Prism Listening & Speaking 2 Teacher's Manual

LISTENING AND SPEAKING
TEACHER’S MANUAL 2
Sabina Ostrowska
Nancy Jordan
with
Angela Blackwell
Janet Gokay
Jeanne Lambert
Kimberly Russell
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First published 2017
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Printed in Malaysia by Vivar Printing
A catalogue record for this publication is available from the British Library
ISBN 978-1-316-62516-3 Teacher’s Manual 2 Listening and Speaking
ISBN 978-1-316-62097-7 Student’s Book with Online Workbook 2 Listening and Speaking
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CONTENTS
Scope and Sequence 4
Introduction 8
Teaching Suggestions 9
Prism Speaking Task Rubric 16
Student’s Book Answer Key 17
Student’s Book Scripts 38
Unit Quizzes 60
Unit Quizzes Answer Key 78
Unit Quizzes Audio Scripts 81
Credits 88
SCOPE AND SEQUENCE
WATCH AND PRONUNCIATION
UNIT LISTENINGS LISTENING SKILLS
LISTEN FOR LISTENING
1 ANIMALS The Mental 1: A debate about Key Skills Intonation of lists

Skills of using animals Taking notes
Chimpanzees for work Listening for contrasting ideas
Academic Disciplines 2: A presentation Listening for signposting
Biology / Environmental about the language
Science / Zoology human threats Additional Skills
to polar bears Understanding key vocabulary
Using your knowledge
Listening for main ideas
Listening for opinions
Listening for text organization
Listening for details
Synthesizing
2 THE Blowing in 1: A lecture about Key Skills Connected speech:

the Wind: agriculture Listening for explanations linking sounds
ENVIRONMENT Off-Shore Listening for
2: A debate
Wind Farms about nuclear counterarguments
Academic Disciplines power Additional Skills
Ecology / Environmental Understanding key vocabulary
Science / Political Science Predicting content using
visuals
Taking notes
Synthesizing
3 TRANSPORTATION The Air Travel 1: A radio program Key Skill Word stress
Revolution about the fear Listening for rhetorical
of flying questions
Academic Disciplines 2: A presentation Additional Skills
Civil Engineering / Psychology / about biking Understanding key vocabulary
Sociology to work Using your knowledge
Taking notes
Synthesizing
4 CUSTOMS AND The Chilean 1: A radio Key Skills Connected speech:

Cueca Brava program Identifying cause and effect final /t/ and /d/
TRADITIONS about Listening for opinion
changing Additional Skills
customs in Understanding key vocabulary
Academic Disciplines
the modern Using your knowledge
Anthropology / Cultural
world Listening for main ideas
Studies / Sociology
2: A discussion Listening for details
about Taking notes
gift giving Synthesizing
customs
4 SCOPE AND SEQUENCE

LANGUAGE
CRITICAL THINKING SPEAKING ON CAMPUS
DEVELOPMENT
Word families Organizing information Speaking Skills Communication Skill
Modals for necessity and for a presentation Using signposting language Making yourself
advice Introducing examples understood
Expressing general beliefs
Pronunciation
Signposting phrases
Speaking Task
Give a two-minute presentation
about the human threats to an
endangered species.
Negative prefixes Analyzing opinions Speaking Skills Study Skill

Modals to express future Forming arguments and Linking ideas with transition Active learning
possibility counterarguments words and phrases
Talking about advantages and
disadvantages
Giving counterarguments
Speaking Task
Take part in a debate. Argue
for or against building a new
shopping center in your city.
Talking about problems and Evaluating problems Speaking Skills Life Skill
solutions Proposing solutions Giving recommendations Setting SMART goals
Comparative and Expanding on an idea
superlative adjectives Speaking Task
Give a presentation on a
transportation problem and
suggest solutions to solve the
problem.
Suffixes Analyzing positives and Speaking Skills Life Skill

Dependent prepositions negatives Being polite in a discussion Dealing with culture shock
Using adverbs for emphasis
Phrases with that
Pronunciation
Stress patterns in phrases for
agreeing and disagreeing
Speaking Task
Take part in a discussion about
whether special occasions have
become too commercial.
SCOPE AND SEQUENCE 5

WATCH AND PRONUNCIATION
UNIT LISTENINGS LISTENING SKILLS
LISTEN FOR LISTENING
5 HEALTH AND Yoga in 1: A radio Key Skills Intonation:

California program Listening for attitude expressing
FITNESS Schools about why Identifying references to attitude and
some people common knowledge emotion
life a long life Additional Skills
Health Science / Sports 2: Four Understanding key vocabulary
Management presentations Using your knowledge
about Listening for main ideas
programs to Listening for details
improve your Taking notes
health Synthesizing
6 DISCOVERY AND A Helping 1: A museum Key Skills Weak and strong

Hand tour about Understanding references to forms
INVENTION inventions in earlier ideas
the Middle Understanding lecture
Ages organization
Art and Design / History 2: A lecture Additional Skills
about the Understanding key vocabulary
history of Using your knowledge
smartphone Listening for main ideas
apps Listening for details
Taking notes
Synthesizing
7 FASHION The Growth of 1: A discussion Key Skills Vowel omission

Louis Vuitton about clothes Taking notes on main ideas
of the future and details
Academic Disciplines 2: An interview Identifying auxiliary verbs for
Business / Fashion Design / with a fashion emphasis
Marketing designer Additional Skills
Understanding key vocabulary
Using your knowledge
Making inferences
Synthesizing
8 ECONOMICS Workshops for 1: A radio Key Skill Silent letters

Entrepreneurs program Understanding paraphrases
about a Additional Skills
Academic Disciplines book about Understanding key vocabulary
Business / Economics / millionaire Using your knowledge
Sociology lifestyles Listening for main ideas
2: A discussion Listening for details
about Listening for opinion
whether Taking notes
college Synthesizing
students
should be
paid for good
grades
6 SCOPE AND SEQUENCE

LANGUAGE
CRITICAL THINKING SPEAKING ON CAMPUS
DEVELOPMENT
Phrasal verbs Brainstorming and Speaking Skills Life Skill
Adjectives to describe evaluating ideas using Problem-solution organization Staying in shape
well-being idea maps Presenting persuasively
Speaking Task
Give a presentation to a group
of students about an idea for a
health product or program.
Uses of the verb make Researching a topic using Speaking Skills Presentation Skill
Passive verb forms Wh- questions and Previewing a topic Using visuals
idea maps Organizing ideas
Explaining how something is used
Speaking Task
Give a presentation about an
invention or discovery that has
changed our lives.
Idioms Analyzing and creating Speaking Skills Study Skill

Predictions and purpose statements Asking for opinions and checking Planning assignments
expectations about the and interview questions information
future Asking follow-up questions
Speaking Task
Take part in an interview to find
out attitudes about uniforms
and dress codes.
Collocations with pay and Identifying and Speaking Skills Communication Skill
money evaluating reasons for Using gerunds as subjects to talk Meeting your
Present and future real and against an idea about actions academic advisor
conditionals Presenting reasons and evidence
to support an argument
Using paraphrases
Speaking Task
Take part in a discussion about
whether young people should
be allowed to have credit cards.
SCOPE AND SEQUENCE 7

INTRODUCTION
Prism is a five-level paired skills series for beginner- to advanced-level students of
North American English. Its five Listening and Speaking and five Reading and Writing levels
are designed to equip students with the language and skills to be successful both inside
and outside of the college classroom.
Prism uses a fresh approach to Critical Thinking based on a full integration of Bloom’s
taxonomy to help students become well-rounded critical thinkers. The productive
half of each unit begins with Critical Thinking. This section gives students the skills and
tools they need to plan and prepare for success in their Speaking or Writing Task. Learners
develop lower- and higher-order thinking skills, ranging from demonstrating knowledge and
understanding to in-depth evaluation and analysis of content. Margin labels in the Critical
Thinking sections highlight exercises that develop Bloom’s concepts.
Prism focuses on the most relevant and important language for students of academic
English based on comprehensive research. Key vocabulary is taken from the General
Service List, the Academic Word List, and the Cambridge English Corpus. The grammar
selected is also corpus-informed.
Prism goes beyond language and critical thinking skills to teach students how to
be successful, engaged college students both inside and outside of the classroom.
On Campus spreads at the end of each unit introduce students to communication,
study, presentation, and life skills that will help them transition to life in North American
community college and university programs.
Prism combines print and digital solutions for the modern student and program.
Online workbooks give students additional graded language and skills practice. Audio and
video resources are available to students and teachers in the same platform. Presentation
Plus gives teachers modern tools to enhance their students’ learning environment in the
classroom.
Prism provides assessment resources for the busy teacher. Photocopiable unit quizzes
and answer keys are included in the Teacher’s Manual, with downloadable PDF and Word
versions available at Cambridge.org/prism and in the Resource tab of the Cambridge
Learning Management System. Speaking rubrics for grading Speaking Tasks are included in
the Teacher’s Manual.
SERIES LEVELS
Level Description CEFR Levels

Prism Intro Beginner A1
Prism 1 Low Intermediate A2
Prism 2 Intermediate B1
Prism 3 High Intermediate B2
Prism 4 Advanced C1
8 INTRODUCTION
TEACHING SUGGESTIONS
UNIT OPENER
Each unit opens with a striking two-page photo related to the topic, a Learning Objectives
box, and an Activate Your Knowledge activity.
PURPOSE
• To introduce and generate interest in the unit topic with an engaging visual
• To set the learning objectives for the unit
• To make connections between students’ background knowledge and the unit topic/
theme
PHOTO SPREAD
Lead an open class discussion on the connection between the unit opener photo and
topic. Start off with questions like:
• What is the first thing you notice in the photographs?
• What do you think of when you look at the photo?
• How is the photo connected to the unit title?
ACTIVATE YOUR KNOWLEDGE

After students work in pairs to discuss the questions, have volunteers share with the class
answers to questions that generated the most discussion.
You can also use the exercise to practice fluency. Instruct students to answer the questions
as quickly as possible without worrying about creating grammatically correct sentences.
Keep time and do not allow students more than 15–60 seconds per answer, depending on
level and complexity of the question. You can then focus on accuracy when volunteers
share their answers with the class.
WATCH AND LISTEN

Each unit includes a short authentic video from a respected news source that is related to
the unit topic, along with exercises for students to do before, during, and after watching.
The video can be played in the classroom or watched outside of class by students via the
Cambridge LMS.
Note: A glossary defines above-level or specialized words that appear in the video and
are essential for students to understand so that teachers do not have to spend time pre-
teaching or explaining this vocabulary while viewing.
PURPOSE
• To create a varied and dynamic learning experience
• To generate further interest in and discussion of the unit topic
• To build background knowledge and ideas on the topic
• To develop and practice key skills in prediction, comprehension, and discussion
• To personalize and give opinions on a topic
PREPARING TO WATCH
Have students work in pairs to complete the Activating Your Knowledge exercise. Then
have volunteers share their answers. Alternately, students can complete this section on
their own, and then compare answers with a partner.
For a livelier class discussion, look at the visuals from the Predicting Content Using Visuals
exercise as a class and answer the questions together.
WHILE WATCHING
Watch the video twice, once while students listen for main ideas and once while they listen
for key details. After each viewing, facilitate a discussion of students’ answers and clarify
any confusion. If some students still have trouble with comprehension, suggest that they
watch the video again at home or during a computer lab session.
DISCUSSION
Have students work in pairs or small groups to answer the discussion questions. Have
students compare their answers with another pair or group. Then have volunteers share
their answers with the class. If possible, expand on their answers by making connections
between their answers and the video content. For example: That’s an interesting
perspective. How is it similar to what the speaker in the video mentioned? How is it
different?
LISTENING
The first half of each unit focuses on the receptive skill of listening. Each unit includes two
listening passages that provide different angles, viewpoints, and/or genres related to the
unit topic. All audio files are available for student use in the Prism online workbook. Audio
scripts are provided in the back of the student’s book, as well as in the teacher’s manual.
LISTENING 1
Listening 1 includes a listening passage on an academic topic. It provides information on the
unit topic, and it gives students exposure to and practice with language and listening skills
while helping them begin to generate ideas for their Speaking Task.
PREPARING TO LISTEN
PURPOSE
• To prepare students to understand the content of the listening
• To introduce, review, and/or practice key pre-listening skills
• To introduce and build key academic and topical vocabulary for the listening and for the
final Speaking Task
Encourage students to complete the pre-listening activities in this section in pairs or
groups. This will promote a high level of engagement. Once students have completed the
activities, check for understanding and offer any clarification.
Encourage or assign your students to keep a vocabulary notebook for new words. This
should include new key vocabulary words, parts of speech, definitions (in the students’
own words), and contextual sentences. To extend the vocabulary activity in this section,
ask students to find synonyms, antonyms, or related terms for the vocabulary items they
just practiced. These can then be added to their vocabulary notebooks.
Key vocabulary exercises can also be assigned ahead of time so that you can focus on the
listening content and skills in class.
WHILE LISTENING
PURPOSE
• To introduce, review, and/or practice key academic listening skills
• To practice listening comprehension and note-taking skills
• To hear key vocabulary in a natural academic context
• To provide information and stimulate ideas on an academic topic
10 Teaching Suggestions
Depending on class level, you can break up the audio into more manageable parts as
students complete the exercises. Because students can access the audio files at any time
through their online resources, consider having them listen to the passage for homework
before class so that they are familiar with the content. This also gives you a chance to
check in with your students about the difficulty level of the passage. Students who still
struggle with comprehension can listen again for homework.
For more open-ended note-taking practice, have students listen and take notes with books
closed. During the first listening, instruct them to take notes on main ideas and general
points. Then, with your guidance, have them listen again to take notes on specific details.
They can then use their notes to complete the exercises in the section.
POST-LISTENING
PURPOSE
• To analyze, expand on, and/or practice key pronunciation or listening skills from the
previous section
• To introduce, review, and/or practice key critical thinking skills applied to content from
the listening passage
Have students complete the activities in pairs or small groups; do not play the audio again
at this point. After checking answers, survey students on what they found most challenging
in the section. Then have students listen to the audio again for homework and take
additional notes on the challenging skills and content, to be shared at the beginning of the
next class or in an online forum.
PRONUNCIATION FOR LISTENING

This section appears in each unit but can change position from unit to unit. It can be found
in Listening 1 or Listening 2, and generally appears in Preparing to Listen or Post-Listening,
depending on whether the targeted feature is essential to understanding the main ideas
and details or to exploring deeper aspects of the listening passage.
PURPOSE
• To help students anticipate and understand pronunciation trouble spots while listening
to authentic academic discourse
Review the Pronunciation for Listening skills box as a class to ensure that students
understand the explanation and examples before doing the exercises.
If possible, assign a podcast, video, Online Workbook listening, or other source for students
to listen to and locate instances of the Pronunciation for Listening skill.
DISCUSSION
PURPOSE
• To give students the opportunity to discuss what they heard and offer opinions
• To think critically about what they just heard
• To further personalize the topic and issues in Listening 1
Give students three to five minutes to discuss and jot down notes for their answers.
Monitor student groups, taking notes on common mistakes. Then, survey the students on
their favorite questions and have groups volunteer to share their answers to them. You can
provide oral or written feedback on common mistakes at the end of the section.
LANGUAGE DEVELOPMENT
Each unit includes the introduction and practice of academic language relevant to the unit
topic and listenings, and useful for the unit Speaking Task. The focus of this section is on
vocabulary and/or grammar.
PURPOSE
• To recycle and expand on vocabulary that may appear in Listening 1
• To focus and expand on grammar that may appear in Listening 1
• To expose students to corpus-informed, research-based language for the unit topic and
level
• To practice language and structures that will improve student accuracy and fluency in the
Speaking Task
For grammar points, review the language box as a class and facilitate answers to any unclear
sections. Alternatively, have students review it in pairs and allow time for questions. Then
have students work in pairs to complete the accompanying activities. Review students’
answers and allow time for any clarification.
For vocabulary points, have students complete the exercises in pairs. Then, review answers
and allow time for any clarification. To extend this activity, have students create sentences
using each term and/or make a list of synonyms, antonyms, or related words and phrases
for each term. Students should also add relevant language to their vocabulary notebooks.
For homework, have students annotate the audio scripts in the back of the book,
underlining or highlighting any language covered in this section.
LISTENING 2
Listening 2 is a listening passage on the unit topic from a different angle and often in a
different format than Listening 1. It gives students additional exposure to and practice with
language and listening skills while helping them generate and refine ideas for their Speaking
Task. It generally provides a structured model for the Speaking Task.
PREPARING TO LISTEN
PURPOSE
• To prepare students to understand the content of the listening
• To help students anticipate content using visuals and prior knowledge
• To introduce and build key academic and topical vocabulary for the listening and for the
Speaking Task
Encourage students to complete the pre-listening activities in this section in pairs or small
groups to promote a high level of engagement. Circulate among students at this time,
taking notes of common areas of difficulty. Once students have completed the activities,
check for understanding and offer clarification, paying particular attention to any problem
areas you noted.
If you wish to extend the vocabulary activity in this section, elicit other word forms of
the key vocabulary. Model pronunciation of these word forms so that students are able to
recognize them in context.
WHILE LISTENING
PURPOSE
• To introduce, review, and/or practice key academic listening skills
• To practice listening comprehension and note-taking skills
• To hear key vocabulary and Language Development elements in a natural academic
context
• To provide information and stimulate ideas on an academic topic
• To model aspects or elements of the Speaking Task
As with Listening 1, you can break up the audio into more manageable parts as students
complete the exercises. Depending on time and proficiency level, have students listen to
the passage for homework before class so that they are familiar with the content. Check in
with them about the difficulty level of the passage in comparison with Listening 1. Assign
students who still struggle with comprehension to listen again for homework. Set specific
questions for them to answer or areas for them to take notes on.
POST-LISTENING
PURPOSE
• To analyze, expand on, and/or practice key pronunciation or listening skills from the
previous section
• To introduce, review, and/or practice key critical thinking skills applied to content from
the listening passage
Have students complete the activities in pairs or small groups; do not play the audio again
at this point. After checking answers, survey students on what they found most challenging
in the section. Then have students listen to the audio again for homework and take
additional notes on the challenging skills and content, to be shared at the beginning of the
next class or in an online forum.
DISCUSSION
PURPOSE
• To personalize and expand on the ideas and content of Listening 2
• To practice synthesizing the content of the unit listening passages
• To transition students from the receptive to the productive half of the unit
Before students discuss the questions in this section the first time, introduce the key skill
of synthesis. Start by defining synthesis (combining and analyzing ideas from multiple
sources). Stress its importance in higher education: in college or graduate school, students
will be asked to synthesize ideas from a wide range of sources, to think critically about
them, to make connections among them, and to add their own ideas. Note: you may need
to review this information periodically with your class.
Have students answer the questions in pairs or small groups, and then ask for volunteers to
share their answers with the class. Facilitate the discussion, encouraging students to make
connections between Listening 1 and Listening 2. If applicable, ask students to relate the
content of the unit video to this section. This is also a good context in which to introduce
the Speaking Task at the beginning of the next section and to have students consider how
the content of the listening passages relates to the prompt.
SPEAKING
The second half of each unit focuses on the productive skill of speaking. It begins with
the prompt for the Speaking Task and systematically equips students with the skills and
language to plan for, prepare, and execute the task successfully.
CRITICAL THINKING
PURPOSE
• To introduce the Speaking Task.
• To help generate, develop, and organize ideas for the Speaking Task.
• To teach and practice the lower-order critical thinking skills of remembering,
understanding, and applying knowledge through practical brainstorming and
organizational activities
• To teach and practice the higher-order critical thinking skills of analyzing, evaluating, and
creating in order to prepare students for success in the Speaking Task and, more generally,
in the college classroom
Encourage students to work through this section collaboratively in pairs or small groups to
promote a high level of engagement. Facilitate their learning and progress by circulating and
checking in with students as they work through this section. If time permits, have groups
exchange and evaluate one another’s work.
PREPARATION FOR SPEAKING

PURPOSE
• To introduce and practice academic speaking skills that can be used in the Speaking Task
• To introduce or recycle language that supports these key skills and the Speaking Task
• To help students ensure correct pronunciation
Note: Some units include a Pronunciation for Speaking skills box and practice in this
section.
Review any skills boxes in this section as a class and clarify points of confusion. Then have
students work on the activities in pairs or small groups. After they complete any speaking
activities, have some students share their answers with the class.
Since the section focuses on form and function, it is important to offer corrective
feedback to your students. You can then focus on fluency in the next section.
Below are two examples of ways to provide interactive corrective feedback:
1) Student says, “It possible to use that technology today.” Teacher writes the incorrect
form on the board and asks a student to come to the board and correct the statement.
2) Teacher repeats the incorrect statement orally to see if the student can self-correct. If
not, then teacher prompts the student – for example, “Are you missing a subject/verb/
preposition?”)
In all cases, the correct form should be modeled for the student and for the rest of the
class.
SPEAKING TASK
PURPOSE
• To work collaboratively in preparation for the Speaking Task
• To revisit, revise, and expand on work done in the Critical Thinking section
• To provide an opportunity for students to synthesize the language, skills, and ideas
presented and generated in the unit
• To improve oral fluency
Depending on time and class level, students can complete the preparation activities for
homework or in class. If conducted in class, work should be done collaboratively. It can
be helpful to pair a quieter student with a more outgoing student. It is also important to
circulate among students, asking and answering questions as needed.
If students agree, record their Speaking Tasks on a phone or video camera. At the same
time, take notes on key areas, such as grammar, pronunciation, key word stress, eye contact,
and pacing. Students can view their performances and your written feedback at the same
time.
ON CAMPUS
Each unit concludes with a unique spread that teaches students concepts and skills that go
beyond traditional listening and speaking academic skills.
PURPOSE
• To familiarize students with all aspects of the North American college experience
• To enable students to interact and participate successfully in the college classroom
• To prepare students to navigate typical North American college campus life
PREPARING TO LISTEN
Begin with an open discussion by asking students what they know about the topic. For
example:
• What is culture shock?
• Have you ever met with an academic advisor?
• How do college students choose a major?
• What is active learning?
You can also write the question on the board and assign as pair work, and have students
share their answers with the class.
WHILE LISTENING
Have students listen once and complete the accompanying activities. Have them listen
again and check their work. You can extend these activities by asking the following
questions:
• What stood out to you the most in this listening passage?
• What did you understand more clearly when you listened the second time?
• Which part or speaker had the most impact on you and why?”
PRACTICE
Have students read any skills boxes silently. Give them two minutes to discuss the
information with a partner before they complete the exercises. Elicit from some volunteers
how the exercises practice what they heard in the listening passage.
REAL-WORLD APPLICATION
Depending on time, you may want to assign the activities in this section as homework.
Having students collaborate on these real-world tasks either inside or outside of the
classroom simulates a common practice in college and graduate school. At the beginning
of the week you can set up a schedule so that several student groups present their work
during class throughout the week.
To extend this section, assign small related research projects, as applicable. For example,
have students research and report on three websites with information on choosing a
college major.
PRISM SPEAKING TASK RUBRIC
CATEGORY CRITERIA SCORE
Pronunciation • Pronunciation is clear and understandable.
• Word/sentence stress and intonation is natural.
• Speaker demonstrates mastery of unit pronunciation skills.
Fluency • Speech is clear and articulate without long unnatural pauses.
• Speaker is able to move the conversation or presentation forward naturally.
• Speaker is able to adjust to questions and input from other speakers.
Content • Content is appropriate and reflects a good understanding of the topic.
• Content is well-organized and easy to follow.
• Speaker demonstrates mastery of unit Language Development points.
Vocabulary • Vocabulary, including expressions and transition language, is accurate, appropriate,
and varied.
• Speaker demonstrates mastery of unit key vocabulary.
Comprehension • Speaker demonstrates a strong understanding of the speaking prompt and task
at hand.
• Speaker is able to understand and respond to other speakers accurately and
appropriately.
How well does the response meet the criteria? Recommended Score
At least 90% 20
At least 75% 15
At least 60% 10
At least 50% 5
Less than 50% 0
Total Score Possible per Section 20
Total Score Possible 100
Feedback:
16 PRISM SPEAKING TASK RUBRIC

STUDENT’S BOOK ANSWER KEY
UNIT 1 Exercise 4 page 19
ACTIVATE YOUR KNOWLEDGE protection building transportation war

page 15 dogs ✓ ✓
1 The dogs are huskies. Huskies are used to pull sleds in
cold, northern regions, such as Alaska, Scandinavia, or horses ✓ ✓ ✓
Russia. elephants ✓ ✓ ✓
2–3 hunting, herding sheep, guiding the blind, carrying
camels ✓ ✓
things, searching for people
WATCH AND LISTEN Exercise 5 page 19
Exercise 1 page 16 con (Ms. Johnson’s ideas) pro (Dr. Kuryan’s ideas)
Answers will vary. 2 Animals have no one to 4 Humans don’t have the
Exercise 2 page 16 protect their rights. skills or strength to do
Possible answers: 3 Using animals for work certain jobs.
1 The goal is to find the exit. is old-fashioned and 5 Poor people still need
2 I think the chimpanzee is thinking because she is cruel. animals to survive.
watching very closely. 6 Domesticated animals
3 I think they are happy because they are laughing. wouldn’t have been
able to survive without
Exercise 3 page 16–17 humans.
1 b 2 a 3 c 4 a 5 b
Exercise 4 page 17 Exercise 6 page 20
1 DNS 1 Even though 2 On the contrary, 3 Yet
2T 4 Even though 5 Yet
3 F; Planning before acting is not just a human skill. Exercise 7 page 21
4T 1 but/yet/however
5 F; Chimpanzees can plan ahead for centuries 2 Yet/However
several days. 3 Even though
Exercise 5 page 17 4 On the contrary
Answers will vary. Exercise 8 page 21
Answers will vary.
LISTENING 1 Exercise 9 page 21
Exercise 1 page 18 Answers will vary.
1 abuse 2 protect 3 cruel 4 suffer 5 conditions
6 issue 7 survive 8 welfare
Exercises 2–3 page 18
1 Poor people still need animals to survive, not all animal
use is abuse, domesticated animals wouldn’t have
been able to survive without humans, there are many
animal lovers who help animals, millions of children are
treated worse than animals, people often care more
about animals than poor people
2 Animals’ hard work and suffering aren’t recognized,
animals have died in wars, they work long hours and
live in difficult conditions and get very little reward,
technology can replace animals, animals have no one
to represent them and protect their rights, they may
be abandoned when they get sick or too old, it’s old-
fashioned and cruel
Student’s Book answer key 17

