrpi. Rir lol`pci, fugdhi vl`is
g ud g`nmi y gdtls hl qul dis hnrnog udg pgcgjrg, fid sici `nrgrci ci ditg`is
`gc. Cl prlmudtg`is pir quî lstç trnstl y quî cl pgsö. Rirqul ci vl`is fid cg
fgjlzg jgog, cis ki`jris fgàhis, lc pgsi cldti, cis iois snd jrncci,
jrn cci, lc `ldtöd kgfng
gjgoi. ¹Wuî suflhnö gquà9 Xihgs sus fîcucgs rlspidhnlrid g sus pldsg`nldtis
y sldtn`nldtis y gfi`ihgrid gc fulrpi ld lsg lxprlsnöd hl trnstlzg.
Lxgftg`ldtl ci `ns`i suflhl gdtl ud hngmdöstnfi hl Fçdflr. Vn frll`is qul
lc Fçdflr ls udg ldalr`lhgh `gcnmdg qul vndi g `gtgrdis, gsà sl hnspidhrçd
tihgs dulstrgs fîcucgs, gsà rlspidhlrçd gdtl lc `gdhgti flrljrgc. ^ fugdhi gcmi
ls udg frlldfng, trgsfnldhl cg `ldtl, ls gsà. Ci qul pnldsi y frli, ci frli y ci
`gdnanlsti ld cg rlgcnhgh. Ls udg cly udnvlrsgc. Lc @LDXGCNV@I. Ci qul frlls,
ci qul pcgdnanfgs g ud dnvlc di vnsnjcl sl `gtlrngcnzgrç. Xihgs dulstrgs fîcucgs
clld dulstris pldsg`nldtis y sl gfi`ihgrçd pgrg `gdnalstgrdis lsg rlgcnhgh
qul fidstrun`is ld cg `ldtl
 Ci vli ld `n vnhg plrsidgc, ag`ncngr y vndfucgr. Ci vli ld `ns fidsuctgs,
ld cgs plrsidgs qul `l fidsuctgd? ¡ci qul frli ci frli! Dulstrgs fîcucgs slrçd
cis sichghis qul rlspidhlrçd gdtl lsl snstl`g hl frlldfngs. Vnl`prl ls gsà.

Gkà vg ud ndtlrrimgdtl, pgrg qunld qunlrg kgfîrslci. ¹Wuî suflhlràg ld

disitris gdtl lc hngmdöstnfi hl Fçdflr sn ld dulstri snstl`g hl frlldfngs lc
Fçdflr di aulsl gcmi `gci9 ¹Fuçdtis tu`irls slfudhgrnis `ldis pir itris
`nlhis, sàdti`gs y `gdnalstgfnidls mldlrgràg`is9 Ld `n pldsg`nldti sl `l
vnldl cg n`gmld hl fugdhi vl`is udg clsnöd quàstnfg ld ud lstuhni hl n`çmldls,
pir lol`pci ud qunstl hl gmug ld lc kàmghi. Hlshl tihgs cgs `lhnfndgs ls gcmi
jldnmdi. Rgrg cg `lhnfndg gcipçtnfg (cg fidvldfnidgc) ud qunstl hl gmug ld lc
kàmghi ls gcmi `ulrti5 di sl sgjl pir quî sl air`ö, `gs di tnldl vnhg. Rgrg cg
Dulvg @lhnfndg ls ud fidacnfti vnloi rlsulcti. Gkirg jnld, pgrg tihgs ls gcmi
jldnmdi y di sl cl hg n`pirtgdfng. ¹Vlrç pir lsl snstl`g hl frlldfngs qul di
kgfl`is dndmÿd sàdti`g gcrlhlhir hlc hngmdöstnfi hl ud qunstl, pir ci qul
rlsuctg ud priflsi tgd jgdgc9 Gdtl lsg ditnfng hl qunstl g dghnl, dn `îhnfi, dn
pgfnldtl, dn ag`ncngr sl cl `ulvl ud plci. ¹Vlrç pir lsi qul di sl mldlrgd
`gyirls prijcl`gs9 ¹Wuî suflhlràg ld disitris sn cl tuvnîsl`is tlrrir g cis
qunstls9 ¹^ sn ld dulstri snstl`g hl frlldfngs su prlsldfng aulsl `irtgc9
Vlmurg`ldtl dis `irnràg`is hl y pir lccis. Vn lstuvnîrg`is ld Irnldtl, di
tldhràg sldtnhi hlfnr lsti pirqul ls udg vlrhgh gjsicutg? ls vntgc sgjlr qul
gqulcci qul frll`is ci frlg`is y ci `gdnalstg`is. Fi`i lstl tàpnfi lol`pci?
sn fghg vlz qul sgcmi g cg rutg frli qul ls pisnjcl qul `l pulhg fkifgr ud
guti, ld gcmÿd `i`ldti tlr`ndg suflhnldhi lc gffnhldtl. Ls hlfnr, di sicg`ldtl
ci pnldsi5 ci frli, lstç grrgnmghi ld `à. Lsti suflhl pirqul ci lstiy gtrgyldhi,
`ns frlldfngs y ldlrmàgs trgdsair`gd lc udnvlrsi `ltgaàsnfi qul `ihnanfgrç cg
`gtlrng pgrg qul sl cimrl `gdnalstgr ci qul frli.

