SHS

GENERAL CHEMISTRY 1
Module 8, Week 2 - 3
General Chemistry 1
Grade 11/12 Module 8 Week 2 - 3
First Edition, 2020

Copyright © 2020
La Union Schools Division
Region I

All rights reserved. No part of this module may be reproduced in any form without
written permission from the copyright owners.

Development Team of the Module

Author: MARIZA R. MAPALO, T-III

Editor: SDO La Union, Learning Resource Quality Assurance Team

Illustrator: Ernesto F. Ramos Jr., P II

Management Team:

ATTY. Donato D. Balderas, Jr.

Schools Division Superintendent

Vivian Luz S. Pagatpatan, PhD

Assistant Schools Division Superintendent
German E. Flora, PhD, CID Chief

Virgilio C. Boado, PhD, EPS in Charge of LRMS

Rominel S. Sobremonte, EdD, EPS in Charge of Science
Michael Jason D. Morales, PDO II
Claire P. Toluyen, Librarian II
General Chemistry 1
Module 8 - Week 2 - 3
 Target

The empirical formula shows the kind and proportions of atoms in a

substance in its simplest form. The chemical formula, on the other hand, is the
shorthand way of writing a substance by using chemical symbols and number
subscripts with the exact numbers of atoms.

In your previous lesson, you are done with the naming of compounds given
with their formula and writing formula given their name of the compound.

These modules will provide you with information and activities that will help
you understand Percent composition and Empirical Formula.

After going through these module, you are expected to:

1. Define percent composition and empirical formula.

2. Calculate the empirical formula from the percent composition of a
compound (STEM_GC11PCIf-32)

Before you begin, answer the pretest below

1
 Module
1 Percentage Composition of Compounds

Jumpstart

Pre-Test Activity 1: Encircle the letter of the best answer.

1. What is percent composition?
A. It is the percent by mass of each element in the compound.
B. It is the percent by weight of each element in the compound.
C. It is the percent by mass of each element in the chemical formula.
D. It is calculated from a molecular formula by dividing the mass of a single
element in one mole of the compound.
2. What must you know in order to find the percent composition?
A. The mass of the element
B. The mass of the compound
C. Both the mass of the element and the mass of the compound
D. The empirical and molecular formula of the compound in a given
example.
3. What does the sum of the percentages equal?
A. 70% B. 80% C. 90% D. 100%
4. Does the percentage mass of an element in a compound change?
A. Yes B. No C. Constant D. Uncertain
5. To calculate the percent composition of a compound from its formula, what
is the first step you must do?
A. Calculate the molar mass of the compound.
B. Add the molar mass of the element to the molar mass of the compound
C. Divide the molar mass of each element by the molar mass of the
compound.
D. Add the molar mass of the element to the molar mass of the compound
And divide it by 100.
6. What is the percentage composition of Na in NaHCO 3 also known as sodium
bicarbonate?
A. 25% B. 26 % C. 27% D. 28%
7. The formula of aluminum hydroxide is Al(OH) 2, and the formula mass is 78.0
g. What is the percentage composition of aluminum (Al) in aluminum
hydroxide, a gastric antacid?
A. 32.6% B. 33.6% C. 34.6% D. 35.6%
8. Calculate the percentage composition of Oxygen in vitamin E. ( C29H50O2)and
its formula mass is 430.0 g
A. 7.4% B. 7.5% C. 7.6% D. 7.7%

2
 Discover

Packaged foods that you eat typically have nutritional information

provided on the label. The label on a jar of peanut butter reveals that one serving
size is considered to be 32g.

The label also gives the masses of various types of compounds that are present
in each serving. One serving contains 7g of protein, 15g of fat, and 3g of sugar.

By calculating the fraction of protein, fat, or sugar in one serving size of

peanut butter and converting to percent values, we can determine the composition
of peanut butter on a percent by mass basis.

The Percent composition of the Compound

One of the first steps in finding the formula is to determine percent

composition which includes as many percent as there are elements in the
compound. For example, the percent composition of K2CrO4 is 40.3 % K, 26.8% Cr,
and 32.9 % O. These percent must add up to 100%

In chemistry the relative amount of the elements in a compound are

expressed as the percent composition or the percent by mass of each element in the
compound. So, how is the percent by mass of an element computed?

