LITERATURE REVIEWER :

SLM 1
LESSON 1 : INTRODUCTION TO LITERATURE

LITERATURE
● derived from Latin term litera means letter.
● interpret as any printed matter written within a book, magazine, or a pamphlet.

Other definition :

● faithful reproduction of man’s manifold experiences blended into one harmonious

expression.
● Brother Azurin said that “Literature expresses the feelings of people to society, to the
government, to his surroundings, to his fellowmen, and to his Divine Creator.”
● For Webster: Literature is anything that is printed, as long as it's related to the ideas
and feelings of people, whether it's true or one's imagination.
● In Panitikang Pilipino, written by Atienza, Ramos, Salazar, and Nazal, says that
Literature is a piece of written work that is undying, express the feelings and emotions of
people in response to their everyday life.
● timeless imaginative writings that deal with life and human experience in language.
● represents life

Functions :

● tell us about experience but to allow us through the imagination to participate in it.
● bring us sense and perception of life.
● widen and sharpen our contact with existence.

Why do we need to study World Literature?

● totality of all national literature

● learn and explore each nation’s literature
● build appreciation for cultures and beliefs
● allow us to visit places and times and encounter cultures that we never experience.

Philippine Literature
● Philippine Literature in English achieved a stature, in a way, phenomenal since
the inception of English in our culture.
● four hundred years old, is one of slow and evolutionary growth.
Hallmarks of Literature:

P - PERMANENCE
U - UNIVERSALITY
S - SPIRITUAL VALUE
S - SUGGESTIVENESS
I - INTELLECTUAL VALUE

A - ARTISTRY
S - STYLE

Permanence
- can be read again, as each reading gives fresh and new insights.
- opens new world of meanings and experiences.

Universality
- Great Literature is timely.

Spiritual Value
- understanding of the moral that inspire us to become better people.
Suggestiveness
- emotional power of literature.
- move us deeply and stir our creative imagination.
Intellectual Value
- mental life rich by making us realize the different fundamental truth about life and human
nature.
Artistry
- appeals to our sense of beauty.

Style
- author's life in seeing life
- expressing his/her ideas through words.

WEEK 3 : PROSE AND POETRY

Two types of LITERATURE :

1. PROSE
- discourse which uses sentences and paragraph to express ideas, feelings, and
actions.
2. POETRY
- writings in verse, which rhythm and rhyme and characterized by a melodious
tone.
PROSE
● written in paragraph form
● expressed ordinary language
● appealing to the intellect
● To : convince, inform, instruct reflect

Types of Prose :

1. Short Story
- brief artistic form of prose fiction that focuses on a single main incident.
- one or more characters
- single dominant impression, read in one sitting.
2. Novel
- long narrative prose
- divided into 2 chapters
3. Legend
- fictitious narrative usually about origins
- based in historical people or events, from the past
4. Myth
- gods and goddesses.
5. Fable
- fictitious characters
- animals with human attributes
- may be called beast tales
- intended for children to entertain and to teach useful truth or moral.
6. Parable
- story about Biblical in nature and gives Spiritual and moral values.
7. Folktale
- prose narrative told for amusement value
- dealing w/ events set in an indefinite time and place.
8. Anecdote
- brief narrative of an interesting
- characterized by human interest intended to give moral lesson.
9. Chronicle
- historical account facts or events in order of time
- continuous and detailed but w/o analysis or interpretation.
10. Biography
- records facts and events of a person's life
- written by another person.
11. Autobiography
- facts and events
- written by the person’s himself.
12. Essay
 - analytical, interpretative, critical literary
- about a topic or subject, from limited often personal POV.
13. News
- everyday events in society, government, science and industry.
- happening locally, nationality, or internationally.
14. Oration
- intended for deliver in my public.
- intellect, the feelings or emotion of the audience
15. Play
- also called drama
- written to be performed on stage.
16. Diary
- daily record of events and experiences in author's life.
- tends to reveal and reflect the private personality of the writer.