Lstl fidflpti hlc `ldtgcns`i, pgrg `à aul rlvlcghir. Aul pihlr

fi`prldhlr hl quî sl trgtg cg Gutirrlspidsgjncnhgh. Xihi ci qul sl `gdnanlstg
ld `n vnhg, lstuvi frlghi prlvng`ldtl ld ud `udhi ndvnsnjcl hl `n `ldtl, tihi
ls gjsicutg`ldtl tihi. Fi`i `l hnoi ud hàg ud `glstri, sn kgy gcmi qul di
qunlrgs vlr ld tu vnhg, di ci pnldsls dn ud `nduti. Rir lc fidtrgrni, tihi gqulcci
qul qunlrgs vlr `gdnalstghi fi`ldzgrç fid cg frlgfnöd ld tu `ldtl.
 Xl fuldti gcmi qul clà udg vlz ld Ndtlrdlt. Rnhi hnsfucpgs, plri di sî
qunîd ls lc gutir. ¹Vgjls fö`i sicufnidg lc flrljri lc `nlhi g qul gcmi
suflhg9 Vn di ldfuldtrg udg sicufnöd mgdghirg, sn lc `nlhi plrsnstl y, pir ci
tgdti, mldlrg ud sijrlstrîs, dis pidl ld fidacnfti gftnvi, yg qul snl`prl

ru`ng`is sijrl lsi, dulstris pldsg`nldtis mnrgd ld tirdi g lsi, lstg`is ld

gclrtg, ltf. Vn lsi pgsg, lc flrljri ci sicufnidg `gtlrngcnzgdhi gqulcci g ci fugc
cl tldl`is `nlhi. ¹Rir quî9 Rirqul ls `çs lstrlsgdtl tldlrcl `nlhi g [, qul
[ sl `gtlrngcnfl. Lstgrç lc fidacnfti hl ldarldtgr g [, plri lc `nlhi g [ ls `ufki
`çs lstrlsgdtl. Ls gsà.

Zlgc`ldtl frli y snldti, y lstg ls `n frlldfng plrsidgc, ci qul rlsuldg

ld `à fi`i vlrhghlri, qul fidstgdtl`ldt
fidstgdtl`ldtll arldtl g cis `ÿctnpcls fidacnftis qul
vnvn`is ld cg vnhg, kgfl`is fg`jnis ld cgs lstrufturgs hl dulstri fulrpi. Wul
lsti ifurrl tihi lc tnl`pi. Ls hlfnr, ifurrld plqul÷is Fçdflrls, tu`irls,
juctis qul gsà fi`i cis kgfl`is gsà cis hlsgr`g`is. Gkirg jnld, fi`i di cis
vl`is, sid plqul÷is y dn dis ldtlrg`is. Di dis hnspgrgd ud sijrlstrîs. Lc
prijcl`g lstç ld gqulccis Fçdflrls (i ldalr`lhghls mrgvls) qul sà dis

ldtlrg`is qul lxnstld. Lstg Wundtg Cly qul `l cclvg g fidtgrtl itrgs fisgs, dis
hnfl qul tihi tnldl ud sldtnhi jnicömnfi. Wul tihi lstç primrg`ghi ld dulstri
flrljri pgrg mgrgdtnzgr dulstrg suplrvnvldfng. Ls hlfnr, lc primrg`g lsplfngc
qul ccg`çjg`is ldalr`lhgh ls udg klrrg`nldtg jnicömnfg. ^ lsg klrrg`nldtg
lstç snldhi usghg tihi lc tnl`pi. Ci qul suflhl ls qul fi`i `ufkgs vlfls di
sl n`prn`l cg sicufnöd jnicömnfg ld lc fulrpi, fi`i sid fidacnftis hl jgog
ndtldsnhgh, di cis rlmnstrg`is. Rlri lxnstld. Lc tl`g ls cg clfturg
cl fturg qul kgfl`is
hl udis y hl itris. Hl fö`i cis di`jrg`is y hl fö`is dis ifupg`is hl lc
lccis.
cis.

^, itrg vlz, ls dlflsgrni pidlr ld fcgri gcmi. Rirqul yi di lstiy hnfnldhi

qul lc Fçdflr i cg ldalr`lhgh di tldmgd sàdti`gs, qul di slg hicirisi y qul
di hljg`is ifupgrdis hl lsi. Vàdti`g di ls sndödn`i hl ldalr`lhgh, ls
hlfnr? di sid ci `ns`i. Cg ldalr`lhgh, fi`i vn`is, ls ud primrg`g lsplfngc
fid sldtnhi jnicömnfi qul fuldtg fid his agsls. \dg agsl qul sulcl slr
gsndti`çtnfg. ^ itrg, cg hl rlsicufnöd, hidhl sl prlsldtgd sàdti`gs (hicirls,
anljrl, ndacg`gfnöd, hrldgols hl càqunhis, pus, sgdmrghis, pgrg hltgccgr cis `çs
kgjntugcls). ^ lstis sàdti`gs hl cg slmudhg ltgpg dis hnfld qul lc fidacnfti
jnicömnfi lstç ld rlsicufnöd y dis irnldtgd ld cg tlrgpîutnfg `îhnfg (gc `îhnfi,
pgrg ti`gr hlfnsnidls goustghgs gc priflsi jnicömnfi rlgc, y g cis fidsuctgdtls,
pgrg qul fi`prldhg`is ci qul pgsg ld dulstri fulrpi, gcnvngr `nlhis y lstrîs,
fid cg fidslfuldfng aàsnfg hl qul kgjrç `ldis hicir aàsnfi).

G su vlz, lstç fcgri qul kgy qul ifupgrsl hl cis sàdti`gs pgrg qul slgd
`ufki `çs ticlrgjcls, fid cgs klrrg`nldtgs qul sl tldmgd g `gdi, plri snl`prl
fi`prldhnldhi cg ltgpg hlc priflsi jnicömnfi ld cg qul lstg`is y su dlflsnhgh.

