Unveiling the Ancient Wisdom :

"Exploring the influence of Indian Classical texts on Strategic

thought"

Name : Bellamkonda Sivanag

Roll Number : 22232724179
College Name : Department of Political Science (North campus)

Abstract

This research paper discusses the significance and influence of ancient Indian texts like
Mahabharata, Ramayana, and Arthashastra on Indian strategic thought. By examining these
revered ancient texts, the author tries to explore how they influenced the strategic thinking of
India. These epics are considered as a treasure of wisdom, providing valuable insights into
almost every aspect of life. By studying these texts, we can get a clear understanding of the rich
ancient wisdom and how it manages to shape the strategic thinking of India till today. These
epics provide valuable information about a variety of concepts like the concept of dharma,
leadership qualities, diplomacy and statecraft. This paper then explains how the teachings of
these texts have been interpreted and incorporated into contemporary times, and how they
continue to shape India's strategic thinking about various aspects like national security, foreign
policy, and regional dynamics. Through this paper, the author aims to shine a light on the
perpetual influence of ancient Indian texts on Indian strategic thought.

Methodology

This research article is based on observations made by the author regarding some of India's most
revered ancient texts like Mahabharata, Ramayana, and Arthashastra. His methodology involves
both literature review and case studies to analyze their key concepts and principles as well as
determine their influence on strategic thought within India.

Key words

● Mahabharata
● Ramayana
● Arthashastra
● Concept of dharma
● Diplomacy and warfare
Introduction

The ancient Indian epics, such as Mahabharata, Ramayana, and Arthashastra, have had a
significant influence on Indian strategic thought. These epics contain valuable lessons on
leadership, diplomacy and warfare, which have influenced strategic thinking of India throughout
the history. These texts contain a treasure of wisdom within, offering insights into various
aspects, including governance, diplomacy, leadership, and ethics. These texts, written centuries
ago, continue to resonate with contemporary India, providing a rich foundation of strategic
thought and action. The epic character's actions and decisions serve as moral and strategic guides
for leaders and policy makers. These epics provide insights into various aspects of strategic
thought. In the Mahabharata, we see the concept of Dharma (righteousness) and how it guides
decision making in times of troubles. The epic explores complex strategies employed by
different characters, showcasing the importance of intelligence, alliances, and patience in
warfare. Similarly, the Ramayana emphasizes the values of loyalty, honor, and righteousness in
strategic decision making. It highlights the importance of diplomacy, negotiation, and the use of
intelligence to achieve objectives. In the same way, Arthashastra has its influence on Indian
strategic thought by providing guidance on governance, diplomacy, and military tactics. It
emphasized the importance of statecraft, diplomacy, intelligence gathering, and maintaining a
strong army. Essentially, it shaped how rulers approached politics and warfare in ancient India.

Mahabharata - An Epic Saga

The Mahabharata is one of the world's best-known ancient Indian epics, said to have been
composed by Vyasa, an Indian sage widely revered for both his writing and acting roles within it.
Considered its author and compiler respectively, Vyasa also features prominently as one of its
characters. This epic tells the story of two groups of cousins fighting over kingdom, namely
Pandavas and Kauravas clans. Filled with rich characters, moral dilemmas, profound teachings
and profound themes such as duty righteousness and human nature, this epic is not just an
engaging tale but a source of spiritual and philosophical knowledge as well.

The Mahabharata has had a profound impact on Indian strategic thought. It offers invaluable
insight into dharma, diplomacy, strategic thinking and ethical conduct in warfare. The concept of
Dharma proposed by the Mahabharata continues to influence Indian strategic thinking
throughout the history. These principles are not only meant to be followed by an individual, but
for the society as a whole.

“Yato dharma tato jayah” - where there is dharma there is victory.

