Microsoft PowerPoint - L-RCM-Ooip

© 2006 ENSPM Formation Industrie - IFP Training
GRE 2006 Copyright©2003. ENSPM Formation Industrie - BmD. All rights reserved
Evaluation of the accumulations
Generalities
Data Acquisition
Volumetric calculations
Dynamic calculations

VOLUMETRICS H.O.I.P = Rv.N/G.Φ.(1-SW)/FVF
EXTRACTED FROM
DATA NEEDED Field Logs
Top Mud-logging Logs-All logs
Volume 3D
Base Mud-logging Logs-All logs
Area Seismic PSV
Reservoir Drilling rate GR N/D Pef, Sonic

OWC Cutting Caliper
characterization Cores Dipmeter / Imaging
Porosity Neutron Densité
Cores Pef Sonic
Permeability Cores / Dst Caliper
D S T/ Test / Prod Resistivity

So Fluids Chromato

Swr Mud charact
Bit size
HOLE
OWC
R
Log Header E
RT S
SW FLUID SW MUD
Rmc
Rm Rmc
cake
Rmf
RW
E
R
V
Sor
contact Shallow Medium
RESISTIVITY LOGS
Deep
O
I
R
Beware
Temperature
H I C P estimate
HCIP*= RV.N/G.φ.(1-SW)/FVF

WORK FLOW
2 D or 3 D seismic Interpretation
Time to Depth conversion

Building
a Correlations &Structural maps
Geological Geology
Model
Petrophysics

Loading in a 3D Geomodel
Checking the model

Volume calculations
GRE 2006ENSPM Formation Industrie - BmD. All rights reserved
Copyright©2003.
Accumulations
How to quantify uncertainties ?
Deterministic Stochastic / probabilistic

approach approach
Identify main uncertainties

with impacts on HIIP
Develop a case for each Get probability distribution

combination of parameters for uncertain parameters
of geostatistical analysis

3 HIIP values to HIIP characterize with a
characterize the field : probability distribution :
MIN, MED, MAX P90, P50, P10
Deterministic approach
N/G Rock Type KO B M - C enoma nien - Fam illes P ressions C apillaires
K > 5 00 m D 10 0< K <5 00 20 < K <10 0 1 0< K <20 1< K < 10 K < 1 mD
4,5
A B
4
3,5
3
A B
2,5
1,5
0,5
0
0 0 ,2 0 ,4 0 ,6 0 ,8 1 1,2
S a tura tio ns S W
0 1
phi Sw
One value

of OOIP
0 .4 0 1
Seismic Data
Acquisition Interpretation
Seismic campaign Seismic section

horizontal plan (time)

For a new basin, the conversion time / depth is a simple and uniform law .The
information collected during the first exploration wells give the possibility to adjust
the speed in each formation and adjust the depths.
The model of the velocity laws would be adjusted during the seismic process.
Map at the top RESERVOIR

Offshore
Shoreface
Offshore
Coastal plain
LITHOSTRATIGRAPHY
SEQUENCE STRATIGRAPHY
TIM
E
LIN
ES
Offshore
- IFPAll
Industrie - BmD. rights reserved
Training
Shoreface
FormationIndustrie
Offshore
Coastal plain
2006 ENSPM
Copyright©2003. Formation
ENSPM
GOOD SEDIMENTOLOGY BUT WRONG CORRELATIONS !
GRE 2006
©
TVD
TVD
MD

TVDSS
TVDSS
AVT # TVT # TST MD # TVD # TVDSS
Petrophysic data from the cores
(Phi, K, ρb, Pc)
Data from the Core
Log k versus
Ø
shale

GRE 2006
Top
Bottom
WELL
Logs, cores, tests
Detail
Reservoir characterization
RESERVOIR
Copyright©2003.
© 2006 ENSPM ENSPM
Formation Industrie - BmD.
FormationIndustrie - IFPAll rights reserved
Training
Weighting parameters
On Reservoir section
α= ∑Hu 16.5
= = 0,786
Ht 21
Φ=
∑Hu.Φ 3,13
= = 0,19
∑Hu 16.5
S =
∑Hu.Φ.(1−Sw) 1,1,38
=
38
= 0,44
o
∑Hu.Φ 31,93 ,13

= 0,71
On Pay section
Accumulation in standard condition
•Hydrocarbon volume in standard condition:
Rock volume Vr = Ht x S
Hydrocarbon volume (OOIP) = Vr x NTG x Φ x (1-Swi) x θ
θ Shrinkage factor = 1/ B
B = Formation Volume Factor (FVF)
Oil (Bo) : Bo varied from 1.0 to 1.8 (higher for light oil)

Gas (Bg) : Bg << 1
Hydrocarbon rock volume
Quick evaluation of the volumes
G/O
W/O
( Spherical cap )
the top
W/O at
om
W/O at the bott
G/O at the top

G/O at the bottom
Spherical cap )
GRE 2006
Accumulation
Surface depth planimetering
Copyright©2003.
© 2006 ENSPM ENSPM
Training
Volume
Calculations

