veins

i1EEsiation
Oatimhin

Yo
Arteries
É

then

II
o
aggie
 Oxygen Transportation
Or breathedin 100
MMHG

diffusesinto

ndsto a Yapitalet
emo
globin
onhemepart
Orbindsto 1 haemoglobin

blood goes to heart

blood Oz r
heartpumps to OrX
body arteries

Oz diffuses out of blood

to muscle
needs to lose affinity to haemoglobin
3 Factors Decrease Affinity
Pressure muscles L OrPP
c's
1919 e
Gobinchangesshape
force's
haemoglobin toreleasemore or
Temperature musclesheatup theirenvironments causeshaemoglobin tochangeshae
haemoglobin loses affinity I2
PH of blood CO2entersblood binds to H2o carbonate

I pHofblood changes shape of haemoglobin t affinity

wasteintolungs
When blood gets back to lungs
Or bindsto haemoglobin
 pressure Haemoglobin

Tpp Oc 160PP haemoglobin high affinity for

cappilaries arteries

waste
inÉedd
PP104 TOPP haemoglobin lowaffinity
ttergiving or tomuscles for forms carbonate
inplasma

PP blood leaving oxygen 100MMHG haemoglobin has high affinity

PP gets to tissue 40 MmHg est Oz goes to tissue

Effecting Affinity

Increase the PPco inblood decrease affinity Bohraffect

co Ht dissociated from carbonic acid

Imping sites
ggeonggggging

Temperature waste
metabolically activecells release heat issue
I changes haemoglobin
shape
lower affinityfor O
organic phosphates

DPA promotes the relaese of Oz from haemoglobin

alsochanges haemoglobin's shape

lower affinity

Animal size
t animal big sitvolume ratio
loseheat avi
2 needkeepmodonsfathythmp

Foetal PPO
Newborns have higher Orsaturation in blood
higher affinity foror
Haemoglobin us Myoglobin
Haemoglobin myoglobin

has 4 heyy Trapsor in muscles

p
m'usite
mnaitiotn
to
single polypeptide
1 Hemegroup

CO2 Transport
most dissolvesin plasma chthonic blood
acid maggio
reigggen
go enter you
somebinds to haemoglobin

Hering Breuer Reflex

medulla Oblongata

whatincreases respiration

Ohigher centresofthe brain

a t the rate of breathing

Intematica
in a syncing b oh breathin out
gemma.ae
ors.gipm.a Inore

Peripheral chemoreceptors
inyourmuscles
muscles
TY Yacticacia
breataster

Irritant Receptors I respiratoryrate

Strech Receptors by overinflation of lungs
protective reflex initiated

willsupress respiration
 Or regulates ventilation
central chemoreceptors pickup co levels in
bloody
Pco i t pH
A
ventilation
increases

wantto4
you Innittentilation
co exhale yea

Why do we struggle to breath at high altitudes

Airpressuret
ppOz 53mm
H pp
e pp our bodies
in struggle to breath in
less02
At high altitudes
exhalemorecoz
Our breathing rate p
I inhalemoreor

Hyperventilation exhaling more coz than yourtissue is creating inhibits breathing

t
breathingrate t

excess coz
body is making breathing need
more red blood to t
cells

t
heart must work
harder to pumpblood

haemoglobin affinity
4 ppg
for or I
02 CO2 in's outs
ventilation a gas exchange respiration

diffusion
bulktranspo

The steps of respiration

1 Bulk transport ventilation

Or Body Coz

Tomtfpressure
bulk flow

2 Gas exchange Diffusion

or Pundt CO2
blood

3 Internal bulkflow

noOrblood
heart pumps blood around badly

Oz blood

4 Gas exchange

CO2 muscle blood

Oz blood muscle

perfusion blood forcedto gothrough capillaries which allows forthe exchange of Oz others
across semi permeable membranes
Gas Exchange

Perrfusion Diffusion

tissue blood lungs blood

Or diffuses done a
concentration gradient from alveoli pulmonary
veins
to the I
heart
Coe alveoli
primary

Pressure of Oz is t inblood i t in tissues

CO2 I blood 4 tissues

Respiratory organs

L
in thissystem
is gas exchange
eybrium
never reached
continues
 BEate
Advantages

1 lungs insidebody canmaintain moisture

2 largeSA lots of gas exchange

3 Capillaries surround alveoli thedistance thatgashasto travel

lessen
during diffusion

Disadvantages

1 Tidal ventilation Air in outthrough samepipe air left in lungs newair mixes with oldair

2 Tidal ventilation x allow counter current gas exchange

3 Or X diffuse out trachea it's a deadzone

Lung Adaptations

fluidliningthelungs lung inflation

alveoli cells contain surfacents interfere surface tensionforces

somecellsproduce mucous capturesdirt microorganisms

cilia movedirt to pharynx will be swallowed

 Oxygen Hemoglobin Dissociative curve
ppHtolerance giggineitetsffation rat
opposite

g worlds

jyjj.jp
pegrot Rightshift

INaffinity
Oxygen partial pressure mmHg

under which conditions will the curve shift to the right

LowpH
Atemp
High metabolic activity
Ireduced affinity
What are the implications of unloading Or at tissue level
oxygen is morereadily unloaded attissuesare to loweraffinityofo of Hb
thisis to safeguardtissues to receiveenoughoxygen forcellsto respire
Longdistance endurance running

T level of Hbpervolume better Or transport

Slow oxidative type I muscle can endure for longer
before fatiguing

Lung ventilation in a mountain climber

Mountain climber makesuse of tidal ventilation
air he breathes in mixes w theresidualvolume
that's left behind in hislungs
this is because the air followsthe same path in out
of the lungs and counter current exchange isn't possible

his budgie has airbags thatallow for the onedirectional flow of air
this allows for counter current gas exchange which is alot moreeffective
and allows for a higher ventilation rate than that of the climber