MATH4008 Calculus 3 for Economists (Class 11) NTU 112-2

Homework 3 (Suggested Solutions)

Exercise 1(A) :
(a) By the chain rule,
dw
= wx xt + wy yt + wz zt
dt
4(x2 − z)
     
2x 2 1
= · (3t ) + − · (−2 sin(2t)) + − 4 · 4
y4 y5 y
2 3 3 2
6t (t + 7) 8((t + 7) − 4t) sin(2t) 4
= + −
cos4 (2t) cos5 (2t) cos4 (2t)
Remark. You are reminded that your answer should be in terms of the final variable(s).
(b) By the chain rule,
∂f
= fx xt + fy yt
∂t
2x s 2y
= · + · tes
1 + (x2 + y 2 )2 t 1 + (x2 + y 2 )2
2s ln t s 2tes
= 2 2 2 2s 2
· + · es
1 + (s (ln t) + t e ) t 1 + (s (ln t)2 + t2 e2s )2
2

(c) Rewrite the given surface as yz + x ln y − z 2 = 0. The IFT implies that

| {z }
=F (x,y,z)

∂z Fx ln y
=− =− =0


∂x Fz y − 2z

z+ y x at (x, y, z) = (1, 1, 1)
∂z Fy zy + x
=− =− =− 2 =2


y − 2z y − 2yz

∂y Fz
Therefore, at (x, y, z) = (1, 1, 1),
∂2 (zx y + 1)(y 2 − 2zy) − (zy + x)(−2zx y)
 
∂ zy + x
= − 2 =−
∂x∂y ∂x y − 2zy (y 2 − 2zy)2
1 · (−1) − 2(2) · 0
=−
(−1)2
=1

Exercise 2(A) :
(a) By the chain rule, we have that
d
f (x(u, v), y(u, v)) = fx · xv + fy · yv
dv
= fx (x(u, v), y(u, v)) · xv (u, v) + fy (x(u, v), y(u, v)) · yv (u, v)
(the last equality is obtained by making everything in terms of the final variables u, v).
Now plugging in (u, v) = (4, 6), we have
d
f (x(u, v), y(u, v)) = fx (5, 4) · xv (4, 6) + fy (5, 4) · yv (4, 6)
dv (u,v)=(4,6)

= c · p + 2 · (−2)

(b) By Implicit Function Theorem,

dy fx (5, 4) c
=− =− .
dx 5,4 fy (5, 4) 2
As a result, the equation of tangent line at (5, 4) is
c
y − 4 = − (x − 5).
2
Exercise 3(A) :
 
u 2 1
(a) First we normalize the direction : u
b= = √ ,√ .
||u|| 5 5
Then we compute the gradient at (1, 1) :
 
2 2 2
∇f (1, 1) = 2xy − , x − = ⟨0, −1⟩.
x y (x,y)=(1,1)

Hence, the required directional derivative is

 
2 1 1
Db
u
f (1, 1) = ⟨0, −1⟩ · √ ,√ = −√ .
5 5 5

(b) The function f (x, y) increases the most rapidly in the direction of

∇f (1, 1) = ⟨0, −1⟩.

p
In this case, the maximal rate of change equals ||∇f (1, 1)|| = 02 + (−1)2 = 1.

Exercise 4(B) :
∂f
(a) = fx xu + fy yu = fx (2u) + fy (v) = 2u · fx + v · fy .
∂u
(b) We shall differentiate the above equality with respect u. (And note that u and v are independent)

∂2f
 
∂ ∂f ∂
2
= = (2u · fx + v · fy )
∂u ∂u ∂u ∂u
 

= 2 · fx + 2u · (fx )u  + v · (fy )u (⋆⋆)

 
| {z }
product rule

Therefore, it remains to compute (fx )u and (fy )u respectively. Using the chain rule again,

• (fx )u = fxx xu + fxy yu = fxx (2u) + fxy (v) and

• (fy )u = fyx xu + fyy yu = fyx (2u) + fyy (v).

Combining this with (⋆⋆), we have

∂2f
= 2fx + 2u · (2ufxx + vfxy ) +v · (2ufyx + vfyy )
∂u2 | {z } | {z }
=(fx )u =(fy )u
2 2
= 2fx + 4u · fxx + 4uv · fxy + v · fyy

Note that we used Clairaut’s Theorem to identify fxy = fyx in the last equality.

Exercise 5(B) :
Since f is differentiable, we have
( √ (
Du f (P ) = √12 fx (P ) + √1 fy (P )
2
= 2 fx (P ) + f (y)(P ) = 2
⇒
Dv f (P ) = 35 fx (P ) + 45 fy (P ) =1 3fx (P ) + 4fy (P ) = 5.

Solving these gives fx (P ) = 3 and fy (P ) = −1 and therefore ∇f (P ) = ⟨3, −1⟩. Hence,

Dw f (P ) = ∇f (P ) · w = 3 cos θ − sin θ.
Exercise 6(C) :
(a) The equation of tangent plane of z = f (x, y) at (0, 0, f (0, 0)) is

z = f (0, 0) + fx (0, 0)x + fy (0, 0)y .

| {z }
L(x,y)

Now we are given that the equation of tangent plane in this case is

2x − 3y + z = 4 ⇒ z = 4 − 2x + 3y.

By comparing the coefficients, we conclude that

f (0, 0) = 4, fx (0, 0) = −2, fy (0, 0) = 3.

(b) The equation of tangent plane of z = g(x, y) at (0, 0, g(0, 0)) is

z = g(0, 0) + gx (0, 0)x + gy (0, 0)y .

| {z }
L(x,y)

Now we are given that the equation of tangent plane in this case is

x + 2y − z = 3 ⇒ z = −3 + x + 2y.

By comparing the coefficients, we conclude that

g(0, 0) = −3, gx (0, 0) = 1, gy (0, 0) = 2.

(c) By the chain rule, we have

∂
h(f (x, y), g(x, y)) = hu · ux + hv · vx
∂x
= hu (f (x, y), g(x, y)) · ux (x, y) + hv (f (x, y), g(x, y)) · vx (x, y)

Now plugging in (x, y) = (0, 0), we have

∂
h(f (x, y), g(x, y)) = hu (f (0, 0), g(0, 0)) · fx (0, 0) + hv (f (0, 0), g(0, 0)) · gx (0, 0)
∂x (x,y)=(0,0)
(a)
= hu (4, −3) · (−2) + hv (4, −3) · 1
= e6 (−2) + (−8e6 ) · 1
= −10e6

where the last follows as below : as hu = e−2v and hv = −2ue−2v , we have hu (4, −3) = e6 and
hv (4, −3) = −8e6 .
Exercise 7(C) :
(a) By Implicit Function Theorem, we have

Fx (0, 3, 1) 1 Fy (0, 3, 1) 1
zx (0, 3) = − = − and zy (0, 3) = − =− .
Fz (0, 3, 1) 8 Fz (0, 3, 1) 8

(b) The required linear approximation is

L(x, y = z(0, 3) + zx (0, 3)(x − 0) + zy (0, 3)(y − 3).

Using (a), we obtain

1 1
L(x, y) = 1 − x − (y − 3).
8 8
Note that the real root of the quintic polynomial P (X) = X 5 + 2.9X − 4 is equal to z(0, 2.9) which
81
can thus be approximated by L(0, 2.9) =
80

End of Homework 3.