 In the Mahabharata, dharma refers to righteous behavior and ethical conduct, which remained as
central themes throughout this epic tale. Dharma encompasses various principles such as
honesty, justice and compassion which are the key factors that govern characters actions and
decisions throughout the story. Respect is at the forefront of Mahabharata. It emphasizes
upholding one's responsibilities and doing what is right, even under difficult conditions. This
epic explores dharma in all its complexities, offering dilemmas and conflicts where characters
must make difficult choices between competing values, while shaping moral values as well as
strategic consideration.

Mahabharata explores the concept of dharma through the characters of Krishna and Duryodhana
as key figures who shape its core tenet. Krishna serves as both guide and advisor for his pandava
followers, providing wisdom and advice, with Krishna serving as an advisor and leader of their
pandava army, offering them guidance and counsel when their duties and responsibilities come
under threat. Krishna's teachings in the Bhagavad gita offers insight into dharma in relation to
various life circumstances. His teachings on the complex nature of dharma apply across contexts.
Mahabharata explores consequences associated with departing from its core principles,
Duryodhana leads his Kauravas into breaking from Dharma. Their actions led by greed, jealousy
and deceit leads them down a path that ultimately results in their destruction. This can be seen as
an example of consequences of deviating from Dharma.

The Mahabharata's concept of dharma goes far beyond simply following rules. It involves living
an upright lifestyle and fulfilling one's moral responsibilities with integrity and fairness. Dharma
serves as a guide through life's many trials with integrity. It teaches us to make decisions that
benefit not only ourselves, but also society as a whole. The Mahabharata provides many moral
dilemmas where characters must choose between conflicting duties - one such instance being the
Kurukshetra war itself. Arjuna, one of the Pandava brothers, finds himself torn between his duty
as a warrior and personal relationships. On the battlefield, Arjuna became overcome by the
reality of having to kill relatives he loved, including his grandfather and revered teacher, causing
him to question both its justness and its potential outcomes. At this juncture, Lord Krishna
presents Arjuna with the teachings of Bhagavad Gita. These lessons help him understand his
duty and its necessity while remaining detached to fulfill it properly. Lord Krishna's moral
dilemma highlights both dharma's complexities as well as challenges that individuals face when
making difficult choices that align with moral values. By exploring these dilemmas the epic
encourages us to reflect on our own actions and make choices that align with our moral values.
His profound philosophy has left an everlasting mark on Indian society for centuries!

The Mahabharata has had an immense effect on Indian decision-making processes. Its moral
lessons and teachings have influenced individuals, leaders and policymakers in shaping values
and ethical frameworks that guide individuals, leaders and policymakers alike. The Bhagavad
gita, taught by Lord Krishna to Arjuna during the kurukshetra war, elucidates on how to take
moral decisions that align with Dharma. The epic also emphasizes righteousness, justice, and
moral duty - three qualities central to Indian ethos that decision makers often draw inspiration
from when making choices that benefit society as a whole. Hence its timeless wisdom remains
relevant today in shaping Indian decision making processes for ethical leadership across many
spheres of Indian society.

In The Mahabharata, strategic thinking is displayed through various ways. Diplomatically, the
Pandavas sought alliances with different kingdoms to bolster their position against Kauravas,
such as Matsya Kingdom under King Virata's rule, Yadava Kingdom led by Lord Krishna, and
Panchala Kingdom headed by Lord Drupada, these all played key roles in gathering resources
and military strength against Kauravas forces.Strategically, Lord Krishna's advice to Arjuna
during the Kurukshetra war highlighted the necessity of planning and execution. Additionally,
ethical conduct was highlighted through Bhishma vowing only to fight during daylight hours -
such instances illustrate the multi-faceted influence of Mahabharata on Indian strategic thought.

The Mahabharata's teachings continue to have an influence in various spheres of Indian society
and contemporary issues; one notable aspect is its emphasis on duty and righteous governance.
Over recent times, there has been extensive discussion and debate surrounding ethical leadership
and its application in politics and governance, taking cue from Mahabharata's lessons.
Mahabharata serves as an inspirational source of timeless wisdom that can assist us in dealing
with complex social challenges. Additionally, its teachings have been called upon in areas such
as conflict resolution and peacebuilding. This epic stresses dialogue, negotiation and peaceful
resolutions for conflicts. Scholars and practitioners have used its teachings to promote peaceful
coexistence and resolve them nonviolently in modern day settings. Furthermore, its lessons of
forgiveness, empathy and understanding continue to help facilitate efforts toward peaceful
resolutions across various contexts.