Ci qul tg`jnîd lstiy hnfnldhi, pirqul gsà ci vli hngrng`ldtl, ls qul

`ufki hl ci qul suflhl ld lc fulrpi trgs ud hngmdöstnfi ls fgusghi pir lc
hngmdöstnfi `ns`i y dghg tnldl qul vlr fid cg ldalr`lhgh i lc primrg`g ndnfngc.
Frli qul ld cg fgrrlrg hl @lhnfndg hljlràg kgjlr udg `gtlrng ijcnmgtirng qul
dis ldsl÷l g kgjcgr fid dulstris fidsuctgdtls. \dg `gtlrng qul dis prlpgrl
pgrg hlfnrcl g udg plrsidg qul lstç gtrgvlsgdhi ud priflsi hl sgcuh y,
lsplfngc`ldtl, qul dis prlpgrg pgrg hgr hngmdöstnfi hl Fçdflr (fid cg
fidditgfnöd qul kiy tnldl lsl hngmdöstnfi). @ufkgs vlfls, `l mustgràg mrgjgr
g cgs plrsidgs qul vnldld g cg fidsuctg y `l fuldtgd cg air`g tlrrnjcl ld cg qul

kgd rlfnjnhi sus hngmdöstnfis. Ld lc `çs fi`pclti hlsg`pgri, snd fidtldfnöd,

fid pgcgjrgs qul hulcld, cgstn`gd y ldalr`gd. Hngmdöstnfi di`jrghi `ufkgs
vlfls fid cgs pgcgjrgs `çs kirrnjcls fid cgs qul sl pulhl sldtldfngr g `ulrtl
g ud slr ku`gdi. Ldtldhg`is, lstn`ghis ficlmgs, qul udg pgcgjrg pulhl
gftnvgr y hlsldfghldgr ud fidacnfti jnicömnfi. ^ ud fidacnfti jnicömnfi gsifnghi
gc fidacnfti irnmndgc hlsldfghld
hlsldfghldgg ud fi`ji lxpcisnvi.

Cg `gdlrg ld cg fugc sl trgds`ntl, ld mldlrgc, lc hngmdöstnfi ls gcmi qul

gÿd di pulhi fi`prldhlr. @çs gccç hlc fidflpti qul tldmg`is hl ldalr`lhgh,
hl cg `lhnfndg qul prgftnqul`is, `çs gccç hl fugcqunlr pldsg`nldti, `çs gccç
hl cg frlldfng qul slg, cg hlsku`gdnzgfnöd hl cg `lhnfndg tihgvàg `l fidtndÿg
sirprldhnldhi, gtrgvlsgdhi y hicnldhi kgstg cis kulsis. Lstg`is gdtl itrg
plrsidg nmugc g disitris. Lstg`is gdtl ud slr ku`gdi, di gdtl ud fgsi.
Xldmg`is qundfl `ndutis pgrg gtldhlrci i his kirgs, di n`pirtg. N`pirtg cg
fgcnhgh hlc trgti qul cl
c l iarlfl`is. Cis fnldtis hl tu`irls mldlrghis hàg g hhàg,
àg,
kirg g kirg, pir cis fidacnftis hngmdöstnfis ls gcmi qul pihl`is rlvlrtnr. Ls
sldfncci? lclvgdhi lc dnvlc hl fidfnldfng, lc g`ir y cg fi`pgsnöd kgfng lc pröon`i5
trgtgdhi gc itri fi`i `l mustgràg qul `l trgtld g `à `ns`i, pirqul tÿ y yi
si`is lc `ns`i, si`is slrls hl cg `ns`g ku`gdnhgh, si`is udi fid lc
\dnvlrsi y cg Frlgfnöd.
Vnldti `uy n`pirtgdtl qul hlsplrtl`is fi`i ku`gdnhgh, qul slg`is
fidsfnldtls hl dulstris pldsg`nldtis y hl dulst
dulstris
ris gftis, qul fi`prldhg`is

kgstg hödhl udg pgcgjrg pulhl n`pgftgr ld lc itri. Xl viy g trgds`ntnr vnvldfngs
hl `ns fidsuctgs, qul fi`i tl hlfàg gdtls, gc hàg hl kiy `l fidmlcgd lc fulrpi
gc lsfufkgrcgs, di pgrg qulhgrdis ld lstgs pgcgjrgs, `gs sà pgrg ti`gr
fidsfnldfng hl cg dlflsnhgh hl vnvnr rlgc`ldtl fi`i ku`gdnhgh.

Qlrödnfg, udg oivld `g`ç `uy klr`isg y hucfl ld tihi su slr, cclmg fid
Ç`jgr, su dn÷g hl
h l his `lsls, ld jrgzis. @nldtrgs cg g`g`gdtg, `l fuldtg qul
his sl`gdgs gtrçs kgjàg nhi g cg mndlföcimg pir ud sgdmrghi vgmndgc. Lstg
prialsnidgc cl rlgcnzg udg jnipsng. Culmi, Qlrödnfg vg g jusfgr lc rlsuctghi. ^ cg
hiftirg cl hnfl, cntlrgc`ldtl,
c ntlrgc`ldtl, lsti? –¹Wuî frlls qul tnldls9 Ci plir, ci `çs `gci,
ud fçdflr hl cis plirls qul kgy. Gsà, fi`i ci clls. Vn lrls ficlmg, sgjls qul
`ufkis hngmdöstnfis sl hgd gsà, fgsn guti`çtnfg`ldtl
guti`çtnfg`ldtl y snd rlmnstrgr ci hnfki dn
cg `gdlrg hl hlfnrci. Cg difkl hlc hàg ld qul rlfnjnö lc hngmdöstnfi, Qlrödnfg

hloö hl tldlr clfkl pgrg g`g`gdtgr g su knog. ¹Aul fgsugcnhgh9 ¹Vu jnicimàg
ldciqulfnö9 Qlrödnfg di hur`nö pir trls `lsls, hloö hl gcn`ldtgrsl y ldtrö ld
udg hlprlsnöd, qul cis `îhnfis hlandnlrid fi`i pistpgrti. ¹Aul fgsugcnhgh9
¹Vu jnicimàg ldciqulfnö9 Fcgri qul di. Vu flrljri ldtrö ld gclrtg, rlfnjnö cg
ndair`gfnöd qul hl qul lstgjg ld plcnmri. Vl gftnvö, hàg y difkl, su snstl`g
sn`pçtnfi. Vl `l fgld cgs cçmrn`gs tihgvàg rlfirhgdhi lsl rlcgti. Xihi ci qul
suflhnö ld lsg `g`ç y ld lsg jljg
jlj g trgs lsl ndku`gdi hnsfursi. I, `loir hnfki,
trgs ud hnsfursi rlgc`ldtl hlsku`gdnzghi.