LANGUAGE DEVELOPMENT Exercise 4 page 26
Exercise 1 page 22 human threats to polar what people are doing to
bears help polar bears
noun verb adjective adverb
abandonment abandon abandoned 2 contact between 4 reduce contact
humans and polar between humans and
abuse abuse abused / abusively
bears polar bears
abusive
3 industrial 5 governments
analysis analyze analytical analytically
development have prohibited
communication communicate communicated / communicatively
the amount of oil
communicative
production
connection connect connected
6 people are trying to
damage damage damaged stop climate change
debate debate debated /
Exercise 5 page 26
debatable
1 26,000 2 2050 3 year 4 towns 5 safer
environment environmental environmentally
6 gas
involvement involve involved involvedly
protection protect protected / protectively
Exercise 6 page 27
protective
1 First 2 Second 3 to summarize
support / support supported / supportively Exercise 7 page 28
supporter supportive 1 not complete 2 complete 3 complete
survivor / survive survivable / 4 not complete
survival surviving Exercise 8 page 28
Exercise 2 page 22–23 Answers will vary.
2 survive 3 abandon 4 supporter 5 environmentally Exercise 9 page 28
6 communicate 7 involvement 8 protective 9 debate 1 Answers will vary.
10 abusive 2 Possible answers: One species disappearing
Exercise 3 page 23 affects other animals (e.g., remove a food source,
1 necessity 2 advice 3 necessity 4 advice remove a predator); it can upset the balance of
a habitat and could eventually have an effect
Exercise 4 page 24 on humans (e.g., reduction in crops due to more
1 a 2 a 3 b 4 a pests)
3 Possible answers: To help save endangered
LISTENING 2 animals you can write to government officials,
Exercise 1 page 25 adopt animals, donate money to animal charities,
1 a 2 b 3 a 4 a 5 b 6 a 7 a 8 a visit wildlife parks, make your home and garden
Exercises 2–3 page 26 wildlife friendly, stop using chemicals in your
1 Photo 1 shows polar bear patrollers trying to keep polar home and garden, recycle.
bears away from where humans live, Photo 2 shows a polar
bear on a small patch of ice because the ice is melting,
Photo 3 shows a polar bear climbing aboard a ship
2–3 Possible answers: The threats to polar bears are loss of
sea ice habitat due to rising ocean temperatures, which
makes it harder for polar bears to hunt; contact between
humans and polar bears and industrial development.
18 Student’s Book answer key

CRITICAL THINKING Exercise 3 page 32
Possible answers:
Exercise 1 page 29 1 I think that zoos are sometimes good for animals. For
1 b 2 a example, they breed endangered animals and release
Exercise 2 page 29 them into nature.
main idea Polar bears are threatened by 2 You can see many exotic animals in zoos, such as lions,
humans tigers, and elephants.
3 Animals are sometimes unhappy in zoos. For instance,
supporting details Threats: animals kept in cages that are too small show behavior
• loss of sea ice habitat that isn’t natural, like walking up and down in their
• contact between humans and cages repeatedly.
polar bears
• industrial development Exercise 4 page 32
What people are doing to help: Possible answers:
• reduce contact between humans 1 It’s often said that animals should not be used in
and polar bears medical testing.
• governments have prohibited the 2 It’s believed that dolphins are as smart as humans.
amount of oil production 3 It’s widely known that if insects continue to die out, it
• people are trying to stop climate will affect the human food chain.
change Exercise 5 page 32
conclusion/summary The main threat to polar bears is loss 2 example 3 Another 4 summarize 5 short
of habitat due to climate change. Exercise 6 page 32
Related threats are human contact Answers will vary.
and industrial development. If
people don’t make changes quickly, SPEAKING TASK
polar bears may disappear. Exercise 1 page 33
Answers will vary.
PREPARATION FOR SPEAKING Exercise 3 page 33
1 Keeping animals in zoos helps to protect them; it
Exercise 4 page 33
educates people about animals, we should support
Answers will vary.
zoos
2 Zoos protect animals; they educate our children; Exercise 5 page 33
modern zoos are comfortable and in good condition Answers will vary.
3 Many endangered species (e.g., the giant panda, the Exercise 6 page 33
snow leopard) are kept safe in zoos, the speaker Answers will vary.
learned about exotic animals as a child after being
taken to the zoo, animals in zoos now have large areas Exercise 7 page 33
which resemble their natural habitat Answers will vary.
4 Visit zoos; give financial support
ON CAMPUS
Exercise 2 page 31
Exercise 1 page 34
1 c 2 b 3 a
Answers will vary.
Exercise 2 page 34
Answers will vary.
Exercise 3 page 34
1, 3, 4, 6, 7

1 They speak too fast, and people do not understand 1 T
them. 2 F; The ship made it possible to build the turbines in the
2 You speak more naturally, and it is easier for the middle of the ocean / water London.
audience to understand. 3 T
3 Important words: especially names and technical terms. 4 F; It was difficult to build the turbines in windy sunny
4 After each main point. weather.
5 First of all, secondly, finally, in conclusion. 5T
1 Dogs 2 thousands 3 food 4 building 1 12
5 transportation 2 120
Exercise 6 page 35 3 175
Possible answers: 4 3,000
Dogs = oldest domesticated animal 5 500,000
Others: sheep, cows, goats, horses, camels, elephants Exercise 5 page 39
These animals have worked for humans for thousands of Answers will vary.
years
How have humans used animals? LISTENING 1
Sheep, cows, goats: food Exercise 1 page 40
Horses, camels & elephants: 1 b 2 a 3 b 4 c 5 b 6 c 7 a 8 c
• transportation
Exercise 2 page 41
• building (pyramids)
1 The topic of the lecture is growing fruits and
• farming (pulling heavy machinery) and logging
vegetables using sunlight and seawater.
(elephants)
2 The first photo shows a man picking tomatoes in a
Dogs:
greenhouse. The second photo shows how sea water
• transportation (e.g. dog sleds in Alaska today)
has its salt removed so it can be used to grow fruits
• security (e.g. guard dogs)
and vegetables.
Exercise 7 page 35 3 Solar power is used on this farm.
Answers will vary.
Exercise 3 page 41
Exercise 8 page 35 1 w 2 j 3 j 4 w
Answers will vary.
Exercise 4 page 42
Exercise 9 page 35 1 water 2 in extreme climates
Answers will vary. 3 solar power 4 no pesticides
5 can help solve the global food problem
ACTIVATE YOUR KNOWLEDGE 1 (only) 110 2 100 3 sun 4 (sea)water 5 320
page 37 6 160 7 (up to) 2,700 8 10,000 9 environment
1 Answers will vary.
Exercise 6 page 43
2 nuclear energy, oil, coal, natural gas, wind, geothermal,
1 d 2 a 3 c 4 b
hydropower
3 Answers will vary. Exercise 7 page 43
4 Answers will vary. 1–2 Answers will vary.
3 Possible answers: It’s expensive. It involves a lot of
WATCH AND LISTEN work. It requires a lot of technical knowledge.
Exercise 1 page 38
Answers will vary.
Exercise 2 page 38
Answers will vary.

1 the idea that nuclear power is a big risk
Exercise 1 page 44 2 the idea that nuclear power does not pollute the air
prefix meaning examples Exercise 7 page 49
un- not uncertain 1 Possible answers: Similarities: Both are green, both
in- not inexperienced are unlimited, and both require advanced technology.
Differences: Hydroponics is safe; nuclear energy is
ir- not irregular dangerous. Nuclear power is more expensive than
dis- not disadvantage hydroponics.
2–3 Answers will vary.
de- remove / take away decaffeinated
mis- wrongly misspell CRITICAL THINKING
anti- against antisocial Exercise 1 page 50
Exercise 2 page 44 for/against argument counterargument

1 in 2 ir 3 mis 4 anti 5 dis 6 de 7 un nuclear
power
Exercise 3 page 45
1 may 2 could 3 might Emma against 1 If there is an 1 There are very
accident, it will few accidents
Exercise 4 page 45
be huge. caused by
2 Not using fossil fuels might/could/may reduce global
2 Machines nuclear power
warming.
that build the plants.
3 Taxing fossil fuels will reduce the use of cars.
power plants 2 Nuclear power
4 Using solar energy won’t lead to any
pollute the air. doesn’t pollute
environmental disasters.
the air.
LISTENING 2 Jack for 1 There have 1 Nuclear power
Exercise 1 page 46 only been is a big risk.
2 risk 3 long-term 4 disasters 5 affordable three major 2 It’s expensive
6 opponents 7 pollute nuclear to build the
accidents in plant.
Exercises 2 and 3 page 47 the last 30 3 Solar and wind
Possible answers: years. energy are
advantages disadvantages 2 Once the greener than
plant is there, nuclear energy.
green expensive
it’s inexpensive
clean dangerous
to produce
cheap
energy.
unlimited
3 Wind turbines
Exercise 4 page 48 aren’t friendly
Emma: Against for birds.
Reasons: accident will have long-term effect on
Exercise 2 page 51
environment, building power plants pollutes the air,
Possible answers:
expensive
Jack: For advantages of a disadvantages of a
Reasons: safe, doesn’t pollute, always enough of it, cheap, shopping mall shopping mall
can provide huge amount of electricity, selling electricity • fun • ugly
helps the economy, makes a country less dependent • gives people another • bad for the environment
on oil and gas, wind and solar energy can’t solve climate place to buy things • competes with local
change and are expensive • good for the economy stores
Exercise 5 page 48
Exercise 3 page 51
1 a, c 2 a, b, d 3 a, d
Answers will vary.
Exercise 4 page 51
Answers will vary.
1 thinking and talking
Exercise 1 page 52 2 make a summary of the information
1 Also 2 In addition 3 Despite that 3 making presentations with visuals
4 To begin with 5 However, What’s more 4 his study group
Exercise 2 page 53 5 connect information to their own experience
2 However 3 First of all 4 Second 5 overall 6 more difficult
6 comparison 7 addition 8 the other hand Exercise 4 page 56
1 A 2 D 3 A 4 A 5 D 6 D Exercise 5 page 57
Possible answers: Exercise 6 page 57
1 it is dangerous. Answers will vary.
2 they don’t pollute the environment.
3 it’s unlimited. Exercise 7 page 57
4 it pollutes the environment. Answers will vary.
Possible answers: Answers will vary.
2 that’s completely true (The rest of the answer will vary.) Exercise 9 page 57
3 Despite (The rest of the answer will vary.) Answers will vary.
4 However (The rest of the answer will vary.)
SPEAKING TASK
UNIT 3
ACTIVATE YOUR KNOWLEDGE
Exercise 1 page 54 page 59
Answers will vary. Possible answers:
Exercise 2 page 55 1 Modern transportation causes pollution. More people
Answers will vary. are on the road causing congestion. People spend
Exercise 3 page 55 more time commuting. Public transportation isn’t good
Answers will vary. enough.
2 There are more cars on the road. Cars are more
Exercise 4 page 55 environmentally friendly. Safety and roads have
Answers will vary. improved. There is more air travel / buses.
Exercise 5 page 55 3 Electric cars will become more common. There will be
Answers will vary. driverless vehicles / high-speed trains / space travel for
tourists.
Exercise 6 page 55
Answers will vary. WATCH AND LISTEN
Answers will vary. Answers will vary.
ON CAMPUS Exercise 2 page 60
Answers will vary.
Exercise 1 page 56
1 smaller
Exercise 2 page 56
2 closer
reading and underlining ✓
3 business
summarizing ✓
4 commercial
making presentations ✓
5 busiest
asking questions ✓
6 larger
project work ✓

Exercise 4 page 61 LANGUAGE DEVELOPMENT
1 in no time
2 Asia Exercise 1 page 67
3 sound 1 b 2 a 3 c 4 c 5 a 6 a 7 b 8 a
4 3,500 Exercise 2 page 68
5 2016 Answers will vary.
6 over Exercise 3 page 68
Exercise 5 page 61 2 far 3 considerably 4 much 5 definitely
1 1, 3, 4, 5
LISTENING 1 22
Exercise 1 page 62 3 1 a lot 2 by far 3 considerably 4 much
a 2 b 1 c increase (verb), increase (noun) 4 ‘very much’ or ‘a lot’
1 record 2 records 3 permit 4 permit 5 presents 1 the most direct 2 calmer 3 most
6 present serious 4 the most comfortable 5 faster
Exercise 3 page 62 6 more affordable 7 most appropriate
Answers will vary.
LISTENING 2
Exercise 4 page 63
1 extreme 2 compare 3 crash 4 avoid 5 cure Exercise 1 page 70
6 consists of 7 scared 8 Safety a convenient b pass c injure d respect e solve
f fine g prevent h break the law
Exercise 5 page 64
Possible answers:
Exercise 6 page 64 1 People bike because it’s cheap, good for your health,
1 b 2 a 3 a 4 a and in some places faster than driving.
Exercise 7 page 64 2 Biking is good for your health. It’s cheaper than driving
1 reduce 2 engine 3 wings 4 normal 5 damaged or using public transportation. It’s environmentally
6 Avoid 7 flying 8 driving friendly. It’s faster in busy places. It’s easy to park a bike.
3 It’s dangerous. Drivers can be rude or aggressive. It’s not
Exercise 8 page 65
enjoyable in bad weather. Equipment can be expensive.
Answers will vary.
It’s difficult.
Exercise 9 page 65
Exercise 3 page 71
1, 4, 6
1 to make the city more bike-friendly
Exercise 10 page 65 2 a safety b storage c convenience
1 rhetorical 2 rhetorical 3 rhetorical 4 real
Exercise 4 page 71
5 real 6 rhetorical 7 real
2, 4, 5, 6, 9, 10
Exercise 11 page 66
2 Possible answers: The most common phobias are
spiders, snakes, heights, open spaces, and dogs.
3 Possible answers: Some phobias start when you are
a child – you might have a bad experience with an
animal, for example. If your parents are scared of
something you might be too.
4 Possible answers: Phobias can be cured by experiencing
them in safe environments or by being exposed to the
phobia for a long period of time.

Answers will vary.
recommendations possible results
Exercise 3 page 74
1 give fines to drivers prevent cars from hitting
Answers will vary.
who drive in a bike lane bikes, save lives
Exercise 4 page 74
Answers will vary.
2 wider bike lanes allows more bicycles to
pass at the same time PREPARATION FOR SPEAKING
3 add more bike lanes prevent cars from hitting Exercise 1 page 75
bikes, save lives Answers will vary.
4 parking garages should keep bikes safe and dry Exercise 2 page 75
have sections for bikes while people are working 2 I think it would be better if
5 put bike racks on buses people wouldn’t have to 3 I think it would be much better if
ride bikes at night or in bad 4 The best thing would be to have
weather 5 I’d suggest that
people who live far from Exercise 3 page 76
work could bike part of a 3 b 1 c 5 d 2
the way to work and take
public transportation the Exercise 4 page 76
rest of the way Answers will vary.
Exercise 6 page 72 SPEAKING TASK

1, 3, 5, 7, 8 Exercise 1 page 77
1 Possible answers: An accident in a plane is likely to be Exercise 3 page 77
more serious than on a bike, people understand how Answers will vary.
bikes work but not how planes work, people ride bikes
more frequently than they fly in planes, there are no Exercise 4 page 77
disaster movies about biking Answers will vary.
2 Answers will vary. Exercise 5 page 77
Answers will vary.
CRITICAL THINKING
Exercise 1 page 73 ON CAMPUS
Possible answers: Exercise 1 page 78
Answers will vary.
problems proposed predicted
solutions results Exercise 2 page 78
Answers will vary.
– biking is – give fines to – prevents cars
dangerous drivers who from hitting Exercise 3 page 78
– people don’t have drive in a bike bikes; saves 1–2 specific: about one particular thing and not general
anywhere to store lane lives measurable: possible to judge the quality or effect of
their bikes when – wider bike – keep bikes something
they’re at work lanes safe and dry achievable: possible to do
– riding a bike – add more while people relevant: related or useful to what you want to achieve
to work is bike lanes are working time-bound: has a date by which it needs to have been
inconvenient – parking – people done
garages should wouldn’t have
have sections to ride bikes at
for bikes night or in bad
– put bike weather
racks on buses

1 what you want (in detail) 1 F; The Cueca is especially popular in the countryside
2 measure your progress cities.
3 weight (you would like) to lose 2 F; The singer is a TV writer and movie actor.
4 B+ in 2 classes 3 F; Traditionally, a man and a woman two men face each
5 How (am I going to do this) other and then begin to dance.
6 long-term 4T
7 schedule (for achieving your goal) 5 F; The dance is enjoyed by both younger teenage and
Exercise 5 page 79 older generations.
2 measurable
3 time-bound
LISTENING 1
4 achievable Exercise 1 page 84
5 relevant 1 b 2 a 3 b 4 b 5 b 6 a 7 b 8 a
6 specific Exercise 2 page 85
7 time bound 1 A tradition is a custom or way of behaving that has
8 measurable continued for a long time in a group of people or a
Exercise 7 page 79 society.
Answers will vary. 2 Answers will vary.
Answers will vary. 1 an anthropologist 2 traditions in the modern world
3 Sunday at 1 pm
ACTIVATE YOUR KNOWLEDGE A shaking hands
page 81 Exercise 5 page 86
Possible answers:
old tradition new tradition
1 The photo is in Chiang Mai, Thailand. This is the
tradition of launching lanterns to celebrate the full preparing people spent we prepare food
moon in the twelfth month of the Thai calendar as holiday food a lot of time more quickly
part of the Yi Peng festival. and effort because of
2 Possible answer: Lanterns like these are traditionally preparing modern kitchens
used in celebrations in China, Thailand, Portugal and special meals and supermarket
Brazil. They are also used in modern weddings – for celebrations food
wedding guests write wishes for the married couple on recipes people used people find recipes
the lanterns before launching them into the sky. cookbooks on the Internet
where people at home sometimes at
WATCH AND LISTEN eat holiday restaurants
Exercise 1 page 82 meals
Exercise 2 page 82 1 That’s why 2 because 3 due to 4 This is because
Answers will vary. 5 because
Exercise 3 page 82–83
1 b 2 c 3 a 4 a 5 c

1 Anthropology, in a general sense, is the study of b
humanity. I know that’s not very exact. That’s why Exercise 4 page 92
we have many types of anthropology, like linguistic Answers will vary.
anthropology and social anthropology.
2 Some traditions die out because our way of life Exercise 5 page 92
changes. yes no
3 Now, due to developments in technology, people
1 giving gifts is an 1 giving a gift shows
spend more time playing games on their phones.
obligation you were thinking of
4 But now we don’t have to work so hard. This is because
2 have to spend money someone
we have modern kitchens and supermarket food.
– could spend on more 2 graduation gifts are
5 In the United States, on Thanksgiving, which is one
important things practical – young
of the biggest celebrations there, many families go to
3 better to spend time with people need gifts and
restaurants because they don’t want to spend their
a person than to spend money
holiday working in the kitchen.
time shopping 3 gifts remind people of
Exercise 8 page 87 4 too much focus on the person who gave
1 Because 2 That’s why 3 This means that opening gifts the gift
4 because 5 Because of
Exercise 6 page 93
Exercise 9 page 88
2 seems 3 agree 4 disagree 5 not convinced
1 effect 2 spent, lot, and 3–4 but, not 5 sent,
6 why not 7 don’t agree
celebrate, important 6 don’t, and
Exercise 7 page 93
Exercise 10 page 88
Answers will vary.
Answers will vary.
LANGUAGE DEVELOPMENT CRITICAL THINKING

Exercise 1 page 94
Exercise 1 page 89
1 celebration 2 acceptable 3 agreement Special occasions have Special occasions
4 political 5 frightens 6 specialize become too commercial. have not become too
commercial.
Exercise 2 page 90
1 harmless 2 useful, reliable, careful 3 enjoyable 1 giving gifts is an 1 giving a gift shows
4 thoughtful obligation you were thinking of
2 have to spend money someone
Exercise 3 page 90
– could spend on more 2 graduation gifts are
Answers will vary.
important things practical – young people
Exercise 4 page 90 3 better to spend time need gifts and money
1 to 2 to 3 for 4 from 5 about with a person than to 3 gifts remind people of
Exercise 5 page 90 spend time shopping the person who gave
Answers will vary. 4 too much focus on the gift
opening gifts
Exercise 6 page 91
1 in 2 to 3 about 4 for 5 by 6 for Whether students agree or disagree with the statements
will vary.
LISTENING 2 Exercise 2 page 94
1 obligation 2 graduate 3 personal 4 behavior Exercise 3 page 95
5 thoughtful 6 occasions 7 event 8 commercial Answers will vary.
1 Possible answers: Christmas, birthdays, anniversaries, Answers will vary.
graduation, wedding, engagement, new baby, passing
a test, etc.

Answers will vary.
Exercise 1 page 96
1 I see your point 2 You may be right, but Exercise 5 page 101
3 I understand, but 4 I’m sorry to interrupt, but 1 c
5 I disagree 2f
3 b
Exercise 2 page 96 4a
Answers will vary. 5e
Exercise 3 page 97 6d
1 strongly 2 absolutely 3 really 4 completely Exercise 8 page 101
1 P 2 O 3 P 4 O 5 P 6 O 7 P 8 O
Exercise 7 page 98 UNIT 5
Answers will vary. ACTIVATE YOUR KNOWLEDGE
Exercise 8 page 98 page 103
Answers will vary. 1 Possible answers: The people are doing t’ai chi. T’ai chi
is a form of Chinese exercise that involves a series of
SPEAKING TASK slow movements. T’ai chi makes your muscles stronger,
makes you more flexible, improves balance, and can
Exercise 1 page 98
reduce stress.
Answers will vary.
Exercise 2 page 99
Answers will vary. WATCH AND LISTEN
Answers will vary. 1 a 2 c 3 c 4 b 5 a
Answers will vary. 1 busy
2 bad
ON CAMPUS 3 calm
Exercise 1 page 100 4 stressed-out
Answers will vary. 5 listening
Speaker 1 mentions classes and language. Answers will vary.
Speaker 2 mentions food.
Speaker 3 mentions cultural behavior. LISTENING 1
1 b a unhealthy b work out c prove d illness
2c e overweight f habit
3 b
4c
5a

Possible answers: Answers will vary.
1 Photos A and C show people eating an unhealthy and
healthy diet. Photos B and D show people being active LANGUAGE DEVELOPMENT
and inactive. Exercise 1 page 111
2 A lifestyle of not being active and eating unhealthy 2 came down with 3 take up 4 try out for
food can lead to obesity and health problems. 5 give up 6 sign up (for) 7 join in 8 get over
3 Your genes affect how likely or unlikely you are to get
Exercise 2 page 111
certain diseases, like diabetes. Having an unhealthy
1 come down with 2 give up 3 sign up 4 join in
lifestyle increases the chance of getting these diseases.
5 try out 6 get over 7 take up 8 cut down on
Exercise 3 page 107
Exercise 3 page 112
1 No, they don’t. Some older people may have eaten an
1 given up 2 get over 3 signed up 4 taken up
unhealthy diet or not exercised regularly.
5 tried out for 6 cut down on
2 Genes may be more important than lifestyle for having
a long life. Exercise 4 page 112
Answers will vary.
Exercise 4 page 107
Speaker A Exercise 5 page 112
1 it’s great news! 1 emotional 2 social 3 intellectual 4 personal
2 the key to a healthy life is to enjoy yourself 5 Physical 6 cultural 7 educational
3 go out and have a pizza with friends than spend time
in the gym. LISTENING 2
Speaker B Exercise 1 page 113
4 get too worried about healthy eating and exercise! 1 c 2 a 3 b 4 b 5 a 6 b 7 c 8 a
5 genes are more important than our lifestyle. Exercise 2 page 114
Speaker C Answers will vary.
6 exercise and eat well
7 you won’t know whether or not you have the right Exercise 3 page 115
genes until you get sick 1 meditation 2 a soccer club 3 a bike tour
8 it’s always better to have a healthy lifestyle 4 acupuncture
9 bad health habits increase the chances of getting a Exercise 4 page 115
serious illness. Program 1: improves health and well-being, improves
Speaker D concentration, increases energy, leads to a happier life,
10 these children won’t be able to enjoy a long and reduces stress
healthy life unless they give up chips, chocolate bars, Program 2: improves social life, improves intellectual
sugary drinks performance, improves physical fitness, improves team-
11 be careful and take care of myself because I don’t building skills
know if I have good genes! Program 3: exercise, fascinating cultural experience,
Exercise 5 page 108 improves memory and thinking skills
Answers will vary. Program 4: reduces pain, helps people lose weight
Exercise 7 page 109 CRITICAL THINKING
1 excited: the speaker’s voice goes up and down a
Exercise 1 page 116
lot 2 certain: emphatic stress on no question and
Answers will vary.
happy people live longer 3 certain, and against getting
worried (emphasis on ridiculous) 4 cynical; voice Exercise 2 page 117
doesn’t go up and down a lot; question ends on a falling Answers will vary.
tone, which suggests that the speaker doesn’t really Exercise 3 page 117
expect an answer 5 uncertain: voice doesn’t go up and Answers will vary.
down much; doesn’t stress great, but stresses but
Exercise 4 page 117
Answers will vary.

Answers will vary.
Exercise 1 page 118
1 to engage the audience and make them think about Exercise 6 page 121
the topic Answers will vary.
2 to make listeners think about their own problems; Exercise 7 page 121
they are all yes/no questions, and it is likely that many Answers will vary.
people would answer yes to some of them. This sets
up the presentation as a solution to the audience’s ON CAMPUS
problems. Exercise 1 page 122
3 feeling tired, feeling stressed, problems concentrating Answers will vary.
4 meditation
5 to try to make it common knowledge that meditation Exercise 2 page 122
is helpful Answers will vary.
6 yes: to increase energy and make people happier Exercise 3 page 122
7 the name of the place offering classes and the date c
specific information about the place, time, etc. 4 1 T
background information about the treatment 3 2 F; Students feel stress because they haven’t learned
introduction of the treatment 2 how to handle the kind of pressure they experience in
Exercise 3 page 119 college.
2 check out 3 join 4 learn, visit 3 F; Most students have bad habits.
4T
Exercise 4 page 119 5 F; Most people need between seven and nine hours of
1 Imperatives often make the listener want to sleep a night.
take action. 6T
2 Imperatives are used in the presentation because 7 T
the presenter wants to persuade the listeners to do
something – sign up for a meditation class. Exercise 5 page 123
Answer will vary.
Exercise 5 page 119
2 Buy one and get one free. Exercise 6 page 123
3 Hurry and purchase a ticket now. Answers will vary.
4 Don’t forget that our stores are open on holidays. Exercise 7 page 123
5 Register for our course before it’s too late! Answers will vary.
1 calm 3 social, intellectual, physical, team-building Answers will vary.
3 terrific, fascinating, best 4 interested, alternative Exercise 9 page 123
5 traditional 6 great, easy Answers will vary.
Exercise 7 page 120
Answers will vary. UNIT 6
SPEAKING TASK ACTIVATE YOUR KNOWLEDGE
page 125
Exercise 1 page 120 1 Possible answers: The computer in the photo is the
Answers will vary. Difference Engine by Charles Babbage. Babbage
Exercise 2 page 120 designed it in 1822, but a working model wasn’t made
Answers will vary. until the year 2000 because it was too expensive to
make in the 1800s.
Exercise 3 page 120
Answers will vary.
Exercise 4 page 121
Answers will vary.

