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142-20901 20901 SONAL Publication 1003 1686625739767 PDF
142-20901 20901 SONAL Publication 1003 1686625739767 PDF
142-20901 20901 SONAL Publication 1003 1686625739767 PDF
A R T I C L E I N F O A B S T R A C T
Handling Editor: Huihe Qiu A microplate heat exchanger is one of the most compact types of heat exchanger used for cooling
Keywords:
systems, and not much research was carried out to study the performance of this type of heat
Microplate heat exchanger exchanger with hybrid nanofluids. In this regard, the performance analysis of the microplate heat
Hybrid nanofluids exchanger is carried out by estimating the convective heat transfer coefficient in terms of Nusselt
Thermal conductivity number using a hybrid nanofluid. In current research work, Microplate heat exchangers tested
Heat transfer using TiO2/ethylene glycol, ZnO/ethylene glycol nanofluids, and a hybrid nanofluid with varied
Overall heat transfer coefficient nanoparticle volume fractions. Based on the results, it was found that the thermal conductivity of
hybrid nanofluids and the overall heat transfer coefficient by applying hybrid nanofluids show
better enhancement than nanofluids. The maximum thermal conductivity ratio between the
hybrid nanofluid and the base fluid is 2.10. The maximum Nusselt number of 35.8 was observed
for hybrid (TiO2–ZnO/ethylene glycol) at 50 ◦ C and a volume fraction of 4%.
1. Introduction
Thermal pollution occurs when heat energy from industrial processes, electronic gadgets, and automobiles is dissipated into the
surrounding air, which harms aquatic life. The recovery of dissipating heat energy from the above-said processes can be achieved with
the help of heat exchangers and a proper cooling medium [1]. The selection of the best-configured heat exchanger and the cooling
* Corresponding author.
** Corresponding author.
E-mail addresses: nesakumar2006@gmail.com (N. Dharmakkan), sriperiasamy@gmail.com (P.M. Srinivasan), infostosuresh@gmail.com (S. Muthusamy), ammit.
jomde@gmail.com (A. Jomde), shamkuwar.s@gmail.com (S. Shamkuwar), chandrakant.sonawane@sitpune.edu.in (C. Sonawane), kamal.sharma@gla.ac.in
(K. Sharma), ali.jawad@mustaqbal-college.edu.iq (A.J. Alrubaie), a.abdou@psau.edu.sa (A.S. El Shafay), engineerhitesh2000@gmail.com (H. Panchal).
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.csite.2023.102805
Received 9 August 2022; Received in revised form 18 January 2023; Accepted 6 February 2023
Available online 14 February 2023
2214-157X/© 2023 The Authors. Published by Elsevier Ltd. This is an open access article under the CC BY license
(http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).
N. Dharmakkan et al. Case Studies in Thermal Engineering 44 (2023) 102805
medium is essential for effectively recovering waste heat energy. Compared with conventional type heat transfer equipment like waste
heat boilers, economizers, hot wheels, and heat pumps, the usage of compact-type heat exchangers is more effective in terms of
performance. The advantages of small heat exchangers include their lightweight, high heat transfer area per unit volume (m2/m3),
even flow, and high heat flux (W/m2) [2]. One of the compact types of heat exchanger is a Microplate Heat Exchanger (MPHE). It is a
plate heat exchanger used in evaporation, condensation, chilling, and heat exchange processes such as heat pumps. This novel plate
design enhances heat transfer rate with high accuracy to increase efficiency with a lowered coolant charge.
The MPHE has many advantages like compact design, 30% low weight, and high heat transfer rate. In engine cooling, nanofluids
were used to remove the excessive heat energy generated by the higher horsepower engines in trucks and automobiles. Similarly, in
industrial cooling applications, using nanofluids helps to save energy about a trillion BTU per year in the United States [3]. Nanofluids
show good performance than the conventional type base fluids in the field of heat transfer applications, and this is mainly due to
enhancement in the thermal properties of nanofluids [4,5]. The nanoparticles help the enhancement of the thermal conductivity of any
fluids. For heat transfer studies, various nanoparticles like Al2O3, CuO, and ZnO and base fluids like vacuum pump fluid, engine oil,
ethylene glycol, and water can be considered. Comparing CuO and Al2O3, the skin friction coefficient and Nusselt number for CuO is
better than Al2O3, and also increases in nanofluid volume fraction increases Nusselt number and decreases skin friction coefficient
under magnetic field condition [7]. It is also proved that an increase in solid volume fraction in a base fluid enhances the skin friction
coefficient and heat flux. Increasing the porosity parameter increases skin friction coefficient and heat flux [8]. A high level of solid
concentration in base fluid results from a high heat transfer coefficient. Also, at the same time, slight enhancement in heat transfer
coefficient with base fluid concentration [9]. The suspension of nanoparticles in the base fluids enhances the thermal conductivity
several times more than in the base fluid. While considering the nanoparticle preparation method, a sol-gel method is more suitable for
the metal oxide nanoparticles. The following literature reviews confirm this. Zinc oxide nanoparticle was prepared using the sol-gel
method and characterized to confirm the nanostructures. The results show that the size of the particles produced is 81.28
nm–84.98 nm (within 100 nm). When analyzed, these ZnO nanoparticles have a high degree of uniformity, crystallinity, and purity
[10]. It leads to adopting the sol-gel process to create the particles.