The percent by mass of an element in a compound is the mass in grams of

the element divided by the mass in grams of the compound multiplied by 100%.

mass of the element

% mass of the element = 𝑥 100%
mass of compound

Here are the steps in calculating the percent composition:

Step 1: Calculate the molar mass of the compound.

Example: Calculate the molar mass of H2O
Element Number of atom/s mass (See Periodic Table) MM
H 2 1.01 g/mol 2.02 g
O 1 16.0 g/mol 16.0 g
The molar mass of water is 18.02 grams ( 2.02g + 16.0g)

3
 Step 2: Divide the molar mass of each element by the molar mass of the
compound and multiply by 100%
Example:
2.02 𝑔 16.0 𝑔
% of H = x 100 % of O = x 100
18.02 𝑔 18.02 𝑔

= 11.2 % = 88.8 %

Sample Problems:

1. Sodium bicarbonate (NaHCO3), also known as baking soda, is used as a

natural cleanser and is an active ingredient in antacid. Calculate the
molar mass and the percent composition of the baking soda.
Solution:
A: Molar Mass of NaHCO3
element No. of Atomic Molar mass
atom/s mass (Atomic mass x no. of atoms)
Na 1 23.0 g 23.0 g Na
H 1 1.01 g 1.01 g H
C 1 12.0 g 12.0 g C
O 3 16.0 g 48.0 g O
Molar mass of NaHCO3 84.01 g/mol

B: Percent Composition of NaHCO3

23.0 𝑔 1.01 𝑔
% of Na = 𝑥 100 = 27.4 % % of H = 𝑥 100 = 1.20%
84.01 𝑔 84.01 𝑔

12.0 𝑔 48.0𝑔
% of C = 𝑥 100 = 14.3 % % of O = 𝑥 100 = 57.1 %
84.01 𝑔 84.01 𝑔

2. One of the products of La Union is vinegar which is locally produce in the

Naguilian and Aringay. The vinegar is actually a solution that is made of
4-8% of acetic acid (C2H4O2) that is dissolved in water and other
substances that give vinegar its flavor depending on its type. Calculate
the percentage composition of acetic acid (C 2H4O2).
24.02 𝑔
% of C = 𝑥 100 = 39.99 %
60.06 𝑔
4.04 𝑔
% of H = 𝑥 100 = 6.73%
60.06 𝑔
32.0 𝑔
% of O = 𝑥 100 = 53.28 %
60.06 𝑔

4
 Explore

Here are some enrichment activities for you to work on to

master and strengthen the basic concepts you have learned
from this lesson.

Enrichment Activity No. 1: Using the Periodic Table of Elements, calculate the
molar mass of the following compound: Place your answer on the space provided
for.

Figure 1: The Periodic Table of Elements

5
1) Cl2

2) KOH

3) BeCl2

4) FeCl3

5) BF3

6) CCl2F2

7) Mg(OH)2

8) UF6

9) SO2

10) H3PO4

6
Enrichment Activity No. 2: Find the percent composition of the following
compounds: Place your solution inside the box.

1. A certain newly synthesized compound is known to contain the elements

zinc and oxygen. When a 20.00g sample of the compound is
decomposed, 16.07g of zinc remains. Determine the percent composition of
the compound.

2. Dichlorine heptoxide (Cl2O7) is a highly reactive compound used in some

organic synthesis reactions. Calculate the percent composition of dichlorine
heptoxide.

3. Calculate the percentage composition of copper (II) sulfate pentahydrate

(CuSO4.5H20) and the percentage of water in the hydrate compound.

7
Enrichment Activity No. 3: Give all the percent composition of all elements in these
compounds. Show your solution.
1. Fe2O3 6. Iron (II) Phospate
Fe ___________ Fe _________
O ___________ P _________
O _________

2. C22H44
C ___________ 7. Beryllium nitride
H ___________ Be _________
N _________

3. Al2(SO4)3
Al __________ 8. CrF3
S __________ Cr __________
O __________ F ___________

4. Ammonium sulfite 9. KCN

N ___________ K ___________
H ___________ C ___________
S ___________ N ___________
O ___________

10 Na3PO4
5. Sodium bromide Na __________
Na _________ P __________
Br _________ O __________

Great job! You have understood the lesson. Are you now ready to
summarize?

