English

 Bias and Prejudice

Bias – being one-sided or choosing one side without further investigation

Prejudice – judging others without trying to actually know them or discrimination

5 Types of Bias

 Anchoring Bias – taking advantage to name a price or relying on the first piece of info
given
 Media Bias – the bias from journalists and news within the mass media about events or
stories
 Conformation Bias – searching for evidence to prove your point or to just confirm the
information given
 Conformity Bias – doing things to fit into groups or following the trend to be liked or
popular
 Halo Effect – overlooking the bad side of a person and only looking at the good side

5 Types of Prejudice

 Racism – hating or judging one person based on ethnicity or race

 Sexism – hating or judging one person based on gender
 Classism – hating or judging one person based on social status or class
 Ageism – hating or judging one person based on age
 Religion – hating or judging one person based on their beliefs, religion, or tradition
 Verbal’s

 The Bean-Field

Born: July 12, 1817

Died: May 6, 1862
Cause of Death: Tuberculosis
Author of the Book: Walden, or Life in the Woods (Published on: 1854)
Time of Stay in Walden Pond: 2 years, 2 moths, and 2 days
Henry David Thoreau is an American Writer, Poet, and orator who lived in New England. Lived a major of
his life in Concord, Massachusetts
  Punctuation Marks

Punctuation Marks – individual symbols. Used for full stops, comma, or question mark
Punctuation – a system of symbols that we use to clarify meaning and indicate pauses or emphasis

Types of Punctuation Marks

 Period
 After an abbreviation
 After the numbers or letters in outlines
 After a declarative sentence, an imperative sentence, or an indirect question
 Exclamation Point
 After an interjection
 Indicate strong feelings or to show emphasis
 Question Mark
 After a question
 End a statement intended as a question
 Interrogation
 Comma
 Separate 3 or more items in a series
 After a salutation in friendly letters, in addresses, in large numbers, in dates, and
between a name and title
 Separate the beginning word, phrase, or clause
 Separate independent clauses in compound sentences
 Intervening words
 In appositive
 FANBOYS = (For, And, Nor, But, Or, Yet, and So)
 Colon
 Replace a comma in introducing a quotation
 Gives emphasis or direct attention to an explanation
 After a complete sentence to introduce a list of items
 After the greeting of a person’s name in a business letter
 Semicolon
 Connect related independent clauses
 Used together with conjunctive adverbs
 Apostrophe
 Contractions
 Show possession
 Also called inverted comma
 Numbers and omissions
 Hypen
 From compound words
 Most shortest dash
  En Dash
 Express ranges or numbers
 A little longer than hypen
 Em Dash
 Used to indicate a pause or interrupted speech
 Most longest dash
 Double Quotation Mark
 Set off a direct quotation
 Used around a word or phrase that we see as slang or jargons
 Ellipsis
 Indicate words were removed from a quote
 3 dots
 Parentheses(sis)
 Enclose additional on supplemental information that clarifies or illustrates a
point
 Offer an afterthought
 Inner dialogue
 Enclose numbers or letters introducing items in a list or outline

Types of Parentheses

 Parentheses or Round Bracket ( )

 Square Brackets or Box Brackets [ ] – clarify the adding explanation
 Braces or Curly Brackets { } – equal choices
 Angle Brackets or Chevrons < > - a side thought or inner thought
 One-Act play

One-Act Play

 A play that has 1 act, as distinct from plays that occur in several acts
 Confined in 1 act only
 Scenes may be multiple and in variation
 May last up to 15min – 1 hour or 15min – 30min
 The aim of the play is intended towards producing effects
 Is concise and precise
 Has four or fewer or even seven characters that are developed in varying degrees
 Has beginning, middle, and end
 Continuous and never stops
Elements of a One-Act Play