WATCH AND LISTEN Exercise 5 page 130
1 953 2 the Middle/Dark Ages 3 eyeglasses
Exercise 1 page 126 4 gunpowder
Answers will vary.
Exercise 6 page 131
Exercise 2 page 126 1 and, and, the, to
Answers will vary. 2 The, of, the, the
Exercise 3 page 127 3 The, a, to, in, a
1 prosthetic 4 of, the, of
2 expensive Exercise 7 page 131
3 college 1 b 2 c 3 a
4 3D
5 normal Exercise 8 page 132
6 successful Answers will vary.
7 new Exercise 9 page 132
1 Holden Mora is 7 17 years old.
2 Jeff Powell built the hand using instructions from the
LANGUAGE DEVELOPMENT
Internet his professor. Exercise 1 page 133
3 The printer builds the parts in 24 44 hours. 2 force 3 cause 4 produce 5 cause 6 force
4 Holden can cannot pick up things with his artificial Exercise 2 page 133
hand. 1 b 2 a 3 b 4 b 5 a 6 b 7 a 8 a
5 Holden Jeff Powell is now raising money to build hands
for other kids. Exercise 3 page 134
6 Holden hopes other children teachers can have the 2 The law of gravity was discovered by Isaac Newton in
best kind of hands, too. the 17th century.
3 The first computer chip was invented in the 1950s.
Exercise 5 page 127 4 The first smartphone was created after 1997.
Answers will vary. 5 Penicillin was first produced in 1928 by Alexander
Fleming.
LISTENING 1
Exercise 4 page 134
Exercise 1 page 128
1 was discovered 2 was invented 3 designed
1 designed 2 Scientific 3 discover
4 were developed 5 was written 6 was created
4 invented/developed 5 device
7 download 8 were sent 9 was taken
6 developed/invented 7 diagram 8 technology
10 developed
Exercise 2 page 129
1 D; The fountain pen is for writing without getting ink LISTENING 2
on your fingers. Exercise 1 page 135
2 C; Eyeglasses are to help people see as normal and to 1 access 2 app, install 3 create 4 users
read. 5 product 6 industry 7 allow
3 A; Gunpowder is an explosive that is used in fireworks
but also in guns and other weapons. Exercise 2 page 135
4 B; The crankshaft is a mechanical part that is used to 1 Answers will vary.
turn one type of energy into another in car engines. 2 In 2015 around 300 million apps were downloaded.
Exercise 3 page 129
1 the fountain pen Exercise 3 page 136
2 eyeglasses a 2 b 3 c 1
3 the crankshaft Exercise 4 page 136
4 gunpowder Answers will vary.
1 pen 2 953 3 Africa 4 ink 5 eyeglasses Answers will vary.
6 thirteenth 7 Italy 8 read 9 twelfth 10 Turkey
11 engineer 12 farms 13 car 14 ninth 15 China
16 scientists 17 live

Exercise 6 page 136 SPEAKING TASK
Possible answers:
1 Internet 2 checking emails 3 sending texts Exercise 1 page 142–143
4 first app store 5 Internet browsers 6 100 billion Answers will vary.
7 go to bookstore – guidebooks Exercise 2 page 143
get audio books Answers will vary.
get maps Exercise 3 page 143
look up directions on computer, print them Answers will vary.
pack CDs, camera, flashlights, names and addresses
passenger reads directions Exercise 4 page 143
ask for directions if you get lost Answers will vary.
8 read reviews; book hotel with travel app Exercise 5 page 143
use GPS Answers will vary.
use music app
listen to podcasts ON CAMPUS
9 software engineers 10 helpless 11 patient Exercise 1 page 144
Exercise 7 page 137 A a bar chart B a diagram C a photo D a pie chart
2 We will then discuss Exercise 2 page 144
3 I’d like to start by talking a little about 1 a bar chart (A)
4 I’m going to briefly talk about 2 a pie chart (D)
5 Now I’d like to mention 3 a diagram (B)
6 In the next part of the lecture, I will discuss 4 a photo (C)
1 Visual aids help a presentation by giving the speaker
CRITICAL THINKING notes to look at, helping the audience to remember
Exercise 1 page 138 the key points of the presentation, giving a clear order
Answers will vary. to the presentation, etc.
Exercise 2 page 139 2 Other types of visuals might include: video, tables,
Answers will vary. flow charts, idea maps, or illustrations.

Answers will vary. 1 C
2A
PREPARATION FOR SPEAKING 3 D
4B
Exercise 1 page 140
2, 3, 5 Exercise 5 page 144
Exercise 2 page 140 Excerpt Excerpt Excerpt Excerpt
Answers will vary. 1 2 3 4
Exercise 3 page 141 This is … ✓
a 6 b 2 c 5 d 3 e 1 f 7 g 4 This chart/ ✓ ✓
Exercise 4 page 142 diagram shows …
1 allows us 2 helps people to 3 are useful for This chart gives ✓
4 makes it 5 Without information
Exercise 5 page 142 about …
Answers will vary. As you can see … ✓ ✓
Exercise 6 page 142 We can see ✓
Answers will vary. that …

2 a bar chart 1 future 2 community 3 environmentally
3 a diagram 4 conditions 5 energy 6 electricity
4 a photograph 7 Smart 8 kill 9 temperature 10 sports 11 sick
5 a pie chart 12 lights 13 dress 14 color
6 a photograph Exercise 4 page 152
7 a pie chart
8 a bar chart type of clothing adjective(s) speaker’s
opinion
Exercise 7 page 145
Answers will vary. eco-clothes interesting P
Exercise 8 page 145 fabrics that amazing P
Answers will vary. regulate body
temperature
Exercise 9 page 145
Answers will vary. fabrics that cool P
prevent people
UNIT 7 from getting sick
ACTIVATE YOUR KNOWLEDGE dress made of not very practical N
page 147 lights useless
1 Possible answers: The people in the photo are
modeling clothes on a catwalk as part of a fashion Exercise 5 page 152
show. 1 a I’ve been reading about fashion of the future.
2–5 Answers will vary. b I have been reading about fashion of the future.
2 a That’s amazing.
WATCH AND LISTEN b That is amazing.
Exercise 1 page 148 3 a I agree that it’s not very practical.
Answers will vary. b I do agree that it’s not very practical.
4 a I think it’ll be interesting.
Exercise 2 page 148 b I do think it’ll be interesting.
1 Possible answers: Clothes, bags
2–3 Answers will vary. Exercise 6 page 153
1 I do believe they can be used to make sports clothing.
Exercise 3 page 148–149 2 It does seem we have a lot of ideas for the future of
1 c 2 b 3 c 4 c 5 c fashion.
Exercise 4 page 149 3 I do agree.
1 A Louis Vuitton handbag can cost $150,000 and a coat 4 I do like the idea of clothes that help people with
can cost $5,000 $50,000. health problems.
2 (no correction) 5 She does buy a lot of clothes.
3 You can walk into a store and buy things in the middle Exercise 7 page 153
top range. 1 interesting 2 typically 3 temperature 4 finally
4 They sell masses of very little stuff in the bottom 5 different
range.
5 Owning a Louis Vuitton item shows that you can Exercise 8 page 153
afford use it. Answers will vary.

LISTENING 1 LANGUAGE DEVELOPMENT

1 fabric 2 local 3 useless 4 convert 5 Smart 1 to give someone help
6 practical 7 focus on 8 design 2 to be very interested in something or to love it very much
3 to want something very much
Exercise 2 page 150 4 to be very popular at a certain time
Answers will vary. 5 to get a lot of attention or interest because of
something beautiful, unusual or impressive
6 something that everyone is talking about and people 8 F; In China and India, you can see that many traditional
have strong opinions about styles are being reused by young designers.
7 something that many people want to own 9 F; Aysha received requests for her clothes from women
Exercise 2 page 155 in Malaysia and Singapore and she might open stores
a 4 b 7 c 2 d 5 e 1 f 3 g 6 there someday.

1 will be printing / are going to be printing 1 Yes – the host says that Aysha’s collection made a great
2 will be wearing / are going to be wearing impression on the audience at Fashion Week in Doha.
3 won’t be using / aren’t going to be using; will be 2 Yes – Aysha says that she had problems with dressing
doing / are going to be doing modestly and that her friends thought her clothes
4 will be making / is going to be making; will be living / were strange, so she designed her own clothes that
is going to be living people admired, so overall it sounds like she enjoyed
growing up in New York.
Exercise 4 page 156 3 No – Aysha says she thinks that there’s a
Answers will vary. misunderstanding of Muslim clothes and that most
people only think of a burka.
LISTENING 2 4 No – when she started at design school, her teachers
Exercise 1 page 156 asked her how she was going to stay in the fashion
a admire b modest c unique d collection business if she wouldn’t design miniskirts or sleeveless
e individual f combine g confidence h styles shirts.
Exercise 2 page 157 5 Yes – the host says that her collection made a great
Answers will vary. impression at Doha’s Fashion Week, she sells her
collection in big cities, and she gets requests from
Exercise 3 page 157
other countries where she may also open shops.
1 She’s a fashion designer.
2 Qatar / United States Exercise 7 page 159
3 unique designs that combine traditional Muslim fashion Answers will vary.
with French chic
CRITICAL THINKING
Exercise 4 page 158
Exercise 1 page 160
Possible answers:
Statement 1 states an incorrect goal. The goal of the
1 fashion
interview isn’t to explore fashions from around the world.
2 growing up in New York
Statement 2 has more than one sentence.
3 problems dressing in modest way
Statement 3 is best because it is one sentence, it clearly
4 tried to combine culture with fashion
states the goal, and it uses the qualitative phrase (learn
5 made own clothes – colorful skirts, scarves
about).
6 Muslim clothes
7 people think of burkas Exercise 2 page 160
8 teachers – how create fashion without sleeveless Possible answers:
shirts? 1 A dress code is a set of rules about what types of
9 fashion = more than showing body clothes students or employees must wear and/or
10 modest clothes that give women confidence aren’t allowed to wear.
11 style = traditional chic 2 Reasons for dress codes include: it makes sure
12 young designers reusing traditional styles that people look professional; in schools, dressing
13 people like to be individuals + show cultural roots appropriately shows respect; it makes sure that people
14 popular outside of U.S. – Doha, Dubai, etc. dress modestly
1 F; Aysha grew up in New York. Answers will vary.
2T Exercise 4 page 162
3 T 1 c 2 a 3 e 4 d 5 b
4 DNS
5T Exercise 5 page 162
6T Answers will vary.
7 T

1 Agree who will present each part
PREPARATION FOR SPEAKING 2 Plan what to say, get visuals
Exercise 1 page 163 3 Practice with partner; prepare PowerPoint together
1 Are you saying that 2 How do you feel about 4 Put main points on index cards
3 Would you say that 4 Can you tell me Exercise 6 page 167
Possible answers:
1 What do you think is the best way to dress for a job UNIT 8
interview ACTIVATE YOUR KNOWLEDGE
2 Would you say that I should wear a suit even if I don’t page 169
usually wear one Answers will vary.
3 Are you saying that my skills are less important than
what I look like WATCH AND LISTEN
4 Do you mean that you’re really going to wear jeans and Exercise 1 page 170
a T-shirt to your job interview Possible answers:
Exercise 3 page 164 1 Facebook, Apple Computer, Microsoft
Answers will vary. 2 Yes, because they need to buy things and pay people.
3 Computers, printers, scanners
SPEAKING TASK
Exercise 2 page 170
Answers will vary.
Exercise 3 page 171
Exercise 2 page 165 1 equipment / machinery
Answers will vary. 2 products / things
Exercise 3 page 165 3 children
Answers will vary. 4 iPad
5 computers / computer servers
Exercise 4 page 165
6 locations / places
Answers will vary.
Exercise 4 page 171
Exercise 5 page 165
1 F; TechShop attracts people who like to work for
Answers will vary.
themselves others.
Exercise 6 page 165 2 F; People usually work on their own / individually in
Answers will vary. small groups at TechShop.
Exercise 7 page 165 3 F; Most people at TechShop like to build / make buy
Answers will vary. things.
4 F; Some of the inventors are now selling their products
Exercise 8 page 165
online / in stores on the street.
Answers will vary.
5T
ON CAMPUS 6 F; The success of TechShop shows that many people
without with a lot of money have great ideas.
Exercise 1 page 166
Answers will vary.
Exercise 2 page 166
Answers will vary. LISTENING 1
Clara and Adele are going to meet on Monday. 1 b 2 b 3 a 4 b 5 a 6 b 7 a
1 Adele will send Clara the links to the articles she found Answers will vary.
2 Read articles, take notes, do research
3 Plan the outline together
4 Ask about using computer
Exercise 3 page 173 LISTENING 2
Possible answers:
1 Richer people live very ordinary lives and not lavish Exercise 1 page 179
ones. 1 encouraged 2 minimum wage 3 responsible
2 Wealthy means “rich.” 4 manage 5 decision 6 sense 7 services
3 the behavior of wealthy people Exercise 2 page 180
Exercise 5 page 173 for against
The following are true, according to the radio program: 1 gives students time to 1 won’t solve problems;
2, 3, 4, 5, 7. study will just cover them up
Exercise 6 page 173 2 makes sure all 2 money better spent on
1 75 2 50 3 20 4 65 5 $350,000 6 86% students have same student services
Exercise 7 page 174 opportunities in the 3 sends the wrong
1 live within your means / don’t spend more money than future message
you have 3 gives students a sense 4 students will take easy
2 show off / showing other people that they might be of responsibility courses for good grades
wealthy 4 gives student an option:
3 frugal / careful about where she spends her money school or minimum-
4 was economically disadvantaged / didn’t have much wage job
money 5 not all parents
interested in education;
Exercise 8 page 175 need to show students
1 c 2 g 3 g 4 b 5 b 6 w a reason for studying
Exercise 9 page 175
1 40; Students are paid $40 a month for good
Exercise 10 page 176 attendance.
Answers will vary. 2 50; Students get $50 for taking a college entrance exam
Exercise 11 page 176 3 25; The dropout rate at Dr. Hassan’s college is 25%.
Answers will vary. 4 2; Two of the reasons students drop out are stress and
poor time management.
Exercise 1 page 177 1 b 2 a 3 b
1 make money 2 pay in cash 3 pay off 4 pay a
Exercise 6 page 181
fine 5 lose money 6 borrow money 7 save money
1 I understand that many students drop out from college
8 owe money 9 raise money 10 spend money
because of financial problems. … However, will paying
Exercise 2 page 178 students really encourage them to continue?
1 A 2 T 3 T 4 A 2 I can see your point, but we have already spent a lot
Exercise 3 page 178 on student services.
1 If you want to spend money, you don’t buy lots of 3 I realize that students need encouragement to stay in
expensive things. school, but are we going in the right direction?
2 If you have time, listened listen to this radio program. Exercise 7 page 181
3 If I have money, I always bought buy new clothes. Answers will vary.
4 If you will pay off all your debts, you will be happier.
Exercise 4 page 179
Answers will vary.

CRITICAL THINKING PREPARATION FOR SPEAKING
1 Learning should be about studying new things and
arguments that support arguments that oppose
improving yourself.
the position the position
2 Saving money is not easy if you have bills to pay.
Argument 1: pay students Argument 1: money 3 Reading books about millionaires is not easy if you
so they don’t have to would be better spent on have bills to pay.
work student services 4 Teaching children about money should start at an early
age.
Supporting details: Supporting details:
students from low- students drop out due Exercise 2 page 184
income families often to stress and poor time 2 Teaching children to save money is very important.
fail or drop out management 3 Paying children to study can encourage them.
4 Giving children money at an early age can spoil them.
students who work have advisers can help 5 Learning about money is difficult when you’re a child.
no time to study students learn to manage
Exercise 3 page 185
their time better, and
Answers will vary.
they’ll be more likely to
graduate Exercise 4 page 185
1 As a result 2 One effect of 3 In my experience
Argument 2: gives Argument 2: sends the
4 As a consequence of 5 Because of that
students a sense of wrong message
responsibility Exercise 5 page 186
Supporting details: Answers will vary.
Supporting details: some students will take
young people often easy courses to get high SPEAKING TASK
choose to work and grades Exercise 1 page 187
make money instead of Answers will vary.
staying in school should reward excellent
schools and teachers, not Exercise 2 page 187
gives students the students Answers will vary.
choice to work for Exercise 3 page 187
minimum wage or stay in Answers will vary.
school
Exercise 4 page 187
not all parents interested Answers will vary.
in education; need to Exercise 5 page 187
show students a reason Answers will vary.
for studying
Exercise 2 page 182
ON CAMPUS
1 major
Exercise 3 page 183
2 course catalog
Answers will vary.
3 units
Exercise 4 page 183 4 prerequisites
Answers will vary. 5 general education requirements
Exercise 5 page 183
Answers will vary.

Exercise 2 page 188
Possible answers:
1 When should I declare my major?
2 Can/Should I take economics classes this year?
3 Are there any prerequisite courses?
4 How many units are there per semester?
5 What are the general education requirements? How
many units do I need to take?
6 Can I take art history?
7 How do I register? When do I need to register?
Exercise 3 page 189
1 Calculus 2 Computer science 3 Art history
4 Writing 101
Exercise 4 page 189
1 End of 2nd year
2 Yes. Take Introduction to economics next semester
3 Yes. Calculus and computer science
4 12–16
5 15
6 Yes
7 Online, before Friday
Exercise 5 page 189
1 f 2 b 3 a 4 d 5 g 6 e 7 c
Exercise 6 page 189
Answers will vary.
Exercise 7 page 189
Answers will vary.

STUDENT’S BOOK SCRIPTS
UNIT 1 Kuryan. Dr. Kuryan is a professor of zoology, which is
the scientific study of animals, and a writer of several
The Mental Skills of Chimpanzees books on animal welfare. You both have two minutes
Narrator: For 30 years, scientists at Georgia State to introduce your point of view. Ms. Johnson, would
University have been studying the mental skills of you like to begin?
chimpanzees. They’re finding out if chimpanzees can Ms. Johnson: Thank you for inviting me to this debate.
plan ahead and how much they plan ahead. It’s well known that animals have worked side by side
Man: OK, I’m going to set up the computer, right here. with humans for thousands of years. In fact, they
Narrator: They use a computer maze to find out about helped us develop our civilization and helped humans
the chimpanzee’s ability. In the wild, chimpanzees survive. Animals, like elephants and horses, were
have to find food and protect themselves, so they used to build amazing structures, like the pyramids
probably need to make plans. in Egypt. Yet their hard work and suffering are hardly
But how good are they at planning? ever recognized. For example, horses, camels, and
One of the chimpanzees, named Panzee, is excellent. elephants were used to transport armies and soldiers
She can often complete difficult mazes that she’s never during wars, and many of these animals died in these
seen before better than humans. wars. And there are other examples. Even now, dogs
Man: Tell me what you want. are used to pull sleds in cold climates and elephants
are used for logging. These animals work long hours
Narrator: This is an amazing discovery! Panzee doesn’t
and live in difficult conditions. However, they get very
make many mistakes, and she can sometimes see the
little reward. Humans just use them to their advantage.
solution to the maze faster than a human can.
My main argument is that in the modern world, there
The ability to look ahead and find the way from is no longer any need to use animals for work. We
the beginning to the end of the maze means she’s have technology that can replace them. It’s similar
very smart. to using children to work in factories. Two hundred
And it means that planning before acting is not just a years ago, factory owners got rich by using children.
human skill. Nowadays, people still get rich by using animals to
Scientist: Chimpanzees do plan ahead. I don’t believe do work for them. The problem is that the animals
that they can plan ahead nearly so far as we can. I have no one to represent them and protect their
think also that they reflect upon the past but not rights. Even though animals work hard for us, they
to the degree that we do. I would suggest that are often abandoned when they get sick or too old
chimpanzees are able to plan ahead over the course to work. They suffer. In short, I strongly believe that
of several days, whereas we can plan ahead for years using animals for work is an old-fashioned and cruel
or centuries if we wish. practice.
1.1 Host: Thank you, Ms. Johnson. Dr. Kuryan – your
Host: Hello and welcome. Today’s debate is on introduction, please.
using animals for work. The first animal that was Dr. Kuryan: Thank you. It’s true that animals have
domesticated by humans is the dog. Even now, dogs helped our civilization develop. Camels and horses
are still used to protect our houses and keep us safe. helped us carry goods across huge distances. Dogs
Other domesticated animals – used for food – include helped us hunt and protected us from wild animals.
sheep, cows, and goats. The first donkeys were used Humans don’t have the skills or strength to do
by humans approximately 6,000 years ago in Egypt. these jobs. I want to argue that, in many developing
Horses were domesticated 5,000 years ago in Europe countries, poor people still need animals to survive.
and Asia. All these animals have been used to help These are people who can’t afford cars, house alarms,
human beings survive, either by providing food or by or expensive machines. Another point is that not all
working for us. Horses, camels, elephants – they have animal use is abuse. On the contrary, without humans,
all helped humans explore their land and transport these domesticated animals would not have been
goods from one place to another. But is this fair? able to survive. They need us to take care of them.
What about animal rights? To argue for this issue There are many animal lovers around the world who
today we have Amy Johnson, an animal rights activist work in animal shelters and help animals. There are
and writer. To argue against the issue is Dr. Jacob laws that stop animal suffering. And people give a lot
of money to animal charities and organizations that
38 STUDENT’S BOOK SCRIPTS
help save wildlife. At the same time, there are still First, Arctic communities are trying to reduce contact
millions of children in the world who don’t get this between humans and polar bears. More lights in
kind of treatment. They go without food or clothing. public places, electric fences, and warning plans when
I strongly believe that, in a modern society, people bears enter towns all help to protect polar bears from
often care more about animals than they do about humans, and humans from polar bears.
poor people. Second, governments have made laws that prohibit or
Host: Thank you both for your arguments! Now, let’s limit the amount of oil production in the Arctic. And
hear from our listeners … environmental groups are also creating plans to make
Arctic shipping safer.
1.2
Third, and most importantly, people are trying to stop
Hello, I’d like to thank you all for coming. I know that
climate change. And you can, too. If you want to help
you’re all busy students, and I appreciate that you’ve
save polar bears, you should use less electricity and gas,
taken the time to be here today.
tell government leaders your opinion about the issue
So, what do you think of when you hear the words of climate change, and get involved with organizations
climate change and global warming? If you’re like most that are working to save polar bears.
people, you think about warmer temperatures, floods,
So, to summarize, the main threat to polar bears is loss
droughts, huge storms … and maybe polar bears. That’s
of habitat due to climate change. Related threats are
what I’m going to talk about today – the polar bear and
human contact and industrial development. If people
the human threats to this beautiful, powerful, majestic
don’t make changes quickly, polar bears may disappear.
animal.
It’s widely known that polar bears are now an 1.3
endangered species. There are only about 26,000 polar 1 First, Arctic communities are trying to reduce contact
bears in the world today, and it’s believed that most of between humans and polar bears.
them will be gone by 2050 if nothing changes. There are 2 Second, governments have made laws that prohibit or
several threats to polar bears, and all of them are due to limit the amount of oil production in the Arctic.
climate change. 3 So, to summarize, the main threat to polar bears is loss
The biggest threat is the loss of sea ice habitat. Climate of habitat due to climate change.
change damages the sea ice that polar bears depend
1.4
on for survival. Every summer the ice melts and it
freezes again in winter, but rising ocean temperatures … beautiful, powerful, majestic …
mean that the ice stays melted for longer periods each 1.5
year, and when it does freeze, there’s less and less of it. … warmer temperatures, floods, droughts,
The disappearing ice has several negative effects. For huge storms …
example, it makes it difficult for polar bears to search
for seals, their main source of food. Polar bears need 1.6
to stand on ice to hunt for seals. So when there isn’t 1 large, white, strong
enough ice, they become hungry, and can even die 2 pandas, sea turtles, chimpanzees, tigers
from lack of food. 3 human contact, climate change,
A second threat is contact between humans and polar industrial development
bears. When there is less sea ice, polar bears have to 4 more lights, electric fences, warning plans
spend more time on land. This results in more contact
1.7
with humans. When polar bears go near towns, people
sometimes kill the bears to protect themselves. It’s often said that it’s cruel to use animals for
A third human threat to polar bears is industrial entertainment. However, I would like to argue against
development, such as oil production and shipping. As this idea. I know that many animal lovers would disagree
the ice disappears, the ocean is growing. This means with me, but let me explain my point of view.
there may be more oil production in the Arctic, and First of all, keeping animals in zoos helps protect them.
the threat of oil spills could increase. Contact with oil For example, many species, such as the giant panda
will kill polar bears. And the oil business will bring more and the snow leopard, are endangered in the wild, so
ships to the Arctic, which are dangerous to polar bears. they are safer in zoos. Another point is that zoos have
However, there is good news: it may not be too an important educational role. For instance, children
late to save the polar bear. Here’s what people are can see animals up close. When I was a child, my father
already doing. took me to the zoo. I learned about exotic animals, and
I also learned to care about animals. Modern zoos have
STUDENT’S BOOK SCRIPTS 39