8
 Deepen

At this point, look at the food labels of some snack foods like potato chips,
peanuts and popcorns. Fill up the table below:

A: Determine the % sodium in snack food

Direction Answer
1. Identify your chosen
snack food and brand.

2. Get the amount of grams

of one serving of the
snack food

3. Get the amount of

sodium in mg in one
serving of the snack food.

4. Obtain the % sodium by

mass in one serving of
snack food

B: Guide Questions:

1. What is percentage composition?

2. What is the importance of determining the percent composition of

a certain product?

3. How is percent composition used in everyday life?

9
 Gauge

Direction: Read carefully each item. Encircle the letter of the correct answer.
1. What is percent composition?
A. It is the percent by mass of each element in the compound.
B. It is the percent by weight of each element in the compound.
C. It is the percent by mass of each element in the chemical formula.
D. It is calculated from a molecular formula by dividing the mass of a single
element in one mole of the compound.
2. What must you know in order to find the percent composition?
A. The mass of the element
B. The mass of the compound
C. Both the mass of the element and the mass of the compound
D. The empirical and molecular formula of the compound in a given
example.
3. What does the sum of the percentages equal?
A. 70% B. 80% C. 90% D. 100%
4. Does the percentage mass of an element in a compound change?
A. Yes B. No C. Constant D. Uncertain
5. To calculate the percent composition of a compound from its formula, what
is the first step you must do?
A. Calculate the molar mass of the compound.
B. Add the molar mass of the element to the molar mass of the compound
C. Divide the molar mass of each element by the molar mass of the
compound.
D. Add the molar mass of the element to the molar mass of the compound
And divide it by 100.
6. What is the percentage composition of Na in NaHCO 3 also known as sodium
bicarbonate?
A. 25% B. 26 % C. 27% D. 28%
7. The formula of aluminum hydroxide is Al (OH)2, and the formula mass is
78.0 g. What is the percentage composition of aluminum (Al) in aluminum
hydroxide, a gastric antacid?
A. 32% B. 33% C. 34% D. 35%
8. Calculate the percentage composition of Oxygen in vitamin E. (C29H50O2) and
its formula mass is 430.0 g
A. 7.4% B. 7.5% C. 7.6% D. 7.7%
9. What is the percent composition of sulfur in Cu₂S compound?
A. 20% B. 34% C. 50% D. 80%
10. What is the percent composition of Na in NaCl compound?
A. 36% B. 37% C. #8% D. 39%
11. An 8.20 -g piece of magnesium combines completely with 5.40g of oxygen to
forms a compound. What is the percent composition of magnesium this
compound?

10
 A. 60.1% B. 60.2% C. 60.3% D. 60.4%
12. Which is NOT NEEDED in to calculate percent composition?
A. specific mass of the element
B. molar mass of the compound
C. volume of the individual element
D. division of the specific mass of the element to the mass of the compound
13. In finding the percent composition of an element in a compound, what
variable is being computed?
A. Percent by mass of each element in a compound
B. The molar mass of each element in a compound
C. Percent by volume of each element in a compound
D. The molar mass of the compound and its percent by mass as a
compound
14. How is the percent composition of an element computed?
A. Divide by the mass in grams of the element, multiplied by 100%
B. Divide by the mass in grams of the compound, divided by 100%
C. Divide by the mass in grams of the compound, multiplied by 100%
D. Divide by the mass in grams of the compound, multiplied by mass of the
element
15. Which of the following statements is(are) FALSE?
1.The percent must add up to 100%
2. The percent by mass of each element in a compound depends on the
amount of the compound.
3. The percent by mass of each element in a compound depends on the
amount of element present in the compound.

A. 1 only
B. 2 only
C. 2 and 3
D. 1,2 and 3

Great job! You are almost done with this module.

11
 Target

The empirical formula of a compound can be calculated from the percent

composition. Because percentage is given, it is convenient to assume 100.00 grams
of the compound.

In your previous lesson, you are done with the calculation of molar mass and
percent composition.

This module will provide you with information and activities that will help you
understand Empirical Formula and its connection to percent composition.

After going through these modules, you are expected to:

1. Calculate the empirical formula from the percent composition of a

compound (STEM_GC11PCIf-32)

Before you begin, answer the pretest below

12
 Module Empirical Formula
2

Jumpstart

Pre-Test Activity 1: Encircle the letter of the best answer.