Ramayana: A Classical Tale

The Ramayana is an ancient Indian Epic which holds a special place in Hindu mythology.
Attributed to Sage Valmiki, it is one of two major Sanskrit epics (with Mahabharata being the
other major one). The Ramayana tells the epic tale of Prince Rama, an Avatar of Vishnu and his
journey to rescue Sita from the demon king Ravana. Divided into seven books,or Kandas, with
over 24,000 verses included within. The tale begins with Rama's birth in Ayodhya and his
subsequent upbringing as an honorable warrior and symbol of righteousness, however, due to an
unfortunate turn of events he must leave home along with his wife, Sita, and his brother,
Lakshmana, for exile. While in exile, Sita was abducted by Ravana and taken to Lanka where
Ravana had his Kingdom. To rescue her wife, Rama formed an alliance with an army of
monkeys led by Sugriva and the mighty Hanuman. Together they embark on a treacherous
journey, facing numerous trials and encountering various legendary characters along their path.
The Epic explores themes of love, devotion, duty and honor as well as good triumphing over
evil; further exploring human relationships such as that between Rama and Sita and showing
their unwavering bonds as well as their blossoming romance.The Ramayana has inspired
generations of readers and has shaped various art forms, literature, and cultural practices
throughout India and beyond. Today it continues to be commemorated with festivals, plays, and
religious rituals that pay homage to its tale.

Ramayana also plays an influential role in shaping Indian strategic thought. It displays strategic
decision making, leadership qualities and the significance of alliances to achieve goals. Lord
Rama's alliance with Vanara King Sugriva, Vibhishana and Hanuman demonstrated the
effectiveness of collaboration and unity when faced with obstacles. Indian strategic thought
emphasizes the significance of forging alliances and engaging in diplomatic negotiations to meet
strategic objectives. The teachings from epics about righteousness, loyalty, and perseverance
have had an indelible influence on this area of thinking. Ramayana highlights various leadership
qualities such as courage, wisdom, integrity and compassion as exemplified by Lord Rama.
These characteristics serve as principles to guide Indian strategic thought when selecting leaders.

Furthermore, The Epic underscores the significance of patience, perseverance, and resilience
when confronting difficulties and setbacks. Lord Rama's unfaltering dedication and ability to
overcome challenges have become part of Indian strategic thought, providing leaders with
inspiration in staying committed and resilient when working toward their objectives. The
Ramayana also highlights the significance of intelligence gathering and situational awareness,
with Lord Rama and his allies gathering intelligence about enemies, assessing strengths and
weaknesses, and adapting strategies accordingly. This focus on intelligence-driven decision
making has profoundly shaped Indian strategic thought, collecting and analyzing information
plays an integral part in formulating effective strategies.

"Dharma Eva hato hanti, Dharmo rakshati rakshitha" - "Dharma alone can destroy, and
Dharma alone can protect”.

This quote emphasizes the significance of upholding righteousness and following Dharma, with
an emphasis on adhering to moral duties and principles to protect not only ourselves but also
contribute to society as a whole. Dharma is central to Ramayana, through various character’s
actions,we can learn of its value of remaining true to oneself while fulfilling one's
responsibilities while making choices aligning with righteousness. The Ramayana also exhibits
the consequences of deviating from Dharma, the demon king Ravana, stood as an example for it.