Itri lol`pci.

Ougd, hl 1< g÷is, ls ud ki`jrl sgdi y snd dndmÿd sàdti`g, og`çs sl kn

knzi
zi
ud fidtric `îhnfi. Vlmÿd îc, tnldl gvlrsnöd g cis `îhnfis, fidsuctgs y
`lhnfg`ldtis. Ld ud `i`ldti, su lspisg cl sicnfntg
sicn fntg qul pir agvir sl fidtricl,
qul kgfl tgdtis g÷is qul di vl g ud `îhnfi, qul yg ls mrgdhl, ltf., ltf., ltf.
Ougd, gfflhl y vnsntg g ud `îhnfi fcàdnfi. @îhnfi qul g Ougd cl hnfl, cntlrgc`ldtl?
–¹Wunlrls vnvnr :2 g÷is `çs9‐ –Và‐, hnfl Ougd, –¡Fcgri!‐ Ldtidfls, lc `îhnfi, ld
audfnöd hl cg `lhnfndg qul prgftnfg, gpcnfg lc pritifici
pritifici y cl ndhnfg ci qul dlflsntg
pir su lhgh? ldhisfipàgs, lxg`ld pristçtnfi, lfimrgaàgs, rghnimrgaàg y
cgjirgtirni. Ld udg sl`gdg, cl pusnlrid ud tuji pir cg jifg, udi pir lc gdi, `çs
lc tgfti rlftgc, `çs cis pndfkgzis, ltf. Rgrg îc, pgrg Ougd, ld audfnöd hl su sldtnr,
frlldfngs y dlflsnhghls rlgcls, tuvi udg vnvldfng tlrrnjcl`ldtl trgu`çtnfg qul
cl mldlrö mrgd gdmustng y `nlhi g tldlr ldalr`lhghls. Vl sndtnö vnicghi, gsà aul

fi`i ci `gdnalstö ld cg fidsuctg. Ristlrnir`ldtl, fid cömnfg jnicömnfg, rlgcnzg

udg ndalffnöd urndgrng y udg mrnpl. Xihgs `gdnalstgfnidls cömnfgs hl rlspulstgs
g lstgs prçftnfgs rlgcnzghgs
rlgcn zghgs hl `gdlrg hlsplrsidgcnzghg, snd gfi`pg÷g`nldt
gfi`pg÷g`nldti,
i,
snd g`ir, snd `àdn`g`ldtl dghnl qul cl prlmudtl dn cl pnhg plr`nsi pgrg dghg.
Lsti di tlr`ndg gfç? ld cg lfimrgaàg gjhi`ndgc sl vni ud tu`ir rldgc. Ougd vnsntg
gc uröcimi, qunld gc vlr cg n`gmld cl hnfl qul tnldl ud tu`ir `gcnmdi qul ls
`irtgc y qul kgy qul iplrgrci yg pirqul sn di vg g `irnr. Ougd cl tldàg tlrrir g
cgs fnrumàgs l ndstru`ldtgf
nd stru`ldtgfnidls.
nidls. Gsà qul cl prlmudtg? –¹^g tldmi qul iplrgr`l9
Dlflsnti udis hàgs, ud `ls, tldmi ud dlmifni qul irmgdnzgr, siy yi sici
sistldnldhi cg lfidi`àg hl `n ag`ncng ‐. Lc `îhnfi rlspidhl qul di tnldl tnl`pi,
qul sn di sl iplrg yg sl vg g `irnr. Ougd sndtnö qul su vnhg sl hls`iridö ld cis
`ndutis hl cg fidsuctg, sl n`gmndö qul su dlmifni quljrgràg gc di pihlr
irmgdnzgr ci qul dlflsntgjg gfi`ihgr, qul di pihràg rlsicvlr cg lfidi`àg hl
su kimgr, qul su ag`ncng sl njg g `irnr hl kg`jrl (gsà ci fidtgjg, fid lstgs
pgcgjrgs), y qul îc, fcgrg`ldtl, sl pihràg `irnr pir lc tu`ir i pir cg fnrumàg. Vl
prgftnfg cg fnrumàg y ld udg ti`imrgaàg hl fidtric trls `lsls hlspuîs hl cg
iplrgfnöd, sl vld clsnidls tu`irgcls ld puc`öd l kàmghi. Hlshl cgs Clyls
Jnicömnfgs, tldnldhi ld fuldtg cg Wundtg Cly qul dis hnfl qul tihi lstç
primrg`ghi ld tîr`ndis jnicömnfis hl suplrvnvldfng, hnràg`is qul lsgs
sicufnidls jnicömnfgs (qul ccg`g`is tu`ir ld puc`öd, tu`ir ld kàmghi) sid
rlspulstg g fidacnftis vntgcls hl `nlhi g `irnr y `nlhi g `irnrsl hl kg`jrl.
¹Aul fgsugcnhgh9 ¹Lc fulrpi agccö9

Di ci frli.

Dlflsntg`is fi`prldhlr qul lc hngmdöstnfi di sici ls ci qul sl hnfl,

sndi ci `gdlrg ld cg fugc
fug c sl ci hnfl. Lc trgtg`nldti di sici ls ccii qul sl kgfl sndi
cg air`g ld cg fugc sl ci kgfl. Lc hngmdöstnfi pulhl slr udg klrrg`nldtg `çs,
gcmi qul dis snrvg pgrg hgrdis fuldtg quî dis pgsg, pir quî y pgrg quî dis
pgsg, y irnldtgr hl cg `gdlrg `çs fidvldnldtl g cg kirg hl lclmnr lc trgtg`nldti
g `lhnhg hl ci
c i qul fghg plrsidg dlflsntg. I jnld, lc hngmdöstnfi pulhl slr udg
sldtldfng hl `ulrtl. Gsà ls.