improved their conditions. Animals are no longer kept In 2013 the largest offshore wind farm opened here in
in small cages, and zoos have large areas where animals the open sea.
can feel as if they are in their natural habitat. It’s called the London Array, and it’s located about 12
To summarize, zoos help protect animals and educate miles from the southeast coast of England.
us. In short, modern zoos are comfortable, safe places How was it possible to build this giant wind farm in
for wild animals. In conclusion, I believe that we should the water?
help zoos by visiting them and donating money. This was the answer.
1.8 Discovery is a special ship that can rise completely out
1 First of all, keeping animals in zoos helps protect them. of the water on giant “legs”. It made a safe building area
2 For example, many species, such as the giant panda in the middle of the sea possible.
and the snow leopard, are endangered And it could hold all the parts to build each
in the wild. wind turbine.
3 Another point is that zoos have an important These huge pieces of the turbine look like airplane
educational role. wings. They were designed to get as much energy as
4 To summarize, zoos help protect animals and educate us. possible, even from light winds.
5 In short, modern zoos are comfortable, safe places for But as you can imagine, they were difficult to assemble,
wild animals. especially in windy weather.
It took a team effort. Everything had to line
1.9 up perfectly.
Today I’m going to give you some advice for your Success!
presentations in class. It’s normal to be nervous when Each one of these wind turbines is almost 400 feet
you have to speak in front of your class, but there are a across. That’s 120 meters, about as big as the London
few things that you can do to help yourself, and make it Eye. And they built 175 of them.
easier for your audience to understand you.
Every turbine can provide power for 3,000 homes. So
First of all, don’t read your presentation aloud … and now, because of the London Array wind farm, over half
don’t memorize it. That’s not a good idea. If you do a million homes in England have clean electricity.
that, you’ll speak too fast and nobody will understand
you. Instead, use notes to help you remember what 2.1
to say. Some students write notes on index cards: one 1 Today I want to explain some alternative solutions.
card for each point. If you do that, you will speak more 2 As we all know, in order to grow plants we need water
naturally, and people will understand you better. and sunlight.
Second, make sure that you can pronounce key words. 3 I think that desert farms might be a very interesting
Pronunciation is very important. Check and practice the way to farm in the future.
pronunciation of important words – especially names 4 If you add the nutrients to water, you can grow your
or technical terms. fruit and vegetables in water.
Now, your voice. Don’t shout, but speak loudly enough
2.2
so that the people in the back of the room can hear.
Emphasize your important points by speaking more Good morning. As you may remember, the last lecture
clearly and slowly. Pause after each main point. This focused on issues of climate change and its causes
gives the audience time to process what you are saying. and effects. Today I want to explain some alternative
Finally, don’t forget how important it is to use solutions that may help reduce some of the problems
signposting language. Phrases like first of all, second, related to climate change. The first solution uses solar
finally – I just said that one! – in conclusion, and so energy to grow food in the desert. That’s right, growing
on … these phrases are like road signs. They make it fruit and vegetables in the desert is now possible, and
much easier for people to follow your presentation. the first desert farms have been built in Australia. First
of all, I will explain how farming in the desert works.
Then, we will briefly discuss how this type of farming
UNIT 2 could solve some of the environmental problems we
Blowing in the Wind: Off-Shore Wind Farms are now facing. And finally, we will discuss some possible
We humans use a lot of energy, and some traditional problems of this system.
energy sources are running out. Where can we find So, how does it work? As we all know, in order to
alternative energy sources? These days, one popular grow plants we need water and sunlight. While we
source is wind. have a lot of sunlight in the desert, we have very little
water. Scientists have decided to combine the modern
technology of solar energy with a farming technology 2.3
called hydroponics. Hydroponics means growing plants An Australian company, Sundrop Farms, combined
in water. In the 1700s, scientists observed that plants hydroponics with solar energy. Traditional farming uses
don’t need to grow in the ground. They need nutrients, between 60 and 80 percent of our planet’s fresh water.
to help them grow. Nutrients are like food for the plants. However, Sundrop Farms doesn’t use fresh water. It
Therefore, if you add the nutrients to water, you can uses seawater. Sundrop Farms is only 110 yards – or 100
grow your fruit and vegetables in water. NASA scientists meters – from the shore. A line of mirrors reflects heat
have been developing this method of growing food from the sun onto a pipe, a pipe that has oil inside.
because it could allow us to grow food in any climate – The hot oil in the pipe heats up seawater, which is
in Antarctica, the Sahara desert, or even on Mars. You kept in special containers. When the seawater reaches
might ask how this method of growing plants helps with 320° F – 160° C – the steam from this process provides
the problem of global warming. I mean, after all, it uses electricity. Some of the hot water is used to heat the
fresh water, which is a limited resource on our planet. greenhouse during the cold desert nights. The plants
An Australian company, Sundrop Farms, combined grow in the greenhouse – a building with glass walls and
hydroponics with solar energy. Traditional farming uses a glass ceiling. The rest of the heated water goes to a
between 60 and 80 percent of our planet’s fresh water. desalination plant. Desalination is when we remove the
However, Sundrop Farms doesn’t use fresh water. It salt from seawater to create drinkable water – that is,
uses seawater. Sundrop Farms is only 110 yards – or 100 water that’s clean and safe to drink. The desalination
meters – from the shore. A line of mirrors reflects heat plant can produce up to 2,700 gallons – that is
from the sun onto a pipe, a pipe that has oil inside. 10,000 liters – of fresh water every day. The farmer
The hot oil in the pipe heats up seawater, which is adds nutrients to the water and then grows fruit
kept in special containers. When the seawater reaches and vegetables.
320° F – 160° C – the steam from this process provides To summarize, the solar energy is used to remove the
electricity. Some of the hot water is used to heat salt from the seawater, and the fresh water is then used
the greenhouse during the cold desert nights. The inside the greenhouse, where the plants are growing.
plants grow in the greenhouse – a building with glass As you can imagine, many people around the world are
walls and a glass ceiling. The rest of the heated water really excited about this technology. So far, Australian
goes to a desalination plant. Desalination is when we farms have grown tomatoes, peppers, and cucumbers
remove the salt from seawater to create drinkable in this way. Many supermarkets are interested in buying
water – that is, water that’s clean and safe to drink. The these vegetables because they are grown without
desalination plant can produce up to 2,700 gallons – pesticides or other chemicals. Some people think this
that is 10,000 liters – of fresh water every day. The is the perfect solution to the world food crisis. After
farmer adds nutrients to the water and then grows fruit all, this way of farming can help us grow food in very
and vegetables. difficult conditions. Furthermore, it uses seawater,
To summarize, the solar energy is used to remove the which is a major advantage.
salt from the seawater, and the fresh water is then used Finally, the desert farms use solar energy and not fossil
inside the greenhouse, where the plants are growing. fuels, thus their negative effect on the environment is
As you can imagine, many people around the world are minimal. Now, of course, the future of hydroponics is
really excited about this technology. So far, Australian uncertain. But taking all this into consideration – the
farms have grown tomatoes, peppers, and cucumbers quality of food, the use of seawater, and the minimal
in this way. Many supermarkets are interested in buying use of fossil fuels – I think that desert farms might be
these vegetables because they are grown without a very interesting way to farm in the future. Now let’s
pesticides or other chemicals. Some people think this discuss some of the problems …
is the perfect solution to the world food crisis. After
all, this way of farming can help us grow food in very 2.4
difficult conditions. Furthermore, it uses seawater, which 1 Today I want to explain some alternative solutions
is a major advantage. that may help reduce some of the problems related to
Finally, the desert farms use solar energy and not fossil climate change.
fuels, thus their negative effect on the environment is 2 NASA scientists have been developing this method of
minimal. Now, of course, the future of hydroponics is growing food because it could allow us to grow food
uncertain. But taking all this into consideration – the in any climate.
quality of food, the use of seawater, and the minimal 3 I think that desert farms might be a very interesting
use of fossil fuels – I think that desert farms might be way to farm in the future.
a very interesting way to farm in the future. Now let’s
discuss some of the problems …
2.5 Jack: I’m not sure about that. I think that building
Host: Welcome to today’s debate on the advantages nuclear power plants is the perfect solution for many
and disadvantages of nuclear energy. Some people poorer countries. Yes, it might be expensive to build
think that nuclear power is an environmentally friendly the plant, but once the nuclear plant is there, the cost
source of energy because it creates less pollution than of the production of energy is very low. What’s more,
traditional power plants. However, the opponents of the country can sell the electricity to its neighbors
nuclear energy believe that it has more dangers than and improve its economy. It’s a long-term solution.
benefits. Debating this issue today are Emma Martinez Moreover, it makes a country less dependent on oil
and Jack Sullivan. Thank you for joining us today to and gas. At the moment, whenever oil or gas prices
share your opinions about this important issue. go up, it’s the poor countries and poor people who
suffer. Some people think that solar and wind energy
Emma: Thank you. I want to argue that there are many
are greener than nuclear energy. However, I don’t think
problems with nuclear power. It may be true that there
that’s accurate. Wind turbines are not exactly friendly
are very few accidents caused by nuclear plants, but if
for birds, not to mention that solar panels and wind
there is an accident, then it will be huge, and it will have
turbines take up a lot of space. They are also very
long-term effects on the environment. For example,
expensive and do not last as long as a nuclear power
after the Fukushima nuclear disaster in Japan, the
plant. In short, wind and solar energy can’t solve the
government had to tell people to leave their homes
problem of climate change, and they aren’t a good
because of the possibility of radiation. The radioactive
solution for poor countries.
material spread to water and food, such as tea, milk,
beef, and fish. For months after the accident, the Host: Thank you both very much. Let’s take some
Fukushima plant was dangerous. People will not be able questions from the audience …
to live in the nearby area for the next 20 years. This is 2.6
the big risk of building a nuclear power plant. Now I’m Interviewer: Today we’re speaking to Dr. Eileen Ferraro.
not antigovernment, but in my opinion, it’s irresponsible She’s going to talk about active learning: what it is and
for governments to allow nuclear power plants to be why it’s important for college students. Welcome to
built near cities. They’re just too dangerous. the show.
Jack: I have to disagree. I think we should look at the Dr. Ferraro: Thank you.
bigger picture. Some people are worried that nuclear
Interviewer: First, what is active learning?
power is a big risk. Despite that, there are hundreds
Dr. Ferraro: Well, most students know that in college,
of nuclear power plants all over the world, and there
you have to read a lot of books and listen to a lot of
have only been three major nuclear accidents in the
lectures. But active learning involves more than that. It
last 30 years. In fact, research shows that many more
means interacting with the material … thinking about it,
people die while working with coal, natural gas, and
talking about it, using it. If students don’t interact with
hydropower – that is, electricity powered by water.
the material, they don’t really learn it.
Furthermore, nuclear power is the most environmentally
friendly and the most sustainable source of energy. In Interviewer: Can you give us an example of what you
other words, it doesn’t damage the environment, and mean?
there will always be enough of it. A nuclear power plant Dr. Ferraro: Well, for example, when you read, maybe
does not pollute the air, it is relatively cheap, and it can you underline important points in your textbook. But
provide a huge amount of electricity to our cities. And to really learn it, you should do more than that. For
of course, our cities are growing— example, you could summarize the chapter in your
Emma: I’m sorry, can I interrupt? Some people say that own words.
nuclear energy doesn’t pollute the air, but that’s not Interviewer: I see.
completely true. It takes many years to build a nuclear Dr. Ferraro: Some students like to transfer material into
power plant. During this time, hundreds of machines a different format. I had a student once who made
work day and night and pollute the air in the area. I presentations of the information in every chapter,
don’t think it’s necessary to build nuclear power plants with visuals.
when we have safer and more environmentally friendly Interviewer: That’s a great idea!
energy sources, such as solar and wind energy. They Dr. Ferraro: Yes. It helped him to remember it. Then, he
are cheaper and they are unlimited sources of energy. would explain the material to his study group. Teaching
Furthermore, they are more affordable for most other people is a really good way to learn.
countries, when compared with nuclear power. Building Interviewer: I see. So that’s why teachers ask students
a nuclear power plant is not a solution for poor or to give presentations.
developing countries.
Dr. Ferraro: Yes. But it’s not just about remembering 3 Some cities don’t permit biking on the sidewalk.
information. In college we also expect students to 4 I’m sorry, but you need an employee parking permit to
evaluate what they read. This means asking questions. park in this garage.
Most teachers love questions because it means that the 5 The company presents an award for road safety to the
students are thinking about the material, and trying to safest city.
connect it to their own experience. 6 He received a new car as a birthday present.
Interviewer: I suppose project work is another example
of active learning. 3.3
Dr. Ferraro: Exactly. Yes. Host: Have you ever been afraid of flying? Do you
Interviewer: But it’s much more difficult, in some ways. feel scared when you sit on a plane? Are you
stressed when there’s turbulence? If so, you may
Dr. Ferraro: Yes! And some students are not used to this
have aerophobia. The word aerophobia comes from
way of learning. But we know that this is how students
the Greek, and it consists of two parts: aero, which
learn the most.
means “flight” or “air,” and phobia, which means “fear.”
People with aerophobia experience extreme fear or
UNIT 3 panic when they sit on a plane. In today’s program,
The Air Travel Revolution we’ll discuss some steps that you can take to reduce
In the past 50 years we’ve done the impossible – we’ve this fear. With me today is Mark Knowling. Mark used
made the world smaller. Today we can travel from to be a flight attendant who was afraid of flying.
continent to continent in no time. He has written a book about his experience and
Paris and London are closer than ever before. often gives presentations to help other people deal
North America and Europe are almost neighbors. And with their phobias. Can you tell us more about your
South America and Asia are less than a day away from experience, Mark?
each other. Mark: Yes, sure. So I took a flight attendant’s course
Trips that used to happen once in a lifetime now right after college. My goal was to see the world, and
happen weekly for many business people. I thought it would be a good job for me. I learned
a lot more than I expected from the course. During
How have we done this? By taking to the air.
the training, we studied a lot about air safety, but
Airplanes have clearly revolutionized transportation. there were also lectures about plane crashes. The
Military planes travel faster than the speed of sound. instructors would tell us horrible stories of serious
Commercial planes like the Airbus A380 and the Boeing problems – broken engines, birds hitting the aircraft,
747 are much bigger than houses. More people travel by hijackings, and even stories of planes crashing in the
air than ever in history. middle of the desert or in the ocean.
The airspace over London, for example, is among the Host: That’s terrible!
busiest and most crowded in the world. Mark: No, I don’t think so. They were trying to make
Every day 3,500 flights take place overhead. And that’s us take the job seriously. They would also discuss
just one city. the research done by air crash investigators to help
In 2016, about 3.7 billion people traveled by plane. And us understand the reasons behind air crashes. There’s
that number will likely continue to grow. a detailed record of each crash, which investigators
The sky has become a place for us to work, rest, check carefully.
and play. Host: But for you, I suppose this training had the
And right now, around the world, over a million people opposite effect. How did it influence you? Did it make
are traveling in the air above us. you afraid of flying?
Mark: Uh-huh, the course had a strong impact on me.
3.1
I actually became very scared of being on a plane.
1 There has been an increase in motorcycle accidents When I told my colleagues about it, they just laughed.
over the past five years. They couldn’t believe that I had completed the flight
2 Airlines are always looking for new ways to increase attendant training and now I was afraid to get on
the safety of their planes. a plane. What was I supposed to do? I decided to
3.2 research it online, and I read stories about people who
1 There’s a detailed record of each plane crash. managed to control their fear of flying.
2 A machine called a “black box” records everything that Host: Can it be cured?
the pilot and copilot say during a flight.

Mark: Actually, like any phobia, there’s not always 3.5
a cure for it, but you can decrease its effects on 1 The course was a lot more challenging than
your life. You need to have the right attitude. You I expected.
can achieve anything if you concentrate and stay
2 We can see that by far the most affordable form of
positive. The advice I got was very useful, but it was
transportation is walking.
a challenge, and it took me a long time to get over
3 The risks of driving a car are considerably more
my fear.
significant than those of flying.
3.4 4 For me, flying is much more comfortable than
Host: Can you share some advice with our listeners? traveling by train.
Mark: Of course. Well, the first method to decrease 5 Taking a train is definitely more relaxing than driving.
your fear is to learn more about how planes work.
3.6
For example, many people believe that without the
engines, the plane will simply fall down from the sky, Hello, everyone. Thank you for being here today.
but that isn’t true. The plane will stay up because its Welcome to the first meeting of Wheels to Work. As
wings push against the air. A plane can fly without the you know, the goal of this group is to make our city
engines, and a well-trained pilot will be able to control more bike-friendly. Specifically, we’d like to make it
it without power. All pilots learn how to fly without easier for people to ride their bikes to work. Biking to
the engines. work is good for the environment, and it provides great
Host: What about turbulence? Whenever I fly, I get very exercise. And personally, I think it’s a lot of fun!
scared during turbulence. I’m hoping that we can work together to solve the
Mark: Well, turbulence can be dangerous, of course. problems that can make it difficult for city residents
However, most turbulence is completely normal and to bike to work. Today I’m going to talk about a few of
won’t cause any trouble, so you shouldn’t be afraid of those problems and share some ideas for solving them.
it. The only situation where it can cause problems is So, the biggest issue is safety. A lot of people would
when the aircraft is already damaged or during a storm. love to ride their bikes to work, but they’re scared –
But, as you know, airlines study the weather and won’t they feel that it’s just too dangerous. This is because
carry passengers if they think the weather conditions there’s a lot of traffic during rush hour, when most
aren’t safe for flying. people drive to or from work, and there’s very little
Host: Is there any other advice that you can give? space for bikers. Many of the bike lanes we have are
Mark: Understanding where the emergency exits are too narrow, and some of the busiest streets don’t even
may help you relax. Not knowing where an exit is and have bike lanes. What’s more, many drivers don’t have
feeling that you’re in a closed space can make you respect for bikers. Cars sometimes even drive in the
afraid. Finally, to decrease the fear of flying, you should bike lanes to pass other cars. Of course, if a car hits a
avoid watching movies about plane crashes or other bike, it’s going to injure or even kill the biker.
accidents. Some researchers say that aerophobia is A second issue is storage. Many people don’t have
caused by people watching too many disaster movies. a safe place to put their bikes while they’re at work.
I think we often forget that, compared to the many They worry that if they leave their bike outside, it’ll get
forms of transportation that we use every day, air stolen. Also, it’ll get wet when it rains and might get
transportation is actually very safe. damaged over time.
Host: In what way?
A third problem is that, for some people, riding a bike
Mark: Well, there’s research that compares the number to work isn’t convenient. Maybe they live far from their
of accidents per number of miles traveled on each job, or maybe they sometimes work late and don’t
form of transportation. We can see that by far the want to bike home in the dark. And a lot of people
safest form of travel is air transportation, and the don’t like to bike in the rain. What if you ride your bike
most dangerous is using a motorcycle. In recent years, to work, and then later it starts raining? From my own
there has been a significant decrease in the number experience, I can tell you that it’s pretty terrible to ride
of plane crashes. In contrast, cars are considerably home during a storm.
more dangerous.
So, those are three of the biggest issues: safety, storage,
Host: Really? I didn’t know that. Thank you for your
and convenience.
advice, Mark. You can let us know what you think
about air safety and share your stories by going to our
website at www …

3.7 the roads to record what drivers are doing. The reason
for this is the police can check the videos to see who’s
Now I’d like to share some possible solutions. First,
eating, who’s texting, and so on. Then, I’d suggest that
to improve safety, I’d suggest that police officers give
the police give the drivers points on their license. If the
big fines to drivers who break the law by driving in a
driver has a lot of points, the police should take their
bike lane.
car away for a few months.
Also, I’d like to see wider bike lanes to allow more
bicycles to pass at the same time. We should also add 3.9
bike lanes to busy streets that don’t have them yet. Today we’re looking at your goals for the future. Of
These proposals would prevent cars from hitting bikers course, it’s important for students to have goals, and
and would save lives. I’m sure most of you do. But sometimes it’s difficult
to turn your goals into a reality! I’m going to introduce
As for the issue of storage, I think that city parking
the SMART criteria as a way to help you achieve those
garages ought to create special parking sections for
goals. SMART goals are specific, measurable, achievable,
bikes. This would keep bikes safe and dry while people
relevant, and time-bound. I’ll explain these one by one.
are working.
First, your goal should be specific. Many students have
Finally, convenience. In my opinion, we should make goals like, “I want to get a good job,” but that’s not
it easier to bring bikes on public transportation. For really specific enough. For a goal to be effective, you
example, we could put bike racks on the outside of need to identify what you want in detail. What is a
buses. That way, people wouldn’t have to ride their “good job”?
bikes at night or in bad weather. And people who live
Second, you need to make sure that your goal is
far from work could bike part of the way to work and
measurable. How will you measure your progress?
take public transportation the rest of the way. As a
Decide how many hours you’ll spend in the gym each
result, more people could bike to work.
week, or how much weight you would like to lose.
Well, thank you again for listening to my ideas. I hope Third, your goal needs to be achievable. A goal like
this is the beginning of a conversation about how we “I’m going to get an A in all of my classes” may not be
can make this a great city for bikers! achievable if your average grade is a C. One like “I’m
3.8 going to get at least a B+ in two classes” might be more
A: I’m really surprised by these statistics. I didn’t know realistic. Also, ask yourself how. “How am I going to do
that eating while driving is dangerous. I don’t think this? What steps do I need to take?” For example, you
the government should do anything about it. might need to study more regularly, or get a tutor.
Personally, I eat fast food in my car a few times a The fourth letter, R, stands for relevant. A relevant goal
week, and I’ve never had an accident. And I’m not is one that is linked to your long-term objectives. Ask
convinced that driving while eating is a big problem. yourself, “How important is this in the long term?”
Have you ever eaten while driving? Finally, your goal needs to be time-bound. This means
B: No, I haven’t. We should take this really seriously. I that you should decide on a schedule for achieving
think it would be better if they closed drive-through your goal. What will you do this week? Next week?
restaurants. This is because they only encourage Before the end of the semester?
drivers to buy food and eat it while they drive. How So SMART goals are goals that are specific,
can you focus on the road if you’re holding a big measurable, achievable, relevant, and time-bound.
burger in your hand? It seems dangerous to me. What Any questions? No?
do you think? Right. Next, we’ll look at the steps …
C: I completely agree. I think it would be much better
if drivers weren’t allowed to eat or drink while they UNIT 4
drive. From my own experience, I can tell you that
The Chilean Cueca Brava
it can be very dangerous. Last week, I bought some
In Chile, the cueca brava, or Chilean cueca, is a national
coffee and something to eat on the way to work. As
dance. The rhythm and the steps express the soul of
I was driving, I had to brake suddenly and I spilled hot
the nation. It is a variety of the cueca style of music
coffee over my legs. I almost lost control of the car.
and dance which is well known in Argentina, Chile, and
I think the police should give heavy fines if they see
Bolivia.
someone doing it.
The cueca is especially popular in the countryside,
D: OK, I understand, but it might be very difficult for the
but on Chile’s National Day, September 18th, people
police to see drivers eating, especially if they’re driving
everywhere can be seen dancing the cueca brava.
fast. The best thing would be to have more cameras on
The singer here is Daniel Muñoz, who is a TV and Host: And do traditions change?
movie actor, as well as a singer, from Chile. He’s a Dr. Lee: Absolutely, customs and traditions change all
strong supporter of the cueca brava’s status as the the time. Some traditions die out because our way of
people’s dance. life changes, but most traditions adapt.
In central Chile, the guitar, accordion, and percussion Host: As I understand it, that’s one of the main points
instruments like the tambourine are among the most of your latest book.
common instruments seen at the dance. Dr. Lee: Yes. My book is about the effect of modern
Having a handkerchief to wave is essential at a cueca technology on traditions around the world. It’s well
brava. Traditionally, a man and a woman face each other, known that things such as electricity, the telephone,
hold their handkerchief in the air, and then begin to and television have changed our lives significantly.
dance. If a real handkerchief is not available, a paper The introduction of these inventions into our lives
napkin can be used instead. The dance takes the form of has changed many of our customs. For example, in
a complex courtship between a rooster and his lady bird. the past, families spent time playing board games or
These men are wearing the black hats of huasos – skilled listening to the radio in the evening. These activities
horsemen from the countryside. would deepen family relationships. Now, due to
The dance is enjoyed by both younger and older developments in technology, people spend more time
generations, and there is no doubt that it will continue interacting with other people over the Internet.
to be a symbol of the nation for many years to come. Host: Is that a bad thing?
4.1
Dr. Lee: I don’t think so. There are people who
complain about the changes that technology has
This Sunday on Book of the Week, we interview
brought to our lives. Personally, I think these changes
Kevin Lee, a well-known anthropologist and the
are fine. We still spend time interacting with other
author of Changing Traditions in the Modern World.
people, but it’s not always face-to-face.
In this program, we will discuss his love for cultural
anthropology and whether traditions are adapting to Host: In your book, you discuss how technology has
the modern world or dying out. Join us at 1 p.m. changed the way we celebrate important holidays.
Dr. Lee: That’s right. A simple example is sending cards
4.2 or messages. In the past, people sent each other
Host: Welcome to this week’s book review. In the studio cards to celebrate important events like birthdays and
with me is Dr. Kevin Lee, professor of anthropology anniversaries. But now, more people send messages
and the author of the best-selling book Changing through social networking sites or by email. Another
Traditions in the Modern World. First of all, could you example of changing customs is holiday food. A few
tell us what anthropologists study and what your own generations ago, people spent a lot of time and effort
area of interest is? preparing special meals for celebrations. It was usually
Dr. Lee: That’s a good question! Anthropology, in a the women who did this. Some dishes could take up
general sense, is the study of humanity. I know that’s to a week to prepare. But now we don’t have to work
not very exact. That’s why we have many types of so hard. This is because we have modern kitchens and
anthropology, like linguistic anthropology and social supermarket food. We don’t have to spend endless
anthropology. My specialty is cultural anthropology. hours making our own butter or bread anymore.
I study different cultures around the world and how Everything is quicker and easier now.
social and political changes affect these cultures. Host: Hmm … I remember my grandmother working
Host: And when did you first become interested for days to make food. She had a huge cookbook that
in anthropology? she got from her grandmother. Everything had to be
Dr. Lee: I grew up in a multicultural home. My mother exactly as it was when she was a little girl.
is American and my father is Korean. They were both Dr. Lee: That’s a good example of a tradition that has
English teachers, so we traveled a lot. As a child, I lived been replaced by technology. You can find any recipe
in Japan, Thailand, and Egypt. That’s why I decided to you want on the Internet. This means that many
study anthropology. Growing up in different cultures people don’t need cookbooks anymore. Another thing
helps you realize that customs and traditions are often is that many families now go out instead of cooking
local. Things that are acceptable in one culture can be at home. In India, for example, families hire catering
completely unacceptable in another. However, despite companies to provide food for weddings or special
some differences between cultures, I have noticed occasions. In the United States, on Thanksgiving,
that there are often more similarities than differences which is one of the biggest celebrations, many families
between people. go to restaurants because they don’t want to spend
their holiday working in the kitchen.
Host: So people do continue their tradition of eating a David: I agree. I get tired of shopping for gifts. I actually
special meal – they just do it in a different way. don’t know why we have to get gifts for every little
Dr. Lee: Yes. Traditions don’t always die out – but holiday. Wouldn’t our mothers be just as happy if
customs and traditions do change and adapt to the we just spent time with them – you know, made it a
modern world. special event, like taking them out to lunch at a nice
restaurant? How did this whole gift giving for every
4.3
holiday tradition get started, anyway? It seems silly
1 Anthropology, in a general sense, is the study of to me.
humanity. I know that’s not very exact. That’s why Gabriela: That’s it! There’s our topic! How holidays
we have many types of anthropology, like linguistic have become too commercial.
anthropology and social anthropology.
2 Some traditions die out because our way of 4.7
life changes. Yildiz: Hold on, too commercial? I disagree. I like giving
3 Now, due to developments in technology, people gifts. I think that it shows that you were thinking of
spend more time interacting with other people over someone.
the Internet. David: Because you went out and got someone some
4 But now we don’t have to work so hard. This is chocolate or jewelry or a scarf or something at the
because we have modern kitchens and supermarket last minute? Everyone knows that people usually buy
food. gifts because it’s an obligation, not because they
5 In the United States, on Thanksgiving, which is one really want to.
of the biggest celebrations, many families go to Yildiz: Well, you have to spend time thinking about
restaurants because they don’t want to spend their the gift, and get something thoughtful, you know,
holiday working in the kitchen. personal. Like maybe the new book by their favorite
author.
4.4
Gabriela: I see your point. But I’m not convinced
I study different cultures around the world and how because then you have to spend money … money that
social and political changes affect these cultures. could be spent on more important things. Also, all
4.5 that time you spent shopping you could have instead
1 My book is about the effect of modern technology spent with the person you’re shopping for.
on traditions around the world. David: I couldn’t agree more. And it’s not just holidays
2 People spent a lot of time and effort preparing that are a problem – personally, I think we give too
special meals. many gifts for other special occasions, too. Like when
my sister graduated from high school last year, she
3 Growing up in different cultures helps you realize that
got lots of gifts. And money, too. The focus was all on
customs and traditions are often local.
opening gifts. I’ve heard that when people receive more
4 We still spend time interacting with other people, but than a few gifts, they usually can’t even remember who
it’s not always face-to-face. gave them which gift. Instead, why not write letters of
5 In the past, people sent each other cards to celebrate advice for the future? That would be more special.
important events like birthdays and anniversaries. Gabriela: That’s a great idea!
6 Traditions don’t always die out – but customs and Yildiz: Sorry, I don’t agree. I doubt that graduates would
traditions do change and adapt to the modern world. be happy if we changed that custom! I think that
4.6 graduation gifts are practical. Don’t young people need
Gabriela: So, our assignment is to discuss customs that some gifts and money for starting their new life? And
have been changing recently – you know, how modern they can always look at the gift and think of the person
lifestyles have changed people’s behavior. Any ideas? who gave it to them. I think it’s a nice custom.
Yildiz: Hmm … Let me think. Well, holidays are one kind Gabriela: I’m still really not convinced. I mean …
of custom. Can you think of any holidays that have 4.8
changed? Gabriela: So, our assignment is to discuss customs that
David: Oh, don’t talk about holidays! It reminds me have been changing recently – you know, how modern
that Mother’s Day is in two days, and I haven’t gotten lifestyles have changed people’s behavior. Any ideas?
a gift for my mom yet. Yildiz: Hmm … Let me think. Well, holidays are one
Gabriela: Yeah, I haven’t either. Who has time for kind of custom. Can you think of any holidays that
shopping when we have so much work to do? have changed?

