A PROJECT ON "VIDYAPATI"

Project Report submitted to

Dr. C.V. Raman University

Kargi Road Kota, Bilaspur (C.G.)

For the award of the degree of

MASTER OF ARTS : HINDI

Submitted by

DARSHANA MOHRE

SESSION 2022-2023

©<2022-23>< Darshana Mohre>.

VIDYAPATI: A POETIC GENUIS

Project Report submitted to

Dr. C.V. Raman University

Kargi Road Kota, Bilaspur (C.G.)

For the award of the degree

Of

MASTER OF ARTS: HINDI

Submitted by

DARSHANA MOHRE

Under the Guidance of

Mohammad Sharif Ansari

SESSION 2022-2023

© <2022-23>< DARSHANA MOHRE >.

 ANNEXURE-V

DECLARATION

I the undersigned solemnly declare that the Project Report entitled VIDYAPATI :
A POETIC GENUIS is based on my own work carried out during the course
of my study under the supervision of Mohammad Sharif Ansari.

We assert that the statements made and conclusions drawn are an outcome of my research work.
We further certify that

i. The work contained in the Project Report is original and has been done by me under
the general supervision of my supervisor (s).
ii. The work has not been submitted to any other Institute for any other
Degree/Diploma/Certificate in this University or any other University of India or abroad.
iii. We have followed the guideline provided by the University in writing the Project Report.
iv. We have conformed to the norms and guidelines given in the concerned Ordinance of the
University.
v. Whenever we have used materials (data, theoretical analysis, and text) from other
sources, We have given due credit to them by citing them in the text of the Project Report
and giving their details in the references.
vi. Whenever we have quoted written materials from other sources, we have put them under
quotation marks and given due credit to the sources by citing them and giving required
details in the references.

DARSHANA MOHRE-

SESSION 2022-2023

© <2022-23>< Darshana Mohre >.All rights reserved.

BH$m
BH$mF& -1 ({dÚmn{V nXmdbr - dg§V I§S> Ed§ {d`moJ I§S>)

{df` gy M r

1.1 {dÚmn{V H$s OrdZr

1.2 aMZmE±
1.3 dg§V I§S>
1.3.1. dg§V F$Vw H$m ñdÀN>ÝX dU©Z

1.4 {d`moJ I§S>

1.4.1 dÊ`© {df`
1.4.2 {d`moJ H$s {d{^Þ XemAm| H$m dU©Z

1.5 H${dËd
1.6 {dÚmn{V H$s H$mì`JV {deofVmE±
1.6.1.àJrV H$mì`
1.6.2.àH¥${V dU©©Z
1.6.3.ûm¥§Jma ag
1.6.4.ào_ H$m ñdê$n
1.6.5. ê$n_mYwar
1.6.6 {dah dU©Z
1.7.. Aä`mg àíZ

4
 UNIT - I

[dÚmn{V nXmdbr
Ÿ

(dg§V I§S> Ed§ {d`moJ I§S>)

5
 {dÚmn{V

1.1 {dÚmn{V H$s OrdZr :

{dÚmn{V Ho$ OrdZ Ho$ g§~§Y _| {dÛmZm| Zo ImoO Am¡a {dMmanyd©H$ Omo ê$n aoIm ~VmB© h¡, dh
CZH$s aMZmAm| _| àmá g§H|$Vm| Am¡a AÝ` gmú`m| `m OZlw{V`m| na AmYm[aV h¡ Ÿ& BÝht AÝV:gmú`
Am¡a ~{h:gmú` Ho$ AmYma na {dÚmn{V H$m OrdZ M[aV Bg àH$ma Wm -

* OÝ_ Am{X :
{~hma Ho$ Xa^§Jm {Obo Ho$ Oa¡b naJmZm Ho$ {dngr J«m_ _| à»`mV n§{S>V JUn{V R>mHw$a Ho$ nwÌ
Ho$ ê$n _| {dÚmn{V H$m OÝ_ 1369 B©. H$mo hþAm Ÿ& CZHo$ {nVm_h O`XÎm g§V Wo Am¡a `moJoída Ho$ Zm_
go {d»`mV hþE Ÿ& CZHo$ à{nVm_h _¡{Wb ~«m÷Um| Ho$ CnXoï>m Wo Ÿ& AVEd {dÚmn{V H$mo H$mì`à{V^m,
nm§{S>Ë` Am{X d§e - na§nam go àmá hþE Ÿ& {dÚmn{V Ho$ Hw$N> ghnmR>r ^r ~‹S>o {dÛmZ Wo Ÿ& CZH$s g§VmZ
{dÚmmZwamJr Wr Ÿ& H${d Wo Ÿ& {dÚmn{V H$s nËZr MÝXmXodr (`m M§nVr Xodr) ^r {dXwfr, ê$ndVr Am¡a
JwUdVr Wr Ÿ& Bg AZwHy$b n[adoe H$m bm^ {dÚmn{V H$mo {_bm Ÿ& CÝhm|Zo AZoH$ aMZmE± H$s¨ Ÿ& bJ^J
85 df© H$s Am`w _| 1448 B©. _| CZH$m XohmÝV hmo J`m Ÿ&

* amÁ`ml` :
{dÚmn{V Ho$ nyd©Om| H$m {_{Wbm Ho$ amOmAm| go AÀN>m g§~§Y Wm Ÿ& {dÚmn{V H$m A{YH$m§e
OrdZ {_{Wbm Ho$ amOmAm| Ho$ Aml` _| ~rVm Ÿ& g^r amOmAm| Am¡a am{Z`m| Zo {dÚmn{V H$m Iy~ AmXa
{H$`m Ÿ& na§Vw amOm {edqgh go {dÚmn{V H$m K{Zð> g§~§Y ahm Ÿ& {dÚmn{V {edqgh H$mo gmjmV²
Zmam`U Am¡a amZr bú_r Xodr(b{I_m Xodr) H$mo bú_r _mZVo Wo Ÿ& {edqgh Zo {dÚmn{V H$mo {dngr
J«m_ {X`m Ÿ& CÝh| "A{^Zd O`Xod' H$s Cnm{Y go {d^y{fV {H$`m Ÿ&

1.2 aMZmE± :
{dÚmn{V g§ñH¥$V, àmH¥$V, An^«§e, _¡{Wbr, ~«O~w{b, ~§Jbm Am¡a qhXr Ho$ gwn§{S>V Wo Ÿ&
CÝhm|Zo g§ñH¥$V _| H$B© J«§W {bIo Ÿ& CÎma-An^«§e `m AdhÅ> _| aMZmE± H$s¨ Ÿ& ~«O~w{b, qhXr, _¡{Wbr
6
_| H$mì` {bIo Ÿ& CZH$s {ZåZ Mm¡Xh aMZmE± {_bVr h¢ -
1. H$s{V©bVm, 2 H$s{V©nVmH$m, 3. J`m nÎmbH$, 4. J§JmdmŠ`mdbr,
5. XmZ dmŠ`mdbr, 6. XwJm©^{º Va§{JUr$, 7, nwéf narjm, 8. à_mU ^yd nwamU g§J«h,
9. nXmdbr, 10. ^yn[aH«$_m, 11. {bIZmdbr, 12. {d^d gmJa, 13. df© H¥$Ë`,
14. e¡d gd©ñdgma Ÿ&
BZ_| go H$s{V©bVm, H$s{V©nVmH$m An^«§e _| h¢ ŸAm¡a nXmdbr {hÝXr (_¡{Wbr, ~«O~w{b) _|
h¡ Ÿ& eof J«§W g§ñH¥$V _| {bIo JE h¢ Ÿ& CZ_| H${d H$m nm§{S>Ë` àX{e©V h¡ Ÿ& ~hþkVm H$m n[aM` {_bVm
h¡ Ÿ& AZoH$ ^mfmAm| _| AJmY kmZ hmoVo hþE ^r H${d H$s ng§X Xoer^mfm h¡ Ÿ& {ZåZ N>§X _| CZH$s
_mÝ`Vm ñnï> h¡ Ÿ&
gŠH$A dmUr ~hþA Z ^mdB© Ÿ&
nmCA ag H$mo _å_ Z nmdB Ÿ&&
Xo{gb ~`Zm g~ OZ {_Æ>m Ÿ&
V¢ V¢gZ OånAmo AdhÆ>m Ÿ&&
(AW© - g§ñH¥$V ^mfm ~hþVm| H$mo é{MH$a Zht bJVr Ÿ& n«mH¥$V H$m __© bmoJ Zht g_P nmVo Ÿ&
Xoer^mfm g~H$mo _rR>r bJVr h¡ Ÿ& AVEd _¢ Cgr_| (AdhÆ>=Xoer) aMZm H$a ahm h±ÿ Ÿ&
ZrMo à_wI aMZmAm| H$m g§{já n[aM` {X`m Om ahm h¡ -