1. Which formula contains the lowest whole number ratio of elements in a

compound?
A. Covalent formula C. empirical formula
B. chemical formula D. molecular formula
2. Which chemical formula shows the actual number and kinds of atoms present
in one molecule of a compound?
A. Covalent formula C. empirical formula
B. chemical formula D. molecular formula
3. Hydrogen peroxide has a chemical formula of H2O2. Which of the following is
the empirical formula for hydrogen peroxide?
A. HO B. H2O2 C. H4O4 D. H6O6
4. Which of the following is an empirical formula?
A. P4O10 B. C10H22 C. C5H12O D. P2O5
5. Sulfur oxides are a dangerous component of air pollution. What is the
empirical formula for sulfur oxide compound that contains 32 grams of sulfur
for every 32 grams of oxygen?
A. SO B. SO2 C. SO3 D. SO4
6. Which of the following is an empirical formula?
A. N2O B. NO4 C. P4O10 D. C6H6
7. All of the following is an empirical formula EXCEPT _____.
A. Na2SO4 B. C3H8 C. N2O4 D. Al3(SO4)2
8. Which of the following is the correct empirical formula for C4H10?
A. C2H5 B. CH2.5 C. C4H10 D. C8H20
9. If a substance has a molecular formula C 8H10N4O2, what will be its empirical
formula?
A. CHNO B. C9H7N3O C. C4H5N2O D. C2H6N2O
10. A compound is 25.9% nitrogen and 74.1 % Oxygen. Find its empirical
formula?
A. N2O4 B. NO C. N4O6 D. N2O5

13
 Discover

An Empirical formula is the chemical formula of a compound that gives the

proportions (ratios) of the elements present in the compound but not the actual
numbers or arrangement of atoms.

This would be the lowest whole number ratio of the elements in the compound.

From the percent composition data, we can calculate the empirical formula of
the compound. For example, the empirical formula of water is H2O. The subscripts
indicate that the ratio of hydrogen to oxygen in this molecule is two to one often
written as 2:1.

To find the empirical formula of a compound, the chemist measures the

percentage by mass of each element in the compound. From the percentage of each
element in the compound, the chemist then determines;

1. The number of moles of atoms of each element in 100g of the compound

and;
2. The ratio of the moles of atoms

A simple rhyme can be used to remember the process:

Percent to Mass
Mass to Mole
Divide by Small
Multiply 'til Whole
For example:
1. Determine the empirical formula of a compound whose percentage
composition is 50.05 % S and 49.95% O.
Solution:
Step 1: Percent to Mass
If we have 100g of the compound, 50.05 g would be sulfur and
49.95g would be Oxygen

14
 Step 2: Mass to Mole
All we have to do is convert these masses to moles of atoms

1 mol of S atom
50.05 g of S 𝑥 = 1.56 mol of S atoms
32.1 g S

1 mol of O atom
49.95 g of O 𝑥 = 3.12 mol of O atoms
16.0 g O

Step 3: Divide by Small

Divide each mole value by the smallest number of moles
calculated.

1.56
𝑆: =1
1.56
The empirical formula is

3.12 SO2
𝑂: =2
1.56

The name of the compound is sulfur dioxide

Since the lowest possible ratio is a whole number we will stop at step 3.

2. Find the empirical formula for the substance with composition 52.9% Al
and 47.1 % O.

Step 1: Percent to Mass

Assume a 100.0-gram sample of the substance
52.9 g of Al, 47.1 g of O in 100.0 g sample

Step 2: Mass to Mole

All we have to do is convert these masses to moles of atoms
1 mol of S atom
52.9 g of Al 𝑥 = 1.96 mol of Al atoms
27.0 g Al

1 mol of S atom
47.1 g of O 𝑥 = 2.94 mol of O atoms
16.0 g O

15
Step 3: Divide by Small
Divide each mole value by the smallest number of moles
calculated.
1.96
𝐴𝑙: = 1
1.96

2.94
𝑂: = 1.50
1.56

Step 4: Multiply ‘til Whole

Incase division by the smallest number does not lead

directly to a whole-number ratio, but multiplication of each element by 2
gives a 2:3 ratio

The empirical formula is Al2O3

16
 Explore

Enrichment Activity No.1: Find the empirical formula for each of the following
substances: Use the box below each number for your computation

1. K= 52.4%, Cl= 47.6 %

2. Na= 16.2 %, Mn= 38.7%, O= 45.1%

17
3. H= 3.7%, P=37.8%, O=58.5%

4. K=56.6%, C=8.7%, O= 34.7%

5. C=10.04%, H=0.84%, Cl=89.12%

18
 Deepen

Read the selection then answer the given questions below.

