Sites Of Memory And The Shadow of War

JAY WINTER
• Sites of memory are places where groups of people engage in public activity
which they express “ a collective shared knowledge of the past , on which a
group ‘s sense of unity and individuality is based “.
• The group that goes to such sites inherits earlier meanings and adding new
meanings attached to the events .
• When such groups disappear , sites of mempry lose their initial force , and
may fade away entirely.
• Such sites of memory are topoi with a life history . they have an initial
creative phase, when they are constructed or adapted to particular
commemorative purposes.
• The significance of sites of memory fades away with the passing of the social
groups which initiated the practice .

• Sites of memory operate on many levels of aggregation and touches many

facts of associative life.while such sites were familiar in the ancient and
medieval period life ,they have proliferated in more recent times .
• In the modern period, most sites of memory were imbedded in events
marked distinctively and separately from the religious clender. There has
been, though , some overlap,
Visiting a commemorative site on Armistice Day , November 11,
in countries remembering the end of the 1914-18 war , is close to catholic
feast of all Saints on November 2.
• Commemoration at sites of memory is an act arising out of a conviction,
shared by a broad community, that the moment recalled is both significant
and informed by a moral message.
• The critical point about sites of memory is that they are there as points of
reference not only for those who survived traumatic events, but also for
those born long after them.
• The word “memory” becomes a metaphor for the fashioning of narratives
about the past when those with direct experience of events die off.
• Sites of memory become sites of second order memory, they are places
where people remember the memories of others , those who survived the
marked there .
 1. Commemoration and political power
• The scholarly debate about sites of memory concerns the extent to which
they are instruments of the dominant political element in society.
• One school of opinion emphasizes the use fullness to political elites of public
events at sites establishing the legitimacy of their rule.
• This top-down approach proclaims the significance of sites of memory as
materialization of national, imperial , or political identity.
• This functionalist interpretation of commemoration has been challenged. A
second school of scholarship emphasizes the ways that sites memory and
public commemorations surrounding them have the potential for dominated
groups to contest their subordinate status in public.

• Armistice day on November 11 was a moment when different groups came

to war memorials, for celebration or for the denigration of military values.
Pacifists announced their message of “Never again” through their presence
at such sites of memory, military men and their supports used these
moments and the aura of these sites to glorify the profession of arms, and to
demonstrate the duty of citizens.
• This alternative interpretation of the political meaning of sites of memory
emphasizes the multi-vocal character of remembrance and the potential for
new groups with new causes to appropriate older sites of memory .

• In addition, some buildings can be converted into sites of memory

unofficially . A cinema where workers organized a strike, a home where
women created a midwifery or child care center, a school where people
made homeless by nature disaster found shelter can all be turned into sites
of memory by those who lived important moments there .
 2. The Business of Remembering
• Unofficial Sites of memory must be preserved through the time and cash of
groups of people. That is a crucial defining features of sites of memory. They
cost money and time to construct or or preserve. They require specialists
serves – landscapers , cleaners, masons, carpenters, plumbers, and so on ,
they need funding and over time refunding.
• There are two kinds of expenditure - Capital expenditure .
- Recurrent expenditure.
• When these projects are national in character, the process of production is
in the public eye.
National art schools and bodies of “experts” have to have their say .
Standards of “ taste” and “Decorum” are Proclaimed. Professional interests
and conflicts come into play .much of this professional infighting is confined
to national commemorative projects.
• Most of the time ,public funding covers only part of the costs of
commemorative objects .public subscriptions are critical, especially in
protestant countries where the concept of utilitrarian memorials is
dominant
• Much of this activity is directing towards inviting the public to remember in
public . this means directing the public tpwards particular sites of
remembrance . some of them are nearby their homes.
• In France and Britain there are war memorials in every city ,in every town,
and in every village.
• Remembrance in local houses of worship or at war memorials required that
the public travel a short distance from their homes to sites of
remembrance.
• The business of remembrance also entails international travel . such a
voyages start as pilgrimage ;many are mixed with tourism. But in either
case, there are train and boat journeys to take; hotel rooms to reserve;
guides to hire ; flowers to lay at graves ; trinkets and mementos to
purchase.
In some places museums have to tell more of the story the pilgrims have
come to hear and to share .
• This mixture of the sacred and the profane is hardly an innovation .It is
merely a secular form of the kind of pilgrimage.
• In all cases , the business of remembrnce remains just that – a business.
 3. Aesthetic Redemption .
• The life history of sites of memory is described by more than political
gestures and material tasks. A site is also an art form, the art of creating,
arranging ,and interpreting signifying practices.
• This field of action can be analyzed on two different levels ,the two are
intimately related:
- aesthetic . -Semiotic .
• Some national commemorative forms are distinctive. Others are shared by
populations in many countries . The figure of Marianne as the national
symbol affixed to thousands of town halls throughout France could not be
used in Germany or Britain.
• At times the repertoire of one country’s symbols overlap with that of others,
even when they were adversaries. After the first World war , the first
industrialized war fought among fully industrialized nations, many
commemorative forms adopted medieval notation.