 Character
 Can be people, animals, or objects
 2 Types of Characters:
 Protagonist – main character or the hero of the story
 Antagonist – the villain or the one who opposes the mc
 How we get to know the Character:
 Through the authors physical description of them
 Through their actions
 Through their words
 Through their inner thoughts
 Through what other characters say and think about them
 Setting – the time and place where the story begins
 Plot – the structure and the organization of events in the story
 Freytag’s Pyramid – a pictorial tool to visually illustrate dramatic structure, made by
Gustav Freytag, a German novelist and critic
 Exposition – introduction of characters or the beginning
 Rising Action – the attempts to solve problem, but fails
 Climax turning point of the greatest suspense or action
 Falling Action – after the climax
 Resolution – the end of the story, or the problem has been solved
 Dialogue – words spoken by the characters
 Stage Direction – instruction for the actors and directions
 Conflict – is any problem that the characters encounter in a story
 Theme – the meaning behind of events, characters, and actions in a story. The underlying
message or concept that the author is trying to convey to the reader

TLE
 Cleaning Surfaces and Floors

Flooring – the general term for a permanent covering of a floor and also for the work of installing a floor
covering

Floor Covering – a term used to describe any finish material applied over a floor structure to provide a
walking surface

Types of Flooring

1. Hardwood Flooring – 1 of the favorite types of flooring

2. Bamboo Flooring – one of the latest addition of flooring types. Its durable, elegant, and has a lot
of colors
3. Ceramic Tile – a type that requires waterproofing
4. Wood Parquet Flooring – made up of geometrical patterns
 5. Laminate Flooring – cheapest flooring types
6. Marble Flooring – one of the most durable and versatile tiles to use
7. Carpet and Rugs – are squares, like ceramic tiles, which proves to be superior in choices in every
way
8. Vinyl Sheet –called linoleum floors
9. Rubber Flooring – great to use at gym floors and children playgrounds
10. Cork Flooring – a natural harvested product that comes from trees in Portugal and Spain

Sawdust – used on some floors to absorb any liquids that fall rather trying to prevent them being spilled

 Cleaning Furniture

Furniture – a piece of equipment, such as chairs, tables, beds, cupboards, and others that are put into a
house or a building to make it suitable and comfortable for living or working in

Living Room – a place of comfort and love

Kinds of Living Room Furniture

1. Sofa Bed – the new alternative for couch and sofas, it is available on various sizes and models,
you can pull them and make them into a bed
2. Sectional Furniture – they all come in complementary form and includes several items, can use
them as a set of furniture
3. Ottoman – a famous kind of chairs, has a nice shape and commonly appears on cute designs, has
no back or arm, kids love to sit on these soft bouncy chair
4. End Table – commonly placed near to or on the side of a chair, its original function is to host the
reading or table lamps
5. Curio Cabinet – unlike other cabinets this one has glass doors commonly. If not, they do not
have any at all, functions as a display

Other Types of Furniture

1. Dining Room Tables – designed to use for formal dining

2. Bedside Tables, Nightstands, or Night Tables – small tables used in a bedroom
3. China Cabinet – a piece of furniture resembling a cupboard with doors and shelves and drawers
that hold fine chinaware
4. Cupboard – a type of storage cabinet used to store household items, to protect them from dust
and dirt
5. Dresser – piece of furniture with drawers, used for keeping clothes and accessories. The top of
the dresser is used to display cosmetics
6. Gateleg Tables – have 1 or 2 hinges leaves supported by hinged legs
7. Coffee Tables – are low tables designed for use in living rooms, placed in front of a sofa
8. Refectory Tables – long tables designed to seat many people for meals
9. Workbenches – are sturdy tables, often elevated for use with high stool or while standing
10. Nested Tables – are a set of small tables of graduated sizes that can be stacked together

Different Furniture Styles

 1. Gothic Furniture – this movement was more about style than practicality and was so
uncomfortable. It was heavily carved and decorated, characterized by columns, cut-outs and
extravagant tracery
2. Renaissance Furniture – this style would commonly include artwork inspired by the bible.
Towards the end of the movement geometric shapes were more prominent
3. Tudor – furniture’s made in this era were very large and carved with many straight lines. It was
influenced by the Renaissance and Gothic style
4. Jacobean – replacing the tudor, it was mainly made from oak and the legs on tables and chairs
were often twisted. Though it was uncomfortable at first, later it was more padded
5. Rococo – it was excessive, elaborate, fanciful, and made use of curves. It was popular during the
first half of the 18th century. It was later revived in the 19th century and was popular to collect
6. Neoclassic – Rectangles and bold, straight lines were in, replacing the curved shapes of the
rococo style. It was influenced by archeological discoveries in the 18th century
7. Art Nouveau – an ornate and delicate furniture style that often featured long and curved lines, it
would sometimes include pictures; women’s bodies, flowers and leaves were common
8. Scandinavian – characterized by simple but quality craftsmanship using lightweight material
such as plywood. Is most famous for its high level of mass production
9. Country – created by craftsmen influenced by the old fashioned and traditional style rather than
any modern movements, producing a rustic look, commonly handmade
10. Japanese – Traditional Japanese décor styles are minimalist, with little furniture used in a room

