EENG 105 PARAMETERS OF PRIMARY AND

TOPIC 1: OVERVIEW OF DISTRIBUTION SECONDARY VOLTAGES

SYSTEMS PRIMARY DISTRIBUTION,  Frequency Variations
RADIAL SYSTEM, LOOP/RING SYSTEM, o Frequency should be 60Hz
SECONDARY SYSTEM, SECONDARY o Allowable is 59.7 to 60.3 Hz
DISTRIBUTION  Service Voltage
o ±10% of RMS Voltage
Electric Power Distribution o Secondary nominal voltage:
- Final stage in delivery of electric power
 230 V
- Carry electricity from transmission
 400 V
system to individual consumers
 460 V
Distribution System
o Primary nominal voltage:
- Consists of all the facilities and
 13.2 kV
equipment connecting a transmission
 13.8 kV
system to customers
 34.5 kV
- Distribute electric energy and make
 69 kV
sure electrical energy fits load
 115 kV
requirement
 Voltage THD
- Sequential flow of procedures,
o Within 5%
systems, and activities linked to
monitor the movement of goods  Voltage Unbalance
Power Quality o Within 2.5%
- Quality voltage, frequency, and
resulting current measured at normal Large customers are fed directly from
conditions distribution voltage
Utility customers gets utilization voltage,
STEPS OF POWER DISTRIBUTION supply voltage, or mains voltage
1. Generation
a. Generating Step-up Transformers
Transformer - Passive electrical device that transfers
2. Transmission (Sub-transmission?) electrical energy from one circuit to
a. Transmission Lines another
b. Substation Step-down - Primary is connected input voltage
Transformer supply
c. Transmission Customer - Use electromagnetic induction to pass
3. Distribution alternating current (AC) from one
a. Sub-transmission Customer circuit to another
b. Primary Customer PARTS OF TRANSFORMER
c. Secondary Customer 1. Primary Bushing
a. H1
VOLTAGE OF DIFFERENT CONSUMERS: b. H2
- Transmission Customer 2. Secondary Bushing
o 138kV or 230kV a. X1
- Sub-transmission Customer b. X3
o 26kV and 69kV c. X2
- Primary Customer d. X4
o 13kV and 4kV 3. kVA Rating
4. Company Number
- Secondary Customer
5. Nameplate
o 120V and 240V
- Transmission Lines
o 765, 500, 345, 230, and 138kV
 - 2 bushing DT for L-G
PARTS OF NAMEPLATE connection on system with L-L
1. Primary Voltage Rating voltages of 13.2 kV
2. Secondary Voltage Rating Note:
3. kVA Rating  without slash = for L-L connection
4. Polarity  with slash = for L-G connection
5. Voltage Rating per Tap Position PREFIXES
6. Schematic Diagram Old System New System kV Rating
SYMBOLS USED IN VOLTAGE RATINGS W W 20
 Dash (-) Z T 13.2, 13.8
o Separate voltage rating of Z Z 7.62
separate winding X X 3.6
 Slash or Slant (/) Y Y 4.8
o Separate voltage rating in same MY M 2.4
winding SUFFIXES
Code Letter Voltage Rating
 Cross (X)
A 120/240
o Separate voltage which is
Or
obtained by reconnecting coils 240/120
of winding in series or multiple B 139/277
combinations C 240/480
PRIMARY VOLTAGE RATING D (or Y) 139/277x120/240
 34500Grd.Y/19920 E 240/139*
- Single-bushing DT for L-G F 480/277*
connection on grounded G 240
systems with L-L voltage of N 125/216*
34.5kV Note:’*’ is for 3-phase transformers
 3600/6240Y
- 2 bushing DT for L-G 120/240
connection on system with L-L - 2-section secondary winding
voltages of 6.24kV - Parallel: 120V
 2400/4160Y - Series: 240V
- 2 bushing DT for L-G - Series 3-wire service: 120/240V
connection on system with L-L - Times 2
voltages of 4.16kV 240/120
 4800/8300Y - Mid-tapped secondary for 2-wire
- 2 bushing DT for L-G service at 240V or 3-wire service
connection on system with L-L - Cannot be for 2-wire service at 120V
voltage of 8.3kV - Divided by 2
- Or L-L connection on system
with L-L of 4.8 kV Secondary Voltages
 13200 - Provided by distribution transformer
- For L-L connection on system of - Associated with utilization voltage
13.2 kV L-L
 13200Grd.Y/7620
- Single bushing DT for L-G
connection on grounded
systems with L-L voltages of
13.2kV
 7620/13200Y
 TOPIC 2: LOAD CHARACTERISTICS AND - Ratio of annual energy delivered by
DEMANDS station to actual energy that station
Electrical Load can generate in a year
- Electrical demand of a device that Annual Energy∈kW −h
- PU F year =
draws power from electric system Installed Capacity ∈kW ∗N
Load - Where: N = no. of hours plant is in
- Indicate any device that consumes operation in one year
energy
- Indicate power required given supply
circuit
- Indicate current or power passing
through transmission line
Demands
- Load drawn from source of supply at
receiving terminals averaged over
certain period of time
Average Load
- A Lday =
∑ demand of day
24