Dharma in Ramayana refers to principles and values that guide an individual's action and
conduct in life, such as righteousness, duty, and moral responsibility. Characters throughout
Ramayana demonstrate this virtue, for instance Lord Rama, its protagonist and later an ideal
ruler uphold dharma through integrity, loyalty, adherence to duties, etc. Sita, his wife, embodies
the qualities of a devoted and virtuous wife, staying true to her dharma as a wife and a queen .
Ramayana emphasizes the concept of Dharma through the actions of other characters such as
well. Hanuman shows unfaltering loyalty and selflessness when serving Lord Rama, while
Lakshmana, Lord Rama's younger brother, displays devotion towards him. Ramayana shows us
that Dharma does not simply mean blindly following rules but making choices that adhere to
one's moral compass and choosing ethical decisions despite challenges or temptations.

The Epic illustrates the consequences of deviating from Dharma. Ravana, as the main antagonist
in this story, symbolizes these consequences through his arrogance, greed, and moral corruption,
ultimately these actions lead to his downfall. Ramayana highlights the relationship between
personal dharma and societal dharma. Individuals possess different roles and responsibilities
within society that must be fulfilled to maintain harmony and order. Overall, Ramayana presents
dharma as a guideline for individuals to live a righteous and purposeful life. Dharma serves as a
moral compass that directs us toward choices which align with our duties, values and the greater
good of society. Dharma continues to inspire individuals towards living lives full of integrity,
compassion and righteousness.

The Ramayana offers invaluable lessons in leadership and ethical governance that have guided
contemporary Indian leaders' actions. Many leaders have drawn strength from this Epic for
guidance in their actions. While serving as Chief Minister of Gujarat, Narendra Modi, later
became Prime Minister of India, invoked Lord Rama as a symbol of good governance and
leadership. He highlighted the significance of integrity, dedication and serving his people
selflessly, ideals embodied by Ramayana, as key principles to effective governance. This
illustrates how its teachings can guide leaders toward more efficient governance practices.
Ramayana teachings have also been employed in efforts to resolve conflicts and promote
peace-building initiatives around the globe. At a time of ethnic conflict in Sri Lanka, an initiative
called Sarvodaya Shramadana Movement employed Ramayana as a framework for peace
building initiatives. They organized theater performances and story telling sessions that
emphasized compassion, forgiveness and the pursuit of peace as depicted by Lord Rama, Sita
and Hanuman. By drawing upon these teachings, they aim to promote understanding among
diverse communities as well as reconciliation and harmony between them.

Recent years have witnessed an increasing emphasis on environmental conservation and

sustainability. The Ramayana provides valuable teachings on our relationship with nature and the
need to protect and preserve the environment. One such example is the story of Lord Rama and
his alliance with the Vanara army to rescue Sita from the demon King Ravana. This narrative
highlights the significance of respecting and valuing all living beings, including animals, and
plants. It encourages us to live in harmony with nature and recognise our responsibility to
safeguard the environment. In contemporary India, there have been initiatives that draw
inspiration from the Ramayana to promote environmental awareness and conservation. For
instance, tree plantation drives, wildlife protection programs, and campaigns against pollution
are all outcomes of teachings of the Ramayana which highlights the importance of preserving
nature for future generations. By recalling the lessons of Ramayana, individuals and all
organizations strive to create a more sustainable and ecologically conscious world.

Arthashastra - A Political and Economical guide

Kautilya's Arthashastra is a remarkable ancient Indian text, composed around the Fourth century
BCE, that delves into the art of governance, economics, and statecraft. Chanakya's treatise
Arthashastra provides invaluable insights into the principles and practices of effective
administration. Covering topics as diverse as politics, law, taxation, diplomacy, military strategy
and even espionage, it serves as a comprehensive guide for rulers and administrators looking to
establish or sustain prosperous kingdoms that uphold justice while safeguarding economic justice
as well as state interests.

The Arthashastra presents a pragmatic approach to politics and statecraft. Realpolitik was an
influential aspect of its contents; Kautilya advocated the pursuit of power through forceful means
when necessary in order to maintain and expand state interests; according to him, rulers must
prioritize welfare and security above all else when using force against an opposing kingdom or
people. Furthermore, Arthashastra provided advice regarding aspects such as diplomacy, military
strategy and economic policies governing authorities.Indian strategic thought, influenced by the
Arthashastra, embraced the idea of realpolitik. It emphasized the importance of understanding
the political landscape, assessing power dynamics, and making calculated decisions to achieve
national objectives. This approach recognised the complexities of international relations and the
need to adapt strategies based on changing circumstances. In modern times, we can witness the
influence of Arthashastra in shaping Indian strategic thought. India's approach to foreign policy
and national security often draws out from the realpolitik perspective, considering factors such as
power dynamics, national interests, and the pursuit of stability.