David: Oh, don’t talk about holidays! It reminds me that 4.9
Mother’s Day is in two days, and I haven’t gotten a gift 1 I couldn’t agree more.
for my mom yet.
2 How did this whole gift giving for every holiday
Gabriela: Yeah, I haven’t either. Who has time for tradition get started, anyway? It seems silly to me.
shopping when we have so much work to do?
3 I agree. I get tired of shopping for gifts.
David: I agree. I get tired of shopping for gifts. I actually
4 I disagree. I like giving gifts.
don’t know why we have to get gifts for every little
5 But I’m not convinced because then you have to
holiday. Wouldn’t our mothers be just as happy if
spend money … money that could be spent on more
we just spent time with them – you know, made it a
important things.
special event, like taking them out to lunch at a nice
restaurant? How did this whole gift giving for every 6 Instead, why not write letters of advice for the future?
holiday tradition get started, anyway? It seems silly That would be more special.
to me. 7 Sorry, I don’t agree. I doubt that graduates would be
Gabriela: That’s it! There’s our topic! How holidays have happy if we changed that custom!
become too commercial. 4.10
Yildiz: Hold on, too commercial? I disagree. I like giving I completely agree that holidays have become
gifts. I think that it shows that you were thinking too commercial.
of someone. I absolutely disagree that we should stop giving gifts on
David: Because you went out and got someone some Mother’s Day.
chocolate or jewelry or a scarf or something at the I really think that we should give fewer gifts.
last minute? Everyone knows that people usually buy
gifts because it’s an obligation, not because they really 4.11
want to. Alisha: My first semester at the university was very
Yildiz: Well, you have to spend time thinking about difficult. I couldn’t understand anything … and the
the gift, and get something thoughtful, you know, worst thing was I couldn’t speak. So, often I knew
personal. Like maybe the new book by their favorite the answer, but I couldn’t say it fast enough. I felt
author. so stupid. I was a good student at home and I could
Gabriela: I see your point. But I’m not convinced always answer the teacher’s questions. I was very
because then you have to spend money … money that frustrated, and I wanted to go home. But my English
could be spent on more important things. Also, all classes were very helpful. I learned some strategies for
that time you spent shopping you could have instead taking notes and studying, and bit by bit I began to
spent with the person you’re shopping for. understand more. It just got better after that.
David: I couldn’t agree more. And it’s not just holidays John: My problem was the food. I really didn’t like
that are a problem – personally, I think we give too anything. It was all too sweet and there was cheese
many gifts for other special occasions, too. Like when on everything. I hate cheese. So for the first couple of
my sister graduated from high school last year, she weeks I didn’t eat very much … and then I got sick. It
got lots of gifts. And money, too. The focus was was awful! But then some friends showed me a cheap
all on opening gifts. I’ve heard that when people restaurant near the campus where I could get Chinese
receive more than a few gifts, they usually can’t even food. I was so happy when I found food I could eat!
remember who gave them which gift. Instead, why I’ve gotten more used to American food now, but I
not write letters of advice for the future? That would still go there a lot.
be more special. Minh: I was the only international student in my dorm
Gabriela: That’s a great idea! and everybody else was American. They were always
very friendly, but I found it hard to understand if they
Yildiz: Sorry, I don’t agree. I doubt that graduates would
were really friends. They’d say “Let’s get together
be happy if we changed that custom! I think that
sometime!” but then they’d never call. I couldn’t
graduation gifts are practical. Don’t young people need
understand why they did that. Later I realized they
some gifts and money for starting their new life? And
weren’t really inviting me. It’s just the culture. They
they can always look at the gift and think of the person
were just being polite.
who gave it to them. I think it’s a nice custom.
Gabriela: I’m still really not convinced. I mean …

UNIT 5 Reporter: Simple, yet poignant lessons with a daily
impact. And for Katherine Priore, proof of the lasting
Yoga in California Schools power of yoga.
Katherine Priore: Warrior clap, one, two, three. One,
5.1
two three. One, two, three.
Reporter: Warriors alike, ready for their next challenge. Host: Today we’re talking about the key to a long and
happy life. Recent studies of people who live to be 100
Katherine Priore: And go for it. Warrior three.
years old have shown that a healthy diet and exercise
Reporter: Whether it’s reading, math, or simply finding may not be enough. In fact, many of the people who
the strength to focus in class. celebrate their hundredth birthday have not eaten a
Katherine Priore: Sometimes it takes a lot of courage to healthy diet and have never exercised regularly. This has
just be a little bit more still and not busy. led many people to believe that our lifestyles are not
Reporter: How many of you think that yoga has made a important. What’s most important is that we have good
difference in your life? Everybody. genes. It seems that if you have the right genes, then
Boy: I’m open, like, my mind’s comfortable. you’ll live for a long time, whatever you do.
Girl 1: I forget about like the bad things that are 5.2
happening.
Host: So, new research shows that having a healthy
Girl 2: I feel happy and like calm. lifestyle is not the most important thing if you want to
Katherine Priore: Let it go. live a long life. We asked four people on the street for
Reporter: It was a difference Katherine Priore noticed their reactions to this news.
more than a decade ago. A: I think it’s great news! Most people think that if
Katherine Priore: That also takes some courage opening they eat healthy food and exercise a lot, they’ll live
up that hard area. That can be scary. forever. These people never drink coffee or sugary
Reporter: When she first turned to yoga as a stressed- drinks. They spend hours working out in the gym
out school teacher. or doing yoga. And none of this matters if you have
Katherine Priore: I think a real benefit is learning a the wrong genes. I think that the key to a healthy life
process for internal listening. is to enjoy yourself. If you focus all your energy on
Reporter: If it worked for her, why not the overworked what to do and what not to do, you’ll be unhappy
kids in her classroom? eventually. There’s no question that happy people live
Katherine Priore: Take a deep breath into that. longer. I’d much rather go out and have a pizza with
friends than spend time in the gym.
Reporter: In 2008, Priore founded Headstand, a
nonprofit dedicated to bringing yoga into schools. B: This research proves what I’ve known for a long time.
It’s ridiculous to get too worried about healthy eating
Katherine Priore: Yoga is simply a word to define the
and exercise. My grandfather lived until he was 95,
connection between your mind, your emotion, and
even though he never exercised. He ate lots of sugar
your physical well-being.
and never ate vegetables. He was brought up in a
Male teacher: Page three is about the first passage.
different world. He had different habits. He certainly
Katherine Priore: Ninety-eight percent of our students never went to a gym. Yes, I’m sure that genes are
say that after yoga class they’re more ready to learn. more important than our lifestyle. Of course, I’m not
Reporter: The 400 students at San Lorenzo, California’s going to give up exercising or start eating fast food
KIPP Summit Academy need that focus. every day. The research shows I should stay in shape
Katherine Priore: Hands to your heart. because it makes me feel better – but I won’t allow
Reporter: Since bringing Headstand to KIPP, suspensions fitness to take over my whole life.
are down 60%, while state test scores are up. But the C: Well, first of all, I prefer to exercise and eat well.
benefits stretch far beyond the school day. What’s wrong with being healthy? I also think that
Girl 3: A lot of time I get mad like at my brother or my you won’t know whether or not you have the right
sister and then just go to my room and like do yoga for genes until you get sick. So why take the risk and be
a while. And then I go back out. unhealthy? Also, don’t forget that you might get the
Reporter: What are some of the things that you think flu or a cold much more easily when you don’t eat
about or that you look inside yourself for? healthy food or exercise. I’d say that it’s always better
Girl 4: I start thinking if I’m wrong or like the reason to have a healthy lifestyle. There’s no doubt that
why I’m fighting, why am I fighting? If I’m wrong, what bad health habits increase the chances of getting a
should I say? Should I apologize? serious illness.

D: Oh, that’s great. So now we should all eat fast food Presenter 3: Hi, my name’s Angie Stratton, and I’m the
and stop exercising? I mean I look around and I see director of CultureCycle. CultureCycle is a new concept
overweight children everywhere. No matter how good in travel: educational fitness touring! We offer courses
their genes are, I’m sure that these children won’t be all over the world that combine learning with exercise
able to enjoy a long and healthy life unless they give and travel. Each course has an educational theme, such
up chips, chocolate bars, sugary drinks … Well, it’s great as Brazilian cooking or the history of Turkey. As a small
that some people can live to be 100 and do whatever group, we bike from place to place, stopping for several
they want in their lives, but I prefer to be careful and days in each location to rest, relax, and do some hands-
take care of myself because I don’t know if I have good on learning. Not only does this trip provide terrific
genes! exercise and a fascinating cultural experience, it’s the
best way to learn. There’s no question that physical
5.3
activity improves our memory and thinking skills – so
I’m really surprised about that. after a few days of biking, your brain will be ready to
I’m really surprised about that! learn. So be kind to your body and your mind, and
5.4 come with us on an amazing adventure you’ll never
1 I think it’s great news! forget!
2 There’s no question that happy people live longer. Presenter 4: Are you interested in alternative
treatments? Have you ever wanted to explore the
3 It’s ridiculous to get too worried about healthy eating
secrets of traditional Chinese medicine? This spring, join
and exercise!
our six-month course in acupuncture – a treatment for
4 Oh, that’s great. So now we should all eat fast food pain or illness that involves putting needles under your
and stop exercising? skin at special points on the body. The course covers
5 Well, it’s great that some people can live to be 100 and the theory of acupuncture and practical skills in using
do whatever they want in their lives, but … needles. Acupuncture is known to reduce pain, but it’s
5.5 also a great alternative for people who want to lose
Presenter 1: Do you feel tired? Are you under a lot weight in an easy way. Learn more about the course and
of stress? Do you have problems concentrating on visit us on our open house days on the first Saturday of
your work? If so, it’s time to take up meditation – the every month.
practice of thinking calm thoughts in order to relax. As 5.6
we all know, meditation can improve your health and Interviewer: Welcome to the program. This morning
your emotional well-being. It also has mental benefits we’re going to be talking about college students
– it has been shown to improve concentration. This and health. And here to talk to us about this issue
ancient practice is known to increase your energy and is Doctor Mirna Pham, author of the book Healthy
lead to a happier life. Whether you’re looking for a Body, Healthy Mind. Welcome to the program.
stress-free life, physical well-being, or self-discovery, Dr. Pham: Thank you.
Sanjee Meditation has it all. Sign up now for a free
Interviewer: First, what kind of health issues do college
introductory class, starting on January 15th.
students have?
Presenter 2: Would you like to improve your social life,
Dr. Pham: Well, there’s no question that the biggest
your intellectual performance, your physical fitness,
problem is stress. Students have so much going on:
and your team-building skills? Scientific research has
classes, homework, part-time jobs, extracurricular
proven that team sports offer all of these benefits. Join
activities … it’s a lot. And many young people haven’t
us and take advantage of the many benefits of team
learned how to handle that kind of pressure. So
sports. We’re a group of energetic adults of all ages who
they tend to eat badly, stay up all night to finish
get together on Sunday afternoons to play soccer, and
assignments, and so on.
we’re always looking for new players to join in the fun.
Whether you’ve been playing soccer for years or want Interviewer: And that just makes things worse.
to take up a new sport, you’re welcome to participate. Dr. Pham: Yes. They get tired, and then they get more
Everyone can play – you don’t even need to try out! stressed out.
If you’re interested in learning more about our group, Interviewer: So what do you recommend?
check out our website at www.soccersundays.cup.com. Dr. Pham: Make time for regular exercise.
Sign up today, and you can be part of a team as early as Interviewer: Really? But they’re already so busy!
this weekend! Hope to see you on the field soon! Dr. Pham: Yes, but all the research shows that exercise
is a great way to beat stress … and it actually helps you
study better.
Interviewer: Why is that? Jeff Powell: Yes.
Dr. Pham: Exercise increases blood flow to the brain, so Anna Werner: Right.
it works better. If you exercise regularly, you can focus Jeff Powell: Yes. So the way this works is it straps onto
better, and remember more. Holden’s hand and onto the end of his forearm. When
Interviewer: So working out can make you a better he moves his wrist in, the fingers close. When he
student? moves his wrist out, the fingers open.
Dr. Pham: Absolutely. Better than staying up all night! Anna Werner: And, do that again. Do they have grip
Interviewer: That makes sense. strengths? So, oh, they actually do have grip strength.
Dr. Pham: People who exercise sleep better, too. And Jeff Powell: Yes.
getting enough sleep is so important. Most people Anna Werner: His goal: for Holden to be able to do
need between 7 and 9 hours a night. Unfortunately, things the rest of us take for granted.
many college students don’t get that much. Jeff Powell: To be able to eat dinner while holding, you
Interviewer: No. know, a knife and a fork at the same time. To be able
Dr. Pham: They sleep better … and they also eat better. to grab onto his scooter or his bike with two hands.
Interviewer: Yes … So exercise has a positive effect in Maybe even, you know, swing a baseball bat if we get
other ways. it that strong enough. I don’t want him to be limited by
Dr. Pham: The thing is, students in college are the condition that he was born with.
establishing a pattern for the future. If they don’t start Anna Werner: So this isn’t just about a hand for him,
good habits now, it’ll be difficult for them to change is it?
later. College really is the time to start taking care of Jeff Powell: No, no. It’s about enabling him to do
your health for the rest of your life. anything that he wants to do.
Anna Werner: And the payoff for this amateur designer?
UNIT 6 When he picked up a cup, you were able to say to
yourself, “Hey, this worked.”
A Helping Hand
Jeff Powell: Yes, yes.
Anna Werner (reporter): Ask first grader Holden
Anna Werner: That had to be a great moment.
Mora how his new hand works, and he’ll be happy to
demonstrate. Jeff Powell: Yes. It was nice to see it all pay off.
Holden Mora: So when I bend my hand in like this, it Anna Werner: Powell has now started a crowdfunding
closes. When I bend it this, it opens. campaign to raise money so other kids can get the
device too.
Anna Werner: At seven years old, he’s become an
expert on the workings of this novel device made out Holden Mora: Well, I’m actually really happy because
of plastic for roughly $20. I think it’s true that once I get the best hand, they’ll
make more like it for those kids. And then they’ll have
Holden Mora: It’s an amazing $20.
the best kind of hand too.
Anna Werner: It’s an amazing $20.
Anna Werner: Eleven more children are already waiting
Holden Mora: And normally, the materials cost a lot.
for their new hands. For CBS This Morning, Anna
About, like, $1,000.
Werner, Chapel Hill, North Carolina.
Anna Werner: He’s right. Children like Holden, born
without hands or fingers, in his case the fingers 6.1
on his left hand, often require custom prosthetic Welcome to the Museum of Science! The exhibition
replacements costing thousands of dollars. But this that we’re about to see is called Discovering Medieval
inexpensive device was created by a college student Science. As some of you may know, the Middle Ages
using a 3D printer. have often been called the ‘Dark Ages’. During this
Jeff Powell: It builds it layer by layer. tour, you will find out that they were not. The Middle
Anna Werner: Senior Jeff Powell studies biomedical Ages were an interesting time, and they were full of
engineering at the University of North Carolina at scientific discoveries. During this time, inventions and
Chapel Hill. He took on the project after learning technology from India, China, North Africa, and the
about Holden from one of his professors. Middle East were brought to Europe.
Jeff Powell: OK, try that now. Inventions and machines designed by medieval scholars
Anna Werner: He used instructions posted on the made a great contribution to society, and many are still
Internet, called the Cyborg Beast, then customized it. in use today. And some of these inventions are very
The 3D printer builds the parts in under 24 hours. And common. For example, the first fountain pen was made
at the end, what you wind up with, is this. in 953 in Africa. Before then, people used bird feathers

and ink to write with. This method would often leave 6.3
your fingers and clothes covered with black ink. So the 1 The Middle Ages were an interesting time, and they
first fountain pen had a small container with ink inside were full of scientific discoveries.
and did not stain people’s clothes or fingers while the
2 Inventions and machines designed by medieval scholars
user was writing. You can see a model of this fountain
made a great contribution to society, and many are still
pen in Room 11B. In the same room, you’ll find early
in use today. And some of these inventions are very
examples of eyeglasses. Eyeglasses were invented In
common.
Italy in the thirteenth century. No one knows who
3 Many people think gunpowder is the most important
invented them. The first eyeglasses were held in front
invention in history.
of the eyes or balanced on the nose. They were
developed to help people with bad vision to read. But 6.4
let’s now move on to some other inventions. Good morning! In today’s lecture I want to discuss an
In rooms 12A and 12B we have works by the great invention that has changed our lives. This product has
medieval engineer, Al-Jazari. Al-Jazari lived in twelfth- made a huge difference in the way we work, travel,
century Turkey. His work The Book of Knowledge communicate, and socialize with friends. Can you guess
of Ingenious Mechanical Devices lists one hundred what it is? I’m talking here about cell phone apps.
different machines with instructions and diagrams The word app comes from application. Traditionally,
explaining how to build them. In this exhibition, you can applications were used in computers to help them
see models of some of the devices that were designed perform better. However, with the invention of
by al-Jazari. Here, you can see his mechanical clocks. smartphones, the word app is used to refer to phone
Water and weights make the clocks work. However, applications. In this lecture, we’ll start by discussing
his most important invention was the crankshaft. The the very first apps and their development. We will
crankshaft is a long arm that allows machines to move then discuss how apps have changed our lives. Finally,
in a straight line. It was first used for watering gardens we’ll focus on some of the most popular apps used by
and fields on farms. In more modern times, a crankshaft people today.
is used in car engines.
6.5
As we move along, you’ll find one of the most
I’d like to start by talking a little bit about the first
important inventions of medieval times. This invention
apps. These were included with each smartphone.
has changed the history of the world in ways that we
These types of apps were placed in the phones to
can’t even imagine. It’s one of the four great inventions
help users access the Internet, check emails, send
of Chinese culture: gunpowder. Gunpowder was
texts, and so on. The first apps were designed to
invented in the ninth century by Chinese scientists
increase efficiency at work and allow people to access
who were trying to create a powder that would make
important information. However, it was the second
you live forever. They weren’t successful, of course,
generation of apps that really changed things. These
but their attempts led to the invention of fireworks
were downloadable apps. Users simply downloaded
and weapons. The first instructions on how to make
apps from the Internet and installed them on their
gunpowder were written in the eleventh century
phones. Since its introduction, the app market has
by Zeng Gongliang, Ding Du, and Yang Weide. The
grown far beyond anyone’s expectations. The first app
invention of gunpowder has changed the way we fight
store was opened in 2008. By 2011, it was reporting over
wars. It changed the outcome of many medieval battles
10 billion downloads, and people were using apps more
and affected the history of the world. Many people
than Internet browsers on their phones. And by 2015, an
think gunpowder is the most important invention in
estimated 100 billion apps had been downloaded. These
history. Now, let’s move to the next room, which is all
numbers have been growing ever since.
about medieval medicine …
These numbers give us a good idea about how popular
6.2 apps are and how quickly they’ve developed. People
1 Inventions and technology from India, China, North from all over the world use apps for entertainment,
Africa, and the Middle East were brought to Europe. travel, and communication. So, I’m going to briefly talk
2 The first eyeglasses were held in front of the eyes or about how these apps have changed our lives.
balanced on the nose. It’s hard to imagine life before smartphones and cell
3 The crankshaft is a long arm that allows machines to phone apps – or, for those of us who are old enough,
move in a straight line. to remember it. But let’s go ahead and make an attempt
4 As we move along, you’ll find one of the most anyway. So, imagine for a moment that you’re taking a
important inventions of medieval times. road trip in the days before smartphones.

Weeks before the trip, you go to the bookstore or color or shape. Post-it® notes are simple to use. You can
library to get some guidebooks about the places you’re stick them on anything and the note will stay in place.
going to visit. A few days before you leave, you get The notes can be easily removed from any surface. First,
some audio books to entertain you during the long I am going to talk about the history of this invention.
trip. You go to the store and buy some maps – yes, Then, I will explain how it has made a difference in
the paper kind. The day before the trip, you sit down our lives.
at your computer and look up the directions and print
6.7
them out. Then, you pack some of your favorite CDs
to bring along. You also pack your camera – and your 1: This is a typewriter from the 1950s. As you can see, it
flashlight, in case your car breaks down. And you write has a keyboard like a computer, and the user strikes a
down some phone numbers and addresses – of the key that strikes a sheet of paper. You move the paper
friends you’ll be visiting and the hotels where you’ll as you type, by pulling the lever on the left.
be staying. 2: This chart gives information about the number
While you’re driving, your passenger reads the of students who bought ebooks here on campus.
directions to you and looks for street signs. If you get According to the college bookstore, in 2010, only
lost, you stop at a gas station to ask for directions. You about 62 students used ebooks. Two years later, that
have to write them down on a piece of paper. OK, so I number doubled to 122. More and more people used
think you get the idea. ebooks after that. The numbers were up to 324 in 2014
and 540 in 2016.
Now let’s make a comparison with the same trip today.
No books, no maps, no CDs, no lists of phone numbers, 3: We interviewed fifty people on campus about how
no friend giving you directions – the smartphone does often they shop online. This chart shows the results.
it all! Think of the apps you’d use just for that one trip. We can see that twenty-five percent – that’s a quarter
You’d read reviews and book your hotel with a travel – said that they buy something online three to four
app. The GPS would replace the directions and maps times a week. Fifty-two percent said that they shop
and your friend in the front seat. Of course, a music online three or four times a month. Nineteen percent
app would replace the CDs, and you could listen to shop online three or four times a year. And four
podcasts, as well as audio books. And, of course, you percent of the people we interviewed said that they
wouldn’t need to bring a camera or a flashlight. Yes, do not shop online at all.
we’ve certainly made a lot of progress since the pre- 4: This diagram shows the basic functionality of an
smartphone days! online quiz. The left side shows the student, and as
So, now I’d like to mention another important effect you can see, the student can log in, take a quiz, and
of the invention of apps. It has created a whole new IT get his or her results. On the right, you can see the
sector. It is one of the fastest-growing industries, and functions of the administrator: to log the student out,
there is a great need for skilled software engineers. add a category, and add or edit questions to the quiz.
But apps have also had some negative effects. For one
thing, people have become more helpless because UNIT 7
they’re so dependent on their phones for information. The Growth of Louis Vuitton
For example, if they’re in a place with no cell phone Narrator: The Louis Vuitton company started in Paris
signal, they’re not very good at asking for and following in 1854 making expensive luggage for the rich and
directions. And apps have made people less patient famous. In the last 25 years they’ve branched out into
because they expect to have information immediately. luxury clothing. A coat will cost you up to $5,000 and
In fact, a recent study found that 50 percent of a handbag as much as $150,000. Here’s Dana Thomas,
smartphone users leave a web page if it doesn’t load in an expert on luxury brands, to explain more about
10 seconds. their sales strategy.
OK, in the next part of the lecture, I’ll discuss some of Dana Thomas: In 1977, Louis Vuitton only had two
the most common apps in more detail … stores, and now it’s an enormous business.
6.6 Narrator: They now have over 400 stores all over the
I would like to present an invention that has made the world.
way we organize our work easier. It’s a simple invention, Dana Thomas: It’s a delicate balance of selling masses
and most of you have used it. It’s a small yellow piece to the masses while still remaining exclusive to the
of paper that is known all over the world. It’s the Post- rich. You have a pyramid. At the top you have the very
it® note. A Post-it® note is a piece of paper with special beautifully-made, exclusive, limited amount product.
glue on the back. Modern Post-it® notes can be any They will make anything you want. From there, you