POETRY

● written in stanzas or verse form

● expressed metrical and figurative language
● emotions
● stir imagination and set an idea how life should be

Types of POETRY

A. Narrative Poetry
1. Epic
- heroic and exploits
- supernatural control
2. Ballad
- shortest and simplest narrative poem
- song accompanying a dance
Ex. war ballads, love ballads, historical ballads, or mythical ballads.

B. Lyric Poetry
- is any type of poetry that expresses the feelings and emotions of the writer.
- intended to be sung to the accompaniment of a lyre.

1. Folk Songs (awiting-bayan)

- short poems intended to be sung.
- different kinds of folk songs include love folk songs, work and activity songs, religious
folk songs, etc.
 2. Sonnet
- lyric poem of fourteen iambic pentameter line with a formal rhyme scheme or pattern.
- There are two types: the English or Shakespearean sonnet and the Italian or
Petrarchan sonnet.

3. Ode
- most majestic type of lyric poetry
- exalted in tone and expresses lofty praise for some person, place, or event.

4. Psalm
- song praising God or the Virgin Mary and contains a philosophy of life.

5. Elegy
- poem expressing lamentation or mourning for the dead or loss of a loved one.

6. Song (awit)
- measure of 12 syllables or dodecasyllabic lines.
- An example of the awit is Florante at Laura by Francisco “Balagtas” Baltazar.

7. Corrido (korido)
- measure of eight syllables or octosyllabic lines and often recited to a martial beat
- An example of corrido is Ibong Adarna.

C. Dramatic Poetry
- meant to be performed on stage.

1. Comedy
- comes from the Greek word komos meaning festivity or revelry.
- usually light and written to amuse or entertain
- it involves a human conflict that ends happily.

2. Tragedy
- main character struggling mightily against some dynamic forces
- it has a sad ending with the protagonist meeting death or ruin.

3. Melodrama
- Also called soap opera
- it consists of highly emotive or emotion-packed stories with predictable happy ending.

4. Farce or Sainete
- exaggerated comedy
 - It is built around a ludicrous situation or a situation too ridiculous to be true, with a
predictably happy ending.
- characters seem to be caricatures

FICTION and NONFICTION

A.Nonfiction.
- actual facts and information.
- Fiction comes from the Latin word fictio which means to invent or make up.
Example :
● reference books such as the encyclopedia
● daily newspaper gives factual information

B.Fiction.
- portray imaginary people caught in imaginary situations
- Fiction comes into two forms: the novel and the short story.

Categories of Fiction

1. Realistic Fiction
- related to life-like situations.
Examples : Short stories, novels, teleserye, and telenovelas

2. Biographical Fiction.
- person who actually lived but the experiences told may be factual.
Examples: Flor Contemplacion Story, Epimaco Velasco Story, etc.

3. Historical Fiction.
- real setting usually in the past, but the characters are imaginary.
- Examples: Sakay, Rizal, Titanic, etc.

4. Fanciful Fiction.
- combination of real and imaginary events. Examples : Fairy tales

WEEK 4 : ELEMENTS OF FICTION PARTS OF THE PLOT

 PLOT
- framework of fiction, consists of causally related sequence of events.
- storyline
Parts of Plot

1. Exposition.
- characters and setting of the story were introduced.

2.Rising Action.
- conflict establishes or builds up.
3. Climax.
- shows the highest or turning point of the story.

4. Falling Action.
- draws/brings the story to a close.

5. Resolution.
- ending of the story happens.

Four Basic Classifications of Plot according to Frye

1. Romance
2. Tragic
3. Comic (Comedy)
4. Ironic/Satiric

Satire
- ridicules people, ideas, customs, and their institutions in an effort to expose their
follies, weaknesses, and evils.
- reform or bring about a change.
- Exaggeration and irony are frequent devices of satire. The tone of satire may
range from gentle humor to sharp bitterness.