Copyright©2003.
Volume
Calculations

Copyright©2003.
The OOIP in the transition Zone
Z Z Z
Z
To
p
Bo Vpj by
tto Sw j
m slides
Surface Rock volume VR Pore Volume
Water Saturation (VR x Φ x ntg)

OOIP = Σ Vpj x (1-Swj)
GRE 2006
HC in place uncertainties geometry
Copyright©2003.
© 2006 ENSPM ENSPM
Training
RFT Application Multiple reservoirs
R F T Application
Well 1 Well 2
Depth Multiple reservoirs
R F T plot
GWC
GWC

Well 1
Well 2
Presure
BI LAN M ATI ÈRE
Conditions initiales Après une certaine production d'huile

Producteur Producteur
gas cap expansion

released gas volume
oil volume
rock and water expansion
net water influx

Pi P
Boi, Bgi, Rsi Bo, Bg, Rs

Copyright©2003.
GRE 2006
Copyright©2003.
© 2006 ENSPM ENSPM
Training
Abbreviation / Definitions
Units
Volumes in standard conditions
STOOIP Stock Tank Original Oil in Place (STB, std m3)
IGIP Initial Gas in Place (scft or m3 std)
HIP Hydrocarbons in Place (bbl)
Volumes in reservoir condition :

GRV Gross Rock Volume (Rm3)
NTG Net to Gross ratio (fraction)
HCPV Hydrocarbons Pore Volume (RB or Rm3)
Accumulation evaluation:
• Deterministic method
• Statistic method (Monte Carlo): Mini, most likely, Maxi

• By analogy (Refer to similar fields)
1 Bbl = 0.159 m3 = 5.615 cf, or 1m3 = 6.29 bbl = 35.3 cf,

1 acre-ft = 43560 cf = 7758 Bbl = 1233 m3
Why the probabilistic approach?
• The deterministic evaluation do not take in account
the risk between different projects. The evaluation
depends of the geoscientist team, would be :
pessimistic, neutral or optimistic.
• The probabilistic concept give a range of values

rather than a single value. Three values P90 for
minimum, P50 for median and P10 for maximum.
• The geostatistic methods were developed due to the

3D seismic and the capability of the computers
(memory, speed, software etc.)
STRUCTURE
Seismic interpretation 2D or 3D
Shape Extension
Time to depth conversion
Faults sealing or communicating displacement
UNCERTAINTIES Compartmentilization different pressure regimes
Gross thickness
Net thickness N/G
FLUIDS
Properties : gas oil water
PVT : Bo, Bg, Rs
PETROPHYSICS

Facies
Porosity
Permeability
UNCERTAINTY= SCALE CHANGE + HETEROGENEITY
Pore scale
Core Scale
1-100 µ Well scale

10 cm-10 m Field Scale
50-500 m
1-100 km
UNCERTAINTIES
Monte Carlo
Simulation
Principle :
If something happens then
what is the range of possible outcomes ?
Simulation :
Each input parameter is randomly sample
Individual values multiplied together
Sampling of each parameter is repeated many times
to 100000
End result is a new distribution curve :

A range of possible hydrocarbon in place values
Software on the market : Cristal ball (Windows)

The Monte-Carlo
an useful method for probabilistic evaluation
• Law of distribution are established for each parameters

using in the evaluation of the accumulation
(example : GRV, N/G, Phi, So or Sg, Bo or Bg)
• Evaluation for n random variables

(example : OOIPi = GRVi x N/Gi x Phii x Soi / Boi with 1<i<n)
• Possibility to correlate the random variables with the

geological information.
(example : Phi et So are interdependent)

• Result : Cumulative distribution function and probability
density function
• Limits : how the distribution is representative of the
reality?
Monte Carlo simulation
Probabilistic approach
Specify input probability distributions
φ, N/G, BRV etc.
Convert into cumulative probability

distributions
Specify input probability distributions Repeat

φ, N/G, BRV etc. n
times
Combine to calculate reserves from
BRV ∗ N / G ∗ φ ∗ Shc ∗ RF
RR =
FVF
rights reserved
Training
- IFPAll
OUTPUT
Industrie - BmD.
FormationIndustrie
Formation
Probability distribution of Cum. Prob. Distribution of reserves
2006 ENSPM ENSPM

reserves on log-probability paper
Copyright©2003.
GRE 2006
©
Volume Calculations
Uncertainty is expressed by : (for prospects)
Mini (P95) Mode Maxi (P5)
For non prospects
P (P95) 2P (50) 3P (P5)
P : Proved volume
PP : Probable volume

PPP : Possible volume
OOIP
déterministe
Quantification = 26.4
des incertitudes
géologiques
.225

6
20
10 Rm3 30
OOIP probabiliste (100 réalisations)

Copyright©2003.
OOIP probabilisée (106 Rm3)
Tidal channels Coastal bars
n=500 n=1000
moy=11.57 moy=12.63
sigma=1.001 sigma=1.308