have the middle range that you can walk into the store Clara: Really? That is amazing.
and you can buy it. It’s still very well-made – beautiful Adele: I’ve also read that there are other fabrics that can
fabrics. And then you have the bottom range where the help reduce muscle aches and prevent us from getting
money comes in, where they just sell masses of stuff. sick.
It could be a perfume, wallets, belts, scarves, umbrellas, Clara: Wow, that is so cool. You know, I saw a fashion
key chains, sunglasses. That’s how they manage to show once where the designers used lights in the
keep people like the Sultan of Brunei, Hollywood stars, clothes. It was a dress made from lights. They change
royalty, as customers, as well as selling to the Chinese color as you move.
secretary who wants to put the bag on her desk to Adele: But what was the point of that?
show that she can afford a Louis Vuitton bag.
Clara: Well, I do agree that it’s not very practical. I don’t
Narrator: So even if we can’t afford the top or the think there are many people dying to wear a dress
middle of the pyramid, we can at least buy their belts made of lights. It sounds like someone designed it just
to hold up our pants. for the fun of it.
7.1 Adele: I’m not crazy about that idea, to be honest. As
Clara: Do you have any ideas for our research project? far as I’m concerned, a dress made from lights is useless.
Adele: I’ve been looking for an interesting topic, but to Anyway, it looks like we’ve finally come up with some
be honest, I haven’t come up with anything yet. Can good ideas.
you give me a hand? Clara: Yeah, I agree. So, we have clothes that are
Clara: Well, I have been reading about fashion of the environmentally friendly, clothes that help with our
future, new designs, new technology, and all that. health, and clothes that use technology. Which one
Adele: Do you mean the kinds of clothes that we’re should we focus on?
going to be wearing in the future? Adele: I like the idea of clothes that help people with
Clara: Not really. It’s more about future fabrics and health problems.
how we’re going to use them. Clara: Are you sure? It seems pretty complicated.
Adele: Well? Adele: Yeah, I think it’ll be fine. I do think it’ll be
Clara: OK. I’ve found out that there are designers who interesting, and there are a lot of different articles on
create eco-clothes. the topic.
Adele: Eco-clothes? Clara: OK, let’s do it!
Clara: Yeah. They’re clothes that are not only good for 7.2
the community but also environmentally friendly. The 1 a I’ve been reading about fashion of the future.
designers make sure that the clothes aren’t made by b I have been reading about fashion of the future.
people working in bad conditions. Local workshops
2 a That’s amazing.
are set up so that people can earn a good salary.
And eco-friendly clothing typically helps protect the b That is amazing.
environment, too, apparently. 3 a I agree that it’s not very practical.
Adele: How do they work, exactly? b I do agree that it’s not very practical.
Clara: Well, there are fabrics that collect the energy 4 a I think it’ll be interesting.
from when you move. Then, the energy is converted b I do think it’ll be interesting.
into electricity. 7.3
Adele: Interesting. So, a few years from now, we’ll 1 I’ve been looking for an interesting topic, but to be
probably be using this fabric to charge our phones, honest, I haven’t come up with anything yet.
right?
2 And eco-friendly clothing typically helps protect the
Clara: Well, as long as you keep moving, yes! environment, too.
Adele: That reminds me of smart fabrics. I saw an 3 Well, these fabrics keep your body temperature the
exhibit about them at the science festival. Some same in any kind of weather.
scientists are working on fabrics that can kill bacteria
4 Anyway, it looks like we’ve finally come up with some
and regulate body temperature.
good ideas.
Clara: Wow! How does that work?
5 There are a lot of different articles on the topic.
Adele: Well, these fabrics keep your body temperature
the same in any kind of weather. And I read that they 7.4
can be used to make sports clothing, which would help Host: In today’s show, we’ll be interviewing the
people who exercise in very cold or very hot climates. talented fashion designer Aysha Al-Husaini. Hot on
the heels of her fashion week show, Aysha’s new Host: I see what you mean. So, how would you describe
collection is all the rage in Doha. She turned the your style?
heads of the fashion world with her unique designs, Aysha: Well, many reviewers have described my style as
which combine traditional Muslim fashion with French “traditional chic,” and I guess I’d agree with them. What
chic. Aysha, thank you for coming to the studio. I think is that combining traditional with chic is a huge
Aysha: Thank you for having me. area in fashion. When you look at the work of other
Host: First of all, can you tell me where you get your designers in China and India, you can see that many
ideas from? traditional styles are being reused by young designers.
Aysha: Well, I come from a Muslim family. My parents Above all, people like to be individuals and show
are both from Qatar. I was born there, but then we their cultural roots – they like to show where they
traveled a lot. I went to school in New York and I went come from.
to a design school there. These days, I spend my time Host: As I understand it, your designs are must-haves for
traveling between Qatar and the United States. Muslim women outside the United States as well. Could
you tell me more about that?
7.5
Aysha: Yes. In addition to New York and Paris, I sell my
Host: How did you feel about growing up in New York? collection in big cities like Doha, Dubai, and Abu Dhabi.
Aysha: Well, as a teenager in New York, I had a lot of Another thing is that I also receive requests for my
problems trying to dress in a modest way. For example, clothes from women in Pakistan, Indonesia, Singapore,
when you look at the summer fashion in New York, and Malaysia, so someday I might open stores there.
the trend is always to wear skirts, shorts, and sleeveless Host: Thank you for coming to the studio today.
shirts. I didn’t feel comfortable wearing them, but at
Aysha: It was my pleasure. Anytime!
the same time my friends thought it was strange to
wear long sleeves and jeans in the summer. So I’ve 7.6
always tried to combine my culture with fashion. As a Host: In today’s show, we’ll be interviewing the
teenager, I would make my own clothes, like colorful talented fashion designer Aysha Al-Husaini. Hot on
skirts and scarves. I wanted my designs to be individual. the heels of her fashion week show, Aysha’s new
They were unique, and eventually people admired my collection is all the rage in Doha. She turned the
clothes rather than laughed at me. heads of the fashion world with her unique designs,
Host: I see. So, do you know what ideas most people which combine traditional Muslim fashion with French
have about Muslim clothes? chic. Aysha, thank you for coming to the studio.
Aysha: Well, it’s a hot topic at the moment, but I think Aysha: Thank you for having me.
there’s a lot of misunderstanding about Muslim clothes. Host: First of all, can you tell me where you get your
The thing is that when you say Muslim fashion, people ideas from?
in New York think of a burka. You know, like the blue or Aysha: Well, I come from a Muslim family. My parents
black cloaks that cover women from head to toe. are both from Qatar. I was born there, but then we
Host: And could you explain what you think Muslim traveled a lot. I went to school in New York and I went
fashion is? to a design school there. These days, I spend my time
Aysha: Let me give you an example. When I first started traveling between Qatar and the United States.
at design school, my teachers would ask me strange Host: How did you feel about growing up in New York?
questions, such as how I was going to stay in the Aysha: Well, as a teenager in New York, I had a lot of
fashion business if I’m not going to design miniskirts or problems trying to dress in a modest way. For example,
sleeveless shirts. But as far as I’m concerned, there is when you look at the summer fashion in New York,
much more to fashion than showing your body. There the trend is always to wear skirts, shorts, and sleeveless
are millions of Muslim women who live in the United shirts. I didn’t feel comfortable wearing them, but at
States and Europe who want to wear fashionable the same time my friends thought it was strange to
clothes. There are also women who simply like to dress wear long sleeves and jeans in the summer. So I’ve
in a modest way. always tried to combine my culture with fashion. As a
Host: So, are you saying that there is a need for teenager, I would make my own clothes, like colorful
fashionable clothes for Muslim women? skirts and scarves. I wanted my designs to be individual.
Aysha: Absolutely. We want to be fashionable and be They were unique, and eventually people admired my
ourselves at the same time. My feeling is this: I want to clothes rather than laughed at me.
create clothes that are modest, but at the same time,
give women confidence – clothes that allow women to
be themselves.
Host: I see. So, do you know what ideas most people Clara: Great! Thank you!
have about Muslim clothes? Adele: But we’ll need to make a presentation. How will
Aysha: Well, it’s a hot topic at the moment, but I think we know what to include?
there’s a lot of misunderstanding about Muslim clothes. Clara: Hmm. Well, maybe we should just get some ideas
The thing is that when you say Muslim fashion, people first. How long does the presentation have to be?
in New York think of a burka. You know, like the blue or Adele: Fifteen minutes. And we have to have an outline
black cloaks that cover women from head to toe. by next Wednesday.
Host: And could you explain what you think Muslim Clara: Oh! Wow. OK …
fashion is? Adele: Well, how about I send you the links, and then
Aysha: Let me give you an example. When I first started we both look at the articles and take some notes … and
at design school, my teachers would ask me strange we meet up again on Monday? What do you think?
questions, such as how I was going to stay in the Clara: OK. Then, on Monday we can plan the outline.
fashion business if I’m not going to design miniskirts or
Adele: That sounds good. Will we need to use
sleeveless shirts. But as far as I’m concerned, there is
presentation software?
much more to fashion than showing your body. There
are millions of Muslim women who live in the United Clara: Yes, I think so. But maybe we should work on
States and Europe who want to wear fashionable the outline first. Then, next week we can work on the
clothes. There are also women who simply like to dress presentation.
in a modest way. Adele: I haven’t done a presentation before. Can we use
Host: So, are you saying that there is a need for the computer in the classroom? Or should we bring a
fashionable clothes for Muslim women? laptop to class?
Aysha: Absolutely. We want to be fashionable and be Clara: Oh … good question. I can bring my laptop. But
ourselves at the same time. My feeling is this: I want to we should probably check if that’s OK.
create clothes that are modest, but at the same time, Adele: We could ask on Wednesday in class.
give women confidence – clothes that allow women to Clara: Good idea. Let’s check with the professor
be themselves. on Wednesday.
Host: I see what you mean. So, how would you describe Adele: OK, so we’ll do some research this weekend.
your style? Then, we’ll meet again on Monday to make an outline.
Aysha: Well, many reviewers have described my style as Clara: Sounds like a plan.
“traditional chic,” and I guess I’d agree with them. What Adele: OK. Great.
I think is that combining traditional with chic is a huge Clara: See you then!
area in fashion. When you look at the work of other
designers in China and India, you can see that many UNIT 8
traditional styles are being reused by young designers.
Above all, people like to be individuals and show Workshops for Entrepreneurs
their cultural roots – they like to show where they Reporter: When Marie LaQuerre got laid off, she had an
come from. idea to make and sell a line of children’s novelties.
Host: As I understand it, your designs are must-haves for Marie LaQuerre: My company name is actually Goobity
Muslim women outside the United States as well. Could Goo.
you tell me more about that? Reporter: What she didn’t have was thousands of
Aysha: Yes. In addition to New York and Paris, I sell my dollars to buy a laser cutter to create her products.
collection in big cities like Doha, Dubai, and Abu Dhabi. Marie LaQuerre: That machine can do, like, everything,
Another thing is that I also receive requests for my it seems like.
clothes from women in Pakistan, Indonesia, Singapore, Reporter: The day the iPad was announced, Patrick
and Malaysia, so someday I might open stores there. Buckley had an idea for a custom-made cover. What
Host: Thank you for coming to the studio today. he didn’t have was the expensive, computerized
Aysha: It was my pleasure. Anytime! woodcutting machine he needed to produce a
prototype. LaQuerre, Buckley, and scores of other
7.7 budding entrepreneurs have become members of
Clara: OK … So, we’re going to do the research project TechShop in Menlo Park, California, a place for do-it-
on fabrics that help people with health problems. Did yourselfers, inventors, and dreamers.
you say you already found some articles, Adele? Mark Hatch: We believe that every kitchen should come
Adele: Yes. I can send you the links tonight. with compressed air, electricity, and a vise.

Reporter: Mark Hatch is TechShop’s CEO. 8.2
Mark Hatch: Most don’t. You know, people get to come When you think of someone who is very rich, what
here and use ours. comes to mind? Most people think that rich people
Reporter: Here’s the drill. Joining TechShop is a little like live lavish lifestyles – that is, they drive very expensive
joining a health club, except here, for $100 a month, cars, eat in expensive restaurants, own a yacht, or live
instead of running on a treadmill, you get to run in big houses. But, as John Holm discovered, people
industrial-strength machinery. Members have access who have money don’t actually do these things. Most
to the latest in computer-assisted design and machine millionaires actually seem to have ordinary lifestyles.
tools that would cost a fortune to buy. In other words, they have normal cars, average houses,
Mark Hatch: We teach people in an afternoon how to and so on. On the other hand, people who look
make things. We have a lot of entrepreneurs. rich – the people who drive the latest Ferrari or only
Reporter: With the tools at TechShop, Phil Hughes wear designer clothes – may not actually be rich at all.
developed a way to cool computer servers that could Instead, they have spent all their money trying to show
save vast amounts of energy. off – showing other people that they might be wealthy.
Phil Hughes: This pulls at it. All the heat is at the server, In other words, having expensive things is not always a
from the server to the lid. sign that someone is rich.
Reporter: For now, his company, Clustered Systems, So, what do millionaires do, and what can we learn from
has its world headquarters at TechShop. But a them? Well, millionaires are often financially savvy. To
partnership with Emerson, the huge appliance put it another way, they’re smart about how to save
manufacturer, could change that. and spend money. The first important thing is that
Phil Hughes: They expect to sell thousands and millionaires always have a good handle on their budget.
thousands of these things, which is going to make us In other words, they know how much they’re spending.
very happy. According to Holm, around 75 percent of millionaires
Reporter: And perhaps very rich? know exactly how much money they have, and they
know exactly how much they spend on food, bills,
Phil Hughes: Well, yes. Why not?
clothes, etc. As a result, they don’t spend too much,
Reporter: For $100 a month another member
and they don’t get into debt. They can plan for the
is building a lunar landing module for an
future and save their money. To sum up, the lesson here
XPrize competition.
is that you should never spend more money than you
Man: Where else can I find someplace that I can store have!
my lunar lander?
Another surprising fact is that millionaires usually have
Reporter: Marie LaQuerre is now selling her products simple lifestyles. They have nice houses and nice cars,
online and in a few retail stores. Patrick Buckley’s iPad but they don’t spend all their money on these things.
cover is taking off, and 30 people have been hired to In fact, most rich people stay in the same place for a
make it. very long time and don’t live in big, expensive palaces.
Patrick Buckley: We’re on track to do between $3 and Indeed, according to John Holm, half of millionaires
$5 million this year. have lived in the same house for 20 years. Also, around
Reporter: And TechShop is doing well too, expanding 65 percent of millionaires live in homes that cost
to eight more locations. Evidence that in America $350,000 or less. Again, the important lesson here is
today, money may be tight, but ideas and ambition are to live within your means – that is, don’t spend more
flowing freely. money than you have. If you spend all your savings
8.1
on a luxury BMW, then you probably aren’t rich – you
just want to look rich. In fact, the study reveals that 86
In this week’s program, I’d like to talk about a book
percent of luxury cars are bought by people who can’t
that has changed the way I think about money. It’s
afford them. Most rich people don’t have bank loans –
called The Secret of Being Wealthy. It was written by
they only spend a small percentage of what they have,
a business school graduate named John Holm who
and they save or invest the rest.
decided to study the behavior of wealthy people. He
Now here is an interesting fact. The study shows that
paid close attention to what rich people do: checking
most millionaires have very happy relationships. Not
where they eat, what they buy, how they live, and so
only are they married, but they stay married for a long
on. The results of his study were pretty surprising.
time. In John Holm’s opinion, this is very important
because of the golden rule about saving money. There
is no doubt that it’s more difficult to save money if

you are single. One effect of being a couple is that it’s Dr. Burns: Thank you. Well, the idea of paying students
easier to save money. If there are two of you, it’s easier for their work isn’t new. For example, in some high
to pay attention to what money you have and what schools in New York City and Memphis, Tennessee,
you’re spending. students are paid $40 a month for good attendance
And of course, people who don’t have huge bank loans and are paid extra for good grades. They also get $50
and debts are happier. If you don’t have to worry about for taking a college entrance exam. The goal of these
the monthly credit card payments, you’re less likely programs is to encourage students to finish their
to buy things to make you feel better. People with education and be able to get a good job in the future.
debt often spend more time shopping, just to make Many students who fail or drop out do so because
themselves feel happier, but real millionaires don’t need they come from low-income families. They might
to do this. have to work after school and on the weekends to
So, what can we learn from the wealthy? The answer is help support the family. Because of that, they often
surprisingly simple. Don’t spend more money than you have no time to study. We want to make sure that all
have. Don’t get into debt or take out bank loans. Pay students have the same opportunities in their future.
close attention to your money, and don’t spend time Host: I see. Let’s hear from our first caller. Mariam
trying to show other people that you’re rich. In John Hassan is the president of a medium-sized university.
Holm’s opinion, being “wealthy” is a feeling. That is, it Dr. Hassan?
doesn’t mean being rich or having millions of dollars. It Dr. Hassan: Hello. Yes, I recently read about this new
means being happy with what you have. program, and I really don’t think it’s a good idea. I
understand that many students drop out of college
8.3
because of financial problems. At my college alone,
1 Most people think that rich people live lavish the dropout rate is over 25 percent. However, will
lifestyles, that is they drive very expensive cars, paying students really encourage them to continue?
eat in expensive restaurants, own a yacht, or live in In my experience, it won’t. Of course, the statistics
big houses. are terrible, but I’m not confident that this program
2 In other words, having expensive things is not always a will solve the real problems – it may just cover them
sign that someone is rich. up. I think the money would be better spent on
3 On the other hand, people who look rich – the student services, like hiring additional professors and
people who drive the latest Ferrari or only wear advisors. Two of the reasons why students drop out
designer clothes – may not actually be rich at all. are stress and poor time management. Advisors can
4 As a result, they don’t spend too much, and they don’t help students learn to manage their time better. As
get into debt. a consequence, students will do better in school and
5 There is no doubt that it’s more difficult to save will be more likely to graduate.
money if you are single. Dr. Burns: I can see your point, but we have already
6 So, what can we learn from the wealthy? The answer spent a lot on student services. I think that paying
is surprisingly simple. students to study will show them that we treat them
like adults. It will give them a sense of responsibility.
8.4
College students are young adults, and so when they
Host: In today’s program, we discuss the recent have a choice between staying in college and studying
decision made by several colleges to give students or going to work and making money, they often make
money in return for good grades. Students will be the wrong choice. They want to have money so that
paid by the hour to take additional math and science they can buy things for themselves. Besides, we don’t
classes. The students who improve their grades and want to pay them a lot. I think we’re simply giving
keep their grade average high will be given cash them an option: stay in school and be paid, or get a
rewards at the end of each semester. To discuss this minimum wage job.
new project, we have invited education expert Dr. Host: Christine Thorne is a parent with two children
Michael Burns, and we welcome your calls during the in college.
program. We’d like to hear your opinion: Do you think
Mrs. Thorne: Hello. I was very worried when I heard
college students should be paid for good grades?
about this new program. I realize that students need
8.5 encouragement to stay in school, but are we going in
Host: Dr. Burns, thank you for coming today. Can you the right direction? First of all, I feel that we’re sending
tell us more about the project? Where does this idea the students the wrong message. Learning should be
come from? about studying new things and being responsible.
Personally, I think the students who aren’t interested
in studying will simply take the easy courses to keep 8.7
their average grade high and get the cash. I believe Advisor: Hello, Daniel. It’s nice to meet you.
that we should focus more on rewarding excellent
Daniel: Nice to meet you.
schools and teachers, and not on students who might
Advisor: First of all, welcome to college! I’m your
be lazy.
academic advisor, and I’m going to help you figure out
Dr. Burns: These are all good points, but I don’t think
which classes to take.
that this view applies to all students. Not all parents
Daniel: Thank you.
are educated or interested in studying. They pass
this bad attitude on to their own children. Then the Advisor: Now … I see you’re interested in economics?
children don’t see the benefits of learning. To change Daniel: I think so, but I’m not really sure. When do I have
this image, we need to show them a good reason for to declare my major?
studying. Advisor: Not yet. Not until the end of your second year.
Host: Thank you. Let’s have a look now at some of the Daniel: That’s good. But can I take some economics
comments we’ve received during the program. classes before that?
Advisor: Oh yes. You can and you should! You can take
8.6
Introduction to Economics … probably next semester.
Host: Dr. Burns, thank you for coming today. Can you You have to take calculus first. It’s a prerequisite.
tell us more about the project? Where does this idea
Daniel: So should I take the calculus class this semester?
come from?
Advisor: Yes … um … you should also take computer
Dr. Burns: Thank you. Well, the idea of paying students
science. Both of those are prerequisites.
for their work isn’t new. For example, in some high
schools in New York City and Memphis, Tennessee, Daniel: OK.
students are paid $40 a month for good attendance Advisor: Those two classes will count for seven credits.
and are paid extra for good grades. They also get $50 Daniel: How many credits should I take altogether?
for taking a college entrance exam. The goal of these Advisor: Most students take between 12 and 16. Don’t
programs is to encourage students to finish their take too many classes for your first semester. You need
education and be able to get a good job in the future. time to get used to college.
Many students who fail or drop out do so because Daniel: Do I need to take general education credits?
they come from low-income families. They might Advisor: Yes. The university requires at least 15 general
have to work after school and on the weekends to education credits. There’s a lot of choice. You could
help support the family. Because of that, they often take history, music, public speaking … even physical
have no time to study. We want to make sure that all education or dance.
students have the same opportunities in their future. Daniel: Could I take a class in art history?
Host: I see. Let’s hear from our first caller. Mariam Advisor: Of course!
Hassan is the president of a medium-sized university.
Daniel: I’d like to do that. I’m very interested in art.
Dr. Hassan?
Advisor: Then that’s a good choice. So … probably one
Dr. Hassan: Hello. Yes, I recently read about this new
more class will be enough. That should be Writing 101.
program, and I really don’t think it’s a good idea. I
Daniel: Writing? Really?
understand that many students drop out of college
because of financial problems. At my college alone, Advisor: Yes. You have to take several writing classes.
the dropout rate is over 25 percent. However, will We expect our graduates to be able to read and write
paying students really encourage them to continue? well.
In my experience, it won’t. Of course, the statistics Daniel: OK.
are terrible, but I’m not confident that this program Advisor: So that’s four classes: calculus, computer
will solve the real problems – it may just cover them science, art history and, uh, Writing 101.
up. I think the money would be better spent on Daniel: How do I register for classes?
student services, like hiring additional professors and Advisor: You can do that online. You should register
advisors. Two of the reasons why students drop out before Friday. But first, let’s work out a schedule that
are stress and poor time management. Advisors can works for you. Now, on Mondays …
help students learn to manage their time better. As a
consequence, students will do better in school and
will be more likely to graduate.

UNIT 1 LISTENING QUIZ
Name: Date:
PART A KEY SKILLS

TAKING NOTES
1 1.1 Listen to a presentation about pet ownership. Complete the student notes.
Pet Ownership
cons pros
Pet is a big responsibility Less lonely:
• (3)
• helps you meet more people
(1)
: walk, feed, Helps you feel (4)
give attention
Costs: (2) Children learn responsibility
More difficult to find housing: can’t Health benefits: exercise, lower blood
rent, or have to pay more pressure, get sick less
(5)
: pet might wake
you in emergency (fire)
LISTENING FOR CONTRASTING IDEAS

2 1.1 Listen to the presentation again. Circle the correct words.
1 First / Second, I’d like to talk about the cons, or the reasons not to have a pet.
2 Other buildings will let you rent a place, such as / but you’ll have to pay more if you have a pet.
3 Even though / On the other hand, there are a lot of good reasons to own a pet.
4 However / Even though a pet needs a lot, it gives a lot too.
5 Furthermore / To sum up if you have enough money, time, and a place that will let you
have a one, a pet can be a great benefit to you.
PART B PRONUNCIATION FOR LISTENING

INTONATION OF LISTS
3 1.2 Listen to the lists. Write C (complete) or I (incomplete).
1 Every day it needs to be walked, fed and given attention.
2 Do you have enough money to pay for food and pet treats, to take care of the animal’s health
3 Any pet can help us feel less lonely: fish, birds, cats
4 With a pet, you’ll likely be happier, healthier, and safer
60 Unit 1 Listening Quiz Prism 2 Listening and Speaking © Cambridge University Press 2017 Photocopiable
UNIT 1 LANGUAGE QUIZ
Name: Date:
PART A KEY VOCABULARY

1 Complete the sentences with the correct form of the words in the box.
abuse conditions damage endangered melt protect species survive
1 Do you think making animals do dangerous work, like working as police dogs, is animal ?
2 A loud noise can your pet’s hearing.
3 Some fish will die if you keep them as pets. They can only in the ocean.
4 If the sea ice , animals that live on the ice will not have a place to live.
5 Tigers are a(n) species. There are not many left in the wild.
6 What type of do animals need to live without suffering?
7 There are over 900 of wild birds in North America.
8 A dog can us by barking or even chasing dangerous people away.
2 Match the sentence halves.

1 Pets depend on people to a discuss is the idea that animals have rights like
2 Caring for your pet’s health is an important people.
3 One issue that many people b live close to water sources, like rivers or lakes.
4 Making animals fight each other is c endangers bird and animal habitats.
5 Global warming is a threat to d may suffer from the heat and could die.
6 If you leave a pet in a car on a hot day, it e feed and care for them.
7 Wild animals need water daily, so they f cruel and against the law in many countries.
8 Cutting down forests g part of animal welfare so they don’t get sick.
h the survival of many animals.
PART B LANGUAGE DEVELOPMENT

WORD FAMILIES
3 Read the sentences. Write the correct form of the words in bold.
1 Both parents should be involvedly in raising their children.
2 After years of abused, the poor dog now has a new, caring home.
3 The researcher explained her analyze of her research so we could understand the information.
4 Global warming is likely to cause serious environmentally problems, like increased flooding.
5 A cell phone is a very popular means of communicate.
MODALS FOR NECESSITY AND ADVICE

4 Look at the sentences and the underlined modals. What does each sentence express?
Write N (necessity) or A (advice) next to each sentence.
1 You don’t need to give a cat a bath. They wash themselves every day.
2 You should take wild birds that are hurt to a wildlife center where they can get help.
3 We have to buy some cat food today because we don’t have any more.
4 Some dogs will eat until they get sick, so you ought to give them only the amount of food they need.
5 I need to get the eggs from the chicken house so that I can make breakfast.
Prism 2 Listening and Speaking © Cambridge University Press 2017 Photocopiable Unit 1 Language Quiz 61
Name: Date:
PART A KEY SKILLS

LISTENING FOR EXPLANATIONS
1 2.1 Listen to a radio debate about global warming. Match the phrases with the explanations.
1 tropical diseases a officials spray chemicals to kill mosquitoes
2 major hurricane b how much food farmers can grow
3 crop yield c level 3 or above
4 public health programs d Zika and dengue
LISTENING FOR COUNTERARGUMENTS

2 2.1 Listen to the debate again. Match the arguments (1–5) and counterarguments (a–e) from the debate.
1 Only some parts of the climate are changing.
2 Climate change isn’t very bad.
3 There will be less food due to climate change.
4 A warmer climate means diseases in new places.
5 Mosquitos will live in new areas due to warmer climate.
a Even a small temperature increase can cause severe effects.
b U.S. public health programs can kill mosquitoes.
c Sick people traveling spreads diseases.
d There will be more food due to climate change.
e Climate change means weather becomes extreme, e.g., dry places get drier.
PART B ADDITIONAL SKILLS

3 2.1 Listen to the debate again. Write T (true) or F (false) next to the statements. Correct the false statements.
1 The radio program is about environmental changes.

2 The host of the program thinks that climate change means that the temperature will only get warmer.

3 Cathy thinks climate change is not as bad as the predictions because of few major hurricanes.

4 Robert explains why scientists can’t agree about the effect of climate change on what farmers grow.

5 Jennifer thinks that climate change doesn’t create health problems.

PART C PRONUNCIATION FOR LISTENING

CONNECTED SPEECH: LINKING SOUNDS
4 2.2 Listen to the sentences. Write the linking sound you hear (j or w) in the words in bold next to each sentence.
1 I’d also like to add that it isn’t exactly true that we’re not having more hurricanes.
2 They don’t all agree about its impacts.
3 So, there will be an impact.
4 And why is that?
5 Too often people travel when they’re sick.
Name: Date:

affordable alternative benefit disaster environmental opponent risk solution
1 There isn’t only one for the problem of climate change, but there are many things we can do.
2 Electricity is very expensive where I live, but solar energy is more because sunshine is free.
3 Climate change is increasing the effects of natural , such as floods and hurricanes.
4 If an area is extremely dry, there is a greater of wildfires.
5 When you take part in a debate, your argues against you.
6 What are some of the of reducing the amount of garbage we make? Will we have cleaner water?
7 Wind power is a cleaner to fossil fuels as a source of energy.
8 problems like air pollution can be difficult to solve.
2 Circle the correct word in the sentences.

1 People think that climate change is a long-term / limited problem that we will have for many years.
2 The government provides / pollutes public health programs, like programs to kill mosquitoes.
3 The wind and sun are resources / benefits that we can use for energy.
4 A hurricane can cause a crisis / be a resource for a community because of the damage from wind and rain.
5 Different countries have different systems / risks for providing health care to their people.
6 The effects of the storm were a crisis / limited because most people didn’t have any flooding.
7 The company provided / polluted the water in the area when it accidentally spilled chemicals into the river.

NEGATIVE PREFIXES
3 Write the correct prefix from the box to complete the words. You will not use every prefix.
anti- de- dis- in- ir- mis- un-
1 I’m sorry, I think I understood you. Did you say sixty or sixteen people are coming to the party?
2 Mark is social. He doesn’t like to be around other people.
3 John is a/an experienced worker. He’s only had one part-time job in his life.
4 If you activate apps on your phone, you might be able to save your battery.
5 Scientists agree about how climate change will affect crop yields.
MODAL VERBS TO EXPRESS FUTURE POSSIBILITY

4 Write the correct modal verb in the sentences. Use the words in parentheses to help you.
More than one answer may be possible.
1 Alternative energy sources be cheaper in the future. (uncertainty in the future)
2 Burning fossil fuels increase global warming. (certainty in the future)
3 Reducing car use not happen easily. (certainty in the future)
4 More research into wind and solar energy help us in the future. (uncertainty in the future)
5 In the next few years, solar energy be a solution to global warming. (uncertainty in the future)
Name: Date:
PART A KEY SKILLS

LISTENING FOR RHETORICAL QUESTIONS
1 3.1 Listen to the presentation about cell phone use. Mark the questions R (real) or RH (rhetorical).
1 How many of you ever text while driving?
2 How many of you ever text while walking?
3 What does research show about texting while walking?
4 So, what should we do to increase safety?
5 Should we use apps to keep their phones from working?