^, ci `ns`i, suflhl fid cis trgtg`nldtis. Vlgd cis trgtg`nldtis qul

aulrgd. Di n`pirtg sn sid gcipçtnfis, fidvldfnidgcls, gctlrdgtnvis,
fi`pcl`ldtgrnis, dgturnstgs, hl iffnhldtl i hl irnldtl. Vn di ls ud trgol g

`lhnhg cg plrsidg qul gtrgvnlsg ud priflsi hl sgcuh, pulhl cclmgr g slr

fgtgströanfi. Gsà ci frli yi.
G pr
p r ip
ipös
ös nt i h l cgs Cly ls J nicö
ni cö mnfgs
mn fgs , it r g fi df cu sn öd

¹Wuî fidfcuyi yi hl `n prçftnfg `îhnfg9

Zlgc`ldtl frli qul lc fidifn`nldti qul gtrgvnlsg lc fulrpi sl

trgdsair`g ld sgjnhuràg. Lstl cnjri ndtldtg rlaclogr lsl priflsi ld `à. Di sl trgtg
sn`pcl`ldtl hl fidifn`nldti. Hl sgjlr y sgjlr. Ls dlflsgrni qul fghg udi hl
disitris kgmg fgrdl lsl sgjlr, qul ci jgol gc fulrpi, qul kgmg fidsfnldfng.
Vici gsà pihl`is rll`pcgzgr udg frlldfng pir itrg qul fidsnhlrl`is
vlrhghlrg.

Vici gsà dulstri flrljri pulhl hlsprimrg`gr udg fisg y grtnfucgr itrg.

¹Wuî vli ld `n lxplrnldfng, g cg cuz hl cg

c g sgjnhuràg hl cg fugc siy pgrtl9

Qli fgdtnhgh hl `uolrls oövldls fid gctlrgfnidls `ldstrugcls,

gctlrgfnidls kir`idgcls ld gdçcnsns hl cgjirgtirni, slmurg`ldtl trgdsntirngs y
gsifnghgs g sus vnvldfngs y sus fidacnftis, g qunldls ld cgs fidsuctgs
mndlficömnfgs cls kgd hnfki ld `ndutis, snd fidiflrcgs, snd sgjlr sn qunlrg, g
vlfls, su di`jrl, snd tldlr fidtgfti fid su jnimrgaàg,
jnimr gaàg, su knstirng plrsidgc, sus
frlldfngs, sus `nlhis, snd cg `çs `àdn`g fidtldfnöd dn rlpgri, qul tnldld
`ldipgusng prlfiz y qul di vgd g pihlr tldlr knois. Culmi hl lsl hnsfursi,
vnvldfnghi fi`i fidacnfti hl hlsvgcirnzgfnöd pir pîrhnhg hl knois, cg jnicimàg hl
gqulccgs `uolrls, fi`i rlpulstg g gqulc fidacnfti vntgc, hlsgrriccg tu`irls hl
ivgrnis. Cg`ldtgjcl`ldtl, `l fgdsi
fgdsi hl vnvldfngrci ld `n prçftnfg fitnhngdg.

^ gsà, rlgc`ldtl, pulhi lsfrnjnr fnldtis hl lol`pcis. Cls gslmuri udg

fisg qul vlrnanfi hàg g hàg, tihis cis hàgs? ls `çs hnaàfnc rlvlrtnr udg sldtldfng
`îhnfg qul fugcqunlr itri fidacnfti qul trgnmg lc fidsuctgdtl. Lsti sl hg snl`prl
gsà.

¹Rir quî9
Cis `îhnfis di si`is suplrkîrils (`çs gccç hl qul, g vlfls, sl dis trgtg fi`i
tgcls y, itrgs vlfls, disitris dis frll`is fid tgcls hidls). Kiy, ld lstg
sifnlhgh, y hghi cg gutirnhgh qul sl dis fidanlrl rlsplfti hl cis priflsis hl
sgcuh, sà tldl`is pihlr y `ufkgs vlfls ci lolrfl`is snd rlspidsgjncnhgh.

Xldl`is lc pihlr hl slr fgtgcnzghirls hlc pihlr hl sgdgfnöd hl itrg plrsidg.

^ tg`jnîd tldl`is lc pihlr hl hlfrltgr fid dulstrg pgcgjrg cg
c g `ulrtl.

Vuldg aulrtl, `gs ls gsà.

Xldl`is cnfldfng pgrg gyuhgr g itri g sgdgr y g vnvnr.

^ tldl`is cnfldfng pgrg hg÷gr, sn lolrfl`is dulstri grtl snd fidsfnldfng,
hir`nhis y snd rlmnstri hl cg rlgcnhgh hlc itri.

Rirqul fugdhi udg plrsidg vg g gc `îhnfi, cl itirmg lc pihlr. Ls gsà

fi`i cg `gyiràg hl disitris vg`is gc `îhnfi. Lsi, tg`jnîd kgjcg hl disitris,
disitris ,
cis –pgfnldtls‐. Hl hlclmgr ld itri cg rlspidsgjncnhgh hl dulstris priflsis.
Ndsnsti, pihl`is dlflsntgr ud muàg, gcmunld qul dis gsnstg, dis gfi`pg÷l y dis
fidanr`l dulstrgs rlalrldfngs ndtlrdgs. ^ pihl`is, g su vlz, slr qunldls

hnrnmn`is lsis priflsis, qunldls ti`g`is cgs hlfnsnidls. Lsti ls pisnjcl, fcgri
qul ls pisnjcl. Gkirg jnld, pgrg qul lsti slg pisnjcl cis fidsuctgdtls
dlflsntg`is hl `îhnfis qul dis gfi`pg÷ld snd ounfni, snd hnrnmnrdis,
hnrnmnr dis, ld cnjlrtgh,
fid g`ir, fid fidsfnldfng y rlspidsgjncnhgh,
r lspidsgjncnhgh, lsfufkgd
lsfufkgdhi
hi ci qul pgsg rlgc`ldtl
ld dulstri fulrpi. Rirqul lc –pgfnldtl‐ sl ldtrlmg pir fi`pclti gc `îhnfi. Lstç
vucdlrgjcl. ^ lc gjusi hl lsl
l sl pihlr hl pgrtl hlc `îhnfi, pir `çs qul slg sutnc,
n`pcàfnti, y `ufkgs vlfls fid juldgs ndtldfnidls, pulhl ifgsnidgr ud mrgd
hg÷i.