GRE 2006
Copyright©2003.
© 2006 ENSPM ENSPM
Training
P
P10
P50
P90

RESERVES CLASSIFICATION
PROVEN Discovered reserves which can be produced under current
(P) economics conditions (80% chance).Developed and undeveloped
PROBABLE Discovered reserves which have a reasonable probability of

(P + P) production with present technology and economics (50% chance)
POSSIBLE Reserves not yet discovered with less chance to be produced (20%
(P + P + P) chance)
Economics risks +
Possible

Probable
Proved
-
- Technical risk +
The concept of Reserves - Definition (s)
• What means the word ”Reserves” ?
In the Oil industry this word has different meaning:
in explorations = used for the prospects
in engineering = related to the field production
for the financial = company value
for the government = the entire volume in the country
Most of the case is the beginning of the misunderstanding on the

different engineers

• Regulations / Standards / Definitions
- Financial : S.E.C.(security exchange commission)
- Technical : S.P.E. / W.P.C.
Weighting
parameters
H.O.I.P VR=1/2(S.H-S ’(H-h))
Data
collection
calculation DETERMINISTIC
φ, N/G, BRV etc.
Convert into cumulative probability distributions

Surface
/
Depth

R
φ, N/G, BRV etc. e
p
GRAPH
e
Combine to calculate reserves from a
t
BRV∗ N / G ∗ φ ∗ Shc ∗ RF
RR = n
FVF
t
i
OUTPUT m
e
s
Probability
MONTE CARLO
distribution of
PROBABILISTIC SIMULATION
reserves

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© 2006 ENSPM Formation Industrie - IFP Training

© 2006 ENSPM Formation Industrie - IFP Training

Reservoir Drilling rate GR N/D Pef, Sonic

D S T/ Test / Prod Resistivity

© 2006 ENSPM Formation Industrie - IFP Training

© 2006 ENSPM Formation Industrie - IFP Training

Time to Depth conversion

© 2006 ENSPM Formation Industrie - IFP Training

Checking the model

Deterministic Stochastic / probabilistic

Identify main uncertainties

Develop a case for each Get probability distribution

© 2006 ENSPM Formation Industrie - IFP Training

© 2006 ENSPM Formation Industrie - IFP Training

Seismic campaign Seismic section

© 2006 ENSPM Formation Industrie - IFP Training

© 2006 ENSPM Formation Industrie - IFP Training

© 2006 ENSPM Formation Industrie - IFP Training

AVT # TVT # TST MD # TVD # TVDSS

© 2006 ENSPM Formation Industrie - IFP Training

© 2006 ENSPM Formation Industrie - IFP Training

Hydrocarbon volume (OOIP) = Vr x NTG x Φ x (1-Swi) x θ

B = Formation Volume Factor (FVF)

© 2006 ENSPM Formation Industrie - IFP Training

© 2006 ENSPM Formation Industrie - IFP Training

© 2006 ENSPM Formation Industrie - IFP Training

© 2006 ENSPM Formation Industrie - IFP Training

© 2006 ENSPM Formation Industrie - IFP Training

© 2006 ENSPM Formation Industrie - IFP Training

Conditions initiales Après une certaine production d'huile

gas cap expansion

© 2006 ENSPM Formation Industrie - IFP Training

GRE 2006ENSPM Formation Industrie - BmD. All rights reserved

Volumes in reservoir condition :

© 2006 ENSPM Formation Industrie - IFP Training

1 Bbl = 0.159 m3 = 5.615 cf, or 1m3 = 6.29 bbl = 35.3 cf,

• The probabilistic concept give a range of values

• The geostatistic methods were developed due to the

© 2006 ENSPM Formation Industrie - IFP Training

© 2006 ENSPM Formation Industrie - IFP Training

© 2006 ENSPM Formation Industrie - IFP Training

© 2006 ENSPM Formation Industrie - IFP Training

Software on the market : Cristal ball (Windows)

• Law of distribution are established for each parameters

• Evaluation for n random variables

• Possibility to correlate the random variables with the

© 2006 ENSPM Formation Industrie - IFP Training

Convert into cumulative probability

Specify input probability distributions Repeat

2006 ENSPM ENSPM

Uncertainty is expressed by : (for prospects)

Mini (P95) Mode Maxi (P5)

For non prospects

P (P95) 2P (50) 3P (P5)

© 2006 ENSPM Formation Industrie - IFP Training

© 2006 ENSPM Formation Industrie - IFP Training

GRE 2006ENSPM Formation Industrie - BmD. All rights reserved

© 2006 ENSPM Formation Industrie - IFP Training

© 2006 ENSPM Formation Industrie - IFP Training

PROBABLE Discovered reserves which have a reasonable probability of

© 2006 ENSPM Formation Industrie - IFP Training

Most of the case is the beginning of the misunderstanding on the

© 2006 ENSPM Formation Industrie - IFP Training

H.O.I.P VR=1/2(S.H-S ’(H-h))