Formula Book

©This material is copyright protected. Copying or reproducing this material in any way is illegal.
CATKing Formulae Book
What is CATKing Formulae Book?

CATKing Formulae Book is a specially designed book which is useful in getting students Boosted Up and
Ready for All Management Entrance Tests (CAT / CET / NMAT / CMAT / SNAP / XAT / TISSNET / MICAT /
IIFT). This is recommended for all students who wish to solve advanced-level questions in any section of
any Management Entrance Test.
It is your helpful guide to understanding important math concepts. This book is here to make math easier
for you! Inside, you'll find all the basic formulas you need to solve math problems. From figuring out
percentages to understanding ratios, and even working with shapes and numbers, we've got you
covered. Whether you're just starting to learn about math or you want a quick reminder of how things
work, this book is for you.
Each chapter explains a different math idea in simple terms, so you don't need to be a math genius to
understand it. You'll learn step by step, and each formula will help you solve problems faster and with
more confidence.
Have you ever felt stuck in quants? Do you want to improve your math skills and tackle questions with
ease? That's exactly why we created this formula book, a culmination of expertise and dedication aimed
at facilitating your quantitative skills! We know that quantitative ability can sometimes be tricky, but
with the right tools, you can conquer any challenge. This book is like a map that guides you through the
math maze, helping you avoid confusion and frustration. With practice, you'll become more comfortable
using these formulas, and quantitative ability will become a friendlier subject.
So, let's start this learning adventure together, where formulas become your friends and math becomes
a little bit easier to conquer!
©This material is copyright protected. Copying or reproducing this material in any way is illegal
Online Courses: PAN – India | Offline courses: Mumbai (Andheri | Thane)
www.catking.in | 8999-11-8999 | support@catking.in
1
Table of Contents
Percentages ................................................................................................................................................ 3
Ratio and Proportion……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………4
Mixture and Alligations .............................................................................................................................. 5
Profit and Loss ............................................................................................................................................ 6
Time and Work ........................................................................................................................................... 7
Time Speed and Distance ........................................................................................................................... 8
Simple and Compound Interest ............................................................................................................... 10
Height and Distance ................................................................................................................................. 11
Geometry ................................................................................................................................................. 13
Mensuration ............................................................................................................................................. 21
Functions .................................................................................................................................................. 24
Inequalities ............................................................................................................................................... 26
Logarithms................................................................................................................................................ 27
Permutations and Combination ............................................................................................................... 28
Sequence and Series…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………..30
Probability ................................................................................................................................................ 31
Averages ................................................................................................................................................... 32
Number System ........................................................................................................................................ 33
2
Percentages
Basic fundamental fractions
𝑏
To find what percentage of a is b = × 100
𝑎
● Increase A by B % = A (1+ B/100 )

● Decrease A by B % = A (1 – B/100)
𝑃𝑎𝑟𝑡
● Percentage = 𝑊ℎ𝑜𝑙𝑒 x 100
(𝑁𝑒𝑤 𝑣𝑎𝑙𝑢𝑒−𝑂𝑙𝑑 𝑣𝑎𝑙𝑢𝑒 )
● Percentage Change = x 100
𝑂𝑙𝑑 𝑉𝑎𝑙𝑢𝑒
(𝐼𝑛𝑐𝑟𝑒𝑎𝑠𝑒 𝑖𝑛 𝑉𝑎𝑙𝑢𝑒)
● Percentage Increase = x 100
𝑂𝑟𝑖𝑔𝑖𝑛𝑎𝑙 𝑉𝑎𝑙𝑢𝑒
(𝐷𝑒𝑐𝑟𝑒𝑎𝑠𝑒 𝑖𝑛 𝑉𝑎𝑙𝑢𝑒)
● Percentage Decrease = x 100
𝑂𝑟𝑖𝑔𝑖𝑛𝑎𝑙 𝑉𝑎𝑙𝑢𝑒
𝑃𝑟𝑜𝑓𝑖𝑡
● Profit Percentage = 𝐶𝑜𝑠𝑡 𝑃𝑟𝑖𝑐𝑒 x 100
𝐿𝑜𝑠𝑠
● Loss Percentage = 𝐶𝑜𝑠𝑡 𝑃𝑟𝑖𝑐𝑒 x 100
𝐷𝑖𝑠𝑐𝑜𝑢𝑛𝑡
● Discount Percentage = 𝑀𝑎𝑟𝑘𝑒𝑑 𝑃𝑟𝑖𝑐𝑒x 100
Successive Percentage Change:
● Final Percentage Change = a + b + (ab/100)
Where a and b are the percentage changes in the two successive events.
3
Ratio and Proportions

Ratio is strictly a mathematical term to compare two similar quantities expressed in the same units. The
ratio of two quantities a and b in the same units, is the fraction a/b and we write it as a:b. In the ratio
a:b, we call an as the first term or antecedent and b as the second term or consequent.
5
For example, the ratio 5:9 represents 9 with antecedent = 5, consequent = 9
Rule: The multiplication or division of each term of a ratio by the same non-zero number does not affect
the ratio.
4 8 12
Ex.5 = 10= 15 etc.
Proportion: When two ratios are equal, the four quantities composing them are said to be in proportion.
If a:b = c:d, we write, a:b :: c:d and we say that a, b, c, d are in proportion. Here a and d are called
extremes, while b and c are called mean terms.
Product of means = Product of extremes.

Thus, a:b :: c:d ↔ (b×c) = (a×d).
(i) Fourth Proportional:
If a:b = c:d, then d is called the fourth proportional to a, b, c.
(ii) Third Proportional: If a:b = b:c, then c is called the third proportional to a and b.
(iii) Mean Proportional: Mean Proportional between a and b is √ab.
Comparison of Ratios:
We say that (a:b)>(c:d)↔ (a/b)>(c/d).
Compound Ratio:
The compound ratio of the ratios (a:b), (c:d), (e:f) is (ace: bdf).
(i)Duplicate ratio of (a:b) is (a2:b2 ).