Two Kinds of Plot

a. Organic Plot.
- no unnecessary events and with all the events in a necessary order.

b. Episodic Plot.
- adds events and incidents/episodes that are not necessary to the main line of
development.
Plot is initiated with conflict
- a struggle about opposing forces; a clash of actions, ideas, desires, or values.

There are two kinds of conflict :

1. External
2. Internal

● Social conflict or Physical conflict

- character may be in conflict with an external force such as another character or a group
of persons

● Psychological conflict
- character may undergo an inner or internal conflict during which he battles with some
element of his own personality.

CHARACTERS
- Characters are the persons about whom the story is told
- they influence the events and are influenced by them.

Types of Characters:

a. Protagonist.
- central characters in a conflict whether good or bad and sympathetic or unsympathetic.
- hero or heroine is used to mean the protagonist,

b. Antagonist.
- who opposes the protagonist or the forces who struggle against the protagonist, whether
persons, things, conventions of society, or fate.

Characters may be classified according to their development:

a. Flat or Stock Character.

- The same sort of person at the end of the story as in the beginning.

b. Round or Developing or Multidimensional Character.

- change in some aspect of character, personality or outlook, be it for better or for worse.
- This character is very dynamic.

CHARACTERIZATION
- technique a writer uses to reveal the personalities of the characters.
An author may reveal a character’s personality and traits by describing his:
a. physical appearance
b. speech and actions
c. inner thoughts and feelings
d. effect on other characters

Characters may be presented directly or indirectly.

a. Direct Presentation.
- Authors tell us straight out,by exposition or analysis
- what the characters are like, or have someone else in the story tell us what they are like.

Example: Nagdalaga siyang hindi nararanasan ang maharana at maakyat-ligaw dahil sa takot
ng mga binatang mabastos ng walang sinasantong bibig ni Tiya Concha na pag nagbitiw ng
salita mapapahiya at manliliit ang pinagsasabihan. (from Ugat sa Dugo, how Sidra and Tiya
Concha are presented to the readers)

b. Indirect Presentation.
- The authors show us the characters in action;
- we infer what they are like from what they think or say or do.

Example: “But he shortchanged you. Nanay gave you one peso for fetching us water. Mang
Doro should have given you four buns for your one peso…” Ben’s point was etched with
gathering fury. … “But he cheated you, don’t you realize?” Ben was beside himself. He was
almost crying. (Ben in ‘The Boy Who Never Learned’ is made known to the readers as a
good-natured boy, honest, and righteous.)

SETTING
- refers to the time, place, and general environment in which a piece of fiction occurs.

It may also provide other purposes such us:

a. it can be used to reveal character and shape events.
b. it may also help create the atmosphere form which the story evolves.

THEME
- underlying main idea of a literary work, a philosophy or observation of life, a principle of
truth which the author wishes to convey to the readers.
- It may be stated directly, but more often, it is implied.

Three Ways on How to Determine the Theme

1. Based from the title
 2. How main character has changed in the course of the story
3. The nature of the conflict and its outcomes

POINT OF VIEW (NARRATOR)

- person who tells a story.

- author allows one of the characters to narrate the story, that character always refers to
himself as “I.” The story is limited to what that character can see, hear, think, and
express. He lets that character’s personal feelings affect the story.

Point of View (POV) is the angle of vision from where the story is told.

The four basic points of view are as follows:

a. Omniscient Point of View.

- using the third person pronoun, knowing all and free to tell the readers anything
- including what the characters are thinking or feeling and what they act as they do.
(Omniscient all-knowing)

b. Limited Omniscient Point of View.

- using the third person pronoun, but is limited to a complete knowledge of one character
in the story and tells the readers only what that one character thinks, feels, sees, or
hears.

c. First Person Point of View.

- one of its characters, using the first person pronoun “I.”

d. Objective (or Dramatic) Point of View.

- using the third person pronoun, but is limited to reporting what the characters say or do;
it is called dramatic because we see the characters as though they are acting on stage.
- The author does not interpret their behavior or tell us their private thoughts or feelings.
He tells us what is happening but he does not tell us the thoughts of any of the
characters. He is like a newspaper reporter who can only give the facts as they occur.

