Microsoft PowerPoint - K1-RCM-logging

ELECTRIC LOGS
PRINCIPLE
© 2006 ENSPM Formation Industrie - IFP Training

GRE 2006 Copyright©2003. ENSPM Formation Industrie - BmD. All rights reserved Exa-Plans 04-1997
ELECTRICAL LOGGING
A log is a continuous recording of one or several physical parameters

versus depth. These parameters are related to the geological formations
of layers encountered during the drilling or to the fluids they contain.
The parameters are plotted on a curve which gives a continuous picture
of the of the subsurface with a resolution ranging from
(few millimetres to few centimetres ) near the drilling location
i.e. (from few cm to few decimetres).
There are 3 types of loggings :

Copyright©2003. ENSPM Formation Industrie - BmD. All rights reserved

Intantaneous logging (Mud logging)
Monitoring While Drilling Logs (MWD)
Well logging -
GRE 2006
What’s an Elecric log measurement ?
PHYSICAL MEASUREMENT
QUALITY Accuracy
Sensitivity
Reliability
ERROR Operating handling

Instrumentation

Environment
A TABLE OF VALUES Thrue values?
MAXI
500
TRUCK
GRE 2006 Copyright©2003. ENSPM Formation Industrie - BmD. All rights reserved
Data Transmission
Other Reservoir Data
MAXIS Logging Unit
Digital Telemetry System Interpretation

Workstation
Dipole Shear Sonic Imager
Combinable Seismic Imager
Array Seismic Imager
Modular Formation MicroImager
Array Induction Imager

Fullbore Formation MicroImager
MAXIS
IMAGING Nuclear Porosity Lithology Tool
SYSTEM
UltraSonic Imager
Core Scale Neutron Electric log Field
10-5 m3 2 x 10-2 m3
1 Point measurement NPHI

1 Plug 1 Field
x 2.10 3 Neutron x 20.10 9
2006 ENSPM ENSPM FormationIndustrie

Formation - IFPAll
Industrie - BmD. rights reserved
Training
1 Pin -head 1 Sugar 1/2 1 Block of flats
Copyright©2003.
4x 10-9 m3 10 x 10-6 m3 200 x 103 m3
GRE 2006
©
Flushed Zone Transition Zone Virgin zone Fresnel Zone
PUITS
10 cm 1m 10 m 100 m
Dipmeter Lateral
penetration
Micro Resistivity
10 cm
Gamma Ray
Density-Neutron
Laterolog-Induction
Sonic 30 KHz Wellbore Seismic
1m EVA-FWS 1-25 KHz 5-15 KHz : IMAGING
Wireline Logging 50-500 Hz Well to well seismic
10-200 Hz VSP - OSP

10 m 10-100 Hz 3D Seismic
10-80 Hz 2D Seismic
Vertical
resolution
AROUND THE WELLBORE Seismic
AIT VERTICAL RESPONSES
Vertical Response Function for AIT Logs
0.12
0.10
0.08
0.06
Response
AO One foot vertical resolution

0.04
AT Two feet vertical resolution

AF Four feet vertical resolution
0.02
0.00

-0.02
90% Resolution Width

-0.04
-110 -100 -90 -80 -70 -60 -50 -40 -30 -20 -10 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100 110
depth (in.)
VERTICAL
RESOLUTION
1 pied

Thrue résistivité
GRE 2006
Cal
GR
Cal
BIT
SP
MD
TVDSS
Deep
Shallow
Resistivity
Resistivity
Logs – Raw data

Density
Neutron
Sonic
PEF
Copyright©2003.
© 2006 ENSPM ENSPM
Formation Industrie - BmD.
FormationIndustrie - IFPAll rights reserved
Training
Measurement of the Natural properties
of the formation without activation
SP Spontaneous Potential
GR Natural Radio activity (Gamma Ray)
T Temperature (Mud)
G Geometry (Well)
- diameter

- ovalisation
- verticality - deviation
STATIC MEASUREMENTS
GR - RADIO ACTIVITY
BUT
NATURAL ...

