Chapter 2 Diversity in B and T cell receptors, Molecular basis of antibody diversity, Synthesis of antibody

and secretion, Antigen-antibody reaction, Complement; B and T cells, macrophages; complement

system, Major histocompatibility complex (MHC), Antigen processing and presentation,
Polyclonal and monoclonal antibody, Hybridoma technology, Regulation of immune response,
Immune tolerance, Hypersensitivity, Autoimmunity, Graft versus host reaction

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 Transplantation
Transplantation: the process of taking cells, tissues, or organs from
one individual and placing them into a different individual or different
site of the same individual

• Graft: transplanted cells, tissues, or organs.

• Donor: the individual who provides the graft.

• Recipient: the individual who receives the graft. Also called the
host.
 Different types of Transplants

•Autograft
○ Self tissue transferred from one part of body to another (skin,blood vessel)
•Isograft
○ Tissue transferred between genetically identical individuals (syngeneic )
•Allograft
○ Tissue transferred between genetically different members of same species
• Most of our transplants
•Xenograft
○ Tissue transferred between different species
○ For example, pig heart valves used to replace damaged human heart valves
• Transplantation of cells or tissues from one individual to a genetically
non-identical individual invariably leads to rejection of the transplant
-

due to an

adaptive immune response.

Schematic diagrams of the process of graft acceptance and rejection.
L

(Specificity & Memory)

 Mechanism of Graft versus host disease

• Graft-versus-host disease (GVHD) is a serious complication

that can occur after a bone marrow or stem cell transplant.
• It is a result of the transplanted donor cells recognizing the
patient's tissues as foreign and attacking them.
• Graft-versus-host disease (GVHD) occurs due to the presence
of immunocompetent T lymphocytes in the graft attacking
the immunodeficient recipient tissue due to
histocompatibility differences within 100 days, causing tissue
damage.
• The mechanisms involved in GVHD can be broadly divided
into two phases: the activation phase and the effector phase.
• Activation phase: In this phase, the donor immune cells, known
as T cells, become activated after encountering the patient's
tissues. This activation is mediated by a complex interplay
between the antigen-presenting cells (APCs) of the patient and
the donor T cells. The APCs present the patient's tissue antigens
to the donor T cells, which then become activated and start to
proliferate.

• Effector phase: In this phase, the activated donor T cells migrate

to the patient's tissues and attack them. The T cells release
cytokines, such as interferon-gamma and tumor necrosis factor-
alpha, which cause inflammation and tissue damage. The target
tissues of GVHD are primarily those that have a high turnover
rate, such as the skin, gastrointestinal tract, and liver.
Mechanism of Graft versus host disease
 Conditions in GVHD occur
• The occurrence of GVHD is dependent on several factors:
• Degree of tissue mismatch between the donor and recipient
• The dose of the transplanted cells, and the age and immune status of the
recipient.
• GVHD is more likely to occur in patients who receive transplants from
unrelated donors, as well as in patients who receive higher doses of cells
or have weakened immune systems.
• GVHD can be acute or chronic, with acute GVHD typically occurring
within the first 100 days after transplantation and chronic GVHD
occurring more than 100 days after transplantation.
• GVHD is a serious complication that can be life-threatening if not treated
promptly and effectively.