Careers in Chemistry

Chemists play a vital role in developing ne compounds for a variety of

uses. For instance, synthetic chemists make a new compound for industrial,
pharmaceutical, and home users. When chemists synthesize or discover a new
compound, the compound is analyzed quantitatively to determine its percent
composition.

These new compounds can include new medicines, personal-care

products, and cleaning materials. The new compounds are then analyzed by
analytical chemists, who give experimental data on their composition and
chemical formula.

Questions:

1. What is the significance of getting percentage composition from formulas?

___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________

2. Why is it important to know the empirical formula?

___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________

3. How do you find empirical formula from percentages?

________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________

19
 Gauge

Direction: Read carefully each item. Encircle the letter of the correct answer.
1. Which formula contains the lowest whole number ratio of elements in a
compound?
A. Covalent formula C. empirical formula
B. chemical formula D. molecular formula
2. Which chemical formula shows the actual number and kinds of atoms present
in one molecule of a compound?
A Covalent formula C. empirical formula
B. chemical formula D. molecular formula
3. Hydrogen peroxide has a chemical formula of H2O2. Which of the following is
the empirical formula for hydrogen peroxide?
A. HO B. H2O2 C. H4O4 D. H6O6
4. Which of the following is an empirical formula?
A.P4O10 B. C10H22 C. C5H12O D. P2O5
5. Sulfur oxides are a dangerous component of air pollution. What is the
empirical formula for sulfur oxide compound that contains 32 grams of sulfur
for every 32 grams of oxygen?
A.SO B. SO2 C. SO3 D. SO4
6. Which of the following is an empirical formula?
A.N2O B. NO4 C. P4O10 D. C6H6
7. All of the following is an empirical formula EXCEPT _____.
A.Na2SO4 B. C3H8 C. N2O4 D. Al3(SO4)2
8. Which of the following is the correct empirical formula for C4H10?
A.C2H5 B. CH2.5 C. C4H10 D. C8H20
9. If a substance has a formula C8H10N4O2, what will be its empirical formula?
A.CHNO B. C9H7N3O C. C4H5N2O D. C2H6N2O
10. A compound is 25.9% nitrogen and 74.1 % Oxygen. Find its empirical
formula?
A.N2O4 B. NO C. N4O6 D. N2O5
For items 11 to 13: Find the empirical formula of the following compounds

11. C6H6 A. C2H3 B. C3H3 C. C4H6 D. C5H6

12. C8H18 A. C4H9 B. C5H9 C. C6H9 D. C7H9
13. C2H6O2 A. CH3O2 B. CH3O3 C. CH3O D. C2H6O
14. W2Y4 A. WY2 B. WY3 C. WY4 D. WY5
15. Rubbing alcohol was found to contain 60.0 % carbon, 13.4 % hydrogen, and
the remaining mass was due to oxygen. What is the empirical formula of
rubbing alcohol?
A. C3H8O B. C4H9O C. C5H10O D. C6H11O

20
 Target

The molecular formula is a formula that shows the actual number of atoms of
each element that are in one molecule for a compound. We can determine the
molecular formula of a compound if we know its empirical formula and its gram
formula mass. From the empirical formula, we can calculate the empirical formula
mass.

In your previous lesson, you are done with the percentage composition and
empirical formula of compounds.

This module will provide you with information and activities that will help you
understand molecular formula.

After going through this module, you are expected to:

1. Define molecular formula.

2. Calculate the molecular formula given molar mass (STEM_GC11PCIf-33)

Before you begin, answer the pretest below

Module
3 Molecular Formula

21
 Jumpstart

Pre-Test Activity No.1:

A: Read each statement below carefully. Place a T on the line if you think a
statement is TRUE. Place an F on the line if you think the statement is FALSE.

_____1. Molecular formulas describe the exact number and type of atoms in a single
molecule of a compound.

_____2. A molecular formula consists of the chemical symbols for the constituent
elements followed by numeric subscripts describing the number of atoms
of each element present in the molecule.