* H$s{V©bVm - ~‹S>r MMm© Ho$ ~mX H$s{V©bVm H$m aMZmH$mb 1402B©. {ZYm©[aV h¡ Ÿ& `h {dÚmn{V
H$s gwà{gÕ aMZm h¡ Ÿ& EH$ Eo{Vhm{gH$ M[aV H$mì` h¡ Ÿ& Bg_| _hmamO H$s{V©qgh H$s àepñV h¡ Ÿ&
H$s{V©qgh Ho$ amÁ`m{^foH$, `wÕm{^`mZ _| CZH$s draVm, XmZerbVm, emgZ j_Vm, Hw$ebVm Am{X
H$m {dñVma go dU©Z {X`m J`m h¡ Ÿ& `h VËH$mbrZ ^maV H$s amOZr{VH$ , gm_m{OH$ n[apñW{V`m| H$m
gOrd {MÌ h¡ Ÿ& VÏ` Am¡a KQ>ZmAm| Ho$ ghr dU©Z go H$s{V©{g§h H$s àepñV gË` à_m[UV hmoVr h¡ Ÿ&
`wÕ Am¡a Mm[a{ÌH$ {deofVmAm| Ho$ A§H$Z _| Vmo H${d H$s {ZnwUVm XoIVo hr ~ZVr h¡ Ÿ& Om¡Znwa gm_«mÁ`
B~«mhr_ emh eH$s© Ho$ AYrZ Wm Ÿ& amOYmZr Om¡Znwa H$m Am¡a VwH$s© M[aÌ H$m {deX Am¡a gwÝXa {MÌU
H$s{V©bVm _| {_bVm h¡ Ÿ& {dÚmn{V H$s a{gH$Vm H$m n[aM` CZHo$ ûm¥§Jm[aH$ àg§Jm| _| {_bVm h¡ Ÿ&
H$mì` H$m H$WmZH$ ^¥§J-^¥§Jr g§dmX Ûmam ewê$ hmoH$a àíZmoÎma nÕ{V go gagVm àmá H$aVm
h¡ Ÿ& A{Va§{OV dU©Z Zht h¡ Ÿ& Eo{Vhm{gH$ KQ>ZmAm| H$mo hr gOm`m g§dmam J`m h¡ Ÿ& Bg{bE Eo{Vhm{gH$
M[aV-H$mì`m| _| H$s{V©bVm H$m {d{eï> ñWmZ h¡ Ÿ&
7
 BgH$s ^mfm CÎmaH$mbrZ An^«§e h¡ Ÿ& Bgo ñd`§ H${d Zo "Xo{gb d`Z' Am¡a "AdhÅ>>' Ho$ Zm_
go nwH$mam h¡ Ÿ& S>m°. {edàgmX qgh H$m H$hZm h¡ {H$ JrVJm`H$ {dÚmn{V H$s `h aMZm dmñVdVm Ho$
YamVb na CVaZm AmíM`©OZH$ h¡ Ÿ& `h à~§YmË_H$ aMZm ^r ^mdmdoJ Ho$ jU, H$ënZm H$s D±$MmB©,
OrdZ H$s {ZH$Q>Vm, H$Qw>-{Vº$-_Ywa AZw^d AWm©V² OrdZ Bg H$mì` _| ^amnyam {XIVm h¡ Ÿ&
H$s{V©bVm Ho$ H$mì`Ëd na hOmar àgmX {ÛdoXr H$hVo h¢ -""H${d H$s boIZr {MÌH$ma H$s Cg
Vy{bH$m Ho$ g_mZ Zht h¡ Omo N>m`m Am¡a AmbmoH$ Ho$ gm_§Oñ` go {MÌm| H$mo J«mø ~ZmVm h¡ Ÿ& ~pëH$ Cg
{eënr H$s Q>m±H$s Ho$ g_mZ h¡ Omo _y{V©`m| H$mo ^r{Îm-_mÌ go C^ma XoVm h¡ Ÿ& h_ CV²H$sU© _y{V© H$s D±$MmB©
- ZrMmB© H$m nyam-nyam AZw^d H$aVo h¢ Ÿ&'' Ab§H$ma Am¡a N>§X `moOZm AZwn_ h¡ Ÿ&
* H$s{V©nVmH$m :
Bg H¥${V _§o _hmamO {edqgh H$s H$s{V© H$m {dñV¥V dU©Z {_bVm h¡ Ÿ& Ama§^ _| "MÝÐMy‹S>'
AÕ©Zmarída H$s ê$n -AM©Zm VWm JUoe -dÝXZm h¡ Ÿ& ào_Am¡a {edqgh Ho$ AmMaU H$m AmH$f©H$
dU©Z h¡ Ÿ& Bg_| H$B© ^mfmAm| H$m à`moJ h¡ Ÿ& _Ü` _| g§ñH¥$V ~hþb nXm| H$m g_mdoe h¡ Ÿ& {\$a _¡{Wbr
^mfm H$m à`moJ h¡ Ÿ& AZoH$ N>§Xm| _| VX²^d eãXm| go gwÝXa nXmdbr h¡ Ÿ& BgH$s EH$ à{V amO
nwñVH$mb`, Zonmb _| gwa{jV h¡ Ÿ&
* nXmdbr :
{dÚmn{V H$s à{g{Õ CZH$s nXmdbr Ho$ H$maU {hÝXr gm{hË` _| gdm©{YH$ h¡ Ÿ& `h {d{^Þ
g_` _| {bIo JE _wº$H$ nXm| H$m EH$ g§H$bZ h¡, Omo bmoH$ ^mfm _¡{Wbr _| {bIr OmVr ahr h¡ Ÿ&Hw$N>
bmoJ Bgo ~«O~w{b H$hVo h¢ Ÿ& bJVm h¡ {dÚmn{V Zo O`Xod Ho$ "JrVJmo{dÝX' go à^m{dV hmoH$a _Ywa
Am¡a H$mo_bH$mÝV nXm| _| {d{^Þ amJm| _| JmZo Ho$ {bE Bgo {bIm h¡ Ÿ& Bg H¥${V Ho$ _mYw`© Am¡a Jo`Vm
Ho$ H$maU {dÚmn{V H$mo "A{^Zd O`Xod' H$hm J`m h¡ Am¡a Bg nXmdbr H$mo {hÝXr JrV na§nam _|
{deof ñWmZ {_bm h¡ Ÿ& BgH$s hñV{b{IV à{V`m± Zonmb Xa~ma Ho$ nwñVH$mb` _| g§a{jV h§¡ Ÿ& BgHo$
H$B© g§ñH$aU {ZH$bo h¢ Ÿ& nXm| H$s g§»`m g~_| g_mZ Zht h¡ Ÿ& gdm©{YH$ g§»`m ZJoÝÐZmW Jwá Ho$
g§H$bZ _| 245 h¡ Ÿ&
* dÊ`© {df` :
nXmdbr {^Þ-{^Þ g_` _| {bIr JB© h¡ Ÿ& Bg{bE BgHo$ {df` h¢ -
1. ^{º$, 2. ûm¥§Jma,3. {d{dY Ÿ& ^{º$ g§~§Yr nX {ed, Jm¡ar, XwJm©, J§JmOr H$s ñVw{VnaH$
aMZmE± h¢ Ÿ& ~hþV gmao nXm| H$m {df` ûm¥§Jma hr h¡ Am¡a `o {dÚmn{V H$s gdm}ËH¥$ï> aMZmE± h¢ Ÿ& eof nXm|
_| `wÕ dU©Z, nm§{S>Ë` - n«Xe©Z Am¡a Hy$Q>nX (n«ho{bH$m) h¢ Ÿ&

8
1.3. dg§V I§S>
1.3.1 dg§V F$Vw H$m ñdÀN>ÝX -dU©Z :
{dÚmn{V Zo dg§V-dU©Z _| {Zambr dU©Z - MmVwar go H$m_ {b`m h¡ Ÿ& CÝhm|Zo dg§V H$mo
~mbH$ Ho$ ê$n _| dU©Z {H$`m h¡ Ÿ& Bg àH$ma àH¥${V _| MoVZVm H$m Amamon {H$`m Ÿ& CgH$m _mZdrH$aU
{H$`m Ÿ& dg§V H$m `wdH$ hmoZm, amOJÔr na ~¡R>Zm Am{X H$s H$ënZm _| H${d H$s _m¡{bH$ à{V^m H$m
n[aM` {_bVm h¡ Ÿ&
dg§V Zm¡ _hrZo nm§M {XZ J^© _| ahm Am¡a _mK _mg H$s ewŠb n§M_r H$mo CgH$m OÝ_ hþAm Ÿ&
Bg{bE Bg {XZ H$mo "dg§V n§M_r' H$hm OmVm h¡ Ÿ& ew^ bjU `wº$ ~ƒo H$m OÝ_ hþAm -
gw^ IZ ~oam gwHw$b nŠI h¡,
{XZH$a C{XV g_mB© h¡ Ÿ&
gmoah g§nwZ ~{Vg bIZ gh,
OZ_ bob [aVwamB© h¡ Ÿ&&
{\$a CgH$m OÝ_moËgd ~‹S>o AmZÝX Ho$ gmW _Zm`m OmVm h¡ Ÿ& `h _§JbmoÝgd h¡ Am¡a g^r bmoJ
BgH$mo _ZmZo _| ~‹S>r é{M boVo h¢ Ÿ& `wd{V`m± Cëb{gV _Z go ZmM ahr h¢, _§Jb JmZ JmVr h¢, _mZdVr
a_{U`m± ^r AnZo H$mo amoH$ Zht nmVt Ÿ& Bg CËgd _| em{_b hmoVr h¡ Ÿ&
ZmM E Ow~{V OZm ha{IV _Z
OZ_b, ~mb _YmB© h¡ Ÿ&
_Ywa _hmag _§Jb OmdE
_m{Z{Z _mZ C‹S>mB© h¡ Ÿ&&
{eew H$m "dg§V' Zm_H$aU hþAm Ÿ& ^m¡am| Zo Cgo H$_b n§Iw{‹S>`m| go _Yw bmH$a {X`m Ÿ& nÙZmb
H$mo Vmo‹S>H$a ~mbH$ H$s$ H$_a _| gyV H$s Vah ~m§Ym J`m Ÿ& Ho$ga Zo ZdOmV {eew H$mo ~mKZI
nhZm`m Ÿ& Zd{H$gb`m| go CgH$s H$mo_b goO ~ZmB© JB© Ÿ& {ga Ho$ ZrMo HXå~ _mb H$m V{H$`m aI
{X`m J`m Ÿ& ^«_[a`m± bmoar JmZo bJt Ÿ& BË`m{X -
_Yw bE _YwH$a -~mbH$ XE hb,
H$_b -n§Iar bmB© Ÿ&
nAmoZm[a Vmo[a gyV ~m§Yb H${Q>,
Ho$ea H$Eb ~KZmB© Ÿ&&