We decided to select metal oxide nanoparticles from the literature reviews for the heat transfer study because of their better ho
mogeneity [33]. Another significant advantage of metal nanoparticles for heat transfer studies in a microplate heat exchanger is that
there is no blockage in a heat exchanger due to tiny size particles [11]. While considering various metal nanoparticles, the stability of
TiO2 and ZnO nanoparticles in the base fluid is very high, and it is the most desirable property for heat transfer applications [12].
However, suspending tiny size particles in a base fluid enhances the viscosity and the pressure drop, and these values are in decreasing
trend when increasing the fluid temperature and it was also proved that a decrease in obstacle size enhances the heat transfer rate
effectively [13,14]. The pumping power needed to compensate for the heat exchanger’s high-pressure drop and increased expense due
to the nanoparticles’ poor stability in the base fluid [15]. The stability of nanoparticles in base fluids can be achieved by a constant
magnetic field which helps to lower the fouling resistance. Hence, there is a significant enhancement in the heat transfer coefficient
[16]. A high-pressure homogenizer can also achieve the stability of nanoparticles in any base fluid [17]. The performance of ther
mosyphon heat pipe using nanofluid proved that the presence of nanofluid decreases the total thermal resistance of the heat pipe,
which increases the heat transfer coefficient in the evaporation section [6].
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N. Dharmakkan et al. Case Studies in Thermal Engineering 44 (2023) 102805
Table 1
Specification of microplate heat exchanger.
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N. Dharmakkan et al. Case Studies in Thermal Engineering 44 (2023) 102805
XRD methods.
ρhnf, Cphnf, and βhnf represent hybrid nanofluids’ density, specific heat, and thermal expansion coefficient. By the use of Brinkman,
Hamilton, and Crosser models [36] the effective dynamic viscosity, μhnf, and thermal conductivity, khnf of the hybrid nanofluid are
given by:
μf
μhnf = (4)
(1 − φ)2.5
( )
khp + (n − 1)kf − kf − khp (n − 1)φ
khnf = ( ) kf (5)
khp + (n − 1)kf + kf − khp φ
The following expression is used to calculate the thermal diffusivity of composite nanofluid:
khnf
αhnf = (6)
(ρCp)hnf
With
φ = φTio2 + φZnO (7)
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N. Dharmakkan et al. Case Studies in Thermal Engineering 44 (2023) 102805
Fig. 3. Temperature vs. Thermal conductivity for ZnO–TiO2/EG hybrid nanofluids by varying volume fraction.
After estimating the heat transfer rate by Eq. (12), the convective heat transfer coefficient can be estimated by Eq. (13) [19].
Q
h= ( con ) (13)
AX Ts –Tavg
where.
Tm, in, and Tm, out represents the working fluids mean inlet and outlet temperatures. A is the heat exchanger’s surface area, which
can be estimated by multiplying Lp and Lw, where Lp is the effective length. Lw is the effective width of the plates. From the estimated
Reynolds number from Eq(15), the inlet velocity of the fluid can be estimated below
Re μ
uin = (18)
ρDe
The equivalent diameter of the brazed type micro plate heat exchanger can be estimated based on the gap between each plate and
the number of plates as
De = Gap between each plate x No. of plates (19)
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N. Dharmakkan et al. Case Studies in Thermal Engineering 44 (2023) 102805
Fig. 4. Volume fraction vs. Thermal conductivity for ZnO–TiO2/EG hybrid nanofluids by varying temperature.
Fig. 5. Percentage enhancements in Thermal conductivity of ZnO–TiO2/EG hybrid nanofluids based on temperature.
50 ◦ C, and the volume fraction ranges from 1% to 4% with the help of a thermal conductivity meter. Nanocomposite powder volume
fraction and temperature were used to determine the effect on hybrid nanofluids thermal conductivity from the measured conductivity
values. The investigation confirms that an increase in the volume fraction of solid particles and an increase in fluid temperature
significantly enhance the thermal conductivity of composite nanofluids [29].