STYLE
- author’s way of expressing himself.
- It involves many choices on the part of the writer.
Types of words

● diction - placement of words in a sentence

● syntax - conversation between two or more characters in a story, drama, or poem
● dialogue - tone, mood, use of imagery, symbolism, figurative language, irony, suspense,
sound devices, and rhythm.
Imagery
use of concrete words or details that appeal to the senses.
- We have eight senses, namely: visual, auditory, olfactory, gustatory, tactile, kinesthetic,
organic, and thermal.

WEEK 5 : LITERARY DEVICES

LITERARY SYMBOLS
- It is an object, person, place, or event which has a meaning in itself.

Two Kinds of Literary Symbol

1. Conventional or Fixed Symbol.
- symbol which has a meaning which we share with others
- the meaning may be the same for everyone.

Examples: dove, cross, a clenched fist, heart, etc.

2. Private or Created Symbol.

- symbol to which we attach values and meanings others don’t see in them
- it may acquire its meaning from the specific context in which it is used rather its
traditional associations.

Example: Sa pagpupunas ng kanyang tumutulong luha sumama ang kanyang pulbos sa pisngi.
Lumitaw ang likas niyang kulay, maitim pa siya sa duhat.

IRONY
It is a term with a range of meanings, all of which involving some sort of discrepancy or
incongruity, a reversal of meanings.

KINDS OF IRONY MEANING EXAMPLES

Situational Irony ● occur when the A man who is a traffic cop

outcome of a certain gets his license suspended
situation is completely for unpaid parking tickets.
different than what
was initially expected.
● It is often referred to
as “irony of events.”

Cosmic Irony ● It can be attributed to The Titanic was promoted as

some sort of being 100% unsinkable, but,
 misfortune. in 1912, the ship sank on its
● Usually cosmic irony maiden voyage.
is the end result of
fate or chance.

Dramatic Irony ● It occurs when there In Romeo and Juliet by

is miscommunication William Shakespeare, Romeo
in a book, play or film finds Juliet in a drugged state
and the audience is and he thinks she is dead. He
smarter than the kills himself. When Juliet
characters. wakes up, she finds Romeo
dead and kills herself.

Socratic Irony ● Most relative in the A professor never answers

great world of questions and does not
academia and is explain key concepts of the
related to the Socratic course; however, he expects
teaching method, students to come to class
which encourages after having read their
students to think and assignment, ready to answer
present opposing the professor’s questions.
views while the
teacher plays
ignorant.
● It can be used as a
tactical strategy in
getting what you want.

Sarcastic/Verbal Irony ● It is used to describe : A beautiful actress walks by

something in a way a table of talent agents as
that is often that it one said “there goes a good
seems. time that was had by all.” The
● Often, but not always, talent agent said the phrase
this irony is used with referring to the young actress’
a sarcastic tone or extracurricular activities with
nature. fellow talent agents. It was a
● It is a comment that derogatory statement, yet
conveys a different created with wit.
meaning than what it
may seem to be.
TONE

- It is the attitude of the writer toward his or her subject.

- Tone may be stated or implied. It may be revealed through techniques such as, the
author’s word choice and arrangement, information given about ideas, events, and
characters, and even rhythm, especially in poetry.
Example : A speaker may express his or her attitude toward something by the tone of
his voice — loud, soft, emphatic, and sarcastic; any number of feelings may be revealed
through the voice.

MOOD
- It refers to the atmosphere and feeling that a writer creates in a work through setting,
imagery, details, descriptions, and other evocative words.
- Meanwhile, it is how the reader or audience feels while reading the literary piece.

MOTIVATION
- It is the combination of character traits and circumstances that causes a character to act
in a certain manner.
- In good writing, the reader can find valid reasons for a character’s behavior.

SUSPENSE
- It is the element in fiction that keeps the readers know what happens next.
- Suspense can be created through the use of mystery, conflict, or characterization.