(ii) Sub-duplicate ratio of (a:b) is (√a:√b).
(iii) Triplicate ratio of (a:b) is (a3 : b3 ).
(iv) Sub-triplicate ratio of (a:b) is (a1/3 : b1/3).
(v) If a/b = c/d, then (a+b)/(a-d) = (c+d)/(c-d).
Variation:
(i) We say that x is directly proportional to y, if x = ky for some constant k and we write, X α Y.
(ii) We say that x is inversely proportional to y, if xy = k for some constant k and we write, X α 1/y.
4
Mixture and Alligations

Mixture:
A mixture is a solution containing two or more products that bear a fixed proportion to each other, by
quantity.
Alligation:
It is the rule that enables us to find the ratio in which two or more ingredients
at the given price must be mixed to produce a mixture of the desired price.
Mean Price:
The cost of a unit quantity of the mixture is called the mean price.
Mean value = (Sum of all quantities)/(Total number of quantities)
Rule of Alligation:
If two ingredients are mixed, then
𝑄𝑢𝑎𝑛𝑡𝑖𝑡𝑦 𝑜𝑓 𝑐ℎ𝑒𝑎𝑝𝑒𝑟 𝐶.𝑃.𝑜𝑓 𝑑𝑒𝑎𝑟𝑒𝑟−𝑀𝑒𝑎𝑛 𝑃𝑟𝑖𝑐𝑒

{ = }
𝑄𝑢𝑎𝑛𝑡𝑖𝑡𝑦 𝑜𝑓 𝑑𝑒𝑎𝑟𝑒𝑟 𝑀𝑒𝑎𝑛 𝑃𝑟𝑖𝑐𝑒 −𝐶.𝑃. 𝑜𝑓 𝑐ℎ𝑒𝑎𝑝𝑒𝑟
We present as under:
(Cheaper quantity) : (Dearer quantity) = (d - m) : (m - c)
Suppose a container contains x of liquid from which y units are taken out and replaced by water.
𝑦 𝑛
After n operations, the quantity of pure liquid = [ 𝑥 ( 1 − 𝑥 ) ] units.
5
Profit and loss

Cost Price: The price at which an article is purchased, is called its cost price, it is abbreviated as C.P.
Selling Price: The price at which an article is sold, is called its selling price, it is abbreviated as S.P.
Profit or Gain: If S.P. is greater than C.P., the seller is said to have a profit or gain.
Loss: If S.P. is less than C.P., the seller is said to have incurred a loss.
If an article is sold at a gain of say 35%, then S.P. = 135% of C.P.

If an article is sold at a loss of say, 35% then S.P. = 65% of C.P.
When a person sells two similar items, one at a gain of say x%, and the other at a loss of x%, then the
seller always incurs a loss given by:
(𝐶𝑜𝑚𝑚𝑜𝑛 𝐿𝑜𝑠𝑠 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝐺𝑎𝑖𝑛 %) 2 𝑥 2

Loss % = { } = [10]
(10)
If a trader professes to sell his goods at cost price but uses false weights then:
(𝐸𝑟𝑟𝑜𝑟)
Gain % = {(𝑇𝑟𝑢𝑒 𝑣𝑎𝑙𝑢𝑒) − (𝐸𝑟𝑟𝑜𝑟) × 100}%
6
Time and Work

Work from Days:
If ‘A’ can do a piece of work in ‘n’ days, then ‘A's’ 1 day's work = 1/n.
Days from Work:
If ‘A's’ 1 day's work = 1/n, then ‘A’ can finish the work in ‘n’ days.
Ratio:
If ‘A’ is thrice as good a workman as ‘B’, then:
The ratio of work done by ‘A’ to work done by ‘B’ = 3:1.
The ratio of time taken by ‘A’ to the time taken by ‘B’ to finish a work = 1:3.
Efficiency:
Efficiency 𝖺 1/No. of time units
Efficiency × Time = Constant Work Hence, Required Time = Work/Efficiency
Whole work is always considered as 1, in terms of fractions and 100% in terms of percentages.
In general, the number of days or hours = 100/Efficiency
If a work is done by 'm' men in 'd' days, and 'n' men are required to do the same work in 't' days, then
the relation between 'm', 'n',, 'd' and 't' is:
m×d=n×t
If 'm1' men can do a piece of work in 'd1' days and 'm2' men can do the same work in 'd2' days, then the
relation between 'm1', 'm2', 'd1' and 'd2' is:
m1 × d1 = m2 × d2
7
Time Speed and Distance

Speed: The speed of any object is nothing but the Distance covered by that object in a specific period of
Time.
𝐷𝑖𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑐𝑒 𝐷𝑖𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑐𝑒
Speed = Time = Distance = Speed × Time
𝑇𝑖𝑚𝑒 𝑆𝑝𝑒𝑒𝑑
Important Conversions:
Converting km/hr. to m/sec:
5
x km/hr. = { x × 18 } m/sec.
[Because, 1 kilometer = 1000 meters and 1 hour = 3600 seconds]

Converting m/sec to km/hr.
5
x m/sec. = { x × 18 } km/hr.
1 Kilometer = 1000 meters
1 mile = 1.609 km
1 yard = 3 feet
1 foot = 12 inches
If the ratio of the speeds of A and B is a:b then the ratio of the times taken by them to cover the same
1 1
distance is : 𝑏 or b : a
𝑎
Suppose a man covers a certain distance at x km/hr and an equal distance at y km/hr. Then, the average
𝟐𝒙𝒚
speed during the whole journey is {𝒙+𝒚} km/hr.
(𝑇𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙 𝐷𝑖𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑐𝑒 𝐶𝑜𝑣𝑒𝑟𝑒𝑑)

