OUR LADY OF FATIMA UNIVERSITY | CAS − PSYCHOLOGY DEPARTMENT

EXPERIMENTAL PSYCHOLOGY | EXPP211 − PRELIMS

TERM COVERAGE  Progressive error refers to a type of

 WITHIN SUBJECTS DESIGN systematic error that occurs in
measurements and experiments, where the
WITHIN SUBJECTS DESIGN error value consistently increases or
 Subjects are assigned to more than one condition decreases with each subsequent
measurement or observation.
 All variables are applied to all participants
Non−Linear  Can’t be graphed through a straight line
 In a within-subjects design, all participants in the sample are
Progressive
exposed to the same treatments. The goal is to measure changes
Error
over time or changes resulting from different treatments for Practice  Familiarity with the study based on earlier
outcomes such as attitudes, learning, or performance. Effects conditions leads to better performance in
later conditions.
STATISTICAL CONCEPT OF POWER  IV can no longer affect DV due to
 It is the experimenters’ ability to detect the IV and DV exhaustion
 It is desirable and important to be aware of their study’s IV and  Fatigue effect in research refers to a decline
DV because that is the point of research. Fatigue in performance on a prolonged or
 Statistical power is the probability of detecting an effect when that Effect demanding research task that is generally
effect genuinely exists in the population. It is a measure of how attributed to the participant becoming tired
likely a study is to reject the null hypothesis when it is false. or bored with the task.
 Statistical power depends on factors such as sample size, effect
size, significance level, and test type BLOCK RANDOMIZATON
 Statistical power is calculated before conducting the study to  Making the blocks random
estimate the chance of discovering a true effect rather than  Randomization means using many different possible sequences
obtaining a false negative or a false positive result4. for treatments
 Block randomization is a method in research design used to
REPEATED MEASURE DESIGN select and divide participants into different groups or conditions
 Repetition of treatments in order to avoid selection bias
 Repeated measures design is a research design that involves  It ensures that participants are assigned to conditions or groups
multiple measures of the same variable taken on the same or with equal probability.
matched subjects either under different conditions or over two or
more time periods. COUNTERBALANCING
 It is also called a within-subjects design or a within-groups design.  Controlling the order effects by distributing errors.
This design allows researchers to compare related measures  Counterbalancing means using a limited number of sequences
from the same participants and assess changes over time or across the group.
across conditions.  Counterbalancing is sometimes more convenient for researchers
 A within-subjects design is also called a dependent groups or because an even portion of the sample undergoes each
repeated measures design because researchers compare sequence of conditions selected by researchers.
related measures from the same participants between different  Each treatment ideally appears equally often in each position
conditions. (e.g., third) of the sequence. This helps balance out the effects of
treatment sequence on the outcomes.
WITHIN SUBJECT FACTORIAL DESIGN
 Possible effects of two groups possible IV based in their effect  Administering the treatment twice
on the DV. Reverse (linear)
 In factorial designs, two or more independent variables are tested Counterbalancing  used to minimize any potential
at the same time. Every level of one independent variable is influence of presentation on results.
combined with each level of every other independent variable to  The treatments are all distributed
create different conditions. equally
Complete  a process of arranging a series of
Counterbalancing experimental conditions or
CARRY OVER EFFECTS
treatments in such a way that every
 Carryover effects are a broad category of internal validity threats possible sequence of conditions is
that occur when an earlier treatment alters the outcomes of a later given at least once during the study.
treatment.  Only some of the treatments are
 The carry-over effect is generally dealt with by allowing sufficient administered.
time between trials to wash out the effects of previous trials Partial  used when there are many conditions
 Some examples are: Counterbalancing or trials within a condition.
 only a subset of possible orders are
 The placement of a condition in a number used.
of conditions changes the outcomes—for
example, participants pay less attention in
the last condition because of boredom and
Order fatigue.
Effects  Positive − prior knowledge affecting the
study
 Negative − prior state affecting the study
(e.g., lack of sleep)
Progressive  Encompasses both negative and positive
Error effects
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