_____3. The molecular formula for a compound can be the same as or a multiple of
the compound’s empirical formula.

_____4. The molecular formula for glucose is C6H12O6.

_____5. Molecular formulas contain information about the arrangement of atoms.

B: Read each item carefully. Encircle the letter of the correct answer.

1. Which formula shows the actual number of and kinds of atom in one
molecule of a compound?
A. Chemical formula C. empirical formula
B. Covalent formula D. molecular formula
2. What is the first step in calculating the molecular formula of a compound?
A. Calculate the molar mass
B. Find the empirical formula
C. Divide the given molar mass by the empirical molar mass
D. Multiply the subscript of the symbols in the empirical formula
3. Which of the following shows molecular formula?
A. Na2SO4 B. C3H3 C. N2O4 D. Al3(SO4)2
4. Which is the empirical formula of a substance with molecular formula
C8H10N4O2?
A. C4H5N2O B. CHN2O C. C4H5NO D. CH5N2O

22
 5. The empirical formula of a substance is CH2O.It’s molar mass is 180.What
is the molecular formula?
A. C6H12O6 B. C5H11O5 C. C4H10O4 D. C3H9O3

C: Differentiate Molecular Formula from Empirical Formula using the Venn

Diagram.

Empirical Formula Molecular Formula

D: Classify the following chemical formula if it is express in molecular or empirical

formula. Write your answer on the column provided for.

Chemical Formula Classification of formula

1. CH

2. C2H2

3. C6H6

4. C2H4O2

5. C6H12O6

23
 Discover

When a chemist synthesizes or discover a new compound, the compound is

analyzed quantitively to determine its percent composition.

From the compound’s percent composition, the empirical formula is then

determined. An empirical formula consists of the symbol of all the elements present
in the compound.

On the other hand, the molecular formula gives the actual number of each
kind of atom present in a molecule of the compound.

The constituent elements are represented by their chemical symbols, and the
number of atoms of each element present in each molecule is shown as a subscript
following that element’s symbol.

For example:

• The molecular formula for glucose is C 6H12O6. The molecular formula

indicates the exact number of atoms in the molecule.
• The empirical formula expresses the smallest whole number ratio of the
atoms in the element. In this case, the empirical formula of glucose is CH 2O.
To convert between empirical and molecular formulas, the empirical formula can
be multiplied by a whole number to reach the molecular formula. In this case, the
empirical formula would be multiplied by 6 to get to the molecular formula.
• The compound dichlorine hexoxide has an empirical formula ClO3 and the
molecular formula Cl2O6
• The compound hydrogen peroxide has the empirical formula HO and the
molecular formula H2O2
Another example, hydrogen peroxide has the molecular formula H 2O2, as
shown by the subscripts in the chemical formula, are both 2. The lowest ratio,
however, of hydrogen to oxygen in hydrogen peroxide is 1:1.

Therefore, the empirical formula of hydrogen peroxide is HO.

24
Sample Problems:

1. NutraSweet is 57.14% C, 6.16% H, 9.52% N, and 27.18%

O. Calculate the (a) empirical formula of NutraSweet and find the (b)
molecular formula. (The molar mass of NutraSweet is 294.30 g/mol)

Step 1: Percent to Mass

57.14 g of C
6.16 g of H
9.52 g of N
27.18 g of O

Step 2: Mass to Mole

1 mol of C atom
57.14 g of C 𝑥 = 4.76 mol of C
12.0 g C

1 mol of H atom
6.16 g of H 𝑥 = 6.10 mol of H
1.01 g H

1 mol of N atom
9.52 g of N 𝑥 = 0.68 mol of N
14.0 g N

1 mol of O atom
27.18 g of O 𝑥 = 1.70 mol of O
16.0 g O

Step 3: Divide by Small

Divide each mole value by the smallest number of moles
calculated.
4.76
𝐶: = 7
0.68

6.10
𝐻: = 8.97 ≈ 9
0.68

0.68
𝑁: = 1
0.68

1.70
𝑂: = 2.5
0.68

25
 Step 4: Multiply ‘til Whole

If the number is too far to round (x.1 ~ x.9), then multiply each
solution by the same factor to get the lowest whole number multiple.