Kautilya's Arthashastra presented another key concept called Mandala Theory. This refers to a
political or power configuration where states are organized in concentric circles around one
central power, other states form concentric rings surrounding this central state power. According
to Mandala theory, state relationships are determined by their relative positions within a
Mandala. Arthashastra classifies various mandalas depending on how these relationships
manifest themselves. There are both friendly and hostile mandalas, friendly mandalas contain
states with mutually beneficial alliances while hostile mandalas represent states who are at war
with one another. According to theory, foreign policies of states should take their cue from the
dynamics of the Mandala they belong to and understand its power dynamics, alliances, and
rivalries among its member states. This concept also stresses the significance of understanding
power dynamics among their member nations as part of understanding international affairs more
fully.
Understanding each state within a mandala helps in formulating effective strategies and making
wise decisions to protect and advance its interests.

The Mandala theory also recognizes the significance of geography in shaping political
relationships. It considers factors such as proximity, access to resources, and strategic locations
in determining the dynamics within the Mandala. The Arthashastra advises rulers to be aware of
these geographical factors and leverage them to their advantage.Mandala theory remains relevant
in contemporary international relations studies, providing insights into power dynamics and
interstate interest interactions. By understanding it, policymakers can develop strategies that
align with their national objectives while meeting challenges of international systems.

Regarding economic matters, Arthashastra stresses the significance of having a prosperous and
stable economy for state wellbeing. It supports policies which foster economic expansion such as
trade and commerce, agriculture and infrastructure development. This text explores the role of
government in regulating markets, upholding fair trade practices and improving citizen welfare.
It asserts that multiple roles should be performed by the government to maintain an efficient
economy. It emphasizes the significance of encouraging agriculture, trade and manufacturing as
cornerstones for economic development. Furthermore, states should aim for efficient resource
allocation, fair trading practices and infrastructure expansion - fulfilling these roles can create an
ideal setting for an economically sound society.

Regarding taxation, Arthashastra emphasizes the need for revenue generation in order to support
state activities and activities of its activities. It suggests various forms of levies on agriculture,
trade, and property to raise sufficient funds. However, this text emphasizes the necessity of
striking a balance between taxation and economic well being of citizens; too much taxation may
lead to discontentment and economic decline. Arthashastra provides invaluable guidance for
maintaining a large army, providing guidance on military organization, recruitment, training and
strategy. It highlights the necessity of an army with skilled soldiers that are well equipped and
disciplined in order to safeguard a state from external threats while maintaining internal stability.
Furthermore, this text discusses intelligence gathering methods like diplomacy and alliances as
ways of protecting the security interests of the state as well as different types of soldiers along
with their roles and principles of warfare.

One area where Arthashastra's teachings can be seen today is in cybersecurity and digital
governance. Cyber threats pose a great risk in today's interconnected world; therefore its
principles can help ensure digital systems' security and stability. Arthashastra emphasizes this
necessity. Arthashastra has long been used as a source of advice regarding intelligence gathering
and state secret protection, while more recently cybersecurity-oriented governments and
organizations are adopting Arthashastra-inspired strategies to gather intelligence on potential
cyber threats, identify vulnerabilities and safeguard sensitive data against unauthorized access.
Arthashastra discusses punishment as being defined by legal frameworks and regulations that
regulate cyberspace. Arthashastra emphasizes the need for strong deterrents against those who
threaten the state, so cybersecurity laws and regulations seek to deter cybercriminals by imposing
penalties and consequences for their activities. Arthashastra also emphasizes the significance of
forging alliances and engaging in diplomacy, particularly as regards cyber security issues where
countries are beginning to realize they require international cooperation to tackle threats
effectively. Agreements and partnerships are being formed to share information, coordinate
responses, and jointly address cyber challenges - reflecting the principles of diplomacy and
alliance found in Arthashastra. Arthashastra emphasizes the need for strategic planning and
resource allocation. Governments today are investing heavily in research and development,
developing cybersecurity capabilities, allocating resources to protect critical infrastructure
systems and allocating funds accordingly - reflecting Arthashastra's principles of resource
allocation and strategic planning.