Common Stains found in upholstery or the sofa cushion

1. Butter Stains
2. Oily Cheese Stain
3. Ink Stain
4. Coffee Stains
5. Water Marks - toothpaste
6. White Marks – cigarette ashes and lemon juice
7. Milk and Alcohol Stains – rub paste wax or ammonia
8. Cigarette Burns – scratch concealing polish
9. Heat Marks – steel wool soap pad
10. Paint Marks – with water. Lift it with a putty knife if paint is dry
 Making Beds and Pillowcase

Bed – a furniture for sleep or rest. It has a framework with mattress and coverings
Cot – a small bed for infants or very young kids
Linen – used in housekeeping, surgical masks, and beddings. Linens are made from various plant fibers
and material each with distinctive properties

Kitchen and Dining Linens – table cloth, table skirt, silence cloth, table runners, table napkin, placemat,
dishcloth, apron, hand, and tea towels

Bed Linens – often called ‘bedding’

Types of Bedroom Linen

 Top Sheet – also known as flat sheet, it separates you from the comforter or duvet
 Bottom Sheet or Fitted Sheet – sheet with elastic-edge that is used to fit over the mattress
 Coverlet – a decorative fabric covering, does not touch the floor and does not cover the pillows
 Bedspread – similar to a coverlet, but it covers the entire bed and touches the floor
 Blanket or Throw – small covering found at the foot of a bed
 Comforter – bed cover stuffed with fibers, may come in different colors, patterns, and designs, it
is also used as a major decorative element in bedrooms
 Duvet – similar to a comforter except that it requires the use of duvet cover
 Duvet Cover – used over a comforter or duvet
 Euro or Continental Pillow – a large decorative square pillow
 Sleeping Pillow – medium-sized rectangular pillow, may come Standard, Queen, or King size
 Decorative – referred as an accent pillow or throw pillows, may come in many shapes, sizes, and
colors
 Bolster Pillow – a tubular pillow used to lean back for lumbar support
 Pillowcase – used to cover a sleeping, decorative, or bolster pillows. Has an opening in one end
 Pillow sham – similar to a pillow case but does not open on one side, has a flange (extra piece of
fabric that extends from where the pillow wham is sewn on each edge)
 Bed skirt – a decorative piece of bedding placed between the mattress and box springs
 Bathroom linen – includes bath towel and bath sheet (extra-large bath towel)

Hospital corners – term that refers to a specific method of folding the end of the top sheet

Proper Cleaning of Bed Mattress:

 Change bed linens weekly

 The best way to clean a mattress depends on how dirty it is and what stains are present
 Gather supplies
 Vacuum thoroughly
 Apply baking soda
 Flip and repeat
 Cleaning Toilets and Bathroom

Cleaning Toilet

1. Put on cloves, flush the toilet to moisten the bowl

2. Remove anything on top of the tank
3. Apply toilet cleaner to the edges of bowl
4. Clean inside of toilet bowl, begin cleaning from top to bottom starting from the rim
5. Clean toilet seat
6. Wipe up any drips or spills
7. Flush toilet again
8. Wipe the whole surface of the toilet
Cleaning Bathroom

1. Washbasin
a) Remove any objects in or around the basin
b) Fill sink with hot water
c) Empty sink and apply cleaning agents or vinegar
d) Scrub whole basin down thoroughly
e) Rinse and wipe the basin
2. Tub and Tile
a) Sprinkle baking soda in tub or tiles
b) Remove film buildup
c) Use 1/2 cup vinegar to 1 gallon of water (vinegar solution)
d) Clean grout
3. Shower and Baths
a) Same treatment as tub and tile
4. Bathtubs
a) Sprinkle tub with baking soda and spray on the vinegar solution
b) Let it bubble for several minutes
c) Let past sit for 15mins.
d) Let stand for 1 to 2 hours

