Introduction:

The Internet is one of the most important and influential innovations on

our daily lives, and it relies on the famous TCP/IP model in managing
communications between devices on the network. Understanding the
working mechanism of this model, which is used in the management of
computer networks and the Internet, is essential for anyone who wants
to work in this field or obtain basic knowledge in the field of information
technology.

TCP/IP: The TCP/IP model is an architectural model for computer

networks that is used in the Internet and computer networks.

The TCP/IP model is characterized by speed and efficiency in transferring

data over the network, and this model is the basic standard for the
Internet and many computer networks.

History:
The TCP/IP model dates back to the early 1970s when the US
Department of Defense developed this model as an alternative to the
ARPANET model. This model was developed by a number of scientists
.and researchers, including Vint Cerf, Bob Kanp and John Postel

In 1983, the TCP/IP model was adopted as the official standard for
communications on the Internet, and it has been widely used around the
world in the following decades. This model helped revolutionize the
world of communications and networks, and made the Internet a global
means of communication and communication that millions of people,
.companies and governments around the world depend on
number of layers:
The number of layers in the TCP/IP model depends on the way the layers
are categorized and the tasks are divided in the model. In some
references, the TCP/IP model may be referred to as having 5 layers
instead of 4, because some tasks are combined between the layers in
this case.

The TCP/IP model consists of the following layers:

.1 Network Layer: It is responsible for determining the way data is

transmitted over the network and finding the best way to transmit it .

-2 The Internet Layer: It is responsible for determining the IP

addresses of devices and directing data packets from one place to
another over the network.

-3 The Transport Layer: It is responsible for dividing the data into

small packages to facilitate their transfer and reassembly again upon
reaching the receiver.

-4Application Layer: It is responsible for providing the services that

the user needs, such as e-mail, the web, files, and others.
As we said, it should be noted that there is not always agreement on the
number of layers in the TCP/IP model, and the tasks in the layers are
divided in a different way between different references.
Also, the order and classification of layers may differ slightly from one
reference to another, but the order I mentioned is the most common
and depends on the TCP/IP model.

Here are some other classifications of the TCP/IP model:

The most important applications of TCP/IP:

The TCP/IP model is used in many important and basic applications for
communications and networks, and its most important applications are:

1- The Internet: The TCP/IP model is used to facilitate Internet

communications and the transmission of data between users and
servers.
2- E-mail: SMTP (Simple Mail Transfer Protocol), which is part of the
TCP/IP model, is used to send e-mail over the Internet.

3- Network applications: The TCP / IP model is used to connect various

network applications such as chat applications, voice calls and video
over the Internet.

4- Virtual Private Networks (VPN): The TCP/IP model is used to

facilitate VPN connections and send data securely over the Internet.

5- Industrial automation: The TCP/IP model is used in communication

between various industrial control systems and industrial networks
to exchange data and determine the control of industrial processes.

6- Cybersecurity: The TCP/IP model is used to secure communications

and networks through various protocols used for encryption,
authentication, verification, and authentication.

7- Medical Systems: The TCP/IP model is used in communication

between different electronic health systems to exchange medical
files and patients' medical history.

8- Business: The TCP / IP model is used in communication between

different companies to exchange information and control
commercial and financial operations.
In conclusion:
understanding the TCP/IP model, its mechanism of action, and its uses is
very important for anyone working in the field of information
technology, and individuals wishing to work in or learn in this field can
benefit from this research and the additional resources available to
enhance their knowledge and increase their understanding of this
important topic.