STATISTIS AND PROBABILITY REVIEWER.

1. Random - a variable whose qualities are controlled by chance.

2. Continuous - a variable whose value is obtained by measuring and is usually in decimal numbers.

3. Discrete - a variable whose value is obtained by counting and is usually a whole number.

4. Mean of Discrete Random Variable - weighted average of the possible values that a random variable can take.

5.Variance of Discrete Random Variable - use to determine how far or close the probability of events from the center or
the mean.

6. Probability Mass Function - refers to the list of the possible values of X and the corresponding probabilities of the
values.

7. Standard Deviation - positive square root of Variance.

8. Discrete Probability Distribution - table shows all the possible values of a discrete random variable together with
their corresponding probabilities.

9. Bell Shape - shows a graphical form of the probability distribution for a continuous random variable.

10. 1 - total area of normal curve.

11. 𝜇 - symbol represents population mean.

12. Z- Table - table is used to know the percentage under the curve at any particular point.

13. 50 % - percent of the area falls below the mean in standard normal distribution.

14. Mean - is the same as the word average.

15. Population - refers to the totality of subjects under consideration. 16. Sample - refers to a portion taken from the
total number of subjects.

17. Statistic - refers to the calculated value from a sample.

18. Parameter - refers to the calculated value obtained from the population.

19. Assymptotic - defines that the normal curve gets closer and closer to the horizontal axis but never touches it.

20. Standard Normal Variable - represented by z in the equation z = X - mean / s.d

21. Random Sampling - sampling technique is illustrated when each member of the population is given equal chance to
be chosen as part of the sample.

22. Random Variable – associate a unique numerical value with every outcome of an experiment.

23. Discrete – finite and countable

24. Continuous – infinitely uncountable number (measurable)

READING AND WRITING REVIEWER

1. Definition - pattern of paragraph development explains what something is in comparison to other members of its
class, along with its limitations.

2. Description - writing pattern uses details on what something looks like and the characteristics it pertains to.

3. Persuasion - pattern of development describes an issue and the position or opinion on the subject.

4. Classification and Exemplification - writing pattern groups items into their parts or types.

5. Denotation - is the literal and explicit definition of a word

6. Coherence and Cohesion - property of a well-written text constitutes features that facilitate textual continuity.

7. Language Use - property of a well-written text refers to the appropriate language to be used in writing/speaking.

8. Text Organization - property of a well-written text constitutes proper paragraphing and logical order of presentation
of ideas.
9. Language Mechanics - property of well-written text refers to the established writing conventions for words that you
use.

10. Coherence - shows the connection of ideas to the central concept of a text.

11. Claim – is used as a supporting evidence for an argument or discussion.

12. Fact - kind of claim is based on reliable authority such as science or history.

13. Policy - kind of claim is based on procedures or laws that need to be modified based on certain issues or conditions
and presents problems that need to be solved.

14. Value - kind of claim is focused on relative judgment.

15. Context - circumstances that surround the text from which it can be understood and evaluated.

16. Intertext - connections used between language, images, characters or subjects depending on the similarities in
language, genre or discourse.

17. Hypertext - non-linear way of writing a text and information.

18. Intertext - used when there is an analysis of the author’s use of signs and symbols in obtaining the message of a text.

19. Cause and Effect - pattern of paragraph development uses the following signal words - because of, for, due to, so
that, therefore.

20. Context Clues - hints given by the author in a written text to help the reader grasp the meaning of the unfamiliar or
unusual word.

21. Classification and Division - writing pattern uses the following signal words - a part of, a kind of, a group of, a way.

22. Punctuation - the act or practice of inserting standardized marks or signs in the written matter to clarify the meaning
and separate structural units.