9
 Zd Zd nëbd goO AmoN>mAmob
{ga Xob H$Xå~ Zmb Ÿ&&
Bg dU©Z _| _m¡{bH$Vm, ñd^m{dH$Vm, ñdÀN>ÝX {ZarjU à^mdË_H$Vm Xe©Zr` h¡ Ÿ&
O~ ~mbH$ dg§V ~‹S>m hmo OmVm h¡ V~ dh F$VwamO ~Z J`m Ÿ& Cgo "F$VwamO dg§V' H$s Cnm{Y
{_b JB© Ÿ& A~ dh gOYO H$a {ZH$bVm h¡ -
~mb ~g§V VéZ hmo YmAmob
~‹T>E gH$b g§gmam Ÿ&
X{IZ ndZ YZ A§J COmaE
{H$gb` Hw$gw_ namJo Ÿ&
gwb{bV hma _O[a KZ H$‚mb,
Amo{I{h A§OZ bmJo Ÿ&&
A~ dh g^r amOmo{MV R>mQ> Ho$ gmW qghmgZ na ~¡R>Vm h¡ Ÿ& ZB© H$m|nbm| H$s nr{R>H$m ~ZmB©
JB© Ÿ& {ga Ho$ D$na M§nm \y$bm| H$m N>Ì bJm`m J`m h¡ Ÿ& CÎm_ _§Oar H$m {H$arQ> _ñVH$ na emo^m nm ahm
h¡ Ÿ& H$mo{H$bm Xa~ma H$s Jm{`H$m ~Z JB© h¡ Ÿ& _`yam| H$m Xb ZV©H$ ~Zm h¡ Vmo ^«_am| H$m Pw§S> Jm`H$ h¡ Ÿ&
{ÛJU(njr) Amerdm©X H$aZo bJo h¢ Ÿ& nwîn-namJ go M§Xmodm ~Zm h¡ Ÿ& _b` ndZ {_Ì ~ZH$a g~H$m
_Z ~hbmZo bJm h¡ Ÿ&
dg§VamOm H$m `wÕ A{^`mZ XoIVo hr ~ZVm h¡ Ÿ&
Hw$ÝX -~ëbr Vé N>Eb {ZgmZ Ÿ&
nmQ>b VyZ AemoH$ -Xb ~mZ Ÿ&&
qH$gwH$ bVm bd§J EH$ g§J Ÿ&
ho[a {gga {nVw AmJo Xb ^§J Ÿ&&
g¡Z gmOb _Yw _{IH$m Hy$b
{g{gaH$ g~hþ {H$`ob {Za_yb Ÿ&&
CYmab ga{gO nmAmob àmZ Ÿ&
{ZO Zd Xb H$é AmgZ XmZ Ÿ&&
amOm ~Z H$a dg§VamO AnZr goZm H$m g§JR>Z H$aVm h¡ Ÿ& Hw$ÝX ~ëbr H$mo nVmH$m ~ZmVm h¡ Ÿ&
nmQ>b nmVH$m VaH$e YmaU H$aVm h¡, AemoH$ nÎmm| H$m ~mU ~ZmVm h¡ Ÿ& nbme -nmV go YZwf ~ZmVm
10
h¡ Ÿ& bd§J bVm YZw H$s àË`m§Mm ~Zr h¡ Ÿ& _Yw_pŠI`m| H$m g¡Ý`Xb BH$Q²>R>m hþAm h¡ Ÿ& Bg goZm Zo
{e{ea F$Vw na AmH«$_U H$aHo$ Cgo g_yb Zï> H$a {X`m h¡ Ÿ& {e{ea H$s MnoQ> go H$_b ~M OmVm
h¡ Ÿ& Bg{bE dh AnZo Zdnëbdm| H$m gwÝXa AmgZ amOm H$mo ^|Q> H$aVm h¡ Ÿ&
BgHo$ A{V[aº$ dg§V n[aU`, àU`Ho${b O¡go AË`§V gag {df`m| na H${d H$s ZOa OmVr
h¡ Ÿ& dg§VmJ_Z go àH¥${V g§K{Q>V n[adV©Z H$m {deX Am¡a _Zmoa_ dU©Z gOrd hmo CR>m h¡ Ÿ&
dg§V Am J`m h¡ Ÿ& d¥ÝXmdZ Zo Z`m ê$n YmaU {H$`m Ÿ& ZE -ZE VéJU ZE nëbdm| go N>m
JE Ÿ& ZE-ZE \y$b {dH${gV hþE Ÿ& ZdrZ dg§V Am`m Ÿ& ZyVZ _b`m{Vb MbZo bJm Ÿ& Z`m A{bHw$b
_Îm hmo CR>m Ÿ& Zd{H$emoa lrH¥$îU Zd OmJ¥V ào_ go {d^moa hmoH$a `_wZm VQ> Ho$ gwemo{^V Hw§$Om| _|
{dhma H$aZo bJo Ÿ& ZB© Am_« _§Oar Ho$ _Yw go _YwnJU _X_Îm hmo CR>o Ÿ& H$mo{H$b _ñV hmoH$a JmZo
bJrŸ& Zd`wdm H¥$îU Zd`wdVr amYm go {_bo Ÿ& `h {_bZ ^r ZdrZ àH$ma go hþAm Ÿ& F$Vw Ho$ AZwgma
do ZE AmqbJZ -nme _| AmdÕ hmo JE Ÿ& àH¥${V H$m `h CÔrnZ ê$n {dÚmn{V Zo dU©Z {H$`m h¡ Ÿ&
dg§V Vmo Zmar _mÌ Ho$ {bE CÔrnZ hr h¡ Ÿ& H${d H$hVm h¡ - ho `wd{V`mo, b‚mm N>mo‹S> Iy~
ZmMmo Am¡a JmAmo Ÿ& loð> ì`mnmar dg§V Am`m h¡ Ÿ& Cggo g^r AÀN>r dñVwE± {_b Om`|Jr Ÿ& hpñVZr,
{M{ÌUr, n{ÙZr, Jm¡ar, gm§dar, ~y‹T>r, ~mbm g^r Zo ûm¥§Jma {H$`m h¡ Ÿ& aoe_r dó, Am^yfU, M§XZ,
AaJOm , H$ny©a Am{X bJmB© h¡ Ÿ& nmZ H$m godZ hmoVm h¡ Ÿ& Hw§$Hw$_, Ho$ea go A§Jm| _| àbon h¡ Ÿ& _m§Jm|
H$mo _m{V`m| go ^a {X`m J`m h¡ Ÿ&
H${d àH¥${V H$m Amb§~Z Ho$ ê$n _| ^r dU©Z H$aVm h¡ Ÿ& na dhm± ^r Amb§H$m[aH$Vm Xe©Zr`
h¡ Ÿ& dg§V Am¡a àH¥${V H$m {ddmh hmoJm Ÿ& àH¥${V nyar Vah gOrYOr h¡ Ÿ& CgZo _m§J _| qgXya Ho$ ê$n _|
Q>ogy \y$bm| go gOm`m h¡ Ÿ& Ho$VH$s \y$b nQ>dó h¡ Ÿ& CgH$s Yyb Vmo BÌ Am{X gwdm{gV dñVw h¡ Ÿ&
F$VwamO dg§V da ~Zm h¡ Ÿ& `h nwÊ` H$m {XZ h¡ Ÿ& Mbmo CgH$m Mw§~Z Ûmam ñdmJV H$a| Ÿ& ~¡R>Zo H$mo Zd
nëbdm| H$m AmgZ {X`m J`m h¡ Ÿ& ídoV H$_bm| Ho$ _H$a§X Ob Ho$ ê$n _| {X`m J`m Ÿ& bmb bmb
AemoH$ \y$b XrnH$ ~ZmE JE h¢ Ÿ& M§Ð_m Xhr ~Z J`m h¡ Ÿ& ^«_a Ky_ Ky_ H$a {Z_§ÌU H$a AmE Ÿ&
H${d`m| Ho$ loð> {dÚmn{V Bg ag H$mo OmZVo h¢ Ÿ& `m {\$a {edqgh amOm Ÿ&
H$ht dg§V H$mo dra doe _| gOm`m J`m h¡ Ÿ& erV Ho$ gmW CgH$s b‹S>mB© h¡ Ÿ& dg§V ndZ
H$mobmhb H$aVm hþAm Xg {XemAm| _| ~h ahm h¡ Ÿ& dh _mZmo dmXr H$s ^mfm ~mob ahr h¡ Am¡a AnZo
A{YH$mam| H$s KmofUm H$a ahr h¡ Ÿ& H$m_Xod _m{Z{Z`m| H$m _mZ CVma ahm h¡ Ÿ& erV-dg§V Ho$ {ddmX _|
H$m¡Z OrVoJm ? gy`© XmoZm| Va\$ go _Ü`ñW ~Z J`m Ÿ& H$mo{H$bm njr Zo gmjr H$m H$m_ {H$`m Ÿ&
Zdnëbd na O`-nÌ {bIm J`m Ÿ& ^m¢am| H$s n§{º$ Aja H$s n§{º$ ~Z JB© Ÿ& dmXr dg§V go à{VdmXr
erV S>a J`m Ÿ& [e{ea {dÝXw {_Q> JE Ÿ& Hw$ÝX Hw$gw_ {dH${gV hþE Ÿ& do dg§V H$s {dO`JmWm H$s
11
KmofUm H$a aho h¢ Ÿ& H${d H$hVm h¡ {H$ Bg AmZÝX H$m AZw^d amOm {edqgh H$aVo h¢ Ÿ&
Mmam| Amoa ZE -ZE nëbd {Ib CR>o h¢ Ÿ& g_J« dZ _| bm{b_m N>m JB© h¡ Ÿ& _mZmo àH¥${V Zo
bmb dó nhZ {b`m h¡ Ÿ& `h XoIH$a _mYd H$m _Z Cëb{gV hmo ahm h¡ Ÿ& dg§V H$mo XoI d¥ÝXmdZ H$s
àH¥${V ^r hfm}ëbmg go _ñV hmo CR>r h¡ Ÿ& _b` H$s hdm ZmZm àH$ma go AR>Io{b`m± H$a ahr h¡ Ÿ&
H$mo`b Am_«Hw§$O go ~mob ahr h¡ Ÿ& dh KmofUm H$a ahr h¡ {H$ H$m_Xod Zo g§gma na Z`m A{YH$ma nm
{b`m h¡ Ÿ& _YwnmZ H$aHo$ _Ywn XyV ~Z ~¡R>m h¡ Ÿ& dh g~ Amoa Ky_Vm {\$aVm h¡ Ÿ& ì`dñWm H$s Om±M
H$aVm h¡ Ÿ& dh H$m_Xod H$mo _m{Z{Z`m| H$s gyMZm XoVm h¡ Ÿ& H$m_Xod CZH$m _mZ ^§J H$a XoVm h¡ Ÿ&
lrH¥$îU d¥ÝXmdZ _| gd©Ì Ky_-Ky_ H$a amg -{dbmg H$a aho h¢ Ÿ& amYm Am¡a _mYd ZE ^md go ^ao h¢ Ÿ&
(181) dg§V Ho$ AmJ_Z na g^r Cëbmg _| ^a OmVo h¢ Ÿ& MmhVo h¢ {H$ Mbmo, dg§V F$Vw H$m ê$n Xe©Z
H$a| Ÿ& Hw$ÝX Am¡a Ho$VH$s H$s emo^m H$mo XoI| Ÿ& Bg dº$ MÝÐ_m A{YH$ {Z_©b Am¡a ^m¢ao A{YH$ H$mbo
bJVo h¢ Ÿ& amV Vmo COmbo _| Pb_bmVr h¡, Am¡a {XZ _| A§YH$ma ahVm h¡ Ÿ& MÝÐ_m Ho$ CJZo go amV _|
C{O`mbr Am¡a Zd nëbdm| go bXo bVmHw§$Om| _| A§{Y`mar hmoVr h¡ Ÿ& Ohm± _m{Z{Z`m± _mZ {H$E ~¡R>r h¢ Ÿ&
n{WH$ àmH¥${VH$ gwf_m XoI H$m_nr{‹S>V hmoVo h¢ Ÿ& H${d loð> {dÚmn{V amYmH¥$îU Ho$ {dhma H$m dU©Z
H$aVo h¢ (182) dg§V H$m Xygam Zm_ _Yw ^r h¡ Ÿ& AV: CgH$m dmVmdaU _mYw`© go ^a CR>Vm h¡ Ÿ& F$Vw
_Yw h¡, AË`§V gwIXm`H$ h¡ Ÿ& _YwH$am| H$s n§{º$ Jy§O ahr h¡ Ÿ& \y$b H$m g§^ma _Yw go ^am h¡ Ÿ& d¥ÝXmdZ
AË`§V gwÝXa hmo CR>Vm h¡ Ÿ& dh AZoH$ àH$ma Ho$ ag-a§Jm| go gO J`m h¡ Ÿ& gwÝXa Zd`w{V`m| H$s g§J{V
_mXH$Vm ^a XoVr h¡ Ÿ& AmZÝXXm`H$ hmg-{dbmg MbVo h¢ Ÿ& _¥X§J H$m Vmb agmb hmoVm h¡ Ÿ& CgHo$
gmW _rR>r Vm{b`m| H$s AmdmO h¡ Ÿ& AË`§V gwÝXa Z¥Ë` hmo ahm h¡ Ÿ& ZQ>r-ZQ> H$m g§J _OoXma h¡ Ÿ& _Ywa
JmZ hmo ahm h¡ Ÿ& H${d H$m dU©Z ^r ~‹S>m hr _rR>m h¡ Ÿ& (183) àH¥${V H$m Amb§~Z ê$n _| gm¡ÝX`© dU©Z
h¡ Ÿ&
amg a§J H$m _mXH$ Am¡a ÜdmÝ`mË_H$ dU©Z -" ~mO{V {Ð{_ {Ð{_ Ym¡{Ð_ {Ð{_`m' dmbo nXm| _|
{_bVm h¡ Ÿ& Vmb, Z¥Ë`, JmZ, Üd{Z g~H$m gwÝXa g_mhma Xe©Zr` h¡ Ÿ& (184) Ÿ& {\$a amYmH¥$îU Am¡a
Jmo{n`m| Ho$ amg H$m agmb dU©Z h¡ Ÿ& dg§V H$s amH$m - aOZr _mohH$ hmoVr h¡ Ÿ& agkm a_{U`m± agamO
lrH¥$îU Ho$ gmW amg brbm _| {Z_½Z h¢ Ÿ& a_UraËZ amYm a{gH$ amO H¥$îU Ho$ Z¥Ë`JmZ go A{^^yV h¡ Ÿ&
AZoH$ amJ-am{J{Z`m± ~O ahr h§¡ Ÿ& H§$H$Z qH${H${Z`m| H$s Üd{Z AmH$f©H$ h¡ Ÿ& agd§V H¥$îU ZE-ZE amJ
N>o‹S>Vo h¢ Ÿ& ZmZm àH$ma Ho$ ~mOo ~O aho h¢ Ÿ& amg -{dbmg _| amYmH¥$îU à_Îm hmo CR>o h¢ Ÿ& (185)
dg§V H$m ê$n Vmo CÝ_mXH$ hmoVm h¡ Ÿ& g§`moJ Ho$ g_` Q>ogy AË`§V AmZÝXXm`H$ hmoVm h¡ Ÿ& {dah
Ho$ g_` Vmo Q>ogy \y$bm| _| AZwamJ Zht AmJ CËnÞ hmoVr h¡ Ÿ& AV: _mZ VOH$a {à` Ho$ gmW {dbmg
H$aZm Mm{hE Ÿ& (186)
12
1.4 {d`moJ I§S>
1.4.1 d Ê`© {df`
nXmdbr H$m _w»` dÊ`©- {df` h¡ amYmH¥$îU H$s ào_brbm Ÿ& H${d Zo amYm Am¡a H¥$îU H$mo
Zm`H$ Am¡a Zm{`H$m Ho$ ê$n _| MwZm h¡ Ÿ& ûm¥§Jma Ho$ Xmo nj h¢ - EH$ g§`moJ ûm¥§Jma, Xygam {dàb§^ `m
{d`moJ ûm¥§Jma Ÿ& {dÚmn{V Zo XmoZm| njm| H$m __©ñneu dU©Z {H$`m h¡ Ÿ& `h ñ_aU aIZm h¡ {H$ {dÚmn{V
Ho$ nhbo g§ñH¥$V Ho$ H${d O`Xod Zo AnZo à{gÕ Jr{VH$mì` "JrVJmo{dÝX' _| amYmH¥$îU H$s$ ào_brbmAm|
H$m dU©Z {H$`m Wm Ÿ& AÝ` ûm¥§Jm[aH$ aMZmE±, O¡go A_éH$eVH$, ûm¥§Jma{VbH$, JmWm gÎmgB© Am{X _|
ûm¥§Jma H$m {dñV¥V dU©Z hþAm h¡ Ÿ& {dÚmn{V Zo BZ aMZmAm| go bm^ CR>m`m h¡ Ÿ& ImgH$a CÝhm|Zo O`Xod
H$m A{YH$ AZwgaU {H$`m h¡, Bg{bE CZH$mo "A{^Zd O`Xod' ^r H$hm OmVm h¡ Ÿ& CZHo$ JrV ~hþV
_rR>o h¢, AVEd CZH$mo "_¡{Wb H$mo{H$b' H$s Cnm{Y ^r {_br Wr Ÿ&
g§`moJ ûm¥§Jma Ho$ dU©Z _| Zm{`H$m Am¡a Zm`H$ Ho$ ê$n, JwU, ¡md^md, A§JMoï>mAm|, H$m_Ho${b
Am{X H$m ñWyb dU©Z hmoVm h¡ Ÿ& na§Vw {dah dU©Z _| _mZ{gH$ ^mdZmAm| H$m Ÿ& AVEd {dahdU©Z
A{YH$ gyú_ Am¡a __ñneu hmoVm h¡ Ÿ& {dah AZoH$ H$maUm| go hmo gH$Vm h¡ Ÿ& _w»` ê$n go VrZ H$maU
h¢ - 1. nydm©ZwamJ, 2. _mZ, Am¡a 3. àdmg Ÿ& {dÚmn{V Zo BZ g^r H$m dU©Z {H$`m h¡ Ÿ& emar[aH$
Šboe, _mZ{gH$ nr‹S>m, g§Vmn, H$m_XemAm| Ho$ gmW CÔrnZ {d^md Ho$ ê$n_| àH¥${V H$m {MÌU hþAm
h¡ Ÿ& nadVu H$mb Ho$ d¡îUd -H$mì`m| _| amYmH¥$îU H$s ào_brbmAm| H$m {dñV¥V, _m{_©H$ Am¡a
öX`ñneu dU©Z {_bVm h¡, {dÚmn{V H$s nXmd{b`m± CZH$s ^y{_H$m àñVwV H$aVr h§¡ Ÿ& {dÚmn{V H$s
àoaUm _mZdr` AZw^y{V hr h¡ Ÿ& AVEd {dÚmn{V Ho$ nX AË`§V amoMH$ Am¡a AmH$f©H$ h¢ Ÿ& H${d
gab, ghO VWm Amb§H$m[aH$ `m H$mì`mË_H$ XmoZm| àH$ma H$s e¡{b`m| H$m à`moJ Hw$ebVm go H$aVm
h¡ Ÿ&