• In Protestant countries, the aesthetic depate took an a quasi-religious

character. War memorials with crosses on them offended some protestants,
who believed that the Reformation of the sixteenth century precluded such
“catholic” notation. Obelisks were preferable ,and relatively inexpensive,
too.
• Sites of memory preserved the names of those who were gone. In some rare
cases --Australia one of them -- War memorials listed the names of all those
who served. This was a constant rebuke to those who passed the site
knowing full well that their names were not inscribed on the memorial.
• By the latter decades of twentieth century, artistic opinion and aesthetic
tastes had changed sufficiently to make abstraction the key language of
commemorative art.
• Representing nothing became a challenge met in particular ways. Some
artists provided installation art which vanished through the presence of
visitors., Others projected photographs of the vanished world onto facades
of still erect buildings occupied by non-Jews. Others adopted post-modern
forms to suggest disorientation ,void, emptinesss .
• Daniel Libeskind’s Jewish annex to the berlinhistorical museum is one such
site . it has likened to Jewish star taken apart, or a lightning bolt in stone and
glass.Whatever metaphor one chooses, it is a disturbing, tilted, non-linear
representation of the unrepresentable.
 4. Ritual .
• Public commementration is an activity defined by the gestures and words of
those who come together at sites of memory to recall particular aspects of
the past, their past.
• There are at least three stages in the history of rituals surrounding public
commemorations. The first we have already dealt with: the construction of
a commemorative form, the second is the grounding of ritual action in the
calendar, and the routinization of such activities ; the third is their
transformation or their disappearance as active sites of memory
• Public commemoration Flourishes within the orbit of civil society.this is not
true in countries where dictatorships rule ; Stanlinist Russia smashed civil
society to appoint that it could not sustain commemorative activity
independent of the party and the state ( Merridale ).
• There are occasions when the household itself becomes a site of memory.
The great german sculptor and artist kathe Kollwitz Kept the roomof her
dead son as a kind of shrine , as he was volunteered for war in 1914.
• The framework of family transmission of narratives about the past is an
essential part of public commemoration. It helps us understand why some
commemorative forms changed or simply fade away.

• At the moment, commemorative sites and practices can be revived and re-
appropriated. The same sites used for one purpose can be used for another
.But most The time , sites of memory live through their life cycle , and likethe
rest of us , inevitably fade away.
• This natural process of dissolution closes the circle on sites of memory and
the public commemoration which occurs around them . And rightly so, since
they arise out of the nees of groups of people to link their lives with salient
events in the past.
• Public commemoration is both irresistible and unsustainable.
Constructing sites of memory is a universal social act, and yet these very
sites are as transitory as are the groups of people who create and sustain
them.
• Time and again people have come together at particular places, in front of
particular sites of memory , to seek meaning in vast events in the past and
try to relate them to their own smaller networks of social life. At that point,
The characteristic trajectory of sites of memory, bounded by their creation ,
instionalization, and decomposition , comes to an end.