23. Capitalization - act of writing the first letter of a word in uppercase while the rest are in lowercase.

24. Spelling - language mechanics uses formation of words from letters according to its accepted usage.

25. Implicit - kind of information that needs to be read in between the lines before the idea is understood.

26. Translation - used when a text that is written in old English is changed into an understandable modern English.

27. Pastiche - type of intertext is used when it celebrates, rather than mocks the work it imitates.

28. Quotation - type of intertext is used when there is an actual identification of the creator of the text

HOPE REVIEWER

STRESS INDICATORS

•Physical: sleep disorder, headaches, stiff muscles, cold or sweaty hands, exhaustion, stomach distress, back
and neck problems, fast breathing, palpitation, dry mouth, trembling

•Behavior: crying, smoking, drinking of liquor, using illegal drugs, stammering or other speech trouble, tensed
laughter, being clumsy or accident-prone, social isolation, poor communication

•Thoughts: poor memory, fear of failure, trouble in making decisions, anxiety about the future, self-criticism,
inability to concentrate.

•Feelings: nervousness, shame, fear, bad temper, irritability, anger, fatigue, depression

Benefits of Physical Activity in Managing Stress

•It will help men and women of ages maintain health status. Stress reduction technique

•It reduces anxiety or worries, depression, frustration, anger.

•It helps mood elevation

•Increase in endorphin levels (endorphins are chemicals or neurotransmitters released from the brain that
contain analgesic properties, which make someone feel good)

•Reduces health risk

•Strengthen your bones and muscles

THE ROLE OF SPORTS AND PHYSICAL ACTIVITY IN STRESS MANAGEMENT

Mood Elevation

Physical activity can improve disposition and presence of mind, which reduces stress brought by mild cases of
anxiety or worry. Exercises can also improve the quality of sleep, which can certainly have an impact on one’s
general mood.

Endorphin Release

Taking part in physical activity can result in an increase in endorphin levels.

Meditation-like Qualities

Exercise can be similar to a form of meditation. Simultaneous with your involvement in an interesting physical
activity, you may discover that you are concentrating strictly on the exercise.

Reduction of Fight or Flight Response

•Stress triggers your flight or fight reaction and, in doing so, floods your body with a mixture of different
hormones, including cortisol, adrenaline, and noradrenaline

A. Cardiovascular Components of Health-Related Fitness (HRF)

•Cardiovascular Endurance – it is the ability of the heart, blood vessels, and lungs to produce oxygen to the
functioning muscles during dynamic physical activity.
•Muscular Strength – the ability of a particular muscle or group of muscles to exert full force. It is often
measured by how much weight a person can lift or push.
•Muscular Endurance – it is the ability of the muscles to perform physical activities repeatedly without getting
tired easily.
•Flexibility – the ability to move the joints through their full range of motion.
•Body Composition – refers to the makeup of the body in terms of lean mass (muscle, bone, vital tissue, and
organs) and fat mass.

B. Barriers to Physical Activity

•Lack of Time

-Identify a 30-minute time slot that you could use for physical activity. Then, monitor your daily activities for
one week.

-Include physical activity as part of your daily routine.

•Social Influence

- Explain your interest in physical activity to classmates, friends, and family and ask for their support for your
efforts.

-Plan social activities with your classmates, friends, and family.

•Lack of Energy

- Schedule physical activity for times in the day or week when you feel energetic.
•Fear of Injury

- Learn to execute proper warm-up and cool-down exercises.

•Lack of Motivation

- Plan ahead. Make physical activity part of your daily and weekly schedule.

•Lack of Skill

- Exercise with classmates and friends with the same skill level as you are.

•Lack of Resources

- Select alternative activities that require minimal facilities and equipment.

•Weather Conditions

- Develop a set of regular activities that are always available regardless of weather conditions.

F.I.T.T. Principle

• FITT Principle is a course of action used in planning for an exercise routine to achieve the specific target and
fitness level. The acronym FITT means Frequency, Intensity, Time, and Type.

F.I.T.T. goals based on Training Principles to achieve and/or maintain HRF

•Overload Principle - The more you do physical activities, the more it produces fitness and health benefits.

•Progression Principle - For a program to achieve more gains, it must be progressive.

•Principle of Specificity - In planning for a workout routine, it is important to know the type of exercise to
perform in order to gain the desired benefits.

To set F.I.T.T. Goals

•Reversibility Principle - All gains due to exercise will be lost if one does not continue the activity.

•Recovery Principle - After having an exercise, our body needs to rest to adjust properly.

•Principle of Individuality - This principle explains that all people are different from one another, and fitness
programs must be designed according to this need.

•Recovery Principle - Reminds us that our bodies take time to adjust to the physical stress of being active.