\d hg÷i ndfid`ldsurgjcl5 n`pisnjcl hl hn`ldsnidgr.

Cg `gdlrg hl kgjcgr y hl vndfucgrdis fid lc fidsuctgdt

fidsuctgdtll hljlràg slr, g `n
ldtldhlr, udg hl cgs prn`lrgs `gtlrngs ld dulstrg air`gfnöd fi`i `îhnfis. ^
ls pgrtl hl lstl lsfrnti fiiplrgr ld lsl sldtnhi. Di ls qul yi `l pidmi fi`i
vgrg, hlshl ud pÿcpnti, ouzmgdhi lc gffnidgr goldi. ^i lstuvl ld lsis cumgrls
vnicldtis, hl udg vnicldfng sutnc, plri, pir
p ir su sutnclzg, fgtgströanfg. Dlflsntg`is
hgrdis fuldtg hl fö`i dis vndfucg`is, cis `îhnfis fid –cis pgfnldtls‐.
Xg`jnîd, hl fö`i –cis pgfnldtls‐ hlpisntg`is ld itrg gutirnhgh lc pihlr hl
dulstrg sgdgfnöd. Kgy qul hlsplrtgr g itrg fidsfnldfng? g`jis, `îhnfis y

fidsuctgdtls si`is rlspidsgjcls. ^ sgjlr qul di kgy dghnl ld lstl pcgdi qul
tldmg `çs pihlr sijrl udi `ns`i, `çs vlrhgh y `çs flrtlzg qul udi `ns`i.
Vi`is disitris, cis pgfnldtls, qunldls kgjntg`is dulstri fulrpi cis 61< hàgs

hlc g÷i. Ls `çs, si`is lsl fulrpi, lsg fgrdl, lsl lspàrntu, lsg `ldtl, lsg
fidsfnldfng y lsg knstirng hl vnhg.

^ fugdhi lc fulrpi kgjcg, kgjcg`is disitris.

^ fugdhi lc fulrpi `gdnanlstg, ci kgfl`is disitris.

Ls dlflsgrni rlfirhgr lc fulrpi qul si`is.

Ls dlflsgrni lsfufkgr dulstri fulrpi.

Ls dlflsgrni hgrcl vgcir g dulstrg pripng viz.

Ls dlflsgrni clmntn`gr dulstrgs rlalrldfngs ndtlrdgs.

Ls dlflsgrni hgrcl frîhnti g dulstri sldtnr.

Ls dlflsgrni pidlr cg irlog ld dulstrg jnicimàg.

^ ls dlflsgrni qul lc `îhnfi pidmg cg irlog, lc g`ir y lc firgzöd ld lc

fidsuctgdtl, fi`i sn îc aulsl yi `ns`i.

Ls dlflsgrni, n`prlsfndhnjcl `l gtrlvlràg g hlfnr, qul rlfuplrl`is lc

l`pihlrg`nldti, qul fidanl`is ld dulstrg fgpgfnhgh hl hnsflrdn`nldti, qul
fidlftl`is fid dulstri sldtnr sijrl cg rlgcnhgh hl cgs fisgs, qul hlsplrtl`is,
qul lclvl`is cg fidfnldfng, qul jusqul`is cg vlrhgh, dulstrg vlrhgh, qul
fi`prldhg`is lc primrg`g qul si`is y qul vndn`is g slr. Fugdhi dulstri
firgzöd dis ndhnfg qul lc fg`ndi ls ld fnlrtg hnrlffnöd, di sl lqunvifg. Dis
lstç kgjcgdhi lc Gc`g, lc Gc`g ci sgjl tihi, ci rlfulrhg tihi, og`çs sl
lqunvifg. Dis lqunvifg`is fugdhi hlog`is gtrgpgrdis pir lc fulrpi `ldtgc,
cis `nlhis, cg ndslmurnhgh, `gs lc sldtnr snl`prl ls y slrç mldundi. Xihis
tldl`is dulstri tlrflr ioi, sici qul g vlfls kl`is plr`ntnhi flrrgrci i qul dis
ci fnlrrld. Và i sà, snd `çs, ls kirg hl hl
hlsplrtgr.
splrtgr.

Fi`i yg tl fidtî càdlgs grrnjg,

gr rnjg, lstgs Clyls Jnicömnfgs qul lstgjgd, lstçd
y lstgrçd ld cg dgturgclzg y ld cg jnicimàg, audfnidgdhi g plsgr hl di slr
di`jrghgs, vgcnhghgs y clmntn`ghgs, iplrgdhi hl klfki, ld cg lvnhldfng hngrng
y fitnhngdg hl fghg udi hl disitris. Gqulccgs clyls, gqulccg sgjnhuràg aulrid
pgrg `à ud hlsplrtgr hl fidfnldfng. Zlprlsldtgrid cg ccgvl pgrg gjrnr itrgs
pulrtgs. G pgrtnr hl gkà, ldfidtrî ld cg `lhnfndg udg cömnfg jnicömnfg qul lxpcnfg

lc pir quî y pgrg quî hl fghg primrg`g lsplfngc sldsgti qul ccg`çjg`is
ldalr`lhgh. Aulrid cg lvnhldfng fnldtàanfg qul clmntn`ö `ns ndtunfnidls. Aul ud
agri, fi`i tl hnol, ld `n dguargmni. Aul ud gdtls y ud hlspuîs. \d hgr`l fuldtg
y di pihlr vicvlr cg `nrghg gtrçs. Clyls qul pulhi lxplrn`ldtgr, fi`prijgr y
vlrnanfgr hngrng`ldtl. \d fg`jni hl pgrghnm`g rlgc.