AMM A
NG
RAYO
LIGHT
(scintillation)
Na I Cristal
« Flash » are recorded

• CHOCKS PER SECONDE (CPS)
GR PRINCIPAL
• µg Radium equivalent / tonne
MEASUREMENT
• API unit
* All elements recorded: GAMMAY RAY (GR)
* 3 most commun elements :

SPECTRAL (SGR) : U + K + Th
COMPUTED GAMMA RAY (CGR) : K + Th
U URANIUM Organic matters, shales
K POTASSIUM Feldspath - Micas - Evaporites
Th THORIUM Shales

NATURAL RADIOACTIVITY :
SO AM I ?
A LOG TOO !
Z
1000
2000

DEPTH
3000
SP principle
=
Battery
(solution 1) (solution 2)
Formation Water
(solution 1)

Mud Filtrate
(solution 2)
GRE 2006
Exa-Plans 04-1997 Copyright©2003. ENSPM Formation Industrie - BmD. All rights reserved
DIFFERENCE BETWEEN WATER FORMATI0N – AND FILTRAT
DO NOT USE with OIL BASED MUD
Shale FACIES DIFFERENCES

Shale Base +/- PERMEABILITY
line
Shale

SP
Shale
Shale
Shale
D2 GEOMETRY
D1
V=Πx D1 x D2 xH
4

H
d=?
D
d=?
Volume ?
D
H

Distance ?
You are looking for That
and you are that Direction ?
Diameter •Tool withy one arm
Geometry
1 diameter
measurement
principle
+/- average !
Ovalisation • Multiple arms

(4 - 6 arms)

2 - 3 différent diameters
OVALISATION MEASUREMENT

MEASUREMENTS PITFALLS
* HUMAIN ERROR : - Zero reference
- Elongation evaluation
- Manual adjustement
* INSTABLE SURFACE INSTALLATIONS
* CABLE : - Elastic elongation

- Inelastique elongation (unused cable)
- Thermic dilatation
- Pressure effects
- Rotation and torque

* TENSION : - friction
- cable stuck on
- narrow hole
* DEPTH MEASUREMENTS DEPTH
GRE 2006ENSPM Formation Industrie - BmD. All rights reserved

Copyright©2003. Exa-Plans 04-1997
Formation measurements
under activation
Resistivity
Induced
Radioactivity Measurement
Acoustic
Electromagnetic

Nuclear Magnetic Resonance
Cal
Sonic
BIT
Neutron
GR
rights reserved
Resistivity Density
Shallow
Training
- IFPAll
Industrie - BmD.
Resistivit
FormationIndustrie
Deep
PEF
Formation
Depth MD
2006 ENSPM
Copyright©2003. ENSPM
Cal SP Depth TVDSS
Logs – Raw data
GRE 2006
©
Principe :
L
S Current I
R U
RxL
U=RxI ρ =
S
RESISTIVITY
RESISTIVITY

R in Ω x m2/m
ou Ω m
LLd LLs
A2
A1
M2
M1
A0
M’1
M’2
A’1

A’2
DUAL LATEROLOG RESISTIVITY TOOL
Electrodes
A1 Reference
Spacing
M0 A1
A0 M0
Electrodes A0
control Voltage reference
Voltage control

Pad i0
b
MICRO SFL
Virgin zone
Transition zone
Flushed zone
Rt
Mud cake
Rw Ri
FLUID
REPARTITION Rxo MLL - FDC - SNP - CNL - PL
and RESISTIVITY
MEASUREMENTS Sw Rz Rmc SFL 5FF27
in the well bore Rmf LL8 5FF40
LLs
Geometric
Rm ILm 6FF28
Si
factor
LL3 - LL7
Sxo 6FF40 - ILd
LLd
Rs
Wall hmc

Résistivity
Rxo di
Ri
dh Rt
Drilling mud Rm
Rmf Rmc
Well Axis
BEWARE
MUD
TEMPERATURE
and
RESISTIVITY

RADIOACTIVITY

Principles :
1 DENSITY
- Bombardement of the formation with medium energy γ
- Measurement of the attenuation
RADIOACTIVITY
2 NEUTRONS
-Fast Neutrons bombardement of the formation
-(4 à 6 MeV ou 14 MeV)

- Recording : - Degradation of energy
HYDROGEN POURCENTAGE
NEUTRON NOYAU H
E, V env. E, env. V
STOP This neutron will

NEUTRON
diseappear
E1, V1
TRANSFERT

SAME NEUTRON FEW D’ENERGY
This neutron will not deseappear ...

