CHEMICAL MEMORY IN

PRIMITIVE ORGANISMS
AND MUSCULAR
MOVEMENT IN
ORGANISMS
INTRODUCTION
Chemical Memory :
Memory transfer proposes a chemical basis for memory
termed memory RNA which can be passed down
through flesh instead of an intact nervous system.
Since RNA encodes information living cells produce
and modify RNA in reaction to external events, it might
also be used in neurons to record stimuli.
PRIMITIVE ORGANISMS
A primitive organism has a relatively simpler body design
and structure. The body design of these organisms have
not changed since their evolution. A typical example of
primitive organism is an Amoeba. Advanced organisms,
on the other hand, have complex body design and an
advanced structural organization.

EXAMPLES :
• Sponges
• Coelenterates (Jellyfish)
• Horseshoe Crab
• Lampreys
 SPONGES
• They have neurosensory cell but are
divide of any specific nervous system
• In sponges larvae have sensory
secretory epithelial cells capable of
converting exogenous cubes into
internal signals via calcium mediated
signaling which is necessary for the
initiation for metamorphosis.
 COELENTERATES
• They are also called canidarean
nervous system consists of nerve net
and some sense organs. For example
: jelly fish have sensory structures
called rhopalia which contains
detectors to detect light, chemical
and movement.
• AuRutx1, POU genes, AurPlt1,
AuRBm3
 HORSESHOE CRAB
• The Horseshoe crab uses a system
of specialized nerve that extends
from brain throughout the body.
• Several large nerve supply the crab
with information about the
surrounding including two optic
nerves & eight pairs of hemal nerves
that are spread throughout the body.
 LAMPREYS
• The lamprey brain has now been
shown to have basal ganglia circuitry
with an output that act tonically on
midbrain and brain stem motor
centers and is modulated by
ascending dopaminergic input.
• They exists from 60 million years
ago.
MUSCULAR MOVEMENT
Movements of the body are brought
about by the harmonious contraction
and relaxation of selected muscles.
Contraction occurs when nerve
impulses are transmitted across
neuromuscular junctions to the
membrane covering each muscle fibre.
SLIDING FILAMENT MODEL
• In 1950s English physiologists A. F. Huxley & H. E.
Huxley proposed the sliding filament model to explain
striated muscle contraction.

• Thick and thin filaments become linked together by

molecular cross bridges which act as levers to pull the
filaments past each other.

• During contraction, cross bridges attaching to and

releasing from special receptor sites on the thin
filaments, and drawing thin filaments past thick in a
kind of ratchet action.
• As contraction continues, the Z lines are pulled closer
together due to which sarcomere shortens and muscle
will contract.

• Relaxation is a passive process, when cross bridges

between the thick and thin filaments release, the
sarcomeres are free to lengthen.
ENERGY FOR CONTRACTION

• Muscle contraction requires large amounts of energy.

• ATP is the immediate source of energy but the amount

present will sustain contraction for only a second or
two.

• Muscle cells immediately call on the second level of

energy reserve, creatine phosphate.
Creatine phosphate + ATP + Creatine
ADP

• Within a few seconds perhaps as long as 30 seconds

depending on the rapidity of muscle contraction the
reserves of creatine phosphate are depleted.
• The contracting muscle now must be fueled from its
third and largest store of energy glycogen.

• Glycogen is a polysaccharide chain of glucose

molecules stored in both liver and muscle.

• As a supply of energy for contraction, glycogen has

three important advantages:

1. It is relatively abundant
2. It can be mobilized quickly
3. it can provide energy under anoxic conditions.
THANK YOU