FIGURATIVE LANGUAGE
- It is the use of words outside their literal or usual meanings.
- Figurative language is used to add beauty, increase vitality and impact, suggest
associations and comparisons, and develop conciseness.

KINDS MEANING EXAMPLES

Simile (Pagtutulad o Simili) ● expressed a. and every time a truck

comparison of things passed by, the house
essentially unlike but rocked like a
have common hammock..
similarity. b. Ang salapi’y parang
● The comparison is by tubig, natutuyo’t
the use of some word bumabalong.
or phrase such as:
like, as, than, similar
to, resembles, or
seems.
Metaphor (Pagwawangis o ● implied comparison Examples:
Metapora) between two
fundamentally
different things but
have a common
similarity.
● It does not make use
of some word or
phrase, as in simile.
● It is a direct
comparison.
Personification ● It consists in giving
(Pagbibigay-katauhan o the attributes of a
Personipikasyon) human being to
abstract ideas or
inanimate objects.
Apostrophe (Afostrofi o ● It is closely related to
Pagtawag) personification; it
consists in addressing
the absent as if they
were present,
inanimate objects and
abstract ideas as
though they were
alive.
a. Ang salapi’y isdang
paing panghuli sa
kapwa isda.
b. To be truly in love is
not to lie in a bed of
roses.
c. Ang buhay ay isa ring
kagubatan.
a. Iginala niya ang
paningin sa malawak
na parang na
nalalatagan ng
makapal na kugon at
mga talahib sa waring
humihingang mga
bundok.
b. May bahagyang
anag-ag pa rin
marahil ang
nagtatampong
kapalaran kay Caring.
c. Why does the sea
laugh, Mother? As it
glints beneath the
sun?
a. World, I cannot
hold you close
enough!
b. Salamin, salamin,
salamin sa dingding,
sino sa amin ang may
budhing maitim?
Hyperbole (Pagmamalabis ● It is an exaggerated a. Sige, umakyat ka!
o Iperboli) statement made for Subukin mong
emphasis or often, for dikdikin ako! Pag di ka
humorous effect. natadtad nang pino!
b. Sa isang kisapmata,
nabuhay muli ang
kanyang asawa.

Allusion (Alusyon o Tukoy) ● It is a subtle a. Neighbors who meant

metaphor. to be good
● It recalls and projects Samaritans asked
on the imagination Danny Dimatuto to
memories of the past fetch water for them.
– a well-known
person, event, saying, b. He is the Jose Rizal of
or incident – to the class.
compare it with the
present scene.

Metonymy (Metonimi o ● It uses a word for a. Ako ang unang

Pagpapalit-tawag) another which it pumukol ng bato sa
closely suggests. It is kanya.
based on association. b. Pinara niya ang isang
dyip na may tatlong
pasahero. Napansin
niya na iba’t iba ang
balat nito: Puti,
Kayumanggi, Negro
c. Says the misogynist,
“A skirt has no charms
for me.”
d. We are reading Rizal.

Synecdoche (Sinekdoki o ● It is a type of a. Fifty hands are

Pagpapalit-saklaw)
metonymy; it gives a employed in the
significant part to factory.
represent the whole. b. Ang sabi ng kuwento
ang kamay ng birhen:
Ay napababait ang
kahit salarin. (Kamay
ng birhen refers to a
woman.)
 Antithesis (Antitesis) ● It is an arrangement Examples:
of contrasted ideas in a. “Abby,” yayakapin
parallel construction in niya nang mahigpit
the same sentence or ang batang babae, sa
line. pangarap ay si
Maricris, sa totoo’y
batang Arab.
b. Knowledge is proud
that he has learned so
much; Wisdom is
humble that he knows
no more.
c. Pati tiyan ng tao, sa
salapi’y umaayon.
Kung mayroon ka,
laging busog, kung
wala ka, nagugutom.
d. His body is active, but
his mind is sluggish.