ór -nwéf H$m g§nH©$ OÝ_-OÝ_mÝVa H$m _mZm OmVm h¡ Ÿ& AVEd g§ñH$ma Ho$ ê$n _| ào_ OmJ¥V
hmo OmVm h¡ Ÿ&
{à`-àdmg hr {dah H$m _w»` H$maU hmoVm h¡ Ÿ& AZoH$ H$maUm| go Zm`H$ H$mo {dXoe OmZm hr
n‹S>Vm h¡ Ÿ& {à` {dXoe Om`|Jo, BVZo _mÌ go Zm{`H$m àdËñ`Ën{VH$m Xw:I go H$m§n CR>Vr h¡ Ÿ& Cg_|
EH$X_ go A_f©, AmdoJ Am¡a AY¡`© C_‹S> n‹S>Vm h¡ Ÿ& dh gIr go AZwamoY H$aVr h¡ {H$ {à` H$mo {dXoe
OmZo go amoHo$, Š`m|{H$ dh Hw$bH$m{_Zr hmoZo Ho$ ZmVo ñd`§ grYo CÝh| _Zm Zht H$a gH$Vr Ÿ& gIr g‚mZ

13
h¢ Ÿ& XwO©Z h±gr C‹S>mVo h¢ Ÿ& `h g_` {dXoe OmZo H$m Zht h¡ Ÿ& do Hw$N> {XZ Am¡a ah| Ÿ& _wPo qZXm go
~Mm`| Ÿ& {\$a Vmo ^m½` ^moJy±Jr Ÿ& do Mbo JE Vmo _¢ _a OmD±$Jr Am¡a CÝh| nmn bJoJm Ÿ& (1)
Adga nmH$a Zm{`H$m ñd`§ Zm`H$ go ~mha Z OmZo H$m AZwamoY H$aVr h¡ Ÿ& Š`m|{H$ Vwåhmao
gmW _oar h±gr-Iwer, amJ-a§J, Ho${b-{dbmg g~ Ny>Q> Om`|Jo Ÿ& Vw_ {dXoe OmH$a _wPo ^yb OmAmoJo Ÿ&
_oao {bE Omo ~hþ_yë` Cnhma bmAmoJo, do {H$g H$m_Ho$ ? _¢ dh g~ Zht _m±JVr Ÿ& _¢ Vmo MmhVr h±ÿ {H$
Vw_ dmng _oao nmg Am OmAmo Ÿ& {d`mo{JZr gIr go H$hVr h¡ {H$ O~ {à`V_ JE, _oar Am±Im| _| Am±gy
^a JE Ÿ& Bg{bE _¢ CZH$mo Or ^a Ho$ XoI ^r Zht nm`r Ÿ& hm`, {dah H$s `h ì`Wm _wPgo ghr Zht
Om gH$Vr Ÿ& gIr g_PmVr h¡ {H$ Y¡`© aImo Ÿ& do Am`|Jo Ÿ& Vwåhmar Amem nyar hmoJr Ÿ& {dh[aUr Amem
go Or{dV ahVr h¡ Ÿ& (2)
amYo gIr go H$hVr h¡ - ho gIr, H$b em_ H$mo {à` Zo H$hm {H$ _¢ _Wwam OmD±$Jm Ÿ& _¢ Cg
Xoe Ho$ ~mao _| Hw$N> OmZVr Z Wr Ÿ& amV H$mo h_ gmW Wo, dh {à` CR>H$a Mbm J`m Ÿ& gyZr goO _wPo
H$mQ>Zo Xm¡‹S>Vr h¡ Ÿ& _¢ CgH$m {dÀN>oX gh Zht gH$Vr Ÿ& Vy {MVm Obm Xo, _¢ àmU Xo Xy§Jr Ÿ& gIr Zo
AmídmgZ {X`m {H$ {à`V_ {\$a AmEJm Am¡a Voam {_bZ hmoJm Ÿ&

1.4.2 {d`moJ H$s {d{^Þ XemAm| H$m dU©Z :

* MÝÐ_m Mbm J`m, Vmao lrhrZ hmo JE Ÿ:
amYm gIr go H$hVr h¡ {H$ {à` _Wwam Mbo JE Ÿ& _oam nmag_{U Xygao Ho$ hmW Mbm J`m Ÿ& Hw$ãOm
amZr ~Z JB© Ÿ& H¥$îU Zo g^r Jmo{n`m| H$mo ^r N>mo‹S> {X`m Ÿ& ~«O H$m MÝÐ_m Mbm J`m, Vmao (Jmo{Z`m±)
lrhrZ hmo J`o Ÿ& _¢ {dah H$s nr‹S>m H$mo Zht gh gH$Vr Ÿ&

* {dah _| H$m_ nr‹S>m XoVm h¡ :

{dah _| Zm{`H$m X¡d H$mo H$mogVr h¡ Ÿ& Š`m|{H$ Ob {~Zm H$_b `m H$_b Ho$ {~Zm Ob H$m
H$moB© _yë` Zht hmoVm Ÿ& Cgr Vah eara Am¡a àmU H$m g§nH©$ h¡ Ÿ& Xoh Am¡a `m¡dZ H$m h¡ Ÿ& {à` {dÀN>oX
go eara Am¡a àmU ì`mHw$b h¢ Vmo `m¡dZ ObmVm h¡ Ÿ& X¡d eÌw h¡, {à` go {dÀN>oX H$am`m h¡ Ÿ& H$m_Xod
nr‹S>m nh±þMmVm h¡ Ÿ& Mmam| Amoa H$s àH¥${V H$m_moÎmoOH$ h¡ Ÿ& ^«_a nwînm| na Jy§O aho h¢ Ÿ& do ag nrH$a _§Oar
H$mo aga{hV H$a XoVo h¢, Vmo Eogo _| {d`mo{JZr ~mbm H¡$go Or gH$Vr h¡ Ÿ& (191) `hm± {da{hUr
H$s _ZmoXem H$m gOrd dU©Z h¡ Ÿ& g§`moJ H$s dñVwE± {d`moJ _| XwIXm{`Zr hmo OmVr h¢ Ÿ&

14
* g§`moJ _| gwI XoZodmbr dñVwE± {d`moJ _| Xw:I XoVr h¢ :
_mYd Zo Omo g_` H$s Ad{Y ~VmB© Wr dh {ZH$Q> Am JB©, na do Zht {XImB© XoVo Ÿ& H$ñVyar,
M§XZ, n[a_b, Hw§$H$_ Am¡a MÝÐ M¡gr dñVwE± erVbVm Zht, Ap½Z Ho$ g_mZ Ádmbm àXmZ H$aVo h¢ Ÿ&
Eogo _| {da{hUr H$m eara ObVm h¡, _Z ApñWa Am¡a ì`mHw$b h¡ Ÿ& n«Vrjm _| Zm{`H$m H$s Xem X`Zr`
hmo JB© h¡ Ÿ& àVrjm AZ§V : CgHo$ ZoÌ Mmam| Amoa Xm¡‹S>Vo h¢, na {à` Ho$ Xe©Z Zht {_bVo Ÿ&