E2, V2
... (Slow, less energy)
GRE 2006ENSPM Formation Industrie - BmD. All rights reserved
Copyright©2003. Exa-Plans 04-1997
(Type LDL SCHLUMBERGER)
Mud cake
Far Detector
DENS
ITY Measurement point
TOOL Near Detector

137Cs Source
- DENSITY
- PEF
Captor
(GR) energie measurement
PRINCIPLE
Rayon γ γ
137Cs
OF THE
MESUREAMENT Source
0.66 MeV e-

Degradation in energy = f (Densité)
PHOTO ELECTRIC EFFECT = ABSORPTION

(Type CNL SCHLUMBERGER)
Far detector (25’’)
Measurement point
NEUTRON
TOOL Near detector (15’’)

Source
ACOUSTIC

Wave : 20 à 40 kHz
< 1 ms, cadence 10 à 60 / s
E
Transmitter t1
(monopôle)
SONIC PRINCIPLE
t2
R1 t3
t4 ∆t
Receptor 1
t5

Receptor 2
R2 TR1 = t1 + t2 + t3 ∆t = t4 = TR2 - TR1
TR2 = t1 + t2 + t4 + t5 If t3 = t5
Formation measurements Depth MD
Formation measurements
WITHOUT activation TVDSS UNDER activation
GR
Porosity Density
Neutron
Sonic
NEUTRON NOYAU H
PEF
E, V env. E, env. V
NEUTRON
STOP
Net / Gross E1, V1

SAME NEUTRON
Resistivity TRANSFERT
A PART OF ENERGY
Shale E2, V2
rights reserved
Virgin zone Transition zone
All Training
Flushed zone
Shale
- IFP
- BmD.
Rw
Industrie
Shale Ri MLL - FDC - SNP - CNL - PL
Formation Industrie
Sw
Rmf SFL
Rm
Si ILm
Formation
Sxo LLd 6FF40 - ILd
SP Rs Rmc
ENSPM
Resistivity
Résistivity
© 2006 ENSPM
Wall Rxo R
Caliper i Rt
Copyright©2003.
GRE 2006
SUMMARY - LOGGING Drilling mud
Well Axis
I said,
It’s OIL or water ? How can I evaluate the reservoir?
FROM
THE

ELECTRIC
LOGS !

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ELECTRIC LOGS

© 2006 ENSPM Formation Industrie - IFP Training

A log is a continuous recording of one or several physical parameters

There are 3 types of loggings :

© 2006 ENSPM Formation Industrie - IFP Training

ERROR Operating handling

© 2006 ENSPM Formation Industrie - IFP Training

A TABLE OF VALUES Thrue values?

Digital Telemetry System Interpretation

Combinable Seismic Imager

Array Seismic Imager

Modular Formation MicroImager

Array Induction Imager

© 2006 ENSPM Formation Industrie - IFP Training

1 Point measurement NPHI

2006 ENSPM ENSPM FormationIndustrie

Wireline Logging 50-500 Hz Well to well seismic

10-200 Hz VSP - OSP

© 2006 ENSPM Formation Industrie - IFP Training

AO One foot vertical resolution

AT Two feet vertical resolution

© 2006 ENSPM Formation Industrie - IFP Training

90% Resolution Width

© 2006 ENSPM Formation Industrie - IFP Training

Logs – Raw data

GR Natural Radio activity (Gamma Ray)

© 2006 ENSPM Formation Industrie - IFP Training

© 2006 ENSPM Formation Industrie - IFP Training

© 2006 ENSPM Formation Industrie - IFP Training

* 3 most commun elements :

U URANIUM Organic matters, shales

K POTASSIUM Feldspath - Micas - Evaporites

© 2006 ENSPM Formation Industrie - IFP Training

© 2006 ENSPM Formation Industrie - IFP Training

© 2006 ENSPM Formation Industrie - IFP Training

Shale FACIES DIFFERENCES

© 2006 ENSPM Formation Industrie - IFP Training

© 2006 ENSPM Formation Industrie - IFP Training

© 2006 ENSPM Formation Industrie - IFP Training

Ovalisation • Multiple arms

© 2006 ENSPM Formation Industrie - IFP Training

© 2006 ENSPM Formation Industrie - IFP Training

* INSTABLE SURFACE INSTALLATIONS

* CABLE : - Elastic elongation

© 2006 ENSPM Formation Industrie - IFP Training

* DEPTH MEASUREMENTS DEPTH

GRE 2006ENSPM Formation Industrie - BmD. All rights reserved

© 2006 ENSPM Formation Industrie - IFP Training

© 2006 ENSPM Formation Industrie - IFP Training

© 2006 ENSPM Formation Industrie - IFP Training

© 2006 ENSPM Formation Industrie - IFP Training

© 2006 ENSPM Formation Industrie - IFP Training

© 2006 ENSPM Formation Industrie - IFP Training

© 2006 ENSPM Formation Industrie - IFP Training

© 2006 ENSPM Formation Industrie - IFP Training

STOP This neutron will

© 2006 ENSPM Formation Industrie - IFP Training

This neutron will not deseappear ...

© 2006 ENSPM Formation Industrie - IFP Training