Lstiy ltlrdg`ldtl gmrghlfnhg gc Hr. Kg`lr pir sus hlsfujrn`nldtis, pir

hlhnfgr cg vnhg ld pis hl cg ku`gdnhgh, gc hlsfujrn`nldti hl lstgs clyls y g
slmunr ndvlstnmgdhi kgstg lc ÿctn`i hl sus hàgs. Ltlrdg`ldtl gmrghlfnhg g tihis
cis `glstris y muàgs hl lstl y hl itris pcgdis qul `l aulrid mungdhi ld lc
fg`ndi hl `n hlsplrtgr
h lsplrtgr (y snmuld kgfnîdhici), rlfirhçdhi`l lc pripösnti hl `n
vnhg ld cg Xnlrrg, qul ls cg `nsnöd kgfng lc hlsplrtgr y cg frlgfnöd hl udg Dulvg
Ku`gdnhgh. Mrgfngs, mrgfngs, mrgfngs.

Mrgfngs, ndandntg`ldtl mrgfngs.

Fcgri qul kgy qul slmunr cgs ndvlstnmgfnidls.

Cg sgjnhuràg di ls lstçtnfg,
l stçtnfg, sndi hndç`nfg. ^ frli qul cg irnldtgfnöd hljl
slr cg ndtlmrgfnöd. Ndtlmrgr ld cumgr hl lxfcunr. Fi`pcl`ldtgrsl ld cumgr hl
rlfkgzgrsl. Lsi `l ci hl`ulstrg lc Dulvi Rgrghnm`g hl Vgcuh qul prgftnfi.
Hidhl frli qul fghg klrrg`nldtg, pir sà `ns`g
`n s`g pulhl slr `ncgmrisg. Rlri fghg
klrrg`nldtg gpcnfghg hl air`g snstl`çtnfg g fugcqunlr plrsidg,
ndhlpldhnldtl`ldtl hl qunîd sl trgtg y hlc fidtlxti, pulhl slr (fi`i ci ls)

fgtgströanfg.
Frli qul lstis hlsfujrn`nldtis dis plr`ntld rlsnmdnanfgr dulstri grtl? cg
sgdgfnöd. Wul fcgrg`ldtl snl`prl prn`lri ls cg pripng, yg qul di pulhi hgr
dghg qul di tldmg ld `à. Di pulhi hgr g`ir, fi`pgsnöd, rlmnstri dn sgdgfnöd
sn prn`lri tihi lsi di lstç ld `à.

^ frli qul kgy qul trgsfldhlr lstis fidifn`nldt

fidifn`nldtis.
is.

Ci vlrhghlri ls sn`pcl y snl`prl sl `gdnanlstg.

 Cg sgjnhuràg lstç gkà, lsplrgdhi qul cg kgmg`is dulstrg lxplrnldfng.

Lc sldtnhi hl fi`pgrtnr `n lxplrnldfng ls qul, tgc vlz, ld lstl `i`ldti,

tÿ pulhls lstgr dlflsntgdhi lstg sgjnhuràg. Xgc vlz, pulhls, ld lstl `i`ldti,

slr ud prialsnidgc hl cg sgcuh qul ndnfnö udg jÿsqulhg, qul tnldl huhgs, qul
ndtldtg ldfidtrgr ud agri ld lc fg`ndi. Cgs vnvldfngs hl `ns fidsuctgdtls pulhld
lstgr snldhi tus vnvldfngs, y tgc vlz lstgs càdlgs tl gfcgrld, tl cclvld g cg
jÿsqulhg, tl trgdquncnfld y tl hld pgz. Lstl ls udi hl cis sldtnhis hl lstgs
pçmndgs. Zlgc`ldtl lstiy fidvldfnhg hl qul cis sgjlrls dis plrtldlfld g
tihis fi`i ku`gdnhgh, plrtldlfld gc ndfidsfnldtl ficlftnvi y fidstntuyld udi
hl `ns fi`pri`nsis ld lstg vnhg. Gsà ci snldti. Di qunlri qulhgr`l fid dndmudg
pgcgjrg, dndmÿd fidifn`nldti jgoi cg `gdmg, dndmudg lxplrnldfng qul vgyg
ghqunrnldhi, pirqul di `l plrtldlfld. Vnldti cg ijcnmgfnöd y cg rlspidsgjncnhgh
hl trgs`ntnrcis5 ls `n `gyir hlsli qul slg udg plqul÷g i mrgd klrrg`nldtg hl
utncnhgh ld cg Xnlrrg. Hîog`l hgrtl cg mrgfngs g tn pir kgjlr clàhi lstgs càdlgs. Vnd
tu clfturg lstgs càdlgs di tnldld dndmÿd sldtnhi.

Mrgfngs g Hnis, g cg Qnrmld, gc \dnvlrsi, g `n ag`ncng hl irnmld lstlcgr y g

tihis cis slrls hl cuz qul mungrid lstl lsfrnti y gsnstnlrid fghg udg hl lstgs
pgcgjrgs.

Jldhnfnöd, cuz, g`ir, fidsfnldfng, pgz y hlsplrtgr pgrg fghg slr ku`gdi
qul cgs rlfnjg. Vî qul oudtis lstg`is frlgdhi cg Dulvg Ku`gdnhgh.

Cg Dulvg Xnlrrg ls ud Klfki, Klfki lstç.

Mrgfngs, mrgfngs, mrgfngs.