Types of Bathroom Fixtures and Fittings

 Water Closet or Toilet Pans – the pan is the main structure of the toilet
 Lavatory – a bowl or basin with running water for washing or bathing purposes. The lavatory
may be fixed with a joinery unit that may have drawers or cupboards, This is called Vanity Unit
 Baths or Bathtubs – a large container for holding water in which a person may bathe
 Showers – a fixture in which a person bathes under a spray of hot or cold water. Can be a ready-
made kit or be built to your needs and specifications
 Bathroom Cabinet or Medicine Cabinet – a cabinet in bathroom

Types of Bathroom Fittings

 Taps – can come in matching bathroom sets, but can also be mix and match
 Shower Head – the apparatus at the end of the shower. Have small holes on the surface of the
shower fixture that face the bather
 Towel Rails – horizontal bar on the wall, or a frame with a horizontal bar, used to hang towels on
 Traps, Drains, and Wastes – also called drains and plugholes. Wastes are grills through which
water is drained as it leaves your bathroom
 Soap Dishes and Recesses – holds a bar of soap when not in use for hand washing or other
cleaning purposes near a washing area
 Toothbrush Holder – should always remain hygienic and must be in a clutter free place
 Electrical Fittings and Outlets – used all over bathrooms for electricity
 Exhaust Fans – a fan which is used to control the interior environment by venting out unwanted
odors, smoke, moisture, and etc.

Cleaning
 1. Wash all fixtures using a clean, reusable cloth dipped in hot water
2. Rinse surfaces with warm to hot water
3. Wipe down all doorknobs, toilet seats, flush, and faucet handles
4. Wash the least contaminated surfaces first then clean the more contaminated ones later

Disinfection

1. Follow instruction on the label of the disinfectant

2. Prepare the disinfecting solution daily
3. Apply enough disinfecting solution
4. Let solution stand for the contact time given on the label
5. Let surface air dry before using the facilities
6. Replace disinfecting solution and cleaning cloths on a regular basis
 Cleaning the Kitchen

“Kitchen is the heart and center of the home”

Types of Kitchen Fixtures and Appliances

 Kitchen Lighting Fixtures

 Ambient Lighting Fixtures – provides general illumination for the room
 Accent Lighting Fixtures – add a special spotlight or aim track lights so they illuminate a
prized collection. Halogen Lights have defined beam patterns and cast hard shadows
 Ceiling Fixtures – flush-mounted ceiling fixtures, typically provide general lighting and
hangs in the center of the room
 Chandeliers – also known as chain-hung or suspension fixtures
 Pendants – are decorative fixtures, suspended from the ceiling
 Wall Lights – wall-mounted fixtures
 Track Lights – track or rail lighting systems offer a great deal of design flexibility
 Recessed Lighting – consists of a housing installed within the ceiling
 Kitchen Countertops – may come in stainless steel, granite and marble, or laminate
 Kitchen Faucet – may also be called a tap
 Kitchen Islands – they are placed in the middle of the kitchen
 Types of Kitchen Islands
 Stationary
 Butcher Block
 Mobile
 Kitchen Cabinets – stores food, wares, pots, pans, and so on
 Kitchen Appliances
 Food Blender – used to puree and mix
 Food Processor – used for chopping, mixing, or pureeing foods
 Rice Cooker
 Microwave Oven – used for rapid heating
 Juicer – used for making fresh fruit or vegetable juice
 Gas Range – a cooking stove that uses household gas as fuel
 Bread Toaster – help warm up your bread
  Refrigerator – an appliance or compartment artificially that is kept cool and used to
store foods and drinks
 Freezer – a refrigerated compartment used for preserving food at very low temp.
 Electric Tea Kettle – used for the same purpose as a regular tea kettleP
 Coffeemaker or Coffee Machine

Filipino
 Pang-abay

Pamanahon

Panlunan

Pamaraan

 Panunuring Pampanitikan

 Tala sa buhay ni Rizal

 Noli Me Tangere (Tauhan, Talasalitaan, Kabanata 1-14)