EXPERIMENT-10 (A) “7 f i POAIMOPTHEEXPERIMENT : Determination of the focal length of a concave mirror by obtaining image a este > MATERIALS AND APPARATUS REQUIRED concave mirror, a metre scale, a small screen fixed on a st > THEORY Boreas Roel A spherical surface which is silvered or brightly polished so a to reflect light incident on its concave side is called concave mirror. The centre of the sphere of which the mirror isa partis called the Centre of curvature. The central point P of the spherical surface of. the mirror is called the pole of the mirror. The line joining the pole to the centre of curvature C is called the principal axis. The radius of the sphere of which the surface of the mirror forms a partis Called the radius of curvature of the mirror. ce ete The incident rays parallel to principal axis on a concave mirror, a after reflection meet at a point on the principal axis. This point iS gig 0.1 concave mirror is considered tobe the pat called the principal focus or simply focus. It is denoted by F. A ‘ofa hollow sphere of glass lane passing through the focus and normal to principal axis is, Called focal plane. The distance of focus from the pole of mirror is called focal length of the mirror. Itis denoted by f and and a mirror holder Cenire of \ curvature The focal length of a concave mirror is given by: 1 1 1 Focal length Image distance Object distance 1 where, u = distance of object from mirror 1v = distance of image from mir {f= focal length of the mirror = When the object is at infinity in front of concave mirror, its image is formed at the focus of the mirror. Varin ™ Parallel rays: pes E - Focus Incident rays are parallel to the principal axis (b) Incident not (etre Pp 102 Image matin of tan cjectbyacomcae minor na |g Adistant object (a tree ora distant building or an electricity pole) can be considered as an object at infinity, its image will be formed at the focus of the mirror. The image formed is real, inverted- ¥% PROCEDURE Since the image formed by the mirror is real, it can be obtained on the screen. Thus, we ca Tength of a concave mirror by obtaining a real image of a distant object at its focus. ERS eee Hold the given concave mirror with the help ofits stand without obstructing its aperture: 2 Face the mirror towards the window of your laboratory from which a distant object like a tree is visible wingback and ortho that a shaepcearand inveredimage of “ nd be he alg nt object 1s illuminated with Poon made all Select the right position of the screen by 1 the distant tree is formed on it. We can sunlight and the screen is placed in the s directly on the concave mirror and bright image if t ide. We can also get an image of the su 5. Now, mark the position of the centre of the stands holding the mirror and the screen 6. Measure the horizontal distance between the concave mirror and the screen using a metre sale, 7. Note the observations in the observation table 8. Repeat the experiment two more times by obtaining the image of two different distant objects. Measure the distances between the concave mirror and the screen in each case 9. Record the observations in table 10. Caleulate the mean the focal length. = ‘ oye D | Image of the Screen ns — ser ele Fig, 103 Arrangement forthe determi a JBSERVATIONS AND CALCULATIONS a a ee | ae faa eer Ss aS eliaaion fitheths . & f 3 clini iciciaia o F®¥ REsuLt cm. 1 ee Gan The approximate focal length of the given concave mirror ¥ PRECAUTIONS # The distant object taken for seeing the image should be clearly visible. ‘©Tmage obtained on the Screen should be sharp and distinct. © Mirror surface should be clean. © No obstacle should be in the path of rays of light from the distant object, © Sunlight should never be focussed with a concave mirror on the sheet of p the concentration of su inlight ignites the Paper. The image of the sun s| screen, incident on the concave Mirror, aper. The heat produced due to hould be focussed Only on the