Alliteration (Aliterasyon) ● It is the repetition of a. Pinadapa sa lupa

initial consonant saka pinagtatadyakan
sound at the at pinagpapalo ng
beginning of words puluhan ng baril.
close together. b. At halamang naluluoy,
nangungulutding,
namamatay sa
kakulangan ng
wastong pagtingin?
c. A big black bug that
bit a big black bear
made the big black
bear bleed blood.

Onomatopoeia ● It is the blending of a. at ipinanlambot ng

(Paghihimig) sound with the sense buong katawan ang
of the word. nasaksihang tagpo
nila ni Sidon a
ikinaaatungal nitong
simbangis ng leon.
b. Nagsalit-salitan sa
kanyang paningin ang
mga dugo sa ugat ng
kanyang nakaraan at
 kasalukuyan – ang
dugong bumubulwak
mula sa pugot na leeg
ng kanyang ina, ang
dugong mula sa mga
laslas ng buntot-pagi
sa katawan nila ni
Sido.
c. Habang walang
puknat si Rosita sa
pagbubunganga ay
haggis doon, haggis
dito ang pagdarabog
sa pagbibihis.

Rhetorical Question ● It is a question, the a. Mabubuhay ba ang

(Tanong Retorikal). answer of which is tao nang walang
evident. tubig?
b. Ano ang buhay kung
walang pagmamahal?
c. May anak bang
pababayaan ang ina
niya na magmukhang
murang kamyas o
makatis sa
pag-usapan ng mga
disenteng tao?

WEEK 6
Lesson 5: Narrative Devices and Essay

NARRATIVE DEVICES :
● Fiction usually makes use of different narrative devices to present the action and to
move the story forward.

1. Straight Narration.
- The narrator states, rather than shows to the reader what happens.
2. Dramatic Presentation
- . It is done through dialogue and dramatization of action.
3. Foreshadowing.
 - It is the technique of giving the listener, reader, or viewer of a story or play hints at
subsequent developments through narrative comment, dialogue, setting, atmosphere,
imagery, or symbol.
4. Flashback.
- Events that happened earlier are injected into the chronological sequence of events.
There is a twist in the parts of the plot, where the resolution happens first before the
exposition
- the resolution becomes the exposition.
5. Journey Device.
- The action takes place while the characters are in a journey.
6. Frame-story Device.
● This is a story within a story.
7. Stream of Consciousness.
- This narrative device presents the private thoughts of a character without commentary or
interpretation by the author.

THE ESSAY
- brief, expository prose composition, usually devoted to reflection on life and man’s ideas
about human existence.
- The word essay comes from an Anglo-French word, assayer, meaning “to try or test.”
- Francis Bacon is known as the “Father of English Essays.”

Two Major Classifications of Essay

a. Formal essay
- composition written in a conventionally restrained, thoughtful, and objective style.
- According to Genoveva Edroza-Matute, it is discussed with appropriate seriousness
based on research and a thorough analysis of data on which the writer’s conclusions are
founded.
b. Informal essay
- with its chatty, colloquial style, its friendly air, suggests confidential talk, even confession;
suggests relaxation and entertainment.
- It is often spoken of as the personal essay.

Other Classifications of Essay

1. Narrative or Story Essay

- Incidents or events are narrated to present the ideas of the writer, though the essay is
expository in nature.

2. Descriptive Essay or Nature Essay.

 - About flowers, rivers, fields, mountains, and birds and other animals. This uses
descriptive words in presenting ideas about the topic.
-
3. Speculative Essay.
- Theorizes or poses questions on a wide variety of subjects.

4. Biographical Essay.
- An informal essay which may portray character or sketch a life instead of simply
narrating it; it is analytical and interpretative in tone.

5. Critical Essay.
- Includes literary criticisms, book reviews, and other prose compositions which aim to
analyze and judge.

6. Didactic Essay.
- It is similar to a sermon which explains, persuades, and concentrates on giving valuable
lesson in life.

7. Periodical Essay.
- Also called a journalistic essay. It appears in newspapers,magazines, and journals,
and discusses current issues.

MANIFESTING PASADONG MIDTERM CUTIE

xxkarmss