OBEGI CHEMICALS EGYPT

INTRODUCTION TO ENGINES

Eng. Ahmed Elsisy

Technical Support

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INTRODUCTION TO ENGINES

Purpose of an internal combustion engine

“The production of mechanical power from the chemical energy

contained in the fuel, obtained by burning or oxidising the fuel
inside the engine”

2 main types of internal combustion engines:

• Spark-ignition engines: Also known as Otto engines, or

gasoline/petrol engines (although other fuels could be used)

• Compression-ignition engines: Also known as diesel engines

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INTRODUCTION TO ENGINES
WHY INTERNAL COMBUSTION ENGINES ?
Internal combustion engines are:

• Relatively efficient (compared to external combustion engines)

• Relatively inexpensive (compared to gas turbines)

• Relatively easy to refuel (compared to electric or hydrogen fuelled

cars)

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MOST COMMON TYPES OF ENGINES
Reciprocating Engines
 2-Stroke – One power stroke for every two strokes
 4-Stroke – One power stroke for every four strokes
 Otto Cycle
 Gasoline/Petrol Engines
 Employ spark plug ignition
 Diesel Cycle
 Diesel Engines
 Compression heating ignition system

Less Common Type:

Rotary Engines
 Also know as a Wankel engine

 No valve train or pistons

 Four separate cycles of a reciprocating engine that all

happen in separate portions of the rotary engine 4
COMPONENTS OF AN ENGINE

valves oil filler cap

piston
rockers

turbo
camshaft

oil filter

connecting rod
crankshaft

timing gears oil pan

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 BASIC 4-STROKES

• Intake
Piston Draws in Intake Valve Both Valves Both Valves Exhaust Valve
Air/Fuel Open Closed Closed Open

• Compression
Piston Squeezes
the Mixture
• Combustion or
Power
Explosion Pushes
Piston Down and
Spins the Engine
• Exhaust
Piston Pushes
Spent Exhaust INTAKE COMPRESSIONCOMBUSTION EXHAUST
Out or POWER

Copyright of Shell Lubricants 6

Heavy Duty Diesel Engine Oils

•Oils functions for heavy duty diesel engines

Functions
 Reduce friction  Resist thermal and oxidative
 Cool breakdown
 Neutralize acids - TBN  Suspend contaminants

 Handle combustion  Protect against corrosion

by-products  Assist in sealing
 Keep metal surfaces clean

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PRODUCTS OF GASOLINE/PETROL COMBUSTION

For Every Tank Full* of Gasoline/Petrol Burned in a Well-Tuned Engine:

- 61 grams of Soot and Carbon are Formed
- 120 grams of Acids are Formed
- 4.2 liters of Water are Produced
- 2.6 liters of Gasoline/Petrol Don’t get Burned

* An average tank is assumed to be 40 litres

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 BUT WHAT DO DIESEL ENGINE LUBRICANTS DO?

 Protection from acids and corrosion ‫حماية من االحماض و التأكل الحمضى‬

 Protection from deposits and sludge ‫حماية من الرواسب‬
 Protection from wear ‫حماية من االحتكاك و التأكل‬

Acids Deposits Wear

‫االحماض‬ ‫الرواسب‬ ‫التأكل‬

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Typical Oil Composition

Base Oils

Detergents 75%

Corrosion Inhibitors

Dispersants

Antioxidant

Anti-wear Additives 5%
12% 1%
2% 1% 4%
Viscosity Index
Improver

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Shell Engine Oil Portfolio

Fuel Application Lubricant Family

• Gas •Stationary • Shell Mysella
• Petrol & Diesel •Automotive • Shell Helix
• Diesel •Heavy Duty: trucks & stationary • Shell Rimula
• Gasoil •4-Stroke Marine & stationary • Shell Gadinia
• Heavy Fuel Oil •4-Stroke Marine & Stationary • Shell Argina
• Heavy Fuel Oil •2-Stroke Marine & Stationary • Shell Alexia

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Purpose of this presentation (Shell Rimula)

The purpose of this demonstration is to:

• To demonstrate the three kinds of wear in heavy duty diesel
engines
• To demonstrate how Shell Rimula adapts physically and
chemically in order to reduce wear
• Introduce the Shell Rimula portfolio structure
• Understand the benefits of the different products in the portfolio
• Identify how you can take advantage of Shell Rimula products to
improve your operations

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Lubrication Issues in Heavy Duty Diesel Engines
Sludge

Valve train wear

Piston cleanliness and

oil consumption

Air entrainment

Piston ring and

cylinder liner wear Oil filter blocking

Turbocharger bearings

Oil thickening and oxidation

Bearing wear and corrosion

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Three dimensions of protection

• Fighting Acids
– from burning fuel that cause corrosion and
wear

• Controlling Deposits
– for efficient operation and longer life

• Controlling Wear
– through maintaining protective oil films that
keep critical engine components separated

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Shell Rimula Portfolio: offering the
level of performance that you need

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INTERNATIONAL SPECIFICATIONS

API (American Petroleum Institute)

ACEA (Association des Constructeurs Europeans d’Automobiles -

European)

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INTERNATIONAL SPECIFICATIONS

In USA ‫فى الواليات المتحدة‬

Two letter systems: ‫نظام الحرفين‬
API SA to API SM ‫زيوت محركات البنزين تصنف بحرفين‬

API CA to the latest category API CJ-4 ‫زيوت محركات الديزل تصنف بحرفين‬
In Europe
Four letter systems: ‫نظام االربع حروف‬
ACEA A1/B1; A3/B3; A3/B4; A5/B5 ‫زيوت محركات البنزين‬
ACEA E4; E6; E7; E9 ‫زيوت محركات الديزل‬

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 Extending Engine Oil Drain Intervals
• Extended oil drain intervals are not without risk and short term
cost savings benefits should be balanced equally with engine
performance and reliability.
• Check with the Filter and Engine suppliers.
• Do not attempt to extend engine oil drain intervals without the
support of an oil analysis program.

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 Shell Helix Portfolio: offering the
level of performance that you need

Passenger car engine oil

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What is oil viscosity?
Viscosity: A measure of the oil’s
thickness and ability to flow at certain Viscosity index: Indicates how much
the oil will thin when it is subjected to
temperatures. Generally, the thicker heat. The higher the index, the less an
the oil, the higher the viscosity and the oil will thin when it is heated.
thinner the oil, the lower the viscosity.

Viscosity at low temperatures (W=Winter)

Viscosity at high temperatures

Viscosity grades: Lower numbers indicate thinner oil (low viscosity)

and higher numbers indicate thicker oil (high viscosity).
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Why is engine cleansing so important?

Shell scientists believe that
sludge and dirt build-up
poses one of the greatest
threats to an engine
So one of the most This has inspired the
valuable properties development of Shell Helix
a engine oil can have is motor oils, which have
cleaning power been designed to cleanse
your engine as you drive

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How does Shell Helix clean an engine?
Shell Helix contains active cleansing agents,
which are special additives designed to clean
the engine as efficiently as possible.

Sludge build-up is caused by dirt

particles sticking together.

Shell Helix oils reduce dirt build-up

by preventing dirt particles from
sticking together.

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Shell Helix core range

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SHELL HELIX PORTFOLIO

Step 1 Step 2 Step 3

Work out Think about driving habits Recommended Shell Helix
The age of Product
The vehicle
Petrol Diesel
Frequent Stops, Short Trips With DPF, ACEA C2/C3
0-4 Years Ultra Ultra
Constant Speed , Longer Trips
Diesel Extra
Frequent Stops, ShortTrips Ultra
5-7 Years Without DPF, ACEA A3/B4

Constant Speed, Longer Trips HX7 Diesel HX7

Frequent Stops, Short Trips HX7 Diesel HX7

8-12 Years
Constant Speed, Longer Trips HX5 Diesel HX5

Constant Speed, Longer Trips HX5 Diesel HX5

13 Years
Constant Speed, Longer Trips HX3 Diesel HX3
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Questions ?

Thank You
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