Activities vary in intensity level:

√ Light activities are physical activities that involve large muscle groups. While engaging in light activities,
people begin to notice their breathing, but they can still talk fairly easily.

√ Moderate activities are physical activities that cause breathing and heart rate to increase. People engaging
in moderate activities can hear themselves breathe, but they can still talk.

√ Vigorous activities are physical activities that cause breathing and heart rate to increase to a higher level,
making it difficult to talk.

MVPA and how much do learners need

• Moderate physical activity refers to activities equivalent in intensity to brisk walking or bicycling.

• Vigorous physical activity produces large increases in breathing or heart rate, such as jogging, aerobic
dance, or bicycling uphill.

• The Physical Activity for Americans recommends that children and adolescents participate in at least 60
minutes of MVPA most days of the week, preferably daily, in order to attain health benefits.
Benefits of Moderate to Vigorous Physical Activity in P.E.

•Activity-focused P.E. can contribute to academic performance and improved positive class behavior.

• Increasing MVPA in P.E. has the greatest potential for increasing health benefits.

• Increasing MVPA in P.E. provides more opportunities to meet other P.E. goals such as motor development,
increased fitness, skills enhancement, positive social interactions.

PRACTICAL RESEARCH REVIEWER

RESEARCH - is a careful consideration of study regarding a particular concern or problem using a process of inquiry.

•IMPORTANCE OF RESEARCH IN DAILY LIFE

1. Gain Essential Information: Research provides important information in the different areas of interest.

2. To Make Changes: Research creates change as a result of intense study on existing knowledge and policy.

3. To Enhance the Standard of Living: New inventions are made possible through research that made the life of man
comfortable.

4. For a Safer Life: Discoveries resulted to improved life expectancy and health conditions of human kind.

5. To Know the Truth: The results of research helped us to mark out the thin line between truth and lie.

6. To Explore the History: Research enables human to learn and understand more about our forefathers and helps us
learn from their mistakes and experiences.

7. To Understand the Arts: Research helps us to understand and appreciate the work of artists in literature, painting and
other fine arts.

• CHARACTERISTICS OF RESEARCH

1. Empirical: Research is based on direct experience or observation by the researcher. Most researches are based on
real-life situation.

2. Systematic: Research follows an orderly procedure based on valid procedures and principles.

3. Controlled: In research, all variables except those that are tested are kept constant.

4. Analytical: Research utilizes proven analytical procedure in gathering the data.

5. Objective: Research is unbiased. All findings are logically based on data.

• ETHICAL PRINCIPLES IN RESEARCH

a. Honesty:

b. Objectivity: Strive to avoid bias

c. Integrity: Keep your promises and agreements

d. Carefulness: Avoid careless errors and negligence

e. Openness: Share data, results, ideas, tools, resources.

f. Respect for Intellectual Property: Honor patents, copyrights, and other forms of intellectual property.

g. Confidentiality: Protect confidential communications, such as papers or grants submitted for publication

h. Responsible Publication: Publish in order to advance research and scholarship, not to advance just your own career
Responsible

I. Mentoring: Help to educate, mentor, and advise students.

j. Respect for Colleagues: Respect your colleagues and treat them fairly.

k. Social Responsibility: Strive to promote social good and prevent or mitigate social harms
l. Non-Discrimination: Avoid discrimination against colleagues or students

m. Competence: Maintain and improve your own professional competence and expertise

n. Legality: Know and obey relevant laws and institutional and governmental policies.

Kinds of Qualitative Research

a. Ethnography - simply stated, is the study of people in their own environment through the use of methods such as
participant observation and face-to-face interviewing.

B. Phenomenology - Describes the structure of experience

c. Grounded Theory - An inductive technique developed for health-related topics. It is emerged from the discipline of
sociology.

d. Historical Research - is the systemic collection and objective evaluation of data related to past occurrence.

e. Case Study - A case study is a detailed study of a specific subject, such as a person, group, place, event, organization,
or phenomenon.

Importance of Qualitative Research Across Fields

a. Social Work

b. Marketing

c. Business

d. Sports

e. Medicine

f. Psychology

g. Arts

h. Literature

i. Agriculture and Fisheries

• Preliminaries of the Research Paper Main Research Tools

1. Observation- a technique of gathering data whereby you personally watch, interact, communicate with the subjects
of your research.