* Amem _| àmU AQ>Ho$ h¢ :

{_bZo H$s Amem _| àmU AQ>Ho$ h¢ Ÿ& dh _a ^r Zht gH$Vr Ÿ& amoVo - amoVo Am±I| gyO JB© h¢ Ÿ&
_Z H$aVm h¡ {H$ C‹S>H$a CZHo$ nmg Mbr Om` Ÿ&(193)
amYm gIr go H$hVr h¡ {H$ _oao {à` H$m öX` dO« go ^r H$R>moa h¡ Ÿ& dh A^r VH$ Zht Am`m Ÿ&
O~ _¢ {H$emoar (~mbm) Wr dh àdmg _| J`m Ÿ& A~ _¢ `wdVr h±ÿ, g~ g_PVr h±ÿ Ÿ& H$moB© g§Xoe bo
OmZodmbm ^r Zht h¡ Ÿ& {à` Ho$ gmao JwU {dah _| {dñ_¥V hmo JE h¢ Ÿ& (194)

* {à`H$s {Zðw>aVm :
Zm{`m gIr go H$hVr h¡ {H$ ho gOZr, _¢Zo ào_bVm H$mo Am±gwAm| go gtM -gtM H$a ~‹T>m`m Ÿ&
Cg bVm H$m \$b (Hw$M) n[anwï> hþAm Ÿ& Am±Mb go dh {N>nVm Zht Ÿ& Amem H$aZo bJr {H$ _mYd _oao
_ZmoaW H$mo nyU© H$a|Jo Ÿ& na do Vmo ~‹S>o {Zðw>a {ZH$bo Ÿ& g~go AOr~ ~mV `h h¡ {H$ g^r Ho$ {à`V_
{dXoe go bm¡Q> AmE, AnZr ào{_H$mAm| Ho$ ào_ H$m ñ_aU {H$`m Ÿ& bo{H$Z _oao {à` Zo g~ ^wbm {X`m
Am¡a A^r VH$ dmng Zht Am`m Ÿ& (195)

* Hw$ebH$m_Zm :
Zm{`H$m gmoMVr h¡ {H$ `h {dah H$s Xem CgHo$ Xw^m©½` Ho$ H$maU h¡, Bg_| H$mÝhm H$m Š`m
Xmof ? do Xya Mbo JE Ÿ& H$moB© g§Xoe bo OmZo dmbm ^r Zht h¡ Ÿ& _oao {bE {dYmVm {dnarV h¡ Ÿ& na do
{MaH$mb gwIr ah| Ÿ& _oao ào_ H$mo do ^yb JE h¢ Ÿ& {dah doXZm _wPo ~mU H$s Vah Mw^ ahr h¡ Ÿ& na Š`m
H$a| - EH$ H$s doXZm Xygam Vmo Zht OmZVm Z ! (196)
~mah _hrZm| _| {da{hUr ha àH$ma go H$ï> _| V‹S>n ahr h¡ Ÿ& (208)
gIr _mYd Ho$ nmg OmH$a {d`mo{JZr amYm H$s XwadñWm H$m dU©Z H$aVr h¡ - ho _mYd, _¢Zo
Vwåhmar {da{hUr H$mo AmO ~‹S>r X`Zr` Xem _| XoIm Ÿ& Omo _wI emaXr` M§Ð_m Ho$ g_mZ Wm, dh
15
AéU H$_b Ho$ g_mZ Hw$åhmbm J`m h¡ Ÿ& hma ^ma ~Z J`m h¡ Ÿ& AYa _| hmg Zht, g{I`m| Ho$ gmW
~mobVr ^r Zht Ÿ& gd©Xm Vwåhmam Zm_ aQ>Vr ahVr h¡ Ÿ& gXm Vwåhmar ~mQ> OmohVr h¡ Ÿ&

* Cnmb§^ - AQ>b ào_ :

Zm{`H$m gIr go g§Xoe ^oOVr h¡ {H$ `m¡dZ -aVZ Vmo Mma {XZ Ho$ {bE ahVm h¡ Ÿ& O~ VH$ dh
Wm _wamar Zo _oam gmW {X`m aghrZ nwîn, ObhrZ gamoda H$mo H$m¡Z nyN>Vm h¡ ? bo{H$Z gIr CZgo H$hZm
{H$ `h g‚mZ H$s àr{V Zht h¡ Ÿ& _¢ Vmo AnZm erb Am¡a _`m©Xm ~ZmE aIVr h±ÿ Ÿ& X¡d Ho$ {dYmZ H$mo
gh±ÿJr Ÿ& (197-8) _¢ Vmo ~am~a ào_ H$aVr ah±ÿJr Ÿ&

* ~mah_mgm :
amYm gIr go H$hVr h¡ {H$ XoI , ^mÐd H$m _hrZm Am J`m Mmam| Amoa KZm A§YH$ma N>m J`m Ÿ&
~mXb JaOVo, ~am~a ~agVo h¢ Ÿ& {~Obr H$s g¡H$‹S>m| M_H$ dO« H$s ^m±{V _oar N>mVr H$mo Mra S>mbVr
h¡ Ÿ& _moa CÝ_Îm hmoH$a ZmMVm h¡ Ÿ& _|T>H$ Am¡a S>mhþH$ Omoa-Omoa go nwH$maVo h¢ Ÿ& àH¥${V CÔrnZ ~ZH$a ha
_hrZo ZE ê$n _| _wPo gVm ahr h¡ Ÿ& H$m_ Ho$ ~mU| go _¢ OO©a hmo JB© h±ÿ Ÿ& (199-200)
MmVw_m©ñ` {H$VZo H$ï> go ~rVVo h¢ Ÿ& dg§V H$m g_` A{YH$ ^`§H$a h¡ Ÿ& dZ Ho$ ZE Hw§$O
Hw$Q>ram| _| ZE-ZE \y$b {Ib CR>o h¢ Ÿ& H$mo{H$b n§M_ ñda _| Jm ahm h¡ Ÿ& _b`m{Zb ~h ahm h¡ Ÿ& {à`
Ho$ {d`moJ _| M§Ð_m Vmo gy`© ~Z J`m h¡ Ÿ& M§XZ AmJ ~Z J`m h¡ Ÿ& ^m¡§ao Jy±O aho h¢ Ÿ&
Eogo _| H¥$îU Ho$ gmW g§`moJ H$m ñ_aU ghO hr hmoVm h¡ Ÿ& na A~ {d{Y dm_ h¡ Ÿ& {à` àdmg
_| h¢ Ÿ& Zmar H$m OrdZ {H$VZm H$R>moa h¡ {H$ dh BZ {df_ n[apñW{V`m| _| ^r Or ahr h¡ Ÿ& eara jrU hmo
MwH$m h¡ Ÿ& H$~ àmU nIoê$ C‹S> Om`, H$m¡Z OmZVm h¡ Ÿ& na§Vw _¥Ë`w n`ªV `h ghZm hr hmoJm Ÿ& gwIX
H$mb XwIXm`H$ h¡ Ÿ& Eogo OrdZ H$mo {YŠH$ma h¡ Ÿ& {Zðw>a {à` go Š`m H$hm Om` Ÿ& (201)
amYm H$hVr h¡ - ho gIr, H$mÝh H$mo g_PmH$a H$hZm Ÿ& ào_ H$m ~rO amonH$a CgH$m A§Hw$a CJ
AmE Vmo Cgo ~MmZm Mm{hE ŸZ ! Vw_Zo Cgo _amo‹S> S>mbm Ÿ& ho g{I, _oam AZwamJ Vmo nmZr _| àgm[aV
Vob H$s ~y§X H$s Vah h¡ Am¡a _oam gwhmJ Vmo {gH$Vm Ho$ Ob H$s Vah jU ^a _| gyI OmZo dmbm O¡gm
h¡ Ÿ& _¢ Vmo Hw$bbbZm Wr, na CZH$s _rR>r ~mVm| _| AmH$a Hw$bQ>m ~Z JB© Ÿ& AnZo hmWm| go hr _¢Zo
AnZr ~XZm_r H$am`r Ÿ& Mmoa H$s nËZr H$s Vah _¢ AnZr doXZm {H$ggo H$h±ÿ Ÿ& dó _| _w±h {N>nm H$a
amoVr h±ÿ Ÿ& O¡go ObVo XrnH$ H$mo XoI eb^ Xm¡‹S>H$a Cgr_| ^ñ_ hmo OmVm h¡, d¡gr hr _¢ H¥$îU -ào_ _|
n‹S>H$a CgH$m \$b ^wJV ahr h±ÿ Ÿ& {dÚmn{V H$hVo h¢ `h Vmo H${b`wJ H$s ar{V h¡ Ÿ& Vwåhmam {à` {Zðw>a

16
h¡ Vmo Vwåh| AnZo H$_© H$m \$b ^moJZm hr n‹S>oJm Ÿ&
~mah _hrZm| _| {da{hUr ha àH$ma go H$ï> _| V‹S>n ahr h¡ Ÿ& (208)
gIr _mYd Ho$ nmg OmH$a {d`mo{JZr amYm H$s XwadñWm H$m dU©Z H$aVr h¡ - ho _mYd, _¢Zo
Vwåhmar {da{hUr H$mo AmO ~‹S>r X`Zr` Xem _| XoIm Ÿ& Omo _wI emaXr` M§Ð_m Ho$ g_mZ Wm, dh AéU
H$_b Ho$ g_mZ Hw$åhmbm J`m h¡ Ÿ& hma ^ma ~Z J`m h¡ Ÿ& AYa _| hmg Zht, g{I`m| Ho$ gmW ~mobVr ^r
Zht Ÿ& gd©Xm Vwåhmam Zm_ aQ>Vr ahVr h¡ Ÿ& gXm Vwåhmar ~mQ> OmohVr h¡ Ÿ&

* {ddeVm :
Zm{`H$m H$m nÌ boH$a {à`V_ Ho$ nmg OmZo dmbm ^r H$moB© Zht h¡ Ÿ& gmdZ _mg hmo J`m Ÿ& öX`
_| AghZr` nr‹S>m hmo ahr h¡ Ÿ& AHo$br Cgo ^dZ _| ahZm AÀN>m Zht bJVm Ÿ& CgHo$ XméU Xw:I H$mo
H$moB© Zht {dídmg H$aVm Ÿ& h[a _Z boH$a Mbo JE Ÿ& dh CZHo$ Zm_ H$s gmW©H$Vm h¡ Ÿ& JmoHw$b JE,
An`e H$_m`m Ÿ& gIr T>m‹T>g ~§YmVr h¡ {H$ ho Zm[a ! Y¡`© aI Ÿ& {à` AmEJm Ÿ& na Zm{`H$m H$mo {dídmg
Zht hmoVm {H$ _mYd Am`|Jo Ÿ& {dah g_wÐ go dh nma Zht nm gH$Vr Ÿ& jU-jU H$aHo$ {XZ, {XZ-{XZ
H$aHo$ _mg, _mg na _mg ~rV JE, df© ~rV J`m Ÿ& Zm{`H$m Zo {à` Ho$ AmJ_Z H$s Amem Ho$ gmW OrZo
H$s Amem ^r N>mo‹S> Xr h¡ H$m ~aIm O~ H¥${f gwImZo ? Zd`m¡dZ ~rV OmZo na {à` Am`|Jo ^r Vmo Š`m
bm^ hmoJm ?