2 3.1 Listen to the presentation again. Answer the questions.
1 What is the main problem with cell phone use while driving or walking?
2 What age group is most likely to die due to car crashes while texting and driving?
3 Why is cell phone use especially dangerous for pedestrians ages 5 to 19?
4 What is the safest way to keep from getting hurt while walking or driving?
5 What type of reward can you get from one app if you don’t text and drive?

WORD STRESS
3 3.2 Listen to the sentences. Underline the stressed syllables in the words in bold.
1 But what does research show about texting while walking?
2 So what should we do to increase safety?
3 How can we decrease the number of people texting and walking?
4 Many parents give their children cell phones as birthday presents, even very young children.
5 How then do we control children’s texting?
Name: Date:

break the law compare consist of convenient extreme fine respect scared
1 Some states give of $100 or more for texting while driving

2 Some people have a(n) fear of flying. They can’t even think about flying without feeling sick.
3 I drive my car to work because it is . I can come and go anytime I want.
4 If you train travel and airplane travel, which one is more affordable?
5 A driver’s license test two parts, a written test and a driving test.
6 If you text and drive, you are in many states. If the police stop you, you will get a ticket.
7 You should other drivers, bikers, and pedestrians and give them lots of room on the road.
8 I am of snakes. When I see a photo of one in a book, I have to close the book right away.
2 Circle the correct word in the sentences.

1 I avoided / prevented heavy traffic on the main road by taking a different road today.
2 A car hit my bicycle last week. Fortunately, the crash / safety did not hurt me.
3 If you want to injure / cure a phobia, you should see a doctor.
4 The car in front of me was going too slowly, so I passed / avoided it.
5 Children can injure / prevent themselves in accidents with cars if they walk and text.
6 This app is a way to cure / solve the problem of texting while driving.
7 We need to have more safety / cure about texting when we drive our cars.
8 How can we prevent / solve airplane accidents?

TALKING ABOUT PROBLEMS AND SOLUTIONS
3 Match the problems and solutions.
1 The city has too much traffic.
2 Most roads are not made for cars and bicycles.
3 Elderly people often lose their drivers’ licenses due to health problems.
4 Parking is very bad for festivals and concerts.
5 People think buses are ugly and dirty, so they don’t want to use them.
a We need to figure out a way for them to get rides more easily and cheaply.
b We can control the problem by having free buses that take people to the events.
c We can influence people in a positive way if we make them cleaner and more beautiful.
d They could solve the problem if fewer people drove cars.
e One method to make it safer for cyclists is to give them their own part of the road.
COMPARATIVE AND SUPERLATIVE ADJECTIVES
4 Complete the sentences with the correct form of the adjectives in parentheses.
1 In a big city, taking the bus is often the type of transportation. (affordable)
2 The way to stay safe is to not text while walking. (good)
3 That article is really boring. This one is much . (interesting)
4 I find that taking the train is the way to travel. (comfortable)
5 It is definitely to ride a bike to college than to spend time looking for
a parking space in your car. (easy)
66 Unit 3 Language Quiz Prism 2 Listening and Speaking © Cambridge University Press 2017 Photocopiable
Name: Date:
PART A KEY SKILLS

IDENTIFYING CAUSE AND EFFECT
1 4.1 Listen to a conversation about holidays. Match the causes and effects.
1 Rachel describes how the pumpkins look on Halloween to Juanita.
2 Rachel loves parties.
3 Long ago people thought that dressing up like ghosts would keep real ghosts away.
4 Mexicans celebrate the Day of the Dead and talk about their family members that have died.
5 People spend a day in the graveyard.
a That’s a reason why Juanita thinks seeing them at night would be fun.
b That’s the reason they go to the graveyard.
c That’s why some people in the U.S. dress up as zombies and ghosts for Halloween.
d That’s why Rachel thinks the Day of the Dead celebration sounds scary at first.
e That’s one reason she likes Halloween.
LISTENING FOR OPINION

2 4.2 Listen to some sentences from the conversation, and complete the opinion phrases.
1 , I always thought it looked kind of scary.
2 Yeah, that would be fun.
3 I’m not that I would like that.
4 Sorry, but I .
5 Yeah, I totally you!

3 4.1 Listen to the conversation again. Circle the correct answer.
1 Juanita and Rachel are talking about national / traditional holidays from their countries.
2 Juanita doesn’t know / knows a lot about Halloween.
3 Children / Adults go trick-or-treating on Halloween.
4 Mexicans / Americans don’t usually wear scary Halloween costumes.
5 In the end, Rachel and Juanita agree / disagree about their holidays.

CONNECTED SPEECH: /t/ AND /d/ AT THE END OF WORDS
4 4.3 Listen. Circle the /t/ and /d/ sounds that you can hear clearly in the bold words.
1 It’s almost October 31st, Halloween, my favorite holiday!
2 At night, we put a candle inside the pumpkin and then put it in front of our house or in a window.
3 Oh, the holiday comes from several old ones that got mixed together over time.
4 Lots of people celebrate by going to the cemetery and spending time at the graves of family
members who have passed away.
5 That’s because we celebrate death as just a part of life.
Prism 2 Listening and Speaking © Cambridge University Press 2017 Photocopiable Unit 4 Listening Quiz 67
Name: Date:

1 Complete the sentences with the correct form of the words from the box.
anniversary behavior commercial die out interact obligation occasion social
1 Some people feel like they have a(n) , not a choice, to visit their family every holiday.
2 I prefer to with people face-to-face instead of on social media.
3 The girl’s at school was very good. She was kind to other students and listened to her teacher.
4 I always buy my mom flowers on special , like her birthday and Mother’s Day.
5 Today is the tenth of my first day at this company.
6 Some holiday customs eventually until no one remembers or practices them.
7 The opening of the new park was a great event. Many people came from the city to celebrate it.
8 Black Friday in the U.S. is not a holiday. Instead it’s a(n) event during which many people shop for
things on sale.
2 Circle the correct word to complete the sentences.

1 Which holiday is your favorite anniversary / celebration: New Year’s Day or Independence Day?
2 She is so thoughtful / personal. When I was sick, she helped me by going grocery shopping for me.
3 My grandfather’s generation / behavior did not have cell phones or microwaves when they were young.
4 College students usually interact / graduate and look for work after four years of taking classes.
5 We went to the commercial / multicultural festival with food, dances, music, and art from many countries.
6 I have an event / obligation to attend this afternoon. My town is having a picnic at the park for everyone.
7 We went to listen to a social / political speech before the election of the president.
8 I used my social / personal e-mail to send a message to my friend.

SUFFIXES
3 Correct the mistakes in bold. Use the parts of speech in parentheses to help you.
1 The app didn’t help at all. It’s totally using. (adverb)
2 Our region has some really interesting tradition music. (adjective)
3 We should be care to preserve our environment. (adjective)
4 I’ve had a really enjoy time. Thanks! (adjective)
5 We’re going to have a big celebrate next month. (noun)
DEPENDENT PREPOSITIONS
4 Complete the sentences with the correct prepositions in the box.
about at for to with
1 Who does this book belong ?

2 Eating a lot of sugar is bad your health.
3 There is something wrong my computer. It won’t print anything.
4 I’m really excited the music festival. There will be some amazing bands there!
5 Would you like to look some of my vacation photos?
Name: Date:
PART A KEY SKILLS

LISTENING FOR ATTITUDE
1 5.1 Listen to the conversation between Mark and Lauren. Choose the correct answers.
1 Mark felt strongly that his last job was very healthy / unhealthy.
2 Mark is happy / unhappy at his new job.
3 Most people think / don’t think that you can have a good meeting at the same time as taking a walk.
4 Lauren thinks that having free snacks at work is a good / not a good idea.
IDENTIFYING REFERENCES TO COMMON KNOWLEDGE

2 5.1 Listen to the conversation again. Complete the sentences with the expressions you hear.
1 that it was unhealthy for me.
2 And that plants help clean the office air.
3 Well, that you can’t have a serious meeting unless you’re in a meeting room.

3 Choose the correct answers to complete the sentences.
1 Mark and Lauren are .
a coworkers b friends c family members
2 The main topic of their conversation is .
a Lauren’s old job b Mark’s new job c food at the office
3 Mark’s new employer thinks that the best workers .
a work late b are relaxed c eat at work
4 Mark’s job lets him .
a go outside to have meetings b work out at his desk c grow vegetables in his office
5 Lauren is Mark.
a happy for b jealous of c disappointed with

ATTITUDE AND EMOTION
4 5.2 Listen to the statements. How does each speaker feel about what they are saying? How do you know?
Complete the sentences.
1 “I’m so glad you could come over for a visit.”
The speaker feels . I know this because .
2 “I didn’t even have a window to look out of.”
3 “I’ve heard of those, but you’re right, my work doesn’t have them.”
4 “I’d prefer to have that kind of meeting with my work team.”
5 “I don’t think it sounds healthy to have lots of snacks around.”
Name: Date:

concentration habit overweight participate performance stress treatment unhealthy
1 Exercising every day is a healthy .

2 Every year, most employers review your job and talk about ways to help you work better.
3 Taking medicine is a common form of for illnesses.
4 Do you want to in the competition to see who can sell the most units at work this month?
5 I have difficulty with my level of when there is a lot of noise at work.
6 Too much work can cause a lot of .
7 My father thought he was , so he went on a diet and started exercising every day.
8 Foods that have a lot of fat, salt, and sugar are for you.
2 Match the sentence halves. Use the words in bold to help you.
1 I have never missed work a damage your health.
2 My doctor told me to b good for your mental health.
3 I work out c are to do yoga or read a book.
4 Taking a walk outside can be d reduce the amount of fat and sugar I eat.
5 Research proves that cigarettes e due to illness. I am always at my desk.
6 Some really good ways to relax f at the gym every morning.

PHRASAL VERBS
3 Complete the missing parts of the phrasal verbs.
1 She signed for the yoga class that starts next week.
2 If you want to run a marathon, then you should give junk food.
3 I think I’ll take a new sport. What do you recommend?
4 It takes a long time to get an injury like a broken arm.
5 Last week I came with a cold, so I missed a day of work.
ADJECTIVES TO DESCRIBE WELL-BEING

4 Complete the sentences with the correct words in the box.
cultural educational emotional intellectual physical
1 Some people enjoy a(n) conversation because makes them think about a lot of new ideas.
2 It is good to get some activity while you are at work, like walking or even standing.
3 differences that you experience when you move to a new country can be stressful.
4 If you have a very thing happen, like the death of a family member, it can be hard to concentrate
on your job.
5 Going to an art museum can be both entertaining and because you can learn a lot about art.
Name: Date:
PART A KEY SKILLS

UNDERSTANDING LECTURE ORGANIZATION
1 6.1 Listen to a lecture. Put the sentences in order (1–5).
a Today, the company sells products and apps that allow children to learn more than one thing.
b First, let’s look at “Speak & Spell”.
c Then, the children would type in the spelling.
d The Speak & Spell toys were very popular throughout the 1980s.
e “Speak & Spell” took a word from its memory.
UNDERSTANDING REFERENCES TO EARLIER IDEAS

2 6.1 Listen to the lecture again. Match the references to their earlier ideas (a–e) in Exercise 1. Use the words in
bold to help you.
1 The toy would tell them if it was correct or not.
2 These devices use technology to teach children from when they’re babies, all the way to school age.
3 In fact, they were produced until 1992.
4 This was one of the very first electronic educational toys.
5 It then spoke the word out loud.

3 6.1 Listen to the lecture again. Choose the correct answer.
1 What is the lecture about?
a digital toys that help children b the history of toy companies c the best children’s toys
learn
2 Why did the presenter speak like a robot?
a to give a definition b to make the lecture more c to copy the sound of a toy
interesting
3 When did the company LeapFrog start making learning toys for children?
a in the 1970s b in the 1990s c in the 2000s
4 The oldest learning toys taught children to .
a learn about ocean animals b spell and do math c learn about computers
5 The professor thinks these toys are sold mainly because .
a children love them b they are cheap c parents want them

WEAK AND STRONG FORMS
4 6.2 Listen to the excerpts from the lecture. Underline one word in each sentence that is usually unstressed
(articles, prepositions, auxiliary verbs, conjunctions), but that is pronounced in a strong form.
1 This was one of the very first electronic educational toys.
2 Before that, games used pull strings or tape recorders to record and play back children’s voices.
3 So how has the technology developed since then?
4 Today, the company sells products and apps that allow children to learn more than one thing from their toy.
Name: Date:

access app develop device discover industry product scientific
1 When digital toys were invented, a new was also created because new companies and stores
were needed to make and sell the products.
2 Scientists who new stars often name them after friends, colleagues, or family members.
3 These days you can download for your phone for almost anything, from getting directions to
playing games.
4 How can I your Wi-Fi? Do I need a password?
5 A cell phone is a(n) for sending and receiving voice and text messages.
6 Companies advertise their and services in order to sell them.
7 The Speak and Spell was by the company Texas Instruments.
8 research is important if we want to know what toys are best to help children learn.

1 Do you want to develop / install new software on your computer? The software you have now is very old.
2 I think a diagram / user can help you figure out how that machine works. It will show you how it is made.
3 Would you invent / allow your children to use technology as a toy, even if it didn’t help them learn?
4 Do you think technology / diagrams like apps and smartphones make our lives better?
5 Companies that allow / create new toys should make them both fun and affordable.
6 Sometimes a toymaker has to diagram / invent new technology just to make a fun toy.
7 When you install / design something well, you must make sure to think about who will use the item and how
they will use it.
8 If a/an technology / user cannot easily use an app, it was poorly designed.

USES OF THE VERB MAKE
3 Read the sentences. Circle the correct use of the word make.
1 My parents made me clean my bedroom every weekend when I was a child.
a caused b forced c produced
2 You need electricity to make the toy work.
a cause b force c produce
3 The toy was made in 1987.
4 The company made and sold the toy in 14 different countries.
a caused b forced c produced
5 Spelling toys can make a difference in how well a child spells.
PASSIVE VERB FORMS
4 Complete the sentences using the correct forms of the verbs in parentheses. Use active or passive forms.
1 The diamonds (discover) in 1972.
2 The game (invent) by school children in Canada.
3 We (develop) the smartphone app as part of a national competition.
4 The first e-mail (sent) in 1971.
5 William Moggridge (design) one of the first laptops in 1979.
Name: Date:
PART A KEY SKILLS

TAKING NOTES ON MAIN IDEAS AND DETAILS
1 7.1 Listen to an interview with a fashion magazine editor. Complete the notes. Write one word in each blank.
I Americans are less (1)

A Research
• more fashionable (2) years ago — more designer brands
• today – more (3)
clothes, e.g. yoga pants/ T-shirts
B Reasons for change
• possible reasons – earning less, saving more, spend $ on other things
• main factor: (4) choices
• can dress in more (5)
manner — sports clothes more fashionable
C Predictions
• US will stay (6) interested in high fashion in near future
IDENTIFYING AUXILIARY VERBS FOR EMPHASIS

2 7.2 Listen to the sentences. Fill in the missing auxiliary verbs emphasized by the speakers.
1 That sound very good.
2 I think that young people will continue to dress more casually.
3 That quite surprising.
4 We expect the people to spend more money on technology.
5 She have a good eye for design.
PART B PRONUNCIATION FOR LISTENING

VOWEL OMISSION
3 7.3 Listen to the excerpts from the interview. Circle the vowels in the words in bold that are not pronounced.
1 It’s the result of information collected from photos we took with our own cameras, photos posted on social
networking sites, interviews in the streets, and articles we got from other magazines.
2 We wanted to know whether or not there really was a general trend away from what might be described as
fashionable clothing.
3 We tried to get an accurate picture of the state of fashion in different U.S. regions two years ago.
4 Basically, people are dressing in a more individual manner than in the past.
5 That’s certainly an interesting point of view.
Name: Date:

admire collection convert fabric individual local modest smart
1 I really want a(n) phone with lots of apps and all that powerful technology.
2 I used scissors and a sewing machine to my old dresses into ones with a more modern style.
3 I like to wear simple, clothes, not fancy high-fashioned ones.
4 I sewed a new shirt using with green and white stripes.
5 People in the U.S. have a(n) fashion style. They often like to look different.
6 My father has a(n) of ties of many different types and fabrics. I think he has more than 100.
7 I really my older sister’s style of dressing. No matter what she wears, she looks lovely.
8 I like to buy clothing made by a(n) fashion designer so I can support small businesses in my town.

1 I drew a design a and has great confidence in her work.
2 Americans are choosing individual styles b and different from everyone else.
3 My mother likes to wear practical shoes c instead of focusing on high fashion.
4 I think that a tie is useless d of furniture in my house from traditional to modern.
5 You get the color purple e for a shirt that I plan to make.
6 Her way of dressing is unique f so she never wears uncomfortable high heels.
7 I think I will change the style g because it doesn’t even keep your neck warm.
8 She knows she is an excellent designer h when you combine red and blue.

IDIOMS
1 The new watches are all the rage / crazy. The local watch store sold every one that they had.
2 The fall clothing designs are a cool / hot topic in the fashion world. Everyone is talking about them.
3 I saw that movie last week. I’m not crazy / angry about it, but my friend thought it was great.
4 I’m just dying / living to get one of those new fitness watches.
5 I need some help with this. Can you give me a finger / hand?
PREDICTIONS AND EXPECTATIONS ABOUT THE FUTURE

4 Choose the best future form to complete the sentences.
1 We should take an umbrella. I think it’s going to rain / it rains.
2 It will be easy to find Sandra at the huge event tomorrow because she wears / is wearing a red dress.
3 We have / are having a party at the end of the semester and would like you to come.
4 I’m not feeling well. I’ll / I’m going probably call in sick.
5 A: I’m taking the bus, so I may be a few minutes late.
B: The buses don’t run on Sunday.
A: OK. I’ll drive / I’m driving then. See you soon!
Name: Date:
PART A LISTENING SKILLS

1 8.1 Listen to an interview about public transportation. Write T (true) or F (false) next to the statements.
Correct the false statements.
1 The man has a lot of time.

2 The man thinks it’s necessary to use public transportation.

3 The trains are comfortable, and the man can usually get a seat.

4 Driving to work would be slower than taking the train.

5 The man would be happy to pay more if the train services were better.

PART B KEY SKILLS

UNDERSTANDING PARAPHRASE
2 8.2 Listen to the excerpts from the interview. Circle the answers that paraphrase the excerpts correctly.
1 How often does the man use public transportation?
a seven days
b five days a week
2 How important does the man think public transportation is?
a extremely important
b not very important
3 Why is public transportation valuable to the man?
a because he doesn’t like getting stuck in traffic
b because it saves him time and money
4 How does the man feel about the cost of public transportation?
a he is willing to pay more for cleaner and safer trains
b he feels that public transportation is good value

SILENT LETTERS
3 8.3 Listen to the statements. Write the words you hear in the blanks.
1 It won’t take long to my questions
2 How do you use public transportation?
3 It’s not much money .
4 Excuse me, I need a(n) for my ticket.
5 The city wants to pay off its before adding new subway line.
Name: Date:

afford encourage manage payment save money sense responsible
1 My sister works on Wall Street, and she always me to invest money in the stock market.
2 I every month so that I can buy a new car someday.
3 If you are with your money and watch what you spend, you should always have enough of it.
4 I took out a loan for my car. That means I must make a(n) every month to the bank.
5 I have to rent an apartment because I cannot to buy a house.
6 He uses credit cards too much and does not his spending very well.
7 I always work hard for my employer because I have a strong of responsibility.

1 Do you owe a lot of services / debt to the bank on your student loans?
2 I think that most people would like to be millionaires / savings and not be poor.
3 If you only make minimum wage / sense, how do you earn enough to live in this expensive city?
4 What payments / services does this city offer to the poor? Do they give free housing or cheaper bus tickets?
5 It was a good decision / minimum wage to buy a bicycle instead of a car.
6 Do you have a lot of savings / payments in your bank account?
7 Many people get a loan /debt from the bank when they buy a car.

COLLOCATIONS WITH PAY AND MONEY
3 Circle the correct collocations to complete the sentences.
1 Maryanne lost / spent lots of money on new clothes last week.
2 I want to raise / save money so that I can buy a new car.
3 He never pays in / pays off cash. He always uses a credit card or check.
4 I borrowed / owed some money from my sister to start my own business.
5 I need to spend / make more money so that I will have enough to pay my rent.
PRESENT AND FUTURE REAL CONDITIONALS

1 If you want to buy a new house, a you will need to buy things on sale.
2 If you want to spend less money, b people will think you are rich.
3 If you want to get a better job, c I will buy myself a new shirt.
4 If you wear expensive clothes, d you have to save money and take out a loan.
5 If I have money at the end of the week, e you should send your resume to a lot of companies.
UNIT QUIZZES ANSWER KEY
UNIT 1 LISTENING QUIZ UNIT 2 LANGUAGE QUIZ
PART A KEY SKILLS PART A KEY VOCABULARY
1 1 Daily care 1 1 solution 2 affordable 3 disasters 4 risk
2 food and treats, health care, damage to home 5 opponent 6 benefits 7 alternative
3 pet is like a member of the family 8 Environmental
4 better when upset 2 1 long-term 2 provides 3 resources 4 cause a
5 Keeps you safe crisis 5 systems 6 limited 7 polluted
2 1 First 2 but 3 On the other hand
4 Even though 5 To sum up PART B LANGUAGE SKILLS
3 1 mis 2 anti 3 in 4 de 5 dis
PART B PRONUNCIATION FOR
LISTENING 4 1 may/might/could 2 will 3 will 4 may/might/
could 5 may/might/could
3 1 C 2 I 3 I 4 C
UNIT 1 LANGUAGE QUIZ PART A KEY SKILLS
1 1 R 2 R 3 RH 4 RH 5 RH
1 1 abuse 2 damage 3 survive 4 melts
5 endangered 6 conditions 7 species 8 protect PART B ADDITIONAL SKILLS
2 1 e 2 g 3 a 4 f 5 h 6 d 7 b 8 c 2 1 People have accidents.
2 People in their 20s
PART B LANGUAGE DEVELOPMENT 3 They can get hit by cars and die. (It’s the fifth
3 1 involved 2 abuse 3 analysis 4 environmental leading cause of death for this age group.)
5 communication 4 Never text while walking or driving
5 You can get points you can use to buy things.
4 1 N 2 A 3 N 4 A 5 N
PART C PRONUNCIATION FOR
UNIT 2 LISTENING QUIZ LISTENING
PART A KEY SKILLS 3 1 research 2 increase 3 decrease 4 presents
1 1 d 2 c 3 b 4 a 5 control
2 1 e 2 a 3 d 4 c 5 b
PART B ADDITIONAL SKILLS PART A KEY VOCABULARY
3 1 T 1 1 fines 2 extreme 3 convenient 4 compare
2 F; The host thinks that the weather will change a lot, 5 consists of 6 breaking the law 7 respect
so rainy areas will get rainier and snowy areas will 8 scared
get snowier.
3 T 2 1 avoided 2 crash 3 cure 4 passed 5 injure
4T 6 solve 7 safety 8 prevent
5 F; Jennifer thinks that climate change creates health
problems.
3 1 d 2 e 3 a 4 b 5 c
PART C PRONUNCIATION FOR 4 1 most affordable 2 best 3 more interesting
LISTENING 4 most comfortable 5 easier
4 1 /w/ 2 /j/ 3 /j/ 4 /j/ 5 /w/
78 Unit Quizzes answer key

UNIT 4 LISTENING QUIZ UNIT 5 LANGUAGE QUIZ
PART A KEY SKILLS PART A KEY VOCABULARY
1 1 a 2 e 3 c 4 b 5 d 1 1 habit 2 performance 3 treatment
2 1 Personally 2 I think 3 convinced 4 disagree 4 participate 5 concentration 6 stress
5 agree with 7 overweight 8 unhealthy
2 1 e 2 d 3 f 4 b 5 a 6 c
3 1 traditional 2 doesn’t know 3 Children PART B LANGUAGE DEVELOPMENT
4 Mexicans 5 agree with 3 1 up 2 up 3 up 4 over 5 down
4 1 intellectual 2 physical 3 Cultural 4 emotional
PART C PRONUNCIATION FOR 5 educational
LISTENING
4 1 almost 2 put, front 3 old 4 passed UNIT 6 LISTENING QUIZ
5 just, part
PART A KEY SKILLS
UNIT 4 LANGUAGE QUIZ 1 a 5 b 1 c 3 d 4 e 2
PART A KEY VOCABULARY 2 1 c 2 a 3 d 4 b 5 e
1 1 obligation 2 interact 3 behavior 4 occasions PART B ADDITIONAL SKILLS
5 anniversary 6 die out 7 social 8 commercial
3 1 a 2 c 3 c 4 b 5 c
2 1 celebration 2 thoughtful 3 generation
4 graduate 5 multicultural 6 event 7 political PART C PRONUNCIATION FOR
8 personal LISTENING
PART B LANGUAGE DEVELOPMENT 4 1 the 2 and 3 has 4 and
3 1 useless 2 traditional 3 careful 4 enjoyable
5 celebration
4 1 to 2 for 3 with 4 about 5 at
1 1 industry 2 discover 3 apps 4 access
UNIT 5 LISTENING QUIZ 5 device 6 products 7 developed 8 Scientific
PART A KEY SKILLS 2 1 install 2 diagram 3 allow 4 technology
5 create 6 invent 7 design 8 user
1 1 unhealthy 2 happy 3 don’t think
4 not a good PART B LANGUAGE DEVELOPMENT
2 1 There’s no question 3 1 b 2 a 3 c 4 c 5 a
2 everyone knows
4 1 were discovered 2 was invented 3 developed
3 most people think
4 was sent 5 designed
3 1 c 2 b 3 b 4 a 5 a
PART A KEY SKILLS
PART C PRONUNCIATION FOR 1 1 fashionable 2 two 3 casual 4 lifestyle
LISTENING 5 individual 6 less
4 1 excited/happy; her voice goes up on visit 2 1 does 2 do 3 is 4 do 5 does
2 disappointed/sad; his voice goes down on window
3 disappointed/sad; her voice goes down on my work PART B PRONUNCIATION FOR
4 interested/excited; her voice goes up on prefer LISTENING
5 unsure (disagrees); her voice goes down on healthy
3 1 cameras 2 general 3 different 4 basically
5 interesting
Unit Quizzes answer key 79

1 1 smart 2 convert 3 modest 4 fabric
5 individual 6 collection 7 admire 8 local
2 1 e 2 c 3 f 4 g 5 h 6 b 7 d 8 a

3 1 rage 2 hot 3 crazy 4 dying 5 hand
4 1 it’s going to rain 2 is wearing 3 are having 4 I’ll
5 I’ll drive