4.76
𝐶: = 7 x 2 = 14
0.68

6.10
𝐻: = 8.97 ≈ 9 x 2 = 18
0.68

0.68
𝑁: = 1x2= 2
0.68

1.70
𝑂: = 2.5 x 2 = 5
0.68

(a) The empirical formula is C14 H18 N2 O5

(b) find the molecular formula by finding the mass of the empirical
formula and setting up a ratio:

C14 H18 N2 O5 = 14(12.0 g) +18(1.01g) +2(14.0g) +5(16.0g)

= 294 g/mol

molar mass
empirical mass

294.30 g/mol
=1
294 g/mol

So, the molecular formula is the same as the empirical formula

C14 H18 N2 O5

2. What is the molecular formula of a compound with a molar mass of

60.0 g/mol and an empirical formula of CH4N?

Step 1: Calculate the molar mass of CH4N

Molar mass of CH4N = 12.0g + 4 (1.01 g) + 14.0 g = 30.0 g/mol

26
Step 2: Divide the given molar mass by the empirical formula mass to
determine n.

Solving for n
molar mass
n=
empirical mass

60.0g/mol
n= =2
30.0 g/mol

Step 3: Multiply the value of n in the subscript in the empirical formula

to determine the actual subscripts in the molecular formula.

C H4 N x 2 = C2 H8 N2

27
 Explore

Enrichment Activity No. 3: Calculate the molecular formula of the following

compounds: Write your solution on the box provided for.

Empirical Formula Molar Molecular Formula

Mass
1. CH 52.0 g

2. CH 78.0 g

3. C2H3F 92.0 g

28
4. NaO 78.0 g

5. C5H5O 79.0 g

6. C2HNO3 213.00 g

29
 Deepen

Enrichment Activity No. 4: Read, understand and solve the following problems.

1. Ascorbic acid (Vitamin C) contains 40.92 % C, 4.58% H and 54.50% O by

mass. Its molecular mass is 176 g/mol. What is the molecular formula of
ascorbic acid? What should be done first to solve this problem?

2. The compound methyl butanoate smells like apples. Its percent composition
is 58.8% C, 9.8% H and 31.4% O. Its molar mass is 102g/mol. What is the
empirical formula of methyl butanoate? What is its molecular formula?

30
 Gauge

Direction: Read carefully each item. Encircle the letter of the correct answer.
1. Which formula shows the actual number of and kinds of atom in one
molecule of a compound?
C. Chemical formula C. empirical formula
D. Covalent formula D. molecular formula
2. Which formula contains the lowest whole number ratio of elements in a
compound?
B. Covalent formula C. empirical formula
C. chemical formula D. molecular formula
3. Which formula expresses information about the proportions of atoms that
constitute a particular chemical compound?
A. Chemical formula C. empirical formula
B. Covalent formula D. molecular formula
4. What is the first step in calculating the molecular formula of a compound?
E. Calculate the molar mass
F. Find the empirical formula
G. Divide the given molar mass by the empirical molar mass
H. Multiply the subscript of the symbols in the empirical formula
5. Which statement is FALSE about molecular formula?
A. Molecular formula that describes the exact number and type of atoms in
a single molecule of a compound.
B. Molecular formula indicates the simplest whole number ratio of all the
atoms in a molecule.
C. A molecular formula consists of the chemical symbols for the constituent
elements followed by numeric subscripts describing the number of atoms
of each element present in the molecule.
D. Molecular formulas are compact and easy to communicate; however, they
lack the information about bonding and atomic arrangement that is
provided in a structural formula.
6. What is the important variable to be consider in calculating the molecular
formula of a compound?