* CÛoJ :
{dah H$s Xem _o| g^r {_Ì bmoJ eÌw ~Z JE h¢ Ÿ& M§Ð_m go AmJ ~agVr h¡, nnrhm ~mobVm h¡
Vmo _Z Am¡a Xw:Ir hmo OmVm h¡ Ÿ& _hrZo na _hrZm ~rVVm OmVm h¡ Ÿ& g§`moJ _| Omo gwI Xo ahm Wm, dhr
A~ Xw:IXm`r hmo J`m h¡ Ÿ& M§XZ {df_ hþAm, ^yfU ^ma ~Z J`m Ÿ& BH$bm¡Vr H$X§~ no‹S> Ho$ ZrMo I‹S>r
hmoH$a ~mQ> OmohVr ahr Ÿ& Xoh X½Y hmo JB© Ÿ& gm‹S>r _{bZ hþB© Ÿ& Eogo _| CÕd H$m CnXoe Vmo Cgo _ma hr
S>mboJm Ÿ& (206-8)
* CÝ_mX :
dh Vmo nJbm JB© h¡ Ÿ& bmoJ hmobr IobZo AmE, na H$moB© CgH$s _ZmoXem H$mo OmZVm hr Zht Ÿ&
Vwåhmao {d`moJ _| CgZo gmao àgmYZ Ë`mJ {X`o h¢ Ÿ& ObhrZ _N>br H$s Vah dh gd©Xm V‹S>nVr ahVr
h¡ Ÿ& (209)

17
 CgH$s Am±Im| go gXm ~hZo dmbo Am±gwAm| Zo ZXr H$m {Z_m©U H$a {X`m h¡ Ÿ& Cgr_| dh ñZmZ
H$aVr ahVr h¡ Ÿ& H$_bZmb O¡go hmWm| H$s _mbm ~ZmH$a Vwåhmam Zm_ OnVr ahVr h¡ Ÿ& amYm d¥ÝXmdZ
_| Vnñ`m H$a ahr h¡ Ÿ& CgH$s öX` -doXr na H$m_mp½Z Ob ahr h¡ Ÿ& AnZo àmUm| H$s g{_YmE± S>mbH$a
hmo_ H$a ahr h¡ Ÿ& Vw_ CgH$s hË`m Ho$ ^mJrXma hm|Jo Ÿ& (210)

* _aU-_yÀN>m© Am¡a O‹S>Vm :

EH$ {XZ dh AH$ñ_mV Ka go {ZH$br Vmo ^«_am| Ho$ Jw§Oma go _ypÀN>©V hmoH$a {Ja n‹S>r Ÿ& Z Vmo
dó H$mo g§^mb nm`r Am¡a Z Ho$eam{e H$mo Ÿ& g{I`m| H$s godm go dh {H$gr Vah Or ahr h¡ Ÿ& (211)

* {da{hUr H$s Xem H$m dU©Z :

ho _mYd Vw_ ~‹S>o H$R>moa öX` dmbo hmo Ÿ& gIr amYm H$s$ {dah-Xem H$s X`Zr` AdñWm H$m
dU©Z H$aVr h¡ Ÿ& A~ Vmo Ka Mbmo Ÿ& _¢Zo XoIm h¡ - dh M§Ð_m H$mo XoI Zht nmVr Ÿ& H$éU Ñ{ï> go nW
{ZhmaVr h¡ Ÿ& H$mOb go YaVr na amhþ H$m {MÌ ~ZmH$a M§Ð_m go ~MZo H$m à`mg H$aVr h¡ Ÿ& _b`m{Zb
Cgo ObmVm h¡ Ÿ& AnZo Xg ZIm| go gn© H$m A§H$Z H$aVr h¡, Omo Cgo Im Om` Ÿ& "{ed -{ed' OnVr
h¡{H$ `h H$m_Xod Ho$ AË`mMma go ~Mm`| Ÿ& à\w$pëbV CndZ XoI Am±I| ~§X H$a boVr h¡ Ÿ& ^«_a {nH$
Am{X H$s nwH$ma gwZ H$mZm| H$mo ~§X H$a boVr h¡ Ÿ& AË`§V Xw~br hmo JB© h¡ Ÿ& gd©Xm Vwåhmao JwUm| H$m
AZwñ_aU H$aVr h¡ Ÿ& Am±Im| go Ob Ymam A{dab ~hVr h¡ Ÿ& CR> ~¡R> Zht nmVr Ÿ& CgZo AnZo _wI -
bmdÊ` M§X«_m H$mo, ZoÌm| H$s M§MbVm {haZr H$mo Am¡a Ho$e{dÝ`mg M_ar Jm` H$mo gm¢n {XE h¢ Ÿ& XmVm|
H$s emo^m AZma H$mo, XohH$mpÝV {~Obr H$mo, AYa H$s bm{b_m ~ÝXyH$ nwîn H$mo gm¢nH$a CgZo Vwåhmao
dU© H$mo ñdrH$ma H$a {b`m h¡ Ÿ&
{\$a dg§V F$Vw H$m gwÝXa dU©Z H$aHo$ gIr Zm`H$ H$mo Ka bm¡Q> H$a F$Vwn{V _| {dhma H$aZo H$m
CnXoe XoVr h¡ Ÿ& Ho$db {da{hUr amYm hr Zht, H¥$îU ^r Bg AmZÝX go d§{MV hmo H$m_Xod Ho$ ~mUm| H$mo
ghZ H$a aho h¢ Ÿ& (214-15)

* CÝ_mX, O‹S>Vm, àbmn, ì`m{Y, _aU Am{X H$m_XemE± :

gIr H$hVr h¡ {H$ ho _mYd amYm H$mo H¡$go gm§ËdZm X| ? hm h[a, hm h[a nwH$maVr hþB©, hVme
hmoH$a dh AnZo àmUm| H$mo A§V H$aZo dmbr h¡ Ÿ& ~¡R>r Vmo CR> Zht nm ahr h¡ Ÿ& d¡go Vmo {da{hUr Xw:Ir
hmoVr h¡, {Vg na H$m_Xod Ho$ nwîn~mU CgHo$ eara H$mo N>bZr {H$E Xo aho h¢ Ÿ& Am±gwAm| go CgH$m eara

18
Zrbm h¡, Am±I| bmb hmo JB© h¢ ~mb {~Iao h¢ Ÿ& g{I`m| H$mo g§Xoe h¡ {H$ dh Or{dV Zht ah gH$Vr Ÿ&
dh {Z:eãX n‹S>r ahVr h¡ Ÿ Vmo g{I`m± CgH$s ídmg {H«$`m H$s narjm H$aVr h§¡ Ÿ& n§Im PbVr h¡ Ÿ&
CgH$m öX` Vmo Qy>Q> MwH$m h¡ Am¡a b§~r gm§g MbZo bJr h¢ Ÿ& dh AZjU _mYd -_mYd aQ> bJm`o
ahVr h¡ Ÿ& A~ dh _mYd ~Z JB© h¡ Ÿ& ho _mYd, Vwåhmam ào_ AnyU© h¡ Ÿ& BVZr jrU hmo JB© h¡ {H$ Or{dV
ahZm Ag§^d -gm bJVm h¡ Ÿ& dh A~ Vmo amYm -amYm nwH$maVr ahVr h¡ Ÿ& àbmn, O‹S>Vm Am¡a _aU
O¡gr AdñWmAm| _| n‹S>r ahVr h¡ Ÿ& dh amYm ~Zr aho `m H¥$îU ~Z OmE, XmoZm| AdñWmAm| _| XméU
{d`moJ H$m AZw^d H$aVr h¡ Ÿ& O¡go bH$‹S>r Ho$ ObZo go CgHo$ A§Xa H$m H$s‹S>m g§Vá hmoVm h¡ Am¡a
Am{IaH$ma Ob _aVm h¡, d¡go hr amYm Adí` Bg {dahmp½Z _| OëXr hr ObH$a amI hmo OmEJr Ÿ&
Eogm AÝÝ` ào_ {H$gr Xygao _| Zht XoIm OmVm Ÿ& (217-19)
Bg àH$ma nma§n[aH$ H$m_ XemAm| (A{^bmfm, qMVZ , ñ_aU, JwUH$WZ, CÛoJ, àbmn,
CÝ_mX, O‹S>Vm ì`m{Y, _aU Ho$ {MÌ ItMZo _| H${d AË`§V Hw$eb h¡ Ÿ& ~mah _mgm| _| {dah H$s
XemAm| H$m dU©Z ^r _m{_©H$ h¡ Ÿ& ào_ H$s AZÝ`Vm, {ddeVm, doXZm Am{X H$m __©ñneu dU©Z gd©Ì
{_bVm h¡ Ÿ& àH¥${V `hm± CÔrnZ {d^md Ho$ ê$n _| H$m_ H$a ahr h¡ Ÿ& Bg {dah -ì`Wm H$mo __u hr OmZ
gH$Vm h¡ Ÿ& g{I`m± H${d, CgHo$ Aml`XmVm hr Bg {dàb§^ -ûm¥§Jma Ho$ AmñdmX bo nmVo h¢ Ÿ& a{gH$
OZ Bgo g_PVo h¢ Ÿ&
amYm-H¥$îU _mZdr` YamVb na Zm`H$-Zm{`H$m Ho$ ê$n _| hr {XImB© n‹S>Vo h¢ Ÿ& `h àmH¥$V ào_
h¡ Ÿ& H$ht -H$ht AàmH¥$V ào_ H$s PbH$ _mÌ {_b gH$Vr h¡ Ÿ&
{dÚmn{V H$s nXmdbr AmJo Ho$ ^º$ Am¡a ar{VH$mb Ho$ H${d`m| Ho$ {bE àoaUm ~Zr h¡ Ÿ&
{dÚmn{V Ho$ d§gV Am¡a AmJo h_ {dah -dU©Z g§~§Yr Hw$N> nXm| H$m AÜ``Z H$a|Jo Ÿ&

1.5. H${dËd :
H${d Zo VrZ àH$ma H$s aMZmE± H$s h¢ -
1. Aml`XmVmAm| Ho$ {bE M[aV H$mì` ; O¡go H$s{V©bVm, H$s{V©nVmH$m Am{X Ÿ&
An^«§e _| h¢ Ÿ&
2. nm§{S>Ë`nyU© H$mì` : A{YH$m§e g§ñH¥$V aMZmE± BgHo$ A§VJ©V AmVr h¢ Ÿ&
3. OZH$mì` - gm_mÝ` bmoJm| Ho$ {bE CÝht H$s AZw^y{V`m| na {bIr JB© H${dVmE± ;
O¡go - nXdmbr Ÿ& BZ_| H${d H$m ^mdwH$ öX` PbH$Vm h¡ Ÿ&