Figs. 3 and 4 shows the effect of temperature on the thermal conductivity of ZnO–TiO2/EG hybrid nanofluids for different volume
fraction and the effect of volume fraction on thermal conductivity of ZnO–TiO2/EG hybrid nanofluids for different temperature,
respectively. Compared with pure ethylene glycol’s thermal conductivity, the thermal conductivity of ZnO–TiO2/EG hybrid nanofluid
enhanced very much at higher volume fractions and higher temperatures. The maximum thermal conductivity ratio between the
hybrid nanofluid and pure ethylene glycol was 2.10 at the volume fraction of 4% and temperature of 50 ◦ C. The percentage
enhancement in thermal conductivity of hybrid nanofluids was obtained as 35%. An increase in temperature increases the motion of
particles and the interaction [32], which is the crucial reason for the increase in thermal conductivity.
In the same way, an increase in particle volume fraction enhances the suspended particles in the base fluid, which increases the
collision between the particles. It is observed that the increase in the motion of particles and collision between the particles in the base
fluid increases the thermal conductivity of nanofluids. Larger temperatures and higher volume fractions of nanocomposite powder
result in a greater thermal conductivity enhancement than lower temperatures and lower particle volume fractions [37]. Fig. 5 shows
that 35% is the maximum thermal conductivity enhancement of ZnO–TiO2/EG hybrid nanofluid attained at 50 ◦ C and 4% volume
fraction. The density and viscosity of hybrid nanofluid increase with increase in particle volume fraction.
In contrast, the specific heat capacity of hybrid nanofluid decreases with the increased volume fraction of hybrid nanoparticles.
These results are similar to that of mono nanofluid. Since thermal conductivity is the crucial element in heat transfer, the change in
6
N. Dharmakkan et al. Case Studies in Thermal Engineering 44 (2023) 102805
thermal conductivity of hybrid nanofluid in temperature and volume fraction is highlighted in this research work. Further, the per
formance of the Microplate heat exchanger in terms of enhancement in the Nusselt number by applying different volume fractions of
ZnO–TiO2/EG hybrid nanofluid as a cooling medium is analyzed.
7
N. Dharmakkan et al. Case Studies in Thermal Engineering 44 (2023) 102805
varying the volume fraction (1%, 2%, 3%, and 4%) of composite nanoparticles in the ethylene glycol, the estimated Nusselt number
was plotted with the Reynolds number with the same laminar region. These results confirm that the increased channel height and
hybrid nanoparticle volume fraction effectively increase the Nusselt number [30]. This result is well coordinated with the results
referred to in the literature review. It also confirms that the change in dimensions of micro-type heat exchangers has some impact on
system heat transfer properties [25]. Since the Nusselt number is increased with all these three variables, the heat transfer rate also
increases [26].
4. Conclusion
The above experimental work concluded that the thermal conductivity of pure ethylene glycol is comparatively lower than that of
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N. Dharmakkan et al. Case Studies in Thermal Engineering 44 (2023) 102805
Fig. 7a. Nu enrichment for 400 μm height of plate for different volume fractions of TiO2–ZnO/EG.
Fig. 7b. Nu enrichment for 300 μm height of plate for different volume fractions of TiO2–ZnO/EG.
hybrid nanofluid (ZnO–TiO2/EG) at higher temperatures and higher volume fractions. The thermal conductivity of ZnO–TiO2/EG is
2.10 times the thermal conductivity of ethylene glycol. Similarly, the significant enhancement in thermal conductivity of (ZnO–TiO2/
EG) hybrid nanofluid is about 35% at 50 ◦ C and a volume fraction of 4%. Enhancement in thermal conductivity of nanofluids
effectively enhances the Nusselt number and the convective heat transfer coefficient. This analysis was carried out in a microplate heat
exchanger at a different flow rate of nanofluids, two different temperatures (30 ◦ C and 50 ◦ C), and two different volume fractions (1%
and 4%) of nanoparticles. The analysis observed that the enhancement in the Nusselt number is about 35.8, and the convective heat
transfer coefficient enhancement is about 4860 W/m2K. Maximum enhancement in Nusselt number is achieved at higher temperatures
(50 ◦ C), higher volume fraction (4%), and higher plate height (400 μm). In the same way, the maximum convective heat transfer
coefficient is achieved at higher temperatures (50 ◦ C) and higher volume fraction (4%).
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N. Dharmakkan et al. Case Studies in Thermal Engineering 44 (2023) 102805
Fig. 7c. Nu enrichment for 200 μm height of plate for different volume fractions of TiO2–ZnO/EG.
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N. Dharmakkan et al. Case Studies in Thermal Engineering 44 (2023) 102805
Data availability
Acknowledgement
The authors would like to acknowledge the funding and support (SIU/SCRI/MRP/2020/1497) by Symbiosis Institute of Tech
nology, Symbiosis International Deemed University, Pune India.
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