Average Speed = (𝑇𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙 𝑇𝑖𝑚𝑒 𝑇𝑎𝑘𝑒𝑛)
Relative speed:
If two objects are moving in the same direction with speeds 'v1' and 'v2', then their relative speed is
(v1 - v2).
If two objects are moving in opposite directions with speeds 'v1' and 'v2', then their relative speed is
(v1 + v2)
If a person covers 'd' distance at a speed of 'x' km/hr., 'e' distance at a speed of 'y' km/hr., and 'f' distance
at a speed of 'z' km/hr., then the average speed for the entire journey is:
(𝑇𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙 𝐷𝑖𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑐𝑒 𝐶𝑜𝑣𝑒𝑟𝑒𝑑)
Average Speed = (𝑇𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙 𝑇𝑖𝑚𝑒 𝑇𝑎𝑘𝑒𝑛)
𝑑 𝑒 𝑓
Total Time Taken = { 𝑥 + 𝑦 + 𝑧 }
8
Boats and Streams:
Downstream/Upstream: In flowing water, when the direction of a boat is along the stream, it is called
downstream. And, when the direction of the boat is against the stream, it is called upstream.
If the speed of a boat in still water is u km/hr. and the speed of the stream is v km/hr., then:
Speed downstream = (u + v) km/hr.

Speed upstream = (u - v) km/hr.
If the speed downstream is a km/hr. and the speed upstream is b km/hr. then:
1
Speed in still water = 2(a + b) km/hr.
1
Speed of stream = 2(a - b) km/hr.
9
Simple and Compound Interest

Simple Interest (S.I.):
If the interest on a sum borrowed for a certain period is reckoned uniformly, then it is called simple
interest.
Let Principal = P, Rate = R% per annum (p.a.), and Time = T years. Then
𝑃× 𝑅× 𝑇
Simple Interest = { }
100
100× 𝑆.𝐼. 100× 𝑆.𝐼. 100× 𝑆.𝐼.
P= { } R= { } T={ }
𝑅× 𝑇 𝑃× 𝑇 𝑃× 𝑅
Compound Interest (C.I.):

Let Principal = P, Rate = R% per annum, Time = n years.
10
Height and Distance

Basic formulas
Sin θ = p/b
Cos θ = b/h
Tan θ = p/b
Trigonometric Laws
Sin θ = Opposite Side/Hypotenuse
Sec θ = Hypotenuse/Adjacent Side
Cos θ = Adjacent Side/Hypotenuse
Tan θ = Opposite Side/Adjacent Side
Cosec θ = Hypotenuse/Opposite Side
Cot θ = Adjacent Side/Opposite Side
Reciprocal Identities
Cosec θ = 1/sin θ
Sec θ = 1/cos θ
Cot θ = 1/tan θ
Sin θ = 1/cosec θ
Cos θ = 1/sec θ
Tan θ = 1/cot θ
Trigonometric Identities
Sin2 θ + cos2 θ = 1
1 + tan2 θ = sec2 θ
1 + cot2 θ = cosec2 θ
Trigonometric Table It’s a table that you can refer to if you are not so sure about the values of different
angles. Below is the table for trigonometry formulas of different angles which are commonly used for
solving an ample number of problems.
11
Angle of Elevation
Suppose a man from a point O looks up at an object P, placed above the level of his eye. Then, the angle
which the line of sight makes with the horizontal through O, is called the angle of elevation of P as seen
from O.
Angle of elevation of P from O = AOP.
Angle of Depression
Suppose a man from a point O looks down at an object P, placed below the level of his eye, then the
angle which the line of sight makes with the horizontal through O, is called the angle of depression of P
as seen from O.
Angle of depression of P from O = AOP.
12
Geometry
Area of triangle
Theorems
Mid-Point Theorem: The line joining the midpoint of any two sides is parallel to the third side and is half
the length of the third side.
Basic proportionality theorem:

If DE//BC. Then:
𝐴𝐷 𝐴𝐸
=
𝐷𝐵 𝐸𝐶
Apollonius’ Theorem Interior Angle Bisector Theorem

13
AE BA
AB2 + AC2 = 2 (AD + BD) =
ED BD
Special Triangles:
Right-angled triangle 30°-60°-90° Triangle

√3
ΔABC ∼ ΔADB ∼ ΔBDC Area = × (x)2
2
BD2= AD x DC and AB x BC=BD x AC
30°-30°-120° Triangle 45°-45°-90° Triangle

√3 x2
Area = × (x)2 Area =
4 2
Equilateral Triangle Isosceles Triangle

√3 c
Height = × side Area = × √(4a2- c2)
2 4
√3
Area = × side2
4
1
Inradius = × Height
3
2
Circumradius = 3 × Height
Similarity of Triangles
Two triangles are similar if their corresponding angles are congruent and their corresponding sides are
in proportion.
14
Tests of similarity:
1. AA
2. SSS
3. SAS
For similar triangles, if the sides are in the ratio a:b

• Corresponding heights are in the ratio a:b
• Corresponding medians are in the ratio a:b
• Circumradii are in the ratio a:b
• Inradii are in the ratio a:b
• Perimeters are in the ratio a:b
Congruency of Triangles:
Two triangles are congruent if their corresponding sides and angles are congruent.
Tests of congruency:
1. SSS
2. SAS
3. AAS
4. ASA
All ratios mentioned in similar triangles are now 1:1.
Polygons:
Sum of interior angles= (n-2) x 180°= (2n-4) x 90°
Number of diagonals= n𝐶2 - n= n(n-3)/2
Number of triangles that can be formed by ‘n’ non-collinear vertices= n𝐶3
Regular Polygon
1
Area = 2 x Perimeter x inradius
(Note: Inradius is the perpendicular from the center to any side)
(𝑛−2) ×180°
Each interior Angle = 𝑛
360°
Each exterior angle = 𝑛
Quadrilaterals
Sum of the interior angles = Sum of the exterior angles = 360°

1
Area of a quadrilateral= 2 x d1 x d2 x Sin θ
Cyclic Quadrilateral
15
Opposite angles are supplementary.

Area = √(𝑠 − 𝑎)(𝑠 − 𝑏)(𝑠 − 𝑐)(𝑠 − 𝑑)
𝑎+𝑏+𝑐+𝑑
Where s = semi perimeter = 2
Parallelogram
Diagonals of a parallelogram bisect each other.