31
 A. Element symbol C. volume of each element
B. Molar Mass D. Avogadro’s number
7. What kind/s of data are needed to determine the molecular formula of a
compound?
I: percentage composition II: molar mass
II: volume of compound IV: empirical formula
A. I only B. I and II C. I, II and III D. I, II and IV
8. How important is empirical formula in calculating the molecular formula of a
given compound?
A. In the calculation of empirical formula mass
B. In finding the ratio of empirical formula mass and molecular formula
mass
C. In computing the percentage composition of each element in the
compound
D. In determining what value will be multiplied to the number of atoms in
the compound.
9. Which of the following shows molecular formula?
A. Na2SO4 B. C3H3 C. N2O4 D. Al3(SO4)2
10. Which is the empirical formula of a substance with molecular formula
C8H10N4O2?
B. C4H5N2O B. CHN2O C. C4H5NO D. CH5N2O
11. The empirical formula of a substance is CH2O.Its molar mass is 180.What is
the molecular formula?
B. C6H12O6 B. C5H11O5 C. C4H10O4 D. C3H9O3
12. What is the molecular formula of FeBr2 with a molar mass of 215.6 g/mol?
A. February B. FeBr2 C. Fe2Br2 D. Fe3Br2
13. The molar mass of nicotine is 162.1 g/mol. It contains 764.0% carbon, 8.7%
hydrogen and 17.3 % nitrogen. What is the molecular formula of nicotine?
A. C10H14N2 B. C5H14N2 C. C10H10N2 D. C10H14N
14. The empirical formula of hexane is C3H7. Its molar mass is 86.2 g/mol.
What is the molecular formula of hexane?
A. C4H14 B. C5H14 C. C6H14 D. C7H14
15. The empirical formula of a compound is CH 3O with 62.07 g as the molar
mass of the compound. What is the molecular formula?
A. C2H6O B. C2HO2 C. CH6O2 D. C2H6O2

32
References

Printed Materials:

Cervantes, Charry Vida R. et al. (2016). General Chemistry For Senior High School.
Quezon City: LORIMAR Publishing, Inc

Mendoza, Estrella E. ( 2003). Chemistry. Quezon City: Phoenix Publishing House,

Inc.

Ilao, Luciana V. et al. (2016). General Chemistry 1. Manila, Philippines: Rex

Bookstore Inc.

Santos, Nonato C. et al. (2003). E-Chemistry with Laboratory Activities. Manila,

Philippines: Rex Bookstore Inc.

Website:

Empirical and Molecular Formula(n.d.) Welcome to the Chem Team. A Tutorial for
High School Chemistry Website. Retrieved July 25, 2020 from
https://www.chem.fsu.edu/chemlab/chm1045/empirical.html

Calculating Percent Composition and Determining Empirical Formulas." Study.com,

8 June 2013, study.com/academy/lesson/calculating-percent-composition-
and-determining-empirical-formulas.html

Percent Composition. “ chem.libretext.com, 17 October 2019,

chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Introductory_Chemistry/Book%3A_Introdu
ctory_Chemistry_(CK-12)/10%3A_The_Mole/10.10%3A_Percent_Composition

33
 34
Pre-Test Activity 1 Page 17
1 A 1 KCl
2 C 2 NaMnO4
3 D 3. H3PO3
4 A
5 A Page 20
6 C 1C 6A 11 B
7 C 2D 7C 12 B
8 A 3A 8A 13 C
4D 9C 14 A
5B 10 D 15 A
Enrichment Activity No. 1 Page 22 A
1 True 2 True
1 70.9 g 3 true 4 True 5 False
2 56.11 g Page 22 B
3 79.9 g 1D 2A 3C 4A DA
4 162.29 g
5 67.78 g Page 23 D
6 120.92 g 1 empirical
7 58.323 g 2 molecular
8 351.97 g 3 molecular
9 64.066 g 4 molecular
10 98 g. 5 molecular
Enrichment Activity No.2 page 28
2 Cl 22.81 %, O 77.19 % 1. C4H4
3 Cu 25.4%, S 12.9 %, 57.7 %, H 4.0%, H2O 36.1 % 2. C6H6
1 Zn 80.35%, O 19.65%
3. C4H6F2
Enrichment Activity No.3 4. Na2O2
1 Fe 70%, O 30% 5. C5H5O
2 C 86 %, H 14 % 6. C6H3N3O9
3 Al 16%, S 28%, 56%
4 N 25%, H 5.31%, S 28.09%, O 42.05% Page 30
5 Na 21.7%, Br 77.48% 1. C6H8O6
Page10-11 convert percent to mass
1A 2C 2. C5H10O2
3D 4A
5A 6C Page 31
7D 8A 1D 6B 11 A
9A 10 D 2C 7D 12 B
11 C 12 C 3D 8A 13 A
13 D 14 B 4A 9C 14 A
15 C 5B 10 A 15 A
Page 13
1C 6A
2D 7C
3A 8A
4D 9C
5B 10 D
Key Answer