ELECTRIC MOTORS

Lecture 3
ELECTRIC MOTORS
Electro-mechanical devices used to convert electric energy into
mechanical energy

𝑃 = 𝑉𝐼 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝜃

Where:
P = Power
V = Voltage
I = Current
cos θ = Phase factor
ELECTRIC MOTORS
Efficient means of converting energy into mechanical energy compared
to gasoline and diesel engines.

Energy conversion efficiencies of major farm power units.

POWER UNIT ENERGY CONVERSION

EFFICIENCY %
Electric motor 50-99
Gasoline engine 25
Diesel engine 40
ELECTRIC MOTORS
They are commonly used as prime movers for stationary and indoor
equipment such as those used for processing of farm products and by-
products
ELECTRIC MOTORS
Advantages over engines
1. Low initial cost;
2. Available in fractional hp sizes (1/4, ½, ¾ hp) and low integral hp
sizes (1, 1 ½, 2, 2 ½, 3 hp);
3. Compact;
4. Long life;
5. Easy to start and simple to operate;
6. Inexpensive to operate;
7. Quiet operation;
8. No exhaust fumes; and
9. potential for automatic control.
ELECTRIC MOTORS
Disadvantages
1. Not adapted to mobile applications such as field machines;
2. Used only in farms with existing electric lines; and
3. Affected by power outages.
ELECTRIC MOTORS
Classifications

Source: PAES 129:2002

DIRECT-CURRENT MOTORS
Use direct-unidirectional current.
Commonly used in special applications where high torque starting or
smooth acceleration over a broad speed range is required.
STATOR
Stationary part of the electric motor with a number of windings.
ARMATURE (ROTOR)
Becomes an electromagnet when current goes through it.
Linked to a drive shaft in order to drive the load
It rotates in the magnetic field established by the poles, until the
north and south poles of the magnets change location with respect to
the armature.
The current is reversed to switch the south and north poles of the
armature. Thus rotation is achieved.
COMMUTATOR
Commutator is found only in
DC motors. Its purpose is to
overturn the direction of the
electric current in the
armature. The commutator
also aids in the transmission
of current between the
armature and the power
source.
ALTERNATING-CURRENT MOTORS
Use an electric current, which
reverses its direction at regular
intervals.
Majority of electric motors used in
homes and on farms are alternating
current motors
Two major parts: stator and rotor
Difficult to control the speed: can be
equipped with variable frequency
drives
SYNCHRONOUS MOTOR
Runs at constant speed
Requires direct current (DC) for excitation
Low starting torque
Applications: low load requirement such as air compressors,
frequency changes and motor generators.
Synchronous motors are able to improve the power factor of a
system, which is why they are often used in systems that use a lot of
electricity.
SYNCHRONOUS MOTOR
Application in agriculture:
 Clocks and timers
 Three-phase synchronous motors are more widely used with very
large horsepower and relatively low speed.
INDUCTION MOTOR
Induction motors are the most popular motors in industry because of
their ruggedness and lower maintenance requirements. AC induction
motors are inexpensive, half or less of the cost of a DC motor, and also
provide a high power to weight ratio, about twice of a DC motor.
INDUCTION MOTOR
• Induction motors has two main electrical components: rotor and
stator
• They use two types of rotors: squirrel-cage rotor and wound rotor.
• Squirrel-cage rotor consists of thick conducting bars, short-circuited
at both ends by means of short-circuiting rings, embedded in parallel
slots.
• Wound motor has a three-phase, double-layer, distributed winding.
• It is wound for as many poles as the stator. The three phases are
wired internally and the other ends are connected to slip-rings
mounted on a shaft with brushes resting them.
ELECTRIC MOTORS
Classification of electric motors based on electric service required:

Single-phase alternating current (< 5 hp)

Three-phase alternating current (> 5 hp)
MOTOR RATINGS AND SELECTION
1. Torque requirement:
Starting torque
Running torque
At all time for start to full speed, the torque supplied by the motor
> than that required by the load.