Perimeter = 2(Sum of adjacent sides)
Area = Base x Height = AD x BE = BC x AE
Sum of squares of diagonals = Sum of squares of four sides
AC2 + BD2= AB2 + BC2 +CD2 + DA2
Rhombus
A parallelogram with all sides equal is a Rhombus. Its diagonals bisect at 90°.
Perimeter= 4a
1
Area= 2 x d1 x d2
Rectangle
Perimeter= 2(l+b)
16
Area= l x b
Square
Perimeter= 4a
Area= a2
Diagonal = a √2
Kite
The longer diagonal bisects the shorter diagonal at 90°

𝑃𝑟𝑜𝑑𝑢𝑐𝑡 𝑜𝑓 𝑑𝑖𝑎𝑔𝑜𝑛𝑎𝑙
Area = 2
Trapezium/Trapezoid
1
Area = 2 x (sum of parallel sides)x height
Sum of the squares of the length of the diagonals = Sum of squares of lateral sides + 2 Product of bases.
AC2 + BD2= AB2 + BC2 + (2 x AB x CD)
Isosceles Trapezium:
If a trapezium is inscribed in a circle, it has to be an isosceles trapezium. If a circle can be inscribed in a

trapezium, Sum of parallel sides = Sum of lateral sides.
Hexagon (Regular)
17
Number of diagonals = 9 {3 big and 6 small}

Length of big diagonals (3) = 2a
Length of small diagonals (6) = a
Area of a Pentagon = 1.72 a2
A regular hexagon can be considered as a combination of six equilateral triangles. All regular polygons
can be considered as a combination of ‘n’ isosceles triangles.
3√3
Perimeter = 6a; Area = ×a2
2
Circle
Diameter = 2r; Circumference = 2πr; Area =πr2
Measure of arc AXB = ∠AOB =θ

𝜃
Length (arc AXB) = x 2πr
360
𝜃
Area (sector OAXB) = 360 x πr2
Area of Minor Segment = Shaded Area in above figure
𝜋𝜃 𝑆𝑖𝑛𝜃
= Area of Sector OAXB - Area of triangle OAB = r2{360 - }
2
Properties of Tangents, Secants, and Chords
18
The radius and tangent are perpendicular to each other.

There can only be two tangents from an external point, which are equal in length PA = PB
PA x PB = PC x PD
1
θ= 2 [m (Arc AC) – m (Arc BD)]
PA x PB = PC x PD
1
θ= 2 [m (Arc AC) + m (Arc BD)]
PA x PB = PC2
1
θ= 2 [m (Arc AC) - m (Arc BC)]
19
The angle made by the chord AB with the tangent at A (PQ) is equal to the angle that it subtends on the
opposite side of the circumference.
∠ BAQ = ∠ACB
Common tangents
Length of the Direct Common Tangent (DCT)
AD=BC= √𝑑2 − (𝑟1 − 𝑟2)2
Length of the Transverse Common Tangent (TCT)
RT = SU = √𝑑2 − (𝑟1 + 𝑟2)2
The two centers (O and O’), point of intersection of DCTs (P)and point of intersection of TCTs (Q) are
collinear. Q divides OO’ in the ratio r1: r2 internally whereas P divides OO’ in the ratio r1: r2 externally.
20
Mensuration
Important Formulae
1) Rectangle
• Area = l x b
• Perimeter = 2(l + b)
2) Square
• Area = a × a
• Perimeter = 4a
3) Parallelogram
• Area = l × h
• Perimeter = 2(l + b)
4) Triangle
𝑏×ℎ
• Area = or √(𝑠 − 𝑎)(𝑠 − 𝑏)(𝑠 − 𝑐)(𝑠 − 𝑑) .where s = (a+b+c)/2
2
5) Right Angled Triangle
1
• Area =2(b×h)
• Perimeter = b+h+d
6) Isosceles Right Angled Triangle
• Area = a2/2
• Perimeter = 2a+d……………………….where d = a√2
7) Equilateral Triangle
√3 𝑎2 1 √3 𝑎
• Area = or 2(ah)….where h =
4 4
• Perimeter = 3a
8) Trapezium
1
• Area = 2 x h (a + b), (a and b are parallel sides)
• Perimeter = Sum of all sides
9) Rhombus
(𝑑1 × 𝑑2)
• Area = 2
• Perimeter = 4a
10) Quadrilateral
1
• Area = 2 × Diagonal × (Sum of offsets)
11) Kite
(𝑑1 × 𝑑2)
• Area = 2
• Perimeter = 2 × Sum on non-adjacent sides
12) Circle
𝜋𝑑2
• Area = πr2 or 4
21
• Circumference = 2πr or πd
𝜃𝜋𝑟 2
• Area of a sector of a circle = 360
13) Cube
• Volume: V = a3
• Lateral surface area = 4a2
• Surface Area: S = 6a2
• Longest Diagonal (d) = √3a
14) Cuboid
• Volume of cuboid: l x b x h
• Total surface area = 2(lb + bh + hl)
• Length of diagonal = √(l2+b2+h2)
15) Right Circular Cylinder