19
 nXmdbr H$m _w»` {df` ûm¥§Jma h¡ Ÿ& EH$mY nX em§V ag Ho$ h¢ Am¡a Hw$N> dra agHo$ h¢ Ÿ& g^r
agm| H$m n[anmH$ emór` Ñ{ï> go gwMmé ê$n go hþAm h¡ Ÿ& AWm©V² BZ_| ^mdm|, AZw^dm| {d^mdm| Am¡a
g§Mmar ^mdm| H$m gå`H$ g§`moOZ h¡ Ÿ& Bg{bE ag H$s {Zîn{Îm AmgmZr go hmo OmVr h¡ Ÿ&
H${d Zo ûm¥§Jma dU©Z H$aVo g_` Zmar -nwéf Ho$ A§VO©JV Ho$ gyú_ Am¡a _Zmod¡km{ZH$ {MÌ {XE
h¢ Ÿ& AZw^y{V`m| H$mo __©ñneu ~mZZo Ho$ {bE Cn_m{X Ab§H$mam| H$m à`moJ {H$`m J`m Ÿ& AŠga `o H${d
H$s _m¡{bH$ H$ënZm Ho$ n[aUm_ h¢ Ÿ& H${d H$s gyú_ {ZarjU e{º$ H$s àe§gm H$aZr n‹S>Vr h¡ Ÿ&
àmH¥${VH$ Cn_mZ ~‹S>o hr gwÝXa h¢ Ÿ&
H$mì` _wº$H$ hmoZo Ho$ H$maU Bg_| ì`{º$JV A§Va§JVm, ^mdmË_H$Vm, Jo`Vm, ñdÀN>ÝXVm
A{YH$ h¡, Omo BZH$mo A{YH$ a_Ur` Am¡a agmЩ ~ZmVm h¡ Ÿ&
H$mì`mË_H$Vm Ho$ AZoH$ Ñí` `Ì-VÌ-gd©Ì {_bVo h¢ Ÿ& {dÚmn{V gm¡ÝX`© Ho$ H${d h¢ Ÿ&
_mZdr` gm¡ÝX`© Ho$ gmW àmH¥${VH$ gm¡ÝX`© H$mo Omo‹S>H$a XoIZo H$s H${d H$s AZwn_ Ñ{ï> h¡ Ÿ& AmJo Hw$N>
{deofVmAm| H$m CëboI {H$`m J`m h¡ Ÿ&

1.6. {dÚmn{V H$s H$mì`JV {deofVmE± :

nXm| H$m dJuH$aU :
{dÚmn{V Ho$ nXm| H$mo VrZ ^mJm| _| {d^º$ {H$`m Om gH$Vm h¡ -
1. ûm¥§Jm[aH$ (g§`moJ Am¡a {dàb§^)

2. ^{º$agmË_H$ (ñVw{V`m±/ Abm¡{H$H$^md)

3. {d{dY ( Hy$Q>nX, {edqgh H$m qghmgZmamohU )

1.6.1 àJrV H$mì` :

_wº$H$ H$mì` Am¡a Jr{VH$mì` H$s na§nam ~hþV hr àmMrZ h¡ Ÿ& g§ñH¥$V, àmH¥$V Am¡a An^«§e _|
`h {_bVr h¡ Ÿ& Bg_| AZoH$ à»`mV aMZmE± h¢ Ÿ& g~go à{gÕ aMZm O` Xod H$m "JrVJmo{dÝX' h¡ Ÿ&
Bg_| {d{^Þ amJ am{J{Z`m| _| ~Õ g§ñH¥$V H$s H$mo_bH$m§V nXmdbr _| amYmH¥$îU H$s brbmAm| Ho$
A§VJ©V ûm¥§JmanaH$ nX {bIo JE h¢ Ÿ& `Ú{n O`Xod H$m AmJ«h h¡ {H$ "h[añ_aU' H$aZm hmo Vmo
"JrVJmo{dÝX' JmAmo AWdm H$mì` -g§JrV Am{X H$bmAm| Ho$ {dbmg _| é{M hmo Vmo Bgo JmAmo, {\$a ^r
A{YH$Va CZH$s `h N>moQ>r-gr aMZm göX` H$mì`-a{gH$m| H$s AmXa -dñVw ahr Ÿ& {dÚmn{V CgH$s
20
AmJo H$s H$‹S>r h¡ Ÿ& CZH$s g~go ~‹S>r {deofVm h¡ {H$ CÝhm|Zo g§ñH¥$V, àmH¥$V, Am{X g_W© g^r ^mfmAm|
H$mo N>mo‹S> Xoer ^mfm _¡{Wbr _| nX aMZm H$aZo H$m gmh{gH$ H$m`© {H$`m Ÿ& Xoer ^mfmAm| Ho$ CX`-H$mb
_| {dÚmn{V O¡go Hw$eb H${d Zo CgH$s gm_Ï`©, _mYw`©, gm¡hmX© H$mo {ZIma H$a a{gH$m| Ho$ gm_Zo Ya
{X`m Ÿ& Bgrgo AmJo Ho$ H${d`m| (O¡go gyaXmg, VwbgrXmg) H$mo ^mfm _| aMZm H$aZo H$s àoaUm Am¡a
gmhg {_bm Ÿ& {dÚmn{V Zo gm\$ eãXm| _| Xoer ^mfmAm| Ho$ _mYw`© H$s àe§gm H$s -
Xo{gb ~`Z g~ OZ {_Æ>m Ÿ&
V¢ V¢gZ O§noC A~hÅ>m Ÿ&&
Xmof XoIZo dmbo {dn{j`m| H$mo Vmo CÝhm|Zo Iwbm AmˆmZ {H$`m Ÿ& do H$hVo h¢ {H$ ~mbM§Ð Am¡a
_oar ^mfm H$mo H$moB© Xmof Zht Xo gH$Vm Ÿ& Š`m|{H$ dh {edOr Ho$ _ñH$H$ na M_H$Vm h¡ Am¡a _oar ^mfm
ZmJa a{gH$ H$mì`H$bm Ho$ nma{I`m| H$m _Z haU H$aoJr Ÿ&
~mbMÝX {d‚mmdB ^mgm Ÿ&
Xwhþ Zqh bmJB Xw‚mZ hmgm Ÿ&&
Amo na_oga ha {ga gmohB© Ÿ&
B© {Uƒ` ZmAa _Z _mohB© Ÿ&&

1.6.2 àH¥${V dU©Z :

_mZdr` MoVZm AnZr Mmamo Amoa H$s àH¥${V Ho$ à{V Ama§^ go hr g§doXZerb ahr Ÿ& àH¥${V H$m
gm¡ÝX`© Am¡a ^`mZH$ ê$n XmoZm| _Zwî` Ho$ _Z _| AZwê$n à{V{H«$`m CËnÞ H$aVo h¢ Ÿ& àmH¥${VH$ emo^m H$mo
XoIH$a dh Iwe hmoVm h¡ Ÿ& àH¥${V _| nmdg, ho_§V H$m ê$n XoIH$a dh ^rV, M{H$V ^r hmoVm h¡ Ÿ&
àH¥${V H$s$ gwÝXaVm H$m ñdÀN>ÝX dU©Z H$aZo _| H${d H$m öX` Cëb{gV hmoVm h¡ Ÿ& àH¥${V H$m `h ê$n
Amb§~Z hmoVm h¡ Ÿ& àH¥${V H$mo XoI H$a gwI `m Xw:I H$m AZw^d H$aZm CgH$m CÔrnZ ê$n h¡ Ÿ&
{dÚmn{V H$m àH¥${V dU©Z A{YH$Va CÔrnZ ê$n _| hþAm h¡ Ÿ& na§Vw H${d à{V^m àH¥${V Ho$ ê$n H$mo XoI
_w½Y hmoH$a ^r dU©Z H$aVr h¡ Ÿ& Bg{bE Hw$N> {dÛmZm| H$m _mZZm h¡ {H$ {dÚmn{V H$s nXmdbr _| àH¥${V
VrZ ê$nm| _| {XImB© n‹S>Vr h¢ -
1, ewÕ `m Z¡g{J©H$ ê$n _|
2. Amb§~Z ê$n _|
3. CÔrnZ ê$n _| Ÿ&

21
 BZ_| go Vrgao ê$n _| àH¥${V H$m dU©Z ~hþV hþAm h¡ Ÿ& g§`moJ ûm¥§Jma dU©Z _| n«H¥${V H$m "f‹S>-
$Vw' ê$n _| dU©Z hþAm h¡ Vmo {d`moJ ûm¥§Jma Ho$ g§X^© _| "~mah_mgm' e¡br _| Ÿ& {dÚmn{V H$m àH¥${V -
ào_ gm\$ {XImB© XoVm h¡ Ÿ& Š`m|{H$ gm{hpË`H$ na§namAm| Ho$ nmbZ _| ^r Z`m H$m¡eb {XIm`m Ÿ&
CXmhaU Ho$ {bE CÔrnZ {d^md Ho$ ê$n _| nmdg F$Vw H$m dU©Z XoI| -
g{I ho h_ a XwIH$ Zqh Amoa Ÿ&
B ^a ~mXa _mh ^mXa,
gyZ _§{Xa _moa Ÿ&&
P§{n KZ JaO§{V g§VV
^wdZ ^[a ~ag§{V`m Ÿ&
Ho$V nmhþZ H$m_ XméZ
gKZ Ia ga h§{V`m Ÿ&&
Hw${bg H$V gV nmV _w{XV,
_`ya ZmMV _m{V`m Ÿ&
XmXwa S>mH$ S>mhH$,
H$m{Q> OmE Z N>m{V`m Ÿ&&
{V{_a {XJ ^[a Kmoa Om{_{Z,
Am{Wa {nMw[aH$ nm±{V`m Ÿ&
{dÚmn{V H$h H$Bgo J_mAmo,
h[a {~Zm {XZ am{V`m Ÿ&&
Bg_| nmdg H$m gm§Jmonm§J ê$n Am`m h¡ Ÿ& ~mXbm| H$m {KaZm, Kw_‹S>Zm, JaOZm, _ygbmYma
~agZm, {~Obr M_H$Zm, _|T>H$ ~mobZm, gKZ A§YH$ma N>m OmZm Am{X {dah H$s AdñWm H$mo AghZr`
~VmVo h¢ Ÿ&

1.6.3 ûm¥§Jma ag
g§`moJ ûm¥§Jma _| Zm{`H$m - Zm`H$ H$m ê$n dU©Z AË`§V gwÝXa ~Z n‹S>m h¡ Ÿ&
{dÚmn{V d`:g§{Y Ho$ dU©Z _| AË`§V nma§JV h¢ Ÿ& Zm{`H$m Ho$ emar[aH$ Am¡a _mZ{gH$

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n[aXe©Z H$m AmZÝX Bg nX _| ñnï> h¡ -
IZo IZo Z`Z H$moZ AZwgaB©,
IZo IZo dgZ Yw{b VZ ^aB© Ÿ&
IZo IZo XgZ Xgm Ny>Q> hmg,
IZo IZo AYa gm_o ~hþ dmg &
MAmo§H$ MbE IZo IZ Mbw _ÝX,
_Z _W nmR> n{hb AZw~ÝY &
{haX` _wHw$b ho[a ho[a Wmoa,
IZo Am§Ma XE IZo hmoE ^moa Ÿ&

* gK:ñZmVm H$m dU©Z BZ eãXm| _| Xo{I`o :

H$m{_{Z$ H$aE gZmZo Ÿ& ho[aV{h öX` hZE n§M ~mZo Ÿ&
{MHw$a OaE ObYmam Ÿ& O{Z _wI - g{g S>a amoAE A§Ymam Ÿ&& (BË`m{X)

