1

1 Ester Y has the structure shown.

O H

H C O C H

Complete the dot-and-cross diagram to show the arrangement of electrons in a molecule of

ester Y.

O
H

H C O C H

[3]

[Total: 3]

2 A carboxylic acid Y has the structure shown.

H C O H

Complete the dot-and-cross diagram to show the arrangement of electrons in a molecule of carboxylic
acid Y.

H C O H

.
[3]
 2

[Total: 3]

3 Complete the dot-and-cross diagram to show the electron arrangement in a molecule of

phosphorus(III) chloride, PCl3. Show outer shell electrons only.

Cl P Cl

Cl

[2]

[Total: 2]

4 This question is about nitrogen.

Nitrogen molecules have the formula N2.

Some properties of nitrogen are shown:

• melting point of −210 °C

• boiling point of −196 °C
• non-conductor of electricity when solid
• insoluble in water.

(a) Name the type of bonding between the atoms in an N2 molecule.

........................................................................................................................................... [1]

(b) Explain, in terms of attractive forces between particles, why nitrogen has a low melting point.

...........................................................................................................................................

........................................................................................................................................... [1]

(c) Explain why nitrogen does not conduct electricity.

........................................................................................................................................... [1]

[Total: 3]
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5 Hydrazine, N2H4, is a compound that contains nitrogen and hydrogen.

Complete the dot-and-cross diagram to show the electron arrangement in a molecule of hydrazine.

Show outer electrons only.

H H

N N

H H

[2]

[Total: 2]

6 Explain, in terms of attractive forces between particles, why LiCl is a solid at room temperature but
NCl3 is a liquid with a relatively low boiling point.

..................................................................................................................................................

..................................................................................................................................................

.................................................................................................................................................. [3]

[Total: 3]

7 Nitrogen trichloride, NCl3, is a covalent compound.

Complete the dot-and-cross diagram to show the electron arrangement in a molecule of NCl3.

Show outer electrons only.

Cl N Cl

Cl

[3]

[Total: 3]
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8 A student adds excess large pieces of magnesium carbonate, MgCO3, to dilute hydrochloric acid,
HCl, and measures the volume of carbon dioxide gas, CO2, given off.

Complete the dot-and-cross diagram to show the electron arrangement in a molecule of carbon
dioxide.
Show outer shell electrons only.

O C O

[2]

[Total: 2]

9 Complete the dot-and-cross diagram to show the electron arrangement in a molecule of water.

H H

[2]

[Total: 2]
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10 Complete the dot-and-cross diagram to show the electron arrangement in a molecule of COCl2.

C
Cl Cl
Show outer electrons only.

Cl Cl

[3]

[Total: 3]
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11 Lead(II) oxide and carbon dioxide are oxides of Group IV elements.

The melting points of lead(II) oxide and carbon dioxide are shown.

melting point / °C

lead(II) oxide 886

carbon dioxide −56

Use your knowledge of structure and bonding to explain why lead(II) oxide has a much higher
melting point than carbon dioxide.

Your answer should refer to:

• the types of particles involved

• the relative strength of the forces of attraction between the particles.

..................................................................................................................................................

..................................................................................................................................................

..................................................................................................................................................

.................................................................................................................................................. [3]

[Total: 3]

12 Lithium nitride, Li3N, melts at 813 °C. Nitrogen trifluoride, NF3, melts at −206 °C.

Explain in terms of attractive forces why lithium nitride has a much higher melting point than
nitrogen trifluoride.

In your answer refer to the types of attractive forces between particles and their relative strengths.

..................................................................................................................................................

..................................................................................................................................................

..................................................................................................................................................

.................................................................................................................................................. [3]

[Total: 3]
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13 This question is about nitrogen.

Complete the dot-and-cross diagram to show the electron arrangement in a molecule of nitrogen,
N2.
Show the outer shell electrons only.

N N

[2]

[Total: 2]

14 The structural formula of ethanal is shown.

H O
H C C

H H

The C=O group in aldehydes is at the end of the carbon chain.

This is a reactive part of the molecule.

(a) What is the name given to the reactive part of any organic molecule?

........................................................................................................................................... [1]

(b) Complete the dot-and-cross diagram to show the electron arrangement of a molecule of ethanal.
Inner shells have been drawn.

H O

H C C

H
H

[3]
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[Total: 4]

15 Carbonyl fluoride, COF2, is a covalent compound. The structure of a molecule of COF2 is shown.

F F
C

Complete the dot-and-cross diagram to show the electron arrangement in a molecule of carbonyl
fluoride. Show outer shell electrons only.

F F

[3]

[Total: 3]

16 Carbonyl chloride, COF2, is a covalent compound. The melting points of magnesium fluoride and
carbonyl fluoride are shown.

melting point / °C

magnesium fluoride 1263

carbonyl fluoride -111

(a) Explain, using your knowledge of structure and bonding, why magnesium fluoride has a high
melting point.

...........................................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................................

........................................................................................................................................... [2]
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(b) Explain, using your knowledge of structure and bonding, why carbonyl fluoride has a low
melting point.

...........................................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................................

........................................................................................................................................... [2]

[Total: 4]

17 Phosphine has the formula PH3.

Complete the dot-and-cross diagram to show the electron arrangement in a molecule of phosphine.
Show outer shell electrons only.

H P H

[2]

[Total: 2]

18 The gas hydrogen sulfide, H2S, is produced when concentrated sulfuric acid is added to solid
potassium iodide.

The reaction involves oxidation.

(a) Define the term oxidation in terms of electron transfer.

........................................................................................................................................... [1]
 10

(b) Complete the dot-and-cross diagram to show the electron arrangement in a molecule of
hydrogen sulfide. Show outer shell electrons only.

H S H

[2]

(c) Hydrogen sulfide has a simple molecular structure.

Explain why hydrogen sulfide has a low boiling point.

...........................................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................................

........................................................................................................................................... [2]

[Total: 5]

19 Complete the dot-and-cross diagram to show the electron arrangement in a molecule of ethyne,
H–C≡C–H. Show outer shell electrons only.

H C C H

[2]

[Total: 2]

20 Fluorine is a Group VII element. Fluorine forms compounds with metals and non-metals.

(a) Predict the physical state of fluorine at room temperature and pressure.

........................................................................................................................................... [1]
 11

(b) Fluorine exists as diatomic molecules.

Complete the dot-and-cross diagram to show the electron arrangement in a molecule of fluorine.
Show outer shell electrons only.

F F

[2]

(c) Write a chemical equation for the reaction between sodium and fluorine.

........................................................................................................................................... [2]

(d) Explain why chlorine does not react with aqueous sodium fluoride.

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........................................................................................................................................... [1]

[Total: 6]