• Volume of Cylinder = πr2h
• Lateral Surface Area (LSA or CSA) = 2πrh
• Total Surface Area = TSA = 2πr(r + h)
• Volume of hollow cylinder =
πh(R2 – r2), (‘R’ is the bigger radius, and ‘r’ is the smaller one)
16) Right Circular cone

1
• Volume = πr2h
3
• Curved surface area: CSA= πrl
• Total surface area = TSA = πr(r + l)
17) Sphere
4
• Volume: V = 3 πr3
• Surface Area: S = 4πr2
18) Hemisphere
1
• Volume = 2πr3
• Curved surface area (CSA) = 2πr2
• Total surface area = TSA = 3πr2
19) Prism
• Volume = Base area x h
• Lateral Surface area = perimeter of the base x h
20) Pyramid
1
• Volume of a right pyramid = × area of the base × height.
3
22
1
• Area of the lateral faces of a right pyramid = × Perimeter of the base x slant height
2
• Area of whole surface of a right pyramid = Area of the lateral faces + area of the base.
21) Tetrahedron
√3 2
• Area of its slant sides = 3 x a
4
• Area of its whole surface = √3 a2
√2
• Volume of the tetrahedron = 12 a3
22) Regular Hexagon

√3 2
• Area = 3 x a
2
• Perimeter = 6a
23) Some other Formulae

• Area of Pathway running across the middle of a rectangle = w(l+b-w)
• Perimeter of Pathway around a rectangle field = 2(l+b+4w)
• Area of Pathway around a rectangle field =2w(l+b+2w)
• Perimeter of Pathway inside a rectangle field =2(l+b-4w)
• Area of Pathway inside a rectangle field =2w(l+b-2w)
23
Functions
Functions can be added, subtracted, multiplied, and divided like any other quantity. Some of the below
listed key rules will make these operations simpler.
For any two functions of f(x) and g(x)
Addition: (f+g)(x) = f(x) + g(x)
Subtraction: (f–g)(x) = f(x) – g(x)
Multiplication: (f∗g)(x) = f(x) × g(x)
Division: (f/g)(x) = f(x)/g(x); g(x) ≠ 0
Compound function: A function that performs on another function is known as a compound function. It
is represented as “f(g(x))“.
Domain of functions: The set of inputs(x values) for which the function is defined as a domain of a
function.
Negative numbers under square roots: The square roots of a negative number do not exist, so if a
function contains a square root, such as f(x) = √x, the domain must be x > 0
Range of a function: The set of all values of f(x) that can be generated by the function is known as a
range.
Absolute value: The absolute value of a quantity is always positive.
Eg: If f(x) = ∣x∣, f(x) must be always positive.
Even exponents: By squaring a number (or raising it to any multiple of 2) at any time the resulting
quantity will be positive.
Quadratic Function
The graphs of equations of the form y = ax2 are examples of parabolas. These parabolas are symmetric
about the y-axis; the open upward and have the lowest point at (0, 0) if a > 0 in (figure A) and open
downward have the highest point at (0, 0) if a < 0 (figure B)
The highest or lowest point of the graph of y = ax2 is called the vertex of the parabola and its line of
symmetry is known as the axis of symmetry as simply the axis of the parabola
24
Types of function
Onto Functions (Surjective Function)
If a set A has m elements and set B has n elements, then the number of onto functions from A to B = nm
– nC1(n-1)m + nC2(n-2)m – nC3(n- 3)m+…. - nCn-1 (1)m.
Note that this formula is used only if m is greater than or equal to n.
Into Functions:
In an into function there will be at least one element in the codomain that does not have a pre-image in
the domain.
For ex., If A= {a, b, d} is the domain, and B = {2,3,4,5} is the codomain, then into a function from A to B
will be F = {(a,2), (b,3), (d,4)}.
One-to-one Function (Injective function):
A function is said to be a one-to-one function when every element of the domain has a unique image in
its codomain.
For, ex., A= {a, b, c}, and B= {p, q, r}

Then F= {(a, p), (b, q), (c, r)} and NOT {(a, p), (b, p), (c, r)}
Formula: If set A has n elements and set B has m elements, m ≥ n, then the number of injective functions
𝑚!
or one-to-one functions is given by (𝑚−𝑛)!
25
Inequalities
The relation between two inequalities can be established if they have a common term. For example,
• A > B, B > C: By looking at this, we can easily define the relation that A > B > C which means A > C
or C < A.
• A < B, B < C: By looking at this, we can easily define that A < B, C or C < A.
• A ≥ B, B ≥ C: This implies that A ≥ B ≥ C, which means A ≥ C or C ≤ A.
A relation cannot be defined if they don’t have a common term. For example,
• A > B, C > B: This implies that we cannot define a specific relation between A and C as both of
them are greater than B.
• B > A, D < B: This implies that a relation cannot be established between A and D as both are lesser
than B.
• A ≥ B, B ≤ C: This implies that a relation cannot be established between A and C as both are
greater than or equal to B.
Some important Formulae
1. If a > b and k is a positive constant then,

a+k>b+k
a–k>b–k
axk>bxk
ak > bk
2. If a > b and k is a negative constant then
a+k>b+k
a–k>b–k
axk<bxk
ak < bk
3. a > b and b > c, then a > c.
4. a < b and b < c, then a < c.
5. If a > b and c > d, then a + c > b + d.
6. If a > b and c < d, then a – c > b – d.
26
Logarithms
If a is a positive real number, other than 1; and am = x, then we write m = logax and we say that the value
of log x to the base a is m.
Logarithms to the base 10 are known as common logarithms
27
Permutation and Combination