PART A LISTENING SKILLS
1 1 F; The man doesn’t have a lot of time.
2T
3 F; The trains aren’t usually comfortable and the man
can’t get a seat.
4T
5T
PART B KEY SKILLS

2 1 b 2 b 3 b 4 a
PART C PRONUNCIATION FOR

LISTENING
3 1 answer 2 often 3 though 4 receipt 5 debt

1 1 encourages 2 save money 3 responsible
4 payment 5 afford 6 manage 7 sense
2 1 debt 2 a millionaires 3 minimum wage
4 services 5 decision 6 savings 7 loan

3 1 spent 2 save 3 pays in 4 borrowed 5 make
4 1 d 2 a 3 e 4 b 5 c
80 Unit Quizzes answer key

UNIT QUIZZES AUDIO SCRIPTS
UNIT 1 1.2
1 Every day it needs to be walked, fed and given
1.1
attention
Speaker: Hello everyone. Today we’re talking about the
2 Do you have enough money to pay for food and pet
pros and cons of pet ownership. Getting a pet is a big
treats, to take care of the animal’s health
decision, so let’s take a look at some things that might
help you decide one way or the other. 3 Any pet can help us feel less lonely: fish, birds, cats
First, I’d like to talk about the cons, or the reasons not 4 With a pet, you’ll likely be happier, healthier, and safer
to have a pet. Having a pet is a big responsibility. For
example, a pet needs daily care. Every day it needs UNIT 2
to be walked, fed, and given attention. You can’t just 2.1
go away and leave your pet to take care of itself. It Host: Welcome to our weekly program. Today we’re
depends on you for almost everything. Even a small talking about climate change. As a reminder, you can
pet, such as a fish, needs to have food twice a day. So, join the debate by calling the usual number. And we
all pet owners have to think about their pets’ welfare. have our first caller, Cathy from Vermont. What do
However, that’s not all – you also need to consider cost. you want to say on the subject of climate change,
Do you have enough money to pay for food and pet Cathy?
treats, to take care of the animal’s health, or to pay for
Cathy: OK. People say that the weather’s changing. But
damage to your furniture and your home? Last, do you
is it really changing much? I heard that the number of
rent your apartment or house? If so, you may find it’s
hurricanes and other storms was going to increase.
more difficult to find a new place when you have a pet.
Despite the predictions, there hasn’t been a major
Some places won’t let you rent at all if you have a pet.
hurricane here in the U.S. for more than 10 years. Also,
Other buildings will let you rent a place, but you’ll have
some parts of the U.S. are getting huge snowstorms,
to pay more if you have a pet.
but other parts aren’t. So maybe just parts of the
On the other hand, there are a lot of good reasons to climate are changing, and it isn’t so bad?
own a pet. Even though a pet needs a lot, it gives a lot
Host: Well, most experts think that even a small
too. It’s often said that a dog is man’s best friend. In
increase in temperature could have catastrophic
my opinion, any pet can help us feel less lonely: fish,
long-term effects. And of course, climate change
birds, cats, or dogs. Many people talk to their pet like
doesn’t only mean that the weather will change – it
it’s a member of the family. And when you’re upset, a
also means that areas that are already snowy will get
pet can help you feel better. That’s true for both adults
snowier, and places that are already dry will likely get
and children. Another good reason is to help children
drier. I’d also like to add that it isn’t exactly true that
learn responsibility by having them care for the animals.
we’re not having more hurricanes. It’s just that no level
Maybe most importantly, a pet can have benefits for
3 or above hurricanes have hit our country in the past
your health. In fact, many dog owners are more active
few years. And because the sea level has risen more
because of having to take dogs for walks. Also, it’s
than eight inches since 1900, more water is pushed on
widely known that having a pet can help lower blood
land during a hurricane, so the effect is often greater.
pressure. But did you know that elderly people who
Thanks for your call, Cathy. Next we have Robert from
have pets get sick less often and visit the doctor less,
Massachusetts on the line. Robert, I understand that
too? Then there are the social benefits. For instance, if
you’re involved in climate research?
you take your dog for walks in the neighborhood, you’ll
Robert: Yes, that’s right. The point I want to make
meet other people. This gives you a chance to get to
is that while almost all scientists agree that climate
know, and spend time with, others. Last, a pet might
change is real, they don’t all agree about its impacts.
keep us safe. Even a small dog will bark to protect your
For example, there was a study that showed that
home. And we probably all know stories of a pet that
scientists couldn’t predict what would happen to U.S.
woke up its owner during an emergency, like a fire in
farmers and their crops due to climate change. Some
the house. In short, there are many benefits to owning
said there would be less food, and others said there
a pet.
would be more.
So, to sum up, if you have enough money, time, and a
Host: So, you’re saying that scientists weren’t able to
place that will let you have one, a pet can be a great
agree on the study results?
benefit to you. With a pet, you’ll likely be happier,
healthier, and safer.
UNIT QUIZZES AUDIO SCRIPTS 81
Robert: Well, they do agree on one thing, that farmers
will change what they grow depending on the crop
UNIT 3
yield, which means how much food they can grow. 3.1
But because there are so many different things to look Professor: How many of you ever text while driving?
at with farming, the predictions don’t always come OK, about half of you raised your hands. Now, how
out the same. many of you ever text while walking? Uh-huh, that
Host: So, there will be an impact, but because of what looks like about 80% of the class. Well, today we’re
farmers do, we don’t know exactly what will happen going to look at accidents that involve cell phone use
to our food sources. Interesting comment. Thanks, by people driving and walking. We’ll consider how
Robert. Next we have Jennifer from Florida. Jennifer? serious the problem is and what to do to solve it.
Jennifer: Hi. Well, I’m worried about climate change. One problem with texting that we’re all aware of is
Host: OK. And why is that? texting and driving. Drivers in their 20s are the most
Jennifer: Well … now we have to worry about diseases likely to text while driving. And what happens as a
that usually don’t happen here. It’s my understanding result? They definitely have more fatal crashes than
that a warmer planet may lead to diseases, for other age groups, even when compared to those who
example Zika and dengue in new places. We never saw also text and drive. But is it only drivers of cars that we
those in the U.S. before because they used to only have to worry about? No, not really. People also ride
be in tropical areas of the world, like certain parts of bicycles and text. Even train and subway engineers text
Africa or Southeast Asia. But, one of my friends says and drive.
that diseases are moving around the world because But what does research show about texting while
too often people travel when they’re sick, not walking? Well, research into accidents involving people
because of climate change. Who’s right? who text and walk is shocking. In fact, the fifth main
Host: I see what your friend means. However, increased cause of death for children from 5 to 19 years old is
flooding and warmer temperatures definitely make being hit by a car while walking and texting. And it’s
a difference because they allow mosquitoes to live not just children – more than half of all adults have also
in new areas. And mosquitoes spread these kinds of been injured texting and walking.
diseases. But, we also know that the U.S. has public So, what should we do to increase safety? Of course,
health programs, like when they tell people how to it would be safer never to text while driving or walking.
avoid mosquito bites, or when public officials spray And as you probably know, laws have been passed
chemicals to kill mosquitoes, so it’s difficult to know to prevent accidents due to texting and driving. For
exactly what will happen. example, most governments now ban the use of cell
Jennifer: Oh, it’s just like farming … people’s actions phones by those who drive trains. There are also fines in
make it difficult to predict things. Hmm … I think we most states for people who text and drive.
need to do more research to find a solution. However, no matter what governments do to prevent
Host: I have to agree with you on that. Thank you for cell phone use by drivers, car crashes continue
your call, Jennifer. to happen. So, will we ever be able to stop these
accidents completely? Well, there are apps and devices
2.2 for cars that make it impossible to send or receive texts
1 I’d also like to add that it isn’t exactly true that we’re or emails, or to use camera phones while driving. Most
not having more hurricanes. of these are made for parents to keep their teens safe
2 They don’t all agree about its impacts. while driving. Other apps reward people who don’t use
3 So, there will be an impact. their phones while driving with points that they can use
4 And why is that? to buy things.
5 Too often people travel when they’re sick. What about pedestrians? Accidents because of
cellphone use while walking have increased 500% since
2005. How can we decrease the number of people
texting and walking? Should we use apps to keep their
phones from working? Some would say that a cell
phone that can’t be used when you are moving is no
longer a mobile phone. Would it be better to take
phones away from kids? That’s probably impossible.
Many parents give their children cell phones as birthday
presents, even very young children, because they want
to be able to get in touch with their kids anytime and
82 UNIT QUIZZES AUDIO SCRIPTS
anywhere. How then do we control children’s texting? Juanita: Oh! That’s Día de Los Muertos, or the Day of
Some communities now put signs on sidewalks to warn the Dead – my favorite holiday. It’s on November 1st
people to look up while walking. In many places, bus and 2nd, instead of October 31st.
and subway announcements remind people in multiple Rachel: Really! Why do you like it?
languages to pay attention. There are even cities that Juanita: Well, one reason is that, just like Halloween,
fine people for texting and walking. people get together and have a good time with lots
In the end, it isn’t yet clear what the best solution is, of family and friends.
but as long as people keep getting injured while using Rachel: So what do you do?
their cell phones, we must continue to work to improve Juanita: It depends on where you’re from. Like
their safety. Halloween, the Day of the Dead is a holiday with
3.2 traditions from other older holidays. So similar to
1 But what does research show about texting while Halloween, it’s a time when it’s thought that the
walking? dead come back for a visit. Lots of people celebrate
2 So what should we do to increase safety? by going to the cemetery and spending time at the
graves of family members who have passed away.
3 How can we decrease the number of people texting
and walking? Rachel: Oh, spending the day in a graveyard sounds
frightening to me.
4 Many parents give their children cell phones as
birthday presents, even very young children. Juanita: Sorry, but I disagree. It’s not scary at all! In
fact, to me it seems friendlier than Halloween. We
5 How then do we control children’s texting?
think of it as our family coming home for a visit once
a year. We wear nice clothes, bring flowers and food,
UNIT 4 and have a picnic there. Musicians come and play
4.1 music. We talk about our loved ones, we joke, and we
Rachel: Ah … It’s almost October 31st, Halloween, my laugh …
favorite holiday! Rachel: You’re right! That doesn’t sound scary after all.
Juanita: Really? We don’t celebrate Halloween where Anything else?
I’m from in Mexico. Personally, I always thought it Juanita: Well, we have special food – like candy skulls
looked kind of scary. Why do you like it, Rachel? made of sugar, and special bread. Also, we make a
Rachel: Well, one thing is carving pumpkins. We take a place in our homes with candles, food, and photos
big pumpkin, cut it open, clean it out, and carve a face of our dead family members. And like Halloween, a
into it. At night, we put a candle inside the pumpkin few people dress up as the dead, but they look like
and then put it in front of our house or in a window. skeletons dressed up really nicely for a party – it’s not
It’s awesome to see all the orange pumpkins at night. scary like in the U.S. That’s because we celebrate death
Juanita: Yeah, I think that would be fun. What else? as just a part of life. For me, the celebration is a day of
love, family, and community. I think maybe Halloween
Rachel: Well, kids put on costumes and go trick-or-
is a day of fun, family, and community, too.
treating. That’s when they go from house to house
and ask for candy. Halloween used to be mainly for Rachel: Yeah, I totally agree with you!
kids. But it seems to me now that Halloween is as 4.2
popular, or even more popular, with adults. Adults 1 Personally, I always thought it looked kind of scary.
don’t go trick-or-treating, but a lot of them dress up 2 Yeah, I think that would be fun.
and go to costume parties instead. That’s why I like
3 I’m not convinced that I would like that.
the holiday, because of the parties.
4 Sorry, but I disagree.
Juanita: Hmm … I’m not convinced that I would like
that. I’ve seen pictures of people dressed up like 5 Yeah, I totally agree with you!
zombies and ghosts. Why do they do that? 4.3
Rachel: Oh, the holiday comes from several old ones 1 It’s almost October 31st, Halloween, my favorite
that got mixed together over time. A long time ago, holiday!
some people thought that the dead came back to 2 At night, we put a candle inside the pumpkin and then
earth at that time of the year. That’s why they wore put it in front of our house or in a window.
masks: so that the ghosts would think the people 3 Oh, the holiday comes from several old ones that got
were ghosts, too. And that meant they would leave mixed together over time.
the people alone. But Juanita, I thought Mexico
celebrated something at the same time as Halloween.
4 Lots of people celebrate by going to the cemetery Mark: But there’s more. They give us free drinks and
and spending time at the graves of family members snacks at work.
who have passed away. Lauren: What? I don’t think it sounds healthy to have
5 That’s because we celebrate death as just a part of life. lots of snacks around.
Mark: Oh, but studies show that if you put the drinks
UNIT 5 and snacks on opposite sides of the break room,
people only take what they really want instead of
5.1
taking a snack with every bottle of water or cup of
Lauren: Hi Mark! How’re things going? coffee they get. Plus the snacks are good for you,
Mark: Great! I’m so glad you could come over for a like small packs of almonds or a little dark chocolate.
visit. It’s been a while. How’re John and the kids? I’ve had tuna fish and whole wheat crackers, too. And
Lauren: Oh, everyone’s fine. I talked to Mom the other they always have fresh fruit, like apples and oranges,
day, and she said you really love your new job. That’s a or snack packs of blueberries. They even have a
surprise! I remember you complaining about your old “vegetable of the week” every Friday, with recipes
one – about working all the time and how unhealthy and a special display to make it more interesting since
you felt. What changed? people don’t always like vegetables.
Mark: Well, for the last five years, that office job was Lauren: Well, I think that you really have found a better
just sitting and staring at my computer. I didn’t even place to work. I’m so glad to see you looking more
have a window to look out of. I worked long hours relaxed and less stressed.
and then was too tired to work out when I came
home. And there was so much stress. I was always 5.2
worried about the next project coming up. There’s 1 I’m so glad you could come over for a visit.
no question that it was unhealthy for me. But now 2 I didn’t even have a window to look out of.
everything is different. 3 I’ve heard of those, but you’re right, my work doesn’t
Lauren: Oh? How’s it different? have them.
Mark: Well, my new company believes that you get 4 I’d prefer to have that kind of meeting with my
the best performance from a team of workers who work team.
are happy, healthy, and relaxed. It’s so awesome! 5 I don’t think it sounds healthy to have lots of
Lauren: And? snacks around.
Mark: And so now I have some of the things that
you’ve been enjoying at your job, and more. UNIT 6
Lauren: Oh! Like sit-stand desks? And plants in the 6.1
office for cleaner air? Professor: Good morning. I hope everyone read
Mark: Exactly. I love having a desk I can stand or sit at. the article I assigned about the effects of modern
I feel better and I get more done. And everyone educational technology on children’s learning. Today,
knows that plants help clean the office air. And there’s I’d like to start with some background on the devices
lots of natural light everywhere. But one of the that brought us to where we are today, with kids
things that I have, that I don’t think you do, is walking learning from apps, tablets, and smartphones.
meetings, you know, where people meet and take a First, let’s look at “Speak & Spell”. This was one of the
walk at the same time as the meeting. very first electronic educational toys. It was invented
Lauren: Walking meetings? I’ve heard of those, but and first sold in 1978. The game was designed to teach
you’re right, my work doesn’t have them. children to spell. And how did it achieve that? “Speak &
Mark: Well, most people think that you can’t have a Spell” took a word from its memory. It then spoke the
serious meeting unless you’re in a meeting room. But word out loud. It said words out loud in a voice that
my team is only three people, so when we’re trying sounded like a robot from the future. Spell “friends.”
to solve a problem, we put on our walking shoes. We Then, the children would type in the spelling. The toy
get moving, and the ideas seem to come faster. And it would tell them if it was correct or not. It even allowed
isn’t considered taking a break. It’s perfectly OK to go children to type in their name, like Jenny, and hear the
outside to walk and talk things through. machine say back “Hello Jenny”!
Lauren: Wow! I’d prefer to have that kind of meeting
with my work team. I could do work and get some
exercise at the same time.

Speak & Spell was developed by the American company
Texas Instruments. They designed the toy so that it had
UNIT 7
no moving parts. Before that, games used pull strings 7.1
or tape recorders to record and play back children’s Interviewer: Go anywhere in the city and you’ll see
voices. There were different types of Speak & Spell toys. people wearing everything from the cheapest clothes
Some were sold with different accents and others with to the most expensive fabrics. But this year, you’re less
different languages. Some even taught math. The Speak likely to see fashionable designer clothing than in the
& Spell toys were very popular throughout the 1980s. In past. That’s according to a new survey published this
fact, they were produced until 1992. week. With me today is Judy Hubbard, an editor from
So how has the technology developed since then? the popular fashion magazine that did the survey.
As we all know, nowadays, children have apps on cell Judy, you say we’re now less fashionable. How do we
phones and tablets to play these kinds of games and know that?
more. But how did we get here from the days of Speak Judy: Well, it may sound odd, but it’s the result of
& Spell? Well, by the 1990s, computers had become a information collected from photos we took with our
lot more common, and some schools had started using own cameras, photos posted on social networking
computer games to help teach kids math, spelling, and sites, interviews in the streets, and articles we got
geography. Some games even taught kids how to solve from other magazines. Most importantly, we see
problems, like how to travel across the country during fewer people buying high fashion, top brand designer
the 1800s – for example, how much food, water, and clothing.
supplies did people need back then? Interviewer: OK. And when did this research begin?
Finally, in the 2000s, a company called LeapFrog Judy: We started collecting data two years ago after
developed new computer learning games that you an online debate among our readers. We wanted to
could hold in your hand. These games taught subjects know whether or not there really was a general trend
like math and reading. By 2011, LeapFrog had created away from what might be described as fashionable
tablets for learning. Today, the company sells products clothing towards cheaper, and I think, less attractive
and apps that allow children to learn more than one designs.
thing from their toy. These devices use technology to Interviewer: And did your readers think they
teach children from when they’re babies, all the way to themselves were less fashionable than in the past?
school age. Do you want your three-year-old daughter Judy: Well, although our readers all stated that they
to learn about ocean animals and where they live? She were careful to keep up with high fashion, most
can with this technology. Just install the app and let thought that other people cared much less about
your child play and learn. At least, that’s what parents fashion two years ago than they did just a few years
are told will happen. earlier.
It’s clear that educational technology has come a long Interviewer: I see. So you started doing research to see
way since the days of the Speak & Spell. And I think whether your readers were correct?
that as long as parents want their children to have an
Judy: That’s right. We tried to get an accurate picture
advantage in education, such devices will be created
of the state of fashion in different U.S. regions two
and sold for many years to come.
years ago.
6.2 Interviewer: And how fashionable were we back then?
1 This was one of the very first electronic educational Judy: Well, we definitely focused more on designer
toys. brands and spent more on high fashion than we do
2 Before that, games used pull strings or tape recorders today. There’s no doubt that casual clothes, which
to record and play back children’s voices. used to be only for use at home or the gym, have
3 So how has the technology developed since then? moved into the fashion world. These days yoga pants
4 Today, the company sells products and apps that allow and a T-shirt pass for fashion.
children to learn more than one thing from their toy. Interviewer: That doesn’t sound very good.
Judy: Actually, it’s better than we were expecting.
Interviewer: And how does that compare to other
countries?
Judy: Unfortunately, we don’t have any research for
other countries. But the industry has noticed that
there is less demand for high fashion in China as well.
Interviewer: OK. But why are things changing?
Judy: Well, it’s difficult to say, but there seem to be a
number of factors. For example, people are earning
UNIT 8
less, saving more, or simply spending their money on 8.1
things other than clothes. But it seems that the main Researcher: Excuse me, sir. I’m doing some research
factor is lifestyle choices. about how much money people spend traveling to
Interviewer: Lifestyle choices? What do you mean by and from work. Would you mind answering a few
that? questions?
Judy: Well, there is a general trend away from high Man: Umm … OK, I’m in a bit of a hurry – actually, I
fashion clothing. People seem to be spending more need to catch a train soon.
of their “fashion dollars” on the latest technology. Researcher: I understand. I promise it won’t take long
Clothing is no longer seen as the main way to signal to answer my questions. Thanks so much for your
your economic and social status to others. Basically, time. First question: how often do you use public
people are dressing in a more individual manner than transportation?
in the past. This means sportswear and casual wear Man: Well, I take the train every day. Every weekday,
have become acceptable and fashionable. that is. I don’t go anywhere by train on the weekend.
Interviewer: Really? That’s when I use my car.
Judy: Yes. And as I said before, they’re now focusing Researcher: So that’s about 5 times a week.
more on technology and even fashionable cars – like Man: Yeah.
the latest electric car, like those designed by Tesla. Researcher: Thanks. And how important would you say
Interviewer: So, what are your predictions for next public transportation is to you? Extremely important,
year? very important, important, not very important, or
Judy: Well, I don’t think people are going to become extremely unimportant?
less interested in their own way of dressing, so I’m sure Man: Well, it’s really very important.
that the U.S. will continue to become more casual and Researcher: Can you explain why?
less interested in high fashion. Man: Why? There’s too much traffic on weekdays, so I
Interviewer: Well, that’s certainly an interesting point need to take the train to get to work on time.
of view. Judy Hubbard, thank you. Researcher: OK. In other words, it’s extremely
7.2 important.
1 That does sound very good. Man: Yeah, that’s right.
2 I do think that young people will continue to dress Researcher: So, do you think the public transportation
more casually. we have is worth the money you pay for it?
3 That is quite surprising. Man: Yeah, I think it’s really worth the money.
4 We do expect the people to spend more money on Researcher: And why do you say that?
technology. Man: Well … Because when I drive to work, I don’t
5 She does have a good eye for design. get there on time, because I get stuck in traffic for
hours. And of course, gas is getting more and more
7.3 expensive, so the cost of the gas, plus using the car,
1 It’s the result of information collected from photos well, it costs more to take a car.
we took with our own cameras, photos posted on Researcher: So, if I understand you correctly, public
social networking sites, interviews in the streets, and transportation is very valuable because it saves you
articles we got from other magazines. time and money?
2 We wanted to know whether or not there really was Man: Umm … yeah, I guess so.
a general trend away from what might be described as Researcher: And … how much of your income do you
fashionable clothing. spend on commuting?
3 We tried to get an accurate picture of the state of Man: I don’t know exactly because I get cheaper train
fashion in different U.S. regions two years ago. tickets through my work. They do it to encourage
4 Basically, people are dressing in a more individual workers to take public transportation. It’s not much
manner than in the past. money though. I can afford it. But I still wish there was
5 That’s certainly an interesting point of view. a way to take my car instead.
Researcher: Well, that’s surprising. Can you explain why?

Man: Well, it’s not so bad if I get a seat on the train,
but I don’t often get one. I usually have to stand, and
that doesn’t feel as safe as sitting. And frankly, the
trains and stations aren’t very clean. Well, actually,
some are, but not all of them. It depends on the train
and the station. Oh, honestly, I use the train to go to
work because I have to. I don’t care so much about
the cost. I want to take my car every day, but I can’t
because of getting to work late.
Researcher: Oh! OK … so to put it another way, you
feel that the value of public transportation is very
good, but if they make it cleaner and safer, and it still
gets you to work on time, you’re willing to pay a little
more?
Man: Yeah, that’s right! Oh, I’m sorry, but I don’t have
any more time. My train’ll be here soon.
Researcher: OK. I think that was all I had anyhow.
Thanks again for your time.
Man: You’re welcome! Bye!
8.2
1 Well, I take the train every day. Every weekday, that is.
2 Why? There’s too much traffic on weekdays, so I need
to take the train to get to work on time.
3 Well … Because when I drive to work, I don’t get there
on time, because I get stuck in traffic for hours. And of
course, gas is getting more and more expensive, so the
cost of the gas, plus using the car, well, it costs more
to take a car.
4 Well, it’s not so bad if I get a seat on the train, but I
don’t often get one. I usually have to stand, and that
doesn’t feel as safe as sitting. And frankly, the trains
and stations aren’t very clean. Well, actually, some
are, but not all of them. It depends on the train and
the station. Oh, honestly, I use the train to go to work
because I have to. I don’t care so much about the cost.
I want to take my car every day, but I can’t because of
getting to work late.
8.3
1 It won’t take long to answer my questions.
2 How often do you use public transportation?
3 It’s not much money though.
4 Excuse me, I need a receipt for my ticket.
5 The city wants to pay off its debt before adding a
new subway line.

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LISTENING AND SPEAKING

Cambridge University Press is part of the University of Cambridge.

1 ANIMALS The Mental 1: A debate about Key Skills Intonation of lists

2 THE Blowing in 1: A lecture about Key Skills Connected speech:

4 CUSTOMS AND The Chilean 1: A radio Key Skills Connected speech:

4 ﻿SCOPE AND SEQUENCE

Negative prefixes Analyzing opinions Speaking Skills Study Skill

Suffixes Analyzing positives and Speaking Skills Life Skill

SCOPE AND SEQUENCE 5

5 HEALTH AND Yoga in 1: A radio Key Skills Intonation:

6 DISCOVERY AND A Helping 1: A museum Key Skills Weak and strong

7 FASHION The Growth of 1: A discussion Key Skills Vowel omission

8 ECONOMICS Workshops for 1: A radio Key Skill Silent letters

6 ﻿SCOPE AND SEQUENCE

Idioms Analyzing and creating Speaking Skills Study Skill

SCOPE AND SEQUENCE 7

Level Description CEFR Levels

ACTIVATE YOUR KNOWLEDGE

WATCH AND LISTEN

PRONUNCIATION FOR LISTENING

PREPARATION FOR SPEAKING

Total Score Possible per Section 20

Total Score Possible 100

16 PRISM SPEAKING TASK RUBRIC

ACTIVATE YOUR KNOWLEDGE protection building transportation war

WATCH AND LISTEN Exercise 5 page 19

Student’s Book answer key 17

18 Student’s Book answer key

Student’s Book answer key 19

20 Student’s Book answer key

Exercise 2 page 44 for/against argument counterargument

22 Student’s Book answer key

Student’s Book answer key 23

Exercise 6 page 72 SPEAKING TASK

24 Student’s Book answer key

Student’s Book answer key 25

LANGUAGE DEVELOPMENT CRITICAL THINKING

26 Student’s Book answer key

Student’s Book answer key 27

28 Student’s Book answer key

Student’s Book answer key 29

30 Student’s Book answer key

Exercise 3 page 139 Exercise 4 page 144

Student’s Book answer key 31

Exercise 5 page 149 Exercise 9 page 154

LISTENING 1 LANGUAGE DEVELOPMENT

Exercise 3 page 155 Exercise 6 page 159

Student’s Book answer key 33

Student’s Book answer key 35

36 Student’s Book answer key

Student’s Book answer key 37

STUDENT’S BOOK SCRIPTS 39

STUDENT’S BOOK SCRIPTS 43

44 STUDENT’S BOOK SCRIPTS

STUDENT’S BOOK SCRIPTS 47

48 STUDENT’S BOOK SCRIPTS

STUDENT’S BOOK SCRIPTS 49

STUDENT’S BOOK SCRIPTS 51

52 STUDENT’S BOOK SCRIPTS

Prism Listening & Speaking 2 Teacher's Manual

Prism Listening & Speaking 2 Teacher's Manual

Prism Listening & Speaking 2 Teacher's Manual

4 SCOPE AND SEQUENCE

6 SCOPE AND SEQUENCE

break the law compare consist of convenient extreme fine respect scared