Lesson 6.

Limits of Transcendental Function

LIMITS OF EXPONENTIAL FUNCTION

1. If b > 1
a. lim 𝑏 𝑥 = +∞ b. lim 𝑏 𝑥 = 0
𝑥→+∞ 𝑥→−∞

2. If 0 < b < 1
a. lim 𝑏 𝑥 = 0 b. lim 𝑏 𝑥 = +∞
𝑥→+∞ 𝑥→−∞

LIMITS OF NATURAL EXPONENTIAL FUNCTION

1. lim 𝑒 𝑥 = +∞ 3. lim 𝑒 −𝑥 = 0
𝑥→+∞ 𝑥→+∞

2. lim 𝑒 𝑥 = 0 4. lim 𝑒 −𝑥 = +∞
𝑥→−∞ 𝑥→−∞

LIMITS OF LOGARITHMIC FUNCTIONS

1. lim 𝑙𝑜𝑔𝑏 𝑥 = +∞ ; 𝑏 > 1
𝑥→+∞

2. lim+ 𝑙𝑜𝑔𝑏 𝑥 = −∞ ; 𝑏 > 1

𝑥→0

3. lim 𝑙𝑜𝑔𝑏 𝑥 = −∞ ; 0 < 𝑏 < 1

𝑥→+∞

4. lim+ 𝑙𝑜𝑔𝑏 𝑥 = +∞ ; 0 < 𝑏 < 1

𝑥→0

5. lim ln(𝑥 ) = +∞
𝑥→+∞

6. lim+ ln(𝑥 ) = −∞
𝑥→0

LIMITS INVOLVING TRIGONOMETRIC FUNCTIONS

sin 𝑥
1. lim =1
𝑥→0 𝑥
1−cos 𝑥
2. lim =0
𝑥→0 𝑥

8 FUNDAMENTAL IDENTITIES
1. 𝑐𝑜𝑠 2𝑥 + 𝑠𝑖𝑛2 𝑥 = 1
2. 1 + 𝑡𝑎𝑛2 𝑥 = 𝑠𝑒𝑐 2 𝑥
3. 𝑐𝑜𝑡 2 𝑥 + 1 = 𝑐𝑠𝑐 2𝑥
sin 𝑥
4. tan 𝑥 = cos 𝑥
cos 𝑥
5. cot 𝑥 = sin 𝑥
1
6. csc 𝑥 =
sin 𝑥
1
7. sec 𝑥 = cos 𝑥
1
8. cot 𝑥 = tan 𝑥
Lesson 6. Limits of Transcendental Function

EXAMPLES: Find the limit of the following:

1. lim 𝑒 −𝑥 = +∞
𝑥→−∞

2. lim+ 𝑙𝑜𝑔3 𝑥 = −∞
𝑥→0

3. lim ln 4𝑥 = +∞
𝑥→+∞

4. lim sin(𝑥 + sin 𝑥 ) = sin(𝜋 + sin 𝜋) = sin(𝜋 + 0) = sin 𝜋 = 0

𝑥→𝜋

𝜋 1
2 sin 𝑥 2 ⦁ sin 2⦁ 1 1
6 2
5. lim𝜋 2 = 𝜋 𝜋 = 2 = = = −1
𝑥→ √3 sec 𝑥−𝑐𝑜𝑡 𝑥 √3 sec 6 −(cot6 )2 √3⦁ 3−(√3)2 2−3 −1
6 √

sin(cos 𝑥) sin(cos 0) sin 1

6. lim = 1 = 1 = sin 1 ≈ 0.84
𝑥→0 sec 𝑥
cos 𝑥 1

𝑠𝑖𝑛2 (3𝑡) sin 3𝑡 sin 3𝑡 sin 3𝑡 sin 3𝑡

7. lim = lim ⦁ = lim ⦁ ⦁9 = 1⦁1⦁9 = 9
𝑡→0 𝑡2 𝑡→0 𝑡 𝑡 𝑡→0 3𝑡 3𝑡

sin(11𝑥) sin(11𝑥) 11 sin(11𝑥) 11 11 11

8. lim = lim ⦁ 11 = lim ⦁ = 1⦁ =
𝑥→0 3𝑥 𝑥→0 3𝑥 𝑥→0 11𝑥 3 3 3

sin(𝑥−1) sin(𝑥−1) sin(𝑥−1) 1 1 1

9. lim = lim = lim ⦁ 𝑥+2 = 1⦁ 3 = 3
𝑥→1 𝑥 2 +𝑥−2 𝑥→1 (𝑥+2)(𝑥−1) 𝑥→1 (𝑥−1)

tan 5𝑡
10. lim =?
𝑡→0 sin 2𝑡