Factorial Notation
Let n be a positive integer. Then, factorial n, denoted
n! is defined as :
n! = n(n-1)(n-2)….3.2.1.
Points to remember
0! = 1
1! = 1
2! = 2
3! = 6
4! = 24
5! = 120
6! = 720
7! = 5040
8! = 40320
Permutation
The different arrangements of a given number of things by taking some or all at a time, are called
permutations.
Number of Permutation
Number of all permutation of n things, taken r at a time, is given by:
n𝑃 𝒏!
𝑟= n(n-1)(n-2)….(n-r+1) = (𝒏−𝒓)!
6P = (6x5) = 30
2
7P
3 = (7 x 6 x 5) = 210
An Important Result If there are n subjects of which p1 are alike of one kind: p2 are alike of another kind:
p3 are alike of third kind and so on and pr are alike of rth kind. Such that (p1+p2+…..pr) = n.
Then, the number of permutations of these n objects is

= n!/(p1!).(p2)!.......(pr!)
Combinations
Each of the different groups or selective which can be formed by taking some or all of a number of
objects is called a combination.
Number of Combinations
The number of all combinations of n things, taken r at a time is:
nC = 𝒏!
r = n(n-1)(n-2) ….to r factors/r!
(𝑟!)(𝑛−𝑟)!
28
Note
nC = 1 and nC = 1.
n 0
nC = nC
r (n-r)
Examples
11C = (11 x 10 x 9 x 8)/(4 x 3 x 2 x 1) = 560.
4
16C = 16C(16-13) = 16C3 = 16 x 15 x 3! = 16 x 15 x 14/3 x 2 x 1 = 560

13
29
Sequence and series

1. Finite sequence: It is defined as the sequence which has a last term. Eg: Sequence of prime numbers
less than 20.
2. Infinite sequence: It is defined as the sequence which does not have a last term i.e. infinite.
Types of sequence
Arithmetic sequence: If the difference between any term and its previous term is a constant then a
sequence is known as an arithmetic sequence. The successive terms take the form a, a+d, a+3d,…….
Where a is the first term. d is a common difference.
nth term is given for arithmetic progression as

Tn = a+(n–1)d
Sum of nth terms is given as
𝒏
Sn =𝟐 [2a+(n–1)d]
Arithmetic mean: It is commonly known as average. The sum of all given elements divided by the total
number of elements is known as the mean (average).
𝑆𝑢𝑚 𝑜𝑓 𝑒𝑙𝑒𝑚𝑒𝑛𝑡𝑠 (𝑎1+𝑎2+𝑎3+⋯.+𝑎𝑛)
Mean = 𝑛𝑢𝑚𝑏𝑒𝑟 𝑜𝑓 𝑒𝑙𝑒𝑚𝑒𝑛𝑡𝑠 = 𝒏
Geometric sequence: A sequence is said to be a geometric sequence if the ratio of any term to the
preceding term is a constant, called a common ratio. The sequence is a, ar, ar2, ar3, ……. where, a is the
first term & r is the common ratio.
nth term is given by

Tn = arn−1
Sum of the first n terms is given by
𝑎 ( 1−𝑟 𝑛 ) 𝑎 (𝑟 𝑛 −1 )
Sn = ,r<1 | Sn = ,r>1 | Sn = n × a for r = 1
( 1−𝑟 ) ( 𝑟−1 )
Geometric mean: The nth root of the product of the scores is known as the geometric mean.
The geometric mean of the scores: 1, 2, 3, and 10 is the fourth root of 1 x 2 x 3 x 10 which is the fourth
4
root of 60 which equals 2.78. = √1 × 2 × 3 × 10
The formula is written as:
Geometric mean = (a1∗a2∗……an)1/n
30
Probability
Sample space: When we perform an experiment, then the set S of all possible outcomes is called the
sample space. Examples
If two coins are tossed, the S = {HH, HT, TH, TT}.
In rolling a dice, we have, S = {1,2,3,4,5,6}
Event: Any subset of a sample space is called an event.

Probability of Occurrence of an Event: Let S be the sample and let E be an event.
𝑛(𝐸)
Then, E ≤ S. Therefore, P(E) = 𝑛(𝑆)
Details
i. When we throw a coin, then either a Head (H) or a Tail (T) appears.
ii. A dice is a solid cube, having 6 faces, marked 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, and 6 respectively. When we throw a die,
the outcome is the number that appears on its upper face.
iii. A pack of cards has 52 cards. It has 13 cards of each suit, name Spades, Clubs, Hearts, and Diamonds
Cards of spades and clubs are black cards.

Cards of hearts and diamonds are red cards.
There are 4 honors for each unit.
There are Kings, Queens, and Jacks.
These are all called face cards.
Result on Probability:
P(S) = 1
0 ≤ P (E)≤1
P(Ø) = 0
For any events A and B we have: P(A∪ B) = P(A) + P (B)- P(A∩B)
If A denotes (not -A), then P(A) = 1 -P(A).
If A&B are two events associated with an experiment, then
⇒P(A∩B) = P(A) .P(B/A) if P(A) ≠ 0 ⇒ P(A∩B) = P(B) .P(A/B) if P(B) ≠ 0
31
Averages
Average: ‘Average’ is a very simple but effective way of representing an entire group by a single value.
𝑆𝑢𝑚 𝑜𝑓 𝑒𝑙𝑒𝑚𝑒𝑛𝑡𝑠
Arithmetic Mean = 𝑛𝑢𝑚𝑏𝑒𝑟 𝑜𝑓 𝑒𝑙𝑒𝑚𝑒𝑛𝑡𝑠
Suppose a man covers a certain distance at x km/h and an equal distance at y km/h.
𝑇𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙 𝐷𝑖𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑐𝑒
Average Speed = 𝑇𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙 𝑇𝑖𝑚𝑒
Average of a group consisting of two different groups when their averages are known:
Let Group A contain m quantities and their average is a Group B contains n quantities and their average
𝒎𝒂+𝒏𝒃
is b, then the average of Group C containing a+b quantities is = 𝒎+𝒏
Average Income = Total Income / Number of People
When a person replaces another person then:
If the average is increased, then, Age of the new person:

= Age of person who left + (Increase in average x total number of persons)
If the average is decreased, then, Age of the new person

= Age of person who left – (Decrease in average x total number of persons)
In the Arithmetic Progression there are two cases:

𝑛(𝑛+1)
Sum of 1st n consecutive natural numbers = 2
(𝑛+1)
Average of 1st n consecutive natural numbers = 2
When the number of terms is odd –the average will be the middle term.
When the number of terms is even – the average will be the average of two middle terms.
32
Number System
Face Value: The face value of the digit in the numeral is the value of the digit itself, irrespective of its
place in the numeral.
For example, In the numeral 36578,

The face value of 8 is 8
Types of numbers
There are various types of numbers. They are natural numbers, whole numbers, integers, even numbers,
odd numbers, prime numbers, composite numbers, etc.
Natural numbers are defined as the numbers that occur commonly in nature. A natural number is a
whole, non-negative number and the set of natural numbers is denoted by the letter ‘N’. The set of
natural numbers is N = {1, 2, 3…..} 2.
Whole numbers are defined as all numbers without fractions and no decimals. Set of whole numbers is
(W) = {0, 1, 2, 3…….}
Integers are defined as all the numbers i.e. zero, positive and negative numbers. Set of integers = {……-
3,-2,-1, 0, 1, 2, 3…}
Even numbers are defined as numbers divisible by 2. I.e. when an even number is divided by 2, the
remainder is 0. 0, 2, 4, 6… are even numbers.
Odd numbers are defined as numbers that are not divisible by 2. i.e. when an even number is divided by
2, the remainder is 1. 1, 3, 5, 7 … are odd numbers.
Prime numbers are those numbers which have exactly two factors namely itself and 1. Example: 2, 3, 5,
7, 11, 13, 17….etc.
Composite numbers are defined as numbers that are not prime. Example: 4, 6, 8, 12, 15, etc.
Rules of Divisibility
A number is divisible by 2 if it is an even number.

A number is divisible by 3 if the sum of the digits is divisible by 3
A number is divisible by 4 if the number formed by the last two digits is divisible by 4.
A number is divisible by 5 if the unit digit is either 5 or 0.
A number is divisible by 6 if the number is also divisible by both 2 and 3. A number is divisible by 8 if the
number formed by the last three digits is divisible by 8.
A number is divisible by 9 if the sum of the digits is divisible by 9.
33
A number is divisible by 10 if the unit digit is 0.

A number is divisible by 11 if the difference between the sum of its digits at odd places and the sum of
its digits at even places is divisible by 11.
A number is divisible by 12 if the number is also divisible by both 3 and 4.
A number is divisible by 7 if it Follows the below rules:

First of all, we recall the osculator for 7. Once again, for your convenience, as 7 x 3 = 21 (One more than
2 X 10), our negative osculator is 2. This osculator ‘2’ is our key – digit. This and only this digit is used to
check the divisibility of any number by 7
See how it works –
Example: Is 112 divisible by 7? Step I: 112:11 – 2x2 = 7 (Separate the last digit and multiply with two and
then subtract)
Here we can see 7 is divisible by 7, then we can say 112 is also divisible by 7
A number is divisible by 13 if It Follows the below rules:

Example: Is 143 divisible by 13?
Step I: 14 + 3 x 4 = 26.
Here we can see 26 is divisible by 13, then we can say 143 is also divisible by 13.
H.C.F: It Stands for Highest Common Factor / Greatest Common Divisor (G.C.D) and Greatest Common
Measure (G.C.M)
L.C.M: It stands for Lowest Common Factor / Lowest Common Divisor (L.C.D) and Lowest Common
Measure (L.C.M).
The H.C.F. of two or more numbers is the greatest number that divides each one of them exactly.
The least number which is exactly divisible by each one of the given numbers is called their L.C.M.
Two numbers are said to be co-prime if their H.C.F. is 1

H.C.F. of fractions = H.C.F. of numerators / L.C.M of denominators
L.C.M. of fractions = L.C.M. of numerators / H.C.F of denominators
Product of two numbers = Product of their H.C.F. and L.C.M.
Important formulae
34
CAT 2023 Preparation Strategy
CATKing Courses
CATKing CAT 2023 CATKing CAT 2023 CATKing CAT 2023
Self-Study Course Turbo Course Intensive Course
Course Description: Course Description: Course Description:

● Comprehensive study materials ● Everything mentioned in the ● Everything mentioned in the
including 1000+ concept CATKing CAT 2023 Self-Study CATKing CAT 2023 Turbo Course.
builders, masterclasses, and Course. ● 15 additional Real CAT Mocks
shortcut videos. ● Daily live classes and strategy (Total 45) and 15 additional
● Extensive collection of practice workshops for the CAT exam. Sectional Tests (Total 45) with
resources, including solved ● Free upgrade to IIT/NIT Batch. topper Solving video by FMS
questions from previous CAT ● 10 additional Real CAT Mocks Alumni, CAT 99%iler and live
exams and Arun Sharma Books. (Total 30) and 15 additional mock analysis.
● 100+ CATKing Bible eBooks, 48 Sectional Tests (Total 30) with ● Access to IIM WAT PI Super 30
Topicwise Tests, 15 practise topper Solving video by FMS Program to convert Top BSchool
Sectional Tests, 20 Real CAT Alumni, CAT 99%iler and live (GD-WAT/PI)
Mocks with topper Solving video mock analysis. ● Access to XAT, SNAP, NMAT,
by FMS Alumni, CAT 99%iler and TISSNET, MICAT, CMAT, CET, IIFT,
live mock analysis every week. SRCC GBO Online Course.
● WhatsApp group to stay
updated with important
notifications