Arthashastra principles such as diplomacy, alliances and force continue to shape India's approach
to international affairs. Recently, India has taken an aggressive and proactive approach with their
foreign policy that can be directly attributed to Arthashastra. India embraces a concept known as
SAMA or peaceful negotiations to resolve conflicts and foster greater understanding among
nations. India recognizes the need for strong military capabilities to deter potential threats and
defend its interests, in line with Arthashastra teachings which emphasize alliances and
partnerships for strategic advantage. India is actively participating in regional and international
forums such as BRICS, ASEAN and Quad to strengthen diplomatic ties and enhance its position
on the world stage. India's intelligence services play a pivotal role in gathering and analyzing
intelligence to inform decision making and protect national interest - in keeping with
Arthashastra teachings. Overall, Arthashastra has had an immense impact on Indian strategic
thinking across numerous aspects of foreign policy, defense, alliances and intelligence. This
ancient text continues to shape India's approach to international affairs as it guides actions and
decisions for national security and interests.
Conclusion

This research has shed light on the profound effect that Indian classical texts have had on
strategic thought of India. The Mahabharata, Ramayana and Arthashastra provide invaluable
insight into leadership, ethics, diplomacy, and decision making which further influence India's
approach to governance, foreign policy and conflict resolution. These texts has gifted impeccable
wisdom which continues to influence India's approach to a variety of aspects like diplomacy,
statecraft and regional dynamics, still in contemporary times.

The Mahabharata provides us with numerous lessons on leadership, decision-making, and the
consequences of not abiding the principles of Dharma. Its teachings of Dharma (duty) and ethical
conduct continue to influence Indian governance practices and strategic decision-making
processes today. In the same way, Ramayana also presents lessons on righteousness, devotion
and seeking justice for all. Indian strategic thought has long emphasized the significance of
upholding values and principles, emphasizing their compliance with moral and ethical standards
in actions and policies. Both of these texts has emphasized the consequences of deviating from
Dharma. Arthashastra, an ancient treatise on statecraft and governance, has had an incredible
impact on Indian strategic thought. The Mandala theory proposed by it provides invaluable
insights into diplomacy and statecraft. It also stresses the importance of maintaining a large army
for security purposes. Not only as a political guide, it also provides invaluable lessons on how to
improve the economic status of a state. In recent times, the Kautilya's Arthashastra has been used
as both a political and a economical guide. India continues to abide by ancient teachings on
diplomacy, alliances and force usage, particularly the concepts of Sama (peaceful negotiations)
and Danda (use of force). Sama is used as an approach for foreign policymaking while protecting
India's interests with other nations. In recent times, India has formed alliances with many
neighbouring states which can be seen as a evidence for influence of Arthashastra on Indian
diplomatic negotiations.

This paper has examined the importance of Indian classical texts in modern conflict resolution
and peacebuilding initiatives. The teachings of the Mahabharata, in particular, have been recalled
in various instances where reconciliation, forgiveness, and dialogue have played a crucial role in
resolving conflicts and promoting peace. The epic's portrayal of the devastating consequences of
war serves as a reminder of the importance of peaceful means in resolving disputes. Overall, this
paper has demonstrated the enduring significance of Indian classical text in shaping strategic
thought and decision-making. By delving into the teachings of the Mahabharata, Ramayana, and
the Arthashastra, we can understand the timeless wisdom and insights they offer, which continue
to influence India's approach to governance, diplomacy, defense, and conflict resolution.
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