1.6.4 ào_ H$m ñdê$n :

g{I , {H$ nyN>{g AZw^d _mo`
go hmo {n[aV AZwamJ ~Im{ZE, {Vb {Vb ZyVZ hmo` Ÿ&
OZ_ Ad{Y h_ ê$n {Zhmab, Z`Z Z {Van{V ^ob
go hmo _Yw ~mob òdZ{h gyZb, òw{VnW nag Z ^ob Ÿ&

* d`:g§{Y
H$) d`:g§{Y h¡ - e¡ed Am¡a `m¡dZ - XmoZm| {_b JE h¢ Ÿ&
e¡ed `m¡dZ Xwhþ± {_{b Job
òdZH$ nW Xwhþ± bmoMZ bob Ÿ&
dMZH$ MmVwar bhþbhw hmg

23
 YaZr` Mm±X H$aE naJmg Ÿ&

* d`:g§{Y H$s Moï>mE±

I) ZrMo Ho$ nXm| _| {H$emoar Ho$ _Z H$s M§MbVm Am¡a {H«$`mH$bmn d{U©V h¡ -
g¡gd OmodZ XagZ ^obm Ÿ&
XwB Xb ~b{h XX nw[a Jobm Ÿ&&
H$~h±þ ~m±YwE H$M, H$dhþ± {~Wma Ÿ&
H$~h±þ Pm±nE A§J, H$dh±þ CKma Ÿ&&
Wra Z`mZ A{Wa {H$Nw> ^ob Ÿ&
CaO CX` Wb bm{b_ Xob Ÿ&&
Mnb MaZ {MV M§Mb _mZ Ÿ&
OmJb _Z{gO _w{XV Z`mZ Ÿ&&

1.6.5 ê$n_mYw a r :
Omhm± Omhm± nX`wJ YaB
Vmhm± Vmhm± gamoéh ^aB Ÿ&&
Omhm± Omhm± PbH$V A§J
Vmhm± Vmhm± {~Owar Va§J
Ohm± Ohm± Z`Z {dH$mg
Vh± Vh± H$_b àH$mg Ÿ&&
Ohm± ê$n H$m dñVw{Zð> (O¡gm {XIVm h¡ d¡gm) dU©Z, Amb§~Z H$m dU©Z dhm± ewÕ gm¡ÝX`©
MoVZm h¡ Ÿ& {H$ÝVw AZoH$ ñWmZm| _| ê$n dU©Z H$m_wH$Vm Am¡a dmgZm go à^m{dV h¡ Ÿ& Eogo _| Amb§~Z
^r CÔrnZ ~Z OmVo h¢ Am¡a Amb§H$m[aH$Vm ñdV: Am OmVr h¡ Ÿ& O¡go ZrMo Ho$ CÕmaU H$mo Xo{IE Ÿ&
amYm Ho$ KZo Ho$e CamoOm| na \¡$bo h¢ Ÿ& CZgo hma ^r CbP J`m h¡ Ÿ& AVEd hma Ho$ _moVr gw_oé nd©V na
M§Ð{dhrZ VmamAm| H$s ^m±{V {XImB© XoVo h¢ Ÿ& `hm± emar[aH$ gm¡ÝX`© H$m H$m_moÔrnH$ à^md ñnï> h¡ -
Hw$M OwJ na{g {MHw$a \w${Z nagb,

24
 Vm Aé PmBb hmam Ÿ&
O{Z gw_oé D$na {_{b CJb,
MÝÐ{dhrZ g~ Vmam Ÿ&&
H${d H$s Ñ{ï> àm`: Zm{`H$m Ho$ Hw$Mm| na Am OmVr h¡, dh dmgZmË_H$ h¡ Ÿ& `hm± Zm{`H$m H$m
gm¡ÝX`© Amb§~Z Z ah H$a CÔrnZ {d^md ~Z OmVm h¡ -
Vo ^ob ~oH$V n`moYa gmo^,
H$ZH$ H$_b ho[a H$m{h Z bmo^ Ÿ&
AmY bwH$mBb AmY CXmg,
Hw$M Hw$å^o H${h Job AmnZ Amg Ÿ&
lramYm Ho$ "Anê$n' ê$n - gm¡ÝX`© H$m {MÌmË_H$ dU©Z ~‹S>m hr __©ñneu ~Z n‹S>m h¡ -
Eo g{I noIb EH$ Anê$n Ÿ&
gwZBb _mZ{d gnZ gê$n Ÿ&&
H$_b OwJb na Mm±X H$ _mbm Ÿ&
Vmna CnOb VéZ V_mbm Ÿ&&
Vmn[a ~o‹T>{b {~Owar bVm Ÿ&
H$m{bÝXr VQ> Yrao M{b OmVm Ÿ&&
gmIm {gIa gwYmH$a nm±Vr Ÿ&
bm{h Zdnëbd AéZH$ ^m±Vr Ÿ&&
{~_b q~~\$b OwJb {~H$mg Ÿ&
Vmna H$sa Yra H$é ~mg Ÿ&&
Vmna M§Mb I§OZ Omoa Ÿ&
Vmna gm±{n{Z Pm±nb _moa Ÿ&&
Xmo H$_b O¡go MaU, M§Ðn{º$ -gr ZIm| H$s Á`mo{V, Z``m¡dZ go Xrá í`m_eara, Zdnëbd
H$s bm{b_mVwë` hWo{b`m±, q~~m\$b O¡go AYamoð>, pñWa ewH$-gr Zm{gH$m, M§Mb I§OZ O¡go ZoÌ,
KZo H$mbo Ho$e, Cg na _moan§I Ÿ& H$m¡Z Zm{`H$m Bg ê$n go _w½Y Zht hmoVr ? {dÚmn{V H$m ~mø gm¡ÝX`©
Ho$ Hw$eb {MÌH$ma h¢ Ÿ& na do gyú_ _Zmo^mdm| Am¡a _ZmoXemAm| H$mo XoI gH$Zo _| Ag_W© aho Ÿ& {dbmg

25
H$m dU©Z CÝh| é{MH$a bJVm Wm Ÿ&
Bgr{bE adrÝÐZmW Zo H$hm -""{dÚmn{V H$s amYm _| ào_ H$s Anojm {dbmg A{YH$ h¡ Ÿ&
Cg_| J§^raVm H$m AQ>b ñW¡`© Zht h¡ Ÿ&

1.6.6 {dah dU©Z :

{dÚmn{V Ho$ {dah dU©Z _| AnojmH¥$V A{YH$ gyú_Vm Am¡a _mZ{gH$ AdñWm Ho$ {MÌ {_bVo
h¢ Ÿ& `hm± ^r AZoH$ nX H$m_-nr‹S>m Ho$ ~mø -dU©Z _| bJm`o JE h¢ Ÿ& {dah Ho$ ~mX {_bZ H$s g§^mdZm
go AmZÝX Am¡a Cëbmg H$m\$s ~‹T> OmVm h¡ -
{H$ H$hd ao g{I AmZÝX _moa Ÿ&
{Ma {XZ `m _mYd _§{Xa _moa Ÿ&&
XméZ dgÝV OVm XwI Xob Ÿ&
h[a _wI hoaV g~ gwI nob Ÿ&&
bo{H$Z {dah H$s AdñWm _| VÝ_`Vm ^r Bg nX _| {_bVr h¡ -
AZwIZ _mYd _mYd aQ>BV
amYm ^o{b _Ym{h Ÿ&
Am¡a `h EH$ AX²^wV VëbrZVm n¡Xm H$aVr h¡ Ÿ& amYm Am¡a H¥o$U EH$-Xygao _| _½Z h¢ Am¡a
{dah -doXZm ~‹T> OmVr h¡ -
amYm g§` O~ nwZVo{h _mYd,
_mYd g§` O~ amYm
XméZ ào_ V~{h Zqh Qy>Q>V,
~m‹T>V {dahH$ ~mYm Ÿ&
EH$ Am¡a gwÝXa dU©Z {ZåZ n§{º$`m± Xo{IE :
_mYd Ang~ Vmoha {gZoh Ÿ&
AnZo {~ah| AnZ VZw OaOa {O~BVo ^ob g§Xoh Ÿ&&
^moa{h ghM[a H$mVa {X{R> hoé N>b-N>b bmoMZ nm{Z
AZwIZ amYm -amYm aQ>BV, AmYm AmYm ~m{Z Ÿ&&

26
 A§V _| `h H$hm Om gH$Vm h¡ {H$ {dÚmn{V ào_, gm¡ÝX`©, g§`moJ Am¡a {d`moJ Ho$ dU©Z _| ~‹S>o
Hw$eb H${d h¢ Ÿ& CZH$m OrdZ Xa~mar Wm Ÿ& Aml`XmVm Ho$ _Zmoa§OZ, {dbmg Am{X Ho$ g§dY©Z Ho$
{bE CÝhm|Zo ~hþV go nX {bIo Ÿ& {dbmgr _mZ{gH$Vm Ho$ H$maU ~møOJV H$m ñWyb dU©Z ñdm^m{dH$
Wm Ÿ& na hm{X©H$Vm Vmo ào_ H$m bjU h¡ Ÿ& dh ^r ~am~a Pm±H$Vm h¡ Ÿ&
Bgr{bE nadVu ûm¥§Jma H$mì` na {dÚmn{V H$m à^md ñnï> XoIm Om gH$Vm h¡ Ÿ& ^{º$H$mb _|
gyú_Vm h¡ Vmo ar{VH$mb _| ñWybVm A{YH$ {XImB© n‹S>Vr h¡ Ÿ&

1..7 Aä`mg àíZ

1. {dÚmn{V Ho$ OrdZ M[aÌ H$m dU©Z H$s{OE Ÿ&
2.{dÚmn{V H$mo H${d Ho$ g§ñH$ma H$hm± go {_bo ?
3. {dÚmn{V Ho$ nm§{S>Ë` Am¡a H${dËd H$s Pm±H$s àñVwV H$s{OE Ÿ&
4. nXmdbr H$m Š`m _hËd h¡, g_PmBE Ÿ&
i) nXmdbr Ho$ _w»` dÊ`© {df` na àH$me S>m{bE Ÿ&
ii) {dÚmn{V H$s ^{º$ H$s {deofVmE± ~VmBE Ÿ&
iii) {dÚmn{V Ho$ ûm¥§Jma dU©Z H$s {deofVmAm| H$s g_rjm H$s{OE Ÿ&
5. {dÚmn{V Ho$ àH¥${V -dU©Z H$m d¡{eï²>` à{Vnm{XV H$s{OE Ÿ&
6. {dÚmn{V H$s$ H$mì`JV {deofVmAm| H$m gmoXmhaU n[aM` Xr{OE Ÿ&
7. {dÚmn{V ûm§Jma -dU©Z Ho$ Aà{V_ H${d h§¡, {gÕ H$s{OE Ÿ&
8. ûm¥§Jma ag H$m n[anmH$ {dÚmn{V H$s nXmdbr _| H¡$go hþAm h¡ g_PmBE Ÿ&
9. ""ê$n dU©Z _| {dÚmn{V H$m _Z {deof ê$n go a_m h¡'' -
Bg H$WZ H$s nw{ï> H$s{OE Ÿ&
10. "ûm¥§Jma' H$m _hÎd {dah dU©Z h¡' - à_m{UV H$s{OE Ÿ&
11. ~mah_mgm Š`m h¡ ? {dÚmn{V H$s {dbjUVmAm| H$m gå`H²$ - n[aM` Xr{OE Ÿ&
12. {dah H$s {d{^Þ H$m_XemAm| H$m g_mdoe nXmdbr _| H¡$go hþAm h¡, g_PmBE Ÿ&

27