● www.catking.in | 8999-11-8999 | support@catking.in
CATKing NMAT + SNAP Course CATKing CMAT + CET Course CATKing All Access MBA Pass
Course Description: Course Description: Course Description:

● Concept Builder Sessions Mon ● Concept Builder Classes Mon ● Special Online Workshops.
to Friday with NMAT & SNAP to Friday with faculties from IIMs, Daily 2 hours class 9-11 pm with
Toppers. SP JAIN, NMIMS IIM L , SPJain and NMIMS Alumni.
● 1000+ Concept Builder Video ● 500+ Recorded Video Concept ● 500+ Recorded Video Concept
Lessons for SNAP Focussed Builder Sessions by CET | CAT | Builder Sessions by Toppers
Topics Section/ Module Wise. NMAT Toppers. ● NMAT & SNAP Saturday’s: Live
● 100+ CATKing Bible LOD 1 and ● 1000+ Concept Builder NMAT & SNAP Special Strategy
2 Practice eBooks. Sessions for CMAT Focussed Workshops with NMIMS & SIBM
● 20 Real NMAT Level Mocks Topics Section Wise Alumni.
(inclusive of Adaptive and ● 30 Actual CET Level Full-Length ● Access to course material like
Non-Adaptive Mocks) Mocks and 10 CMAT Paper Mocks, eBooks, GDPI Dashboard
● 20 Real SNAP Mocks. Pattern Full Length Mocks + for NMAT, CET, SNAP, CMAT, XAT,
Sectional & Topicwise mocks. TISSNET, IIFT, MAT.

And Many more…


Formula Book

Uploaded by

Document Information

Original Title

Copyright

Available Formats

Share this document

Share or Embed Document

Sharing Options

Did you find this document useful?

Is this content inappropriate?

Copyright:

Available Formats

Formula Book

Uploaded by

Copyright:

Available Formats

©This material is copyright protected. Copying or reproducing this material in any way is illegal.

CATKing Formulae Book

What is CATKing Formulae Book?

● Increase A by B % = A (1+ B/100 )

Successive Percentage Change:

● Final Percentage Change = a + b + (ab/100)

Ratio and Proportions

Product of means = Product of extremes.

If a:b = c:d, then d is called the fourth proportional to a, b, c.

(iii) Mean Proportional: Mean Proportional between a and b is √ab.

(i)Duplicate ratio of (a:b) is (a2:b2 ).

Mixture and Alligations

𝑄𝑢𝑎𝑛𝑡𝑖𝑡𝑦 𝑜𝑓 𝑐ℎ𝑒𝑎𝑝𝑒𝑟 𝐶.𝑃.𝑜𝑓 𝑑𝑒𝑎𝑟𝑒𝑟−𝑀𝑒𝑎𝑛 𝑃𝑟𝑖𝑐𝑒

(Cheaper quantity) : (Dearer quantity) = (d - m) : (m - c)

Profit and loss

If an article is sold at a gain of say 35%, then S.P. = 135% of C.P.

(𝐶𝑜𝑚𝑚𝑜𝑛 𝐿𝑜𝑠𝑠 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝐺𝑎𝑖𝑛 %) 2 𝑥 2

Time and Work

Days from Work:

Time Speed and Distance

[Because, 1 kilometer = 1000 meters and 1 hour = 3600 seconds]

(𝑇𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙 𝐷𝑖𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑐𝑒 𝐶𝑜𝑣𝑒𝑟𝑒𝑑)

Boats and Streams:

Speed downstream = (u + v) km/hr.

Simple and Compound Interest

Compound Interest (C.I.):

Height and Distance

Basic proportionality theorem:

Apollonius’ Theorem Interior Angle Bisector Theorem

Right-angled triangle 30°-60°-90° Triangle

30°-30°-120° Triangle 45°-45°-90° Triangle

Equilateral Triangle Isosceles Triangle

For similar triangles, if the sides are in the ratio a:b

Sum of the interior angles = Sum of the exterior angles = 360°

Opposite angles are supplementary.

Diagonals of a parallelogram bisect each other.

The longer diagonal bisects the shorter diagonal at 90°

If a trapezium is inscribed in a circle, it has to be an isosceles trapezium. If a circle can be inscribed in a

Number of diagonals = 9 {3 big and 6 small}

Diameter = 2r; Circumference = 2πr; Area =πr2

Measure of arc AXB = ∠AOB =θ

The radius and tangent are perpendicular to each other.

Length of the Direct Common Tangent (DCT)

AD=BC= √𝑑2 − (𝑟1 − 𝑟2)2

Length of the Transverse Common Tangent (TCT)

RT = SU = √𝑑2 − (𝑟1 + 𝑟2)2

15) Right Circular Cylinder

16) Right Circular cone

22) Regular Hexagon

23) Some other Formulae

Addition: (f+g)(x) = f(x) + g(x)

Subtraction: (f–g)(x) = f(x) – g(x)

Multiplication: (f∗g)(x) = f(x) × g(x)

Division: (f/g)(x) = f(x)/g(x); g(x) ≠ 0

Absolute value: The absolute value of a quantity is always positive.

Eg: If f(x) = ∣x∣, f(x) must be always positive.

Onto Functions (Surjective Function)

One-to-one Function (Injective function):

For, ex., A= {a, b, c}, and B= {p, q, r}

Some important Formulae

1. If a > b and k is a positive constant then,

4. a < b and b < c, then a < c.

5. If a > b and c > d, then a + c > b + d.