2. Interview- a data gathering technique that makes you verbally ask the subjects or participants questions to give
answers to what your research study is trying to look for.

3. Documentary analysis - it uses a systematic procedure to analyze documentary evidence and answer specific
research questions.

The main treatment of qualitative data is through thematic analysis which can be generated from the gathered data
using the different research tools.

Writing a Research Title

1. The title should encapsulate the main idea of the research.

2. Title should be self-explanatory.

3. Identify theme, sub-theme and categories.

4. Avoid using abbreviations

5. Use words that create a positive impression and stimulate reader's interest.
6. May reveal how the paper will be organized.

7. Do not include "study of," "analysis of" or similar constructions

8. Use current nomenclature from the field of study

9. Indicate accurately the subject and scope of the stud

10. The recommended length of a research title is 10 to 12 substantive words not including articles.

11. Titles are basically in the form of a phrase, but can also in the form of a question.

12. Title should identify the actual variables or theoretical issues being

13. The author can play with his/her title (e.g. Fuel of Millennial Abodes) only for qualitative research.

• SCOPE AND DELIMITATIONS IN QUALITATIVE RESEARCH

*The scope of the study refers to the parameters under which the study will be operating. The problem you seek to
resolve will fit within certain parameters.

*The limitations are matters and occurrences that emerge in a research study which are out of researcher's control.

* The delimitations of the study are those characteristics that A RESEARCHER CAN CONTROL.

• Primary Sources - Provide first-hand information that is closest to the object of the study. Embody all sources that are
original.

• Secondary Sources - Provide second-hand data or information. Sources that are nonoriginal. Written about primary
sources.

• 3 Most Common Used In-Text Citation Style

APA [AMERICAN PSYCHOLOGICAL ASSOCIATION] System

-Psychology, Education, and other Social Sciences

-Follows author date system

-Cite the author or editor's last name, year of publication

MLA [MODERN LANGUAGE ASSOCIATION] System

-Arts and Humanities

-Follows author page method system.

-Cite author's last name and a page, reference suffices.

Chicago Manual System

-History and many other subjects in scholarly and non-scholarly work

-Follows author- date system.

-Cite author's last name, followed by the year of publication of the work in question, and a page number if needed. No
punctuation appears between author and date

*This is a set of standardized rules and regulation that serves as a guide in conducting a research and writing of
literature review

1. You are fabricating data or results and recording written in your literature. Then, you are doing "Fabrication".

2. You are editing research equipment, materials, or changing ideas or removing a result with inaccuracy. Then, you are
"Falsifying Documents".

3. You are claiming someone else idea, concepts, processes, results, phrases or words. Then, you are doing "Plagiarism".

How can we avoid plagiarism?

✓ Paraphrasing - stating someone else's ideas, theories, or processes in your own words.
✓ Summarizing - providing the gist of the literature.

✓ Direct Quotations - adopting necessary text.

*There are ways to present and organize a literature review:

Chronology of Events

•You can present your materials according to when they are published.

•When a research follows clear path of research building then this is a possible presentation.

By Publication

•You can present your materials by publication to demonstrate a vital trend.

•This is a great presentation when showing a progress of a significant concept, event, idea, or phenomena.

Thematic

•You can present your materials around the topic or issue rather than progression of time.

• A review presented in this manner would shift between time periods within each section according to point made.

Methodological

•You can present based on methodological approach used by the researcher.

•This may influence either the type of materials in the review or the way documents are presented

*Presenting and the Writing Process

1. Rough Draft - this involves a strategy on how you are going to present and write your literature review. By this time,
you have already a synthesis or an outline. This will help you organize your literature review. Finally, you should write
your

2. Final Draft - this refers to a piece of writing that is handed as a final form of literature review. Consisting a final work
for the introduction, body and conclusion.

3. Edit - this involves the process of proofreading. You may also ask for feedback on your draft allowing you to create a
better paper and become a stronger researcher and writer.

4. Edit Again - this involves editing and revising of paper free from grammatical errors, relevancy, language, and other
technical aspects.