- A Lmonth=
∑ demand of day
30 (24 )

- A L year =
∑ demand of day
3 65(24)
Load Factor
- Ratio of average load to peak load
AL
- LF=
PL
Demand Factor
- Ratio of peak load to connected load
PL
- DF =
CL
Diversity Factor
- Ratio of sum of individual peak load to
peak load of entire station

- dF=
∑ PL
P Lstation
Utilization Factor
- Ratio of peak load of entire station to
total/installed capacity of station
P L station
- UF =
Installed Capacity
Plant Capacity Factor
- Ratio of annual energy delivered by
station to rated energy the station can
generate in a year
Annual Energy∈kW −h
- PC F year =
Installed Capacity∈kW ∗8760
Plant Use Factor
TOPIC 3: TRANSFORMER CONNECTIONS  Additive if Vm reads more than applied
voltage
 Subtractive if Vm reads less than
OPERATION OF TAP-CHANGERS
applied voltage
1. De-energize DT
2. Loosen lock screw
3. Rotate switch to desired position
4. Tighten lock screw
5. Energize DT

REFER TO PPT FOR TRANSFORMER

CONNECTIONS
DT INSTALLATION
New Installation
1. Inspect DT for defects
2. Check specifications
3. Install as per safety standards
4. Check for compliance to WO or FO
5. Before energizing:
a. Check for shorted/grounded
service entrance conductors
b. Ensure customer main switch
(CMS) is open and check for
possible voltage presence
6. Energize DT
Schematic Diagram of Dual Voltage 7. Check voltage at CMS
Transformer 8. Accomplish Transformer Report (TR)
Replacement
TRANSFORMER POLARITY CONVENTION 1. Inspect DT for defects
Additive 2. Check specifications of DT
- 200kVA or smaller 3. Eliminate sources of power
- 8.66kV or below 4. Ground or short circuit secondary lines
- X1 is diagonal to H1 or leads
Subtractive 5. Establish secondary phase
- Single-phase transformers that do not markings/sketch existing connections
meet both criteria of additive 6. Install as per safety and construction
- X1 is on the same side as H1 standards
7. Before re-energizing
POLARITY TESTING a. Remove all temporary
grounding wires
b. Check DT connections against
sketch/drawing/phase markings
c. Release pressure by operating
pressure relief device
8. Energize DT
9. Check voltage and phase sequence at
CMS
10. Accomplish transformer report (TR)
Bastard Voltage
- Also known as high-leg delta voltage
AVAILABLE DT BANKS AT TRAINING
GROUNDS
 3-15 kVA, 3600/6240Y – 120/240V
 2-25 kVA, 34500Grd.Y/19920 –
240/120V
-  3-100 kVA, 34500Grd.Y/19920 –
- cn=√ b c 2−b n 2 120/240V x 139/277V
- Where:  2-15 kVA, 34500Grd.Y/19920 –
o cn = bastard leg voltage 240/120V
o bn = voltage from b to neutral  3-10 kVA, 7620/13200Y – 120/240V
o bc = voltage from b to c  3-15 kVA, 13200 – 120/240V
Line-to-Line and Line-to-Ground Voltage  1-15 kVA, 13200Grd.Y/7620 –
- only for Wye systems 240/120V (Subtractive)
- V L− L= √ 3 V L−G  1-10 kVA, 13200Grd.Y/7620 –
Load Testing and Loading Calculation 120/240V (Additive)
kVA Load
- %Loading= x 100 %
kVA Rating
VxI
- kVA Load=
1000
TRANSFORMER LOADING GUIDE

DT FUSE LINK COMPUTATION

For Single-phase, Open-wye, Open-delta,
Wye-Wye, and Wye-Delta Connection
FLR=1.6 ( Transformer kVA
Primary Voltage∈kV )
- Where:
o FLR = Fuse Link Rating
For Delta-Delta Connected Bank
FLR=1.6 √ 3 (
Transformer kVA
Primary Voltage∈kV )
Transformer Turns Ratio
- For 20 kV DT, 10000 turns are
required to provide 240 V
o (di ko alam kung legit ba to or
example lang ba)
V p Vs
- =
N p Ns