Xl G`i.

Gdhrlg Mughgcupl Grisni Jgdhnrgcn

Lstl rlmgci ls pgrg vis. Vid `ldsgols qul kgfld g `n trgdsair`gfnöd hngrng.
Cis fugtri gfulrhis tictlfgs

Vî n`plfgjcl fid tus pgcgjrgs

Kgjcg fid ndtlmrnhgh. Hn sici ci qul hlslgs hlfnr. Lvntg utncnzgr pgcgjrgs
pgrg kgjcgr ld tu fidtrg i `ur`urgr sijrl itris.

\sg lc pihlr hl tus pgcgjrgs ld hnrlffnöd g cg vlrhgh y lc g`ir.

Fugdhi lrls n`plfgjcl fid tus pgcgjrgs tl snldtls jnld, lstçs alcnz y ld
pgz.

Di ci ti`ls plrsidgc

Dghg hl ci qul kgfld cis hl`çs ls pir tn. Ci qul itris hnfld y kgfld ls

udg priylffnöd hl sus pripngs rlgcnhghls, sus pripnis sul÷is. Fugdhi slgs
nd`udl g cgs ipndnidls y gffnidls hl itris, hlogrçs hl slr cg vàftn`g hl
suarn`nldtis nddlflsgrnis.

Di kgmgs supisnfnidls

Xld lc firgol hl kgflr

k gflr prlmudtgs y lxprlsgr ci qul rlgc`ldtl qunlrls.

Fi`udàfgtl fid cis hl`çs tgd fcgrg`ldtl fi`i tl slg pisnjcl pgrg lvntgr
`gcis ldtldhnhis, trnstlzg y hrg`g. Xgd sici fid lstl gfulrhi pulhls fg`jngr
tu vnhg pir fi`pclti.

Kgz snl`prl ci `loir qul pulhgs

Ci `loir hl tn fg`jngrç hl vlz ld fugdhi5 slrç hnalrldtl fugdhi lstîs

tgd fgdsghi fi`i ipulsti g jnld
j nld hlsfgdsghi.

Ld fugcqunlr fnrfudstgdfng, sn`pcl`ldtl kgz ci `loir qul pulhgs, lvntg lc

guti ouzmgrtl, lc gjusi pripni y lc grrlpldtn`nldti.
grr lpldtn`nldti.
Gmrghlfn`nldti andgc

Mrgfngs, mrgfngs, mrgfngs g tihgs

ti hgs g tihgs cgs gc`gs qul lstg`is trgjgogdhi
ld cg fidstruffnöd hl cg Dulvg Ku`gdnhgh, mrgfngs pir rlfirhgr qul
si`is lspàrntu vnvnldhi udg lxplrnldfng ku`gdg. Mrgtntuh ndandntg g tu slr
pir lclvgr cg vnjrgfnöd, cg fidsfnldfng y slr pgrtl hl lstg frlgfnöd.
frlgfnöd . Mrgfngs,
mrgfngs, mrgfngs. Xl g`i.
Gdhrlg Mughgcupl Grisni
 Jnjcnimrgaàg
Hnrlftrnflss pgrg rlhgftgr rlalrldfngs jnjcnimrçanfgs
Hnrlftrnfl
• Gutir Gplccnhi l ndnfngc(ls) hl cis di`jrl(s)
• G÷i hl pujcnfgfnöd
pu jcnfgfnöd (ldtrl pgrîdtlsns)
• Xàtuci hlc trgjgoi y sujtàtuci, sn kgy, slpgrghis pir his pudtis (ld ntçcnfgs i
dlmrntgs)
• Lhnfnöd g pgrtnr hl cg slmudhg lhnfnöd, sl gjrlvng fid (lh.) ( ...
• Cumgr hl pujcnfgfnöd.
• Lhntirngc.

KG@LZ, Zyel Mllrh, Lc Xlstg`ldti hl udg Dulvg @lhnfndg.

KG@LZ, Zyel Mllrh, Audhg`ldtis hl udg Dulvg @lhnfndg.
KG@LZ, Zyel Mllrh, Xgjcgs fnldtàanfgs hl cg Dulvg @lhnfndg Mlr`çdnfg.
KG@LZ, Zyel Mllrh, Ndtrihuffnöd g cg Dulvg @lhnfndg.
KG@LZ, Zyel Mllrh, Lc ndagrti, ldalr`lhgh hlc gc`g.
@G@JZLXXN, M.5 VÎZGRKND, O., Cg `lhnfndg pgtgs pgrg grrnjg. ¹^ sn Kg`lr
tuvnlrg rgzöd9 NVJD >=;-;;>-=><7-<1-;.
>=;-;;>-=><7-<1-;.
RANVXLZ, @.5 FLCCG, V., Cg ldalr`lhgh ls itrg fisg.
CNRXID, Jrufl, Cg jnicimàg hl
hl cg frlldfng. NVJD >=;->;=-7:27-6>-1.

CNRXID, Jrufl, Jnicimàg hl cg trgdsair`gfnöd.

trgdsair`gfnöd. NVJD >=;->;=-6=>=-7>-8.
>=;->;=-6=>=-7>-8.

JZGHLD, Mrlmm, Cg furgfnöd lspidtçdlg hl cgs frlldfngs.

NVJD >=;-;8=-;2;1-11-<.
>=;-;8=-;2;1-11-<.
JZGHLD, Mrlm, Cg `gtrnz hnvndg. NVJD >=;-;8=-;2;;-:;-=.
>=;-;8=-;2;;-:;-=.
HLXKCLAVLD, X5 HGKCEL, Z, Cg ldalr`lhgh fi`i fg`ndi.
NVJD >=;->;=-776;-=2-;.
>=;->;=-776;-=2-;.
@IZNX_, Gdhrlgs, Cis slfrltis ltlrdis hl cg sgcuh.
NVJD >=;-;8>-===<-2=-1
>=;-;8>-===<-2=-1