If the load torque becomes higher than the motor torque, the
motor will stall.
MOTOR RATINGS AND SELECTION
2. Starting current requirements:
During starting, a current of magnitude 2-7x larger than the full-load
current is expected.

Knowing the starting current requirements of motors, the

corresponding rating of transformers, fuses, switches and wires can be
determined.

A motor code designated by a letter on the motor template, may be

used to compute for the starting current.
MOTOR RATINGS AND SELECTION
Motor code

CODE LETTER LOCKED ROTOR, KVA/HP

F 5.0-5.6
G 5.6-6.3
H 6.3-7.1
J 7.1-8.0
K 8.0-9.0
L 9.0-10.0
MOTOR RATINGS AND SELECTION
For example, calculate the maximum locked-rotor current (starting
current) for a 1/2-hp, 220-volt motor with an H motor code.

𝑉𝐴
7,100 𝑥 0.5 𝐻𝑝
𝐻𝑝
Max. starting current = 𝐴 = = 16.14 𝑎𝑚𝑝.
220 𝑉
MOTOR RATINGS AND SELECTION
3. Temperature rating:

Both bearing and insulation life are reduced as the operating

temperature of the motor increases.

Motors are built with four insulation classes and are classified by the
maximum temperature any spot in the motor can tolerate
continuously.
MOTOR RATINGS AND SELECTION
Insulation class of motors
INSULATION MAX. HOT SPOT CONT. TEMP.
CLASS °C °F
A 105 221
B 130 266
F 155 311
H 180 356
Normal maximum ambient temperature for motor operation is 40°C (104°F)
for most motor ratings
As a general rule, never operate the motor under the direct heat of the sun.
MOTOR RATINGS AND SELECTION
4. Duty Rating:
Motor duty refers to how frequently the motor is started and for how
ling it will run each time it is started.

Continuous duty is the type of service in which the motor is operated

for more than 60 minutes at a time.

Intermittent duty type is operated only for up to 30 minutes at a time

with a rest or cooling period between operations.
MOTOR RATINGS AND SELECTION
5. Enclosure:
The open-type enclosure allows for easy movement of air through the
windings by providing slots in the end shields or frame where air can
pass through.

A blower attached to the rotor shaft sucks the air in through the slots in
the front end shield and out of the rear end shield.

This is desirable for motors operating in clean air or where water is kept
from entering the motor.
MOTOR RATINGS AND SELECTION
5. Enclosure:
The closed-type enclosure does not allow entry of air to the windings.

A fan on the rotor shaft blows air on the outside surface of the frame to
dissipate the heat.

Fins are constructed on the frame to increase the surface area for heat
dissipation.

One advantage of closed-type enclosure is that they are not affected by

dusty conditions and water splashes.
MOTOR RATINGS AND SELECTION
6. Service factor:
Service factor indicates the maximum load that can be successfully
carried by the motor if it is to operate continuously and remain within a
safe temperature range.

Integral horsepower motors have service factor of 1.15

Fractional horsepower motors have service factors ranging from 1.25
for ¾ hp to 1.4 for 1/20 hp.

The service factor on the nameplate is multiplied by the horsepower

rating to give the maximum load that the motor can safely sustain.
MOTOR RATINGS AND SELECTION
6. Service factor:
MOTOR NAMEPLATE
The motor nameplate carries a good deal of essential information
about the motor.
Refer to it when you specify, buy, install, replace, operate and repair
motors.
MOTOR NAMEPLATE
The information generally found on the nameplate includes:
Name of manufacturer – The name provides an indication of the
quality of the product.

Model name or number – Accurately describes the product.

Frame designation – National Electrical Manufacturers Association

(NEMA) – designation for frame design for interchangeability between
motors from different manufacturers.
MOTOR NAMEPLATE
Horsepower – Full-load horsepower rating.

Motor code – Letter designating starting current requirement (F, G, H,

J, K, or L).

Cycles or Hertz – Frequency of the electrical source to be used (50/60

Hz).

Phase – Number of phases of source (single-phase or three-phase).

RPM – Speed of rotation of the motor shaft at full load.

READINGS
Please read PAES 129: 2002 and PAES 130: 2002.
END