THE BUILDING ENCLOSURE:

THE FAÇADE (Introduction)

 THE FAÇADE. DEFINITION
1. According to Collins dictionary:

The facade of a building, especially a large one, is its front wall or the wall
that faces the street.

2. According to Oxford dictionary:

The principal front of a building, that faces on to a street or open space.
‘the house has a half-timbered facade’

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 THE FAÇADE. DEFINITION
(enclosure system)
From wikipedia:

A facade is generally one exterior side of a

building, usually, but not always, the front. It is a
foreign loan word from the French façade,
which means “frontage" or "face".

In architecture, the facade of a building is often

the most important aspect from a design
standpoint, as it sets the tone for the rest of the
building. From the engineering perspective of a
building, the facade is also of great importance
due to its impact on energy efficiency. For
historical facades, many local zoning
regulations or other laws greatly restrict or even
forbid their alteration.

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 THE FAÇADE. DEFINITION
(enclosure system)
The facade is part or the enclosure system of
the building.

It is called façade in a building to the vertical wall

(< 60º from the horizontal level) that is direct
contact with the exterior.

Every other vertical constructive element as

eaves, cantilevers, etc are considered as part of
the façade.

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 EVOLUTION OF THE FAÇADE (20th century)

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 1. STONE BEARING WALL

Funtion: structure+ enclosure system

Normally stone wall (silleria mamposteria)
Wooden walls
- Until the 1st therd of 20th century
- Thinkness: 50 - 70 cm

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 2. BEARING WALL, BRICKWORK (one brick wall)

- Function: structure+ enclosure system

- Brick wall, full longitudinal size + Exterior cladding
- Until middle 20th century
- Thickness: 25 - 35 cm

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 3. BEARING WALL, BRICKWORK (two layers)

- Function: structure+ enclosure system

- Exterior cladding + Hollow brick wall, full size + air chamber + single hollow brick
- Until about 1960
- Thikness: 30 - 40 cm

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 4. THE CAVITY WALL FAÇADE (1)

- Function: enclosure system

- Hollow brick wall (half brick) + Exterior cladding + air chamber
+ single hollow brick
- Between 1955 and 1980
- Thikness: 25- 35cm

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 Exterior wall: Exterior wall:
Clinker brick Hollow brick
+ exterior cladding

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 - THE CAVITY WALL FAÇADE (1). Examples

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 - THE CAVITY WALL FAÇADE (1). The cladding

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 - THE CAVITY WALL FAÇADE (2). The cladding

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 - THE CAVITY WALL FAÇADE (2)

- Function: enclosure system

- Brick wall (half brick) placed on the floor structure+ insulation layer + air chamber
+ doble hollow brick
- Since 1980 until today
- Thikness: 25- 35cm

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 Due to the current demands and their design and
execution problems,

the life cycle of the cavity wall façade solution

should be considered finished, as a solution, from
the current and future construction.

In any case, its study is very relevant since most of the façades of our built
environment are built in accordance with this solution and in the near future
they must undergo rehabilitation processes.

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 5. PRECAST FAÇADE PANELS

- Function : enclosure
- Big precast concrete panels/ glass fibre reinforced concrete panels+ air
chamber+ insulation layer + inner wall.
- From the 2nd half of the 20th century until today.
- Thickness: 25 - 35 cm

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 6. RAINSCREEN CLADDING (1)

- Function : enclosure
- Heavy inner wall (brick or concrete block) placed on the floor slab + insulation
layer + air ventilated chamber+ exterior light layer.
- From 1990 until today.
- Thickness: 25 - 30 cm

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 6. RAINSCREEN CLADDING (1)

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 Weather protection
(Cladding)

Rear ventilation>2cm

Insulation

Anchors

Fixture base

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 - RAINSCREEN CLADDING (2)

- Function : enclosure
- Stub inner wall, placed on the floor slab + waterproofing layer+ insulation layer
+ air ventilated/half – ventilated chamber + exterior light layer.
- From this moment.
- Thickness: 30 - 40 cm

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 7. ETICS: EXTERNAL THERMAL INSULATION COMPOSITE
SYSTEM

- Function : enclosure
- Heavy inner wall + rigid insulation layer + exterior cladding (several layers)
- Used about 10 years. It is a very used system in rehabilitation
- Thickness: 25 - 35 cm

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 7. CURTAIN WALL

- A curtain wall system is an outer

covering of a building in which the outer
walls are non-structural, used to keep
the weather out and the occupants in.
- Light skin
- When glass is used as the curtain
wall, an advantage is that natural light
can penetrate deeper within the
building.
- Used from the end of 19th century.

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