(b) Prove that CM is a median of △ABC.

(3A03A005) NF
Chapter 3 Special Lines and Centres in a Triangle Teaching Example 3.5
In each of the following, the lengths of three line segments are given. Determine whether the three line
segments can form a triangle and explain your answer briefly.
(a) 6 cm, 7 cm, 2 cm
Teaching Examples
(b) 10 cm, 6 cm, 3 cm
(c) 9 cm, 14 cm, 5 cm
(3A03A001)
Teaching Example 3.1
(3A03A006) NF
In the figure, ADC is a straight line, AB  AC, A  40 and ADB  105. Prove
Teaching Example 3.6
that BD is the angle bisector of ABC in △ABC.
The lengths of the two sides of an isosceles triangle are 15 cm and 24 cm respectively. Find the possible
perimeter(s) of the triangle.

(3A03A007)
Teaching Example 3.1 (Extra)
(3A03A002)
In the figure, F is the mid-point of DC, EF  DC and DE // BC. Prove that CD is
Teaching Example 3.2
the angle bisector of ACB.
In the figure, BCE is a straight line, CA and DC are angle bisectors of DAB
and ACE respectively. B  72 and D  90. Find DAC.

(3A03A008) NF

Teaching Example 3.6 (Extra)

In △ABC, AB  6 cm, BC  4.2 cm and AC  x cm, where x is an integer. Find the maximum and
(3A03A003)
minimum values of x.
Teaching Example 3.3
In the figure, AB  AC and EA is the angle bisector of BAC. AE and BC intersect at
D. Prove that ADE is the perpendicular bisector of BC.

(3A03A004)
Teaching Example 3.4
In the figure, AC is the altitude of BC in △ABC and MN is the altitude of BC
in △MBC. MB  MC.
(a) Prove that MN is the perpendicular bisector of BC.
 Pre-study Questions (3A03B006)
In the figure, AB intersects CD at E. If CAE = BDE, prove that
(3A03B001) DBE = ACE.
Referring to the figure, which line segment is the angle bisector of
(a) AOC ?
(b) BOD ?
(c) COE ? (3A03B007)
(d) AOE ? In the figure, BCD is a straight line, AC = BC. Find ABD. A

64°

36° D
B
(3A03B002) C
Referring to the figure, which line segment is the perpendicular bisector of
(a) MD ? (3A03B008)
(b) MN ? In the figure, △ABC is an equilateral triangle. If BD bisects ABC, find ABD. A
D
C
(c) BF ?
(d) DN ?

(3A03B003) B
In the figure, OB is the angle bisector of AOC. Find AOC.
(3A03B009)
In the figure, BCD is a straight line. By the properties of isosceles triangles, find A

the unknowns h and k.

k
25°

(3A03B004)
In the figure, BD is the angle bisector of ABC. If ABC = 50, find x. h
B D
C

(3A03B010)
In the figure, AB = AC. Prove that BD = CD. A

(3A03B005) 58°
In the figure, AD is the perpendicular bisector of BC. If BC = 8 cm and B
32°
C
D
AD = 3 cm, find the length of AB.
(3A03B011) (3A03B016)
In the figure, PQ // RS. Prove that △ABC is an isosceles triangle. P
A
Q
In the figure, ABD and CBE are straight lines. Prove that △ABE ~ △DBC. A E
59° 4 3
B 8
6
118°
C D
R S
B C
(3A03B017)
(3A03B012) In the figure, ABC and AED are straight lines. Prove that △ABE ~ D
E
In the figure, AB and CD are the perpendicular bisectors of XD and BY △ADC.
respectively. Find XB : XY.
85° 67°
28°
A C
B

(3A03B013) (3A03B018)
In the figure, POT is a straight line. QO and SO are the angle bisectors of Q The figure shows △ABC with ABC = 90. Use straight edge and compasses
POR and SOT respectively. Prove that QOS = 90°. to construct the angle bisector of ABC.
R
S
P T
O

(3A03B014) (3A03B019)
S
Refer to the figure. Prove that △PQR  △PSR. The figure shows △ABC with ABC = 90. Use straight edge and compasses
to construct the perpendicular bisector of BC.
P R

(3A03B015)
In the figure, BCFE is a straight line. If △BAF  △EDC, prove that A

BC = EF.
F
B E
C

D
 Level 1 Questions (b) an angle bisector of △ABC?

§3.1 Important Lines in a Triangle (3A03C003)

(3A03C001) Referring to the figure, which line segment(s) is/are
In each of the following triangles, write down the name of the dotted line. (a) perpendicular bisector(s) of △ABC?
(a) (b) altitude(s) of △ABC?

AD is the ______________________ of BC in △ABC. (3A03C004)

A
In the figure, AD is the angle bisector of BAC in △ABC. Find ADE.
(b)
E

65°
74°
44°
B C
BD is the ______________________ of AC in △ABC. D

(c)
(3A03C005)
In the figure, AD is the angle bisector of BAC and AB is the altitude of BC
in △ABC. Find ACB.

EF is the ______________________ of BC in △ABC.

(3A03C006)
A
In the figure, ADB and AEC are straight lines. △BCD is an equilateral triangle and
(d)
DE // BC. Prove that DE is an angle bisector of △ADC.
D E

BD is the ______________________ of ∠ABC in △ABC. B C

(3A03C002) (3A03C007)
Referring to the figure, which line segment is In the figure, PM is the median of QR in △PQR. Prove that PM is a
(a) a median of △ABC? perpendicular bisector in △PQR.
(3A03C008) (3A03C013)
In the figure, AD is the altitude of BC in △ABC. Prove that △ABD  △ACD. In the figure, CD is the altitude of BC in △BCD and BAC = CDB. Prove
that AB is the altitude of BC in △ABC.

(3A03C014)
(3A03C009) In the figure, DE is the perpendicular bisector of BC in △ABC. If DE = BD,
In the figure, DE is the altitude of AC in △ACD. If AB = AE and DB = DE, prove prove that BE is the altitude of AC in △ABC.
that AB is an altitude of △ABC.

(3A03C010) (3A03C015)
In the figure, PTS = PRQ. Prove that PQ is an altitude of △PQR. In the figure, PS and RQ intersect at point T. PQT = SRT. Prove that QT is a
median of △QPS.

(3A03C016)
(3A03C011) In the figure, AB = BD and BD is the median of AC in △ABC. If the perimeters
In the figure, △ABC is a right-angled isosceles triangle with AB = AC and of △ABC and △BCD are 6.4 cm and 5.4 cm respectively, find the length of CD.
CAB = 90. If AM = MC, prove that AM is the angle bisector of CAB in
△ABC.

(3A03C017)
In the figure, AB is the altitude of BC in △ABC. BD = 8, BC = 17 and A
D
(3A03C012) △ABC ~ △BDC.
In the figure, AB = AC and EB = EC. If CD is the angle bisector of ACB in △ABC, (a) Prove that BD is an altitude of △ABC. 8
prove that BE is the angle bisector of DBC in △BCD. (b) Find the lengths of CD and AC.
B C
17
 perimeter of △PQR.
(3A03C018) §3.3 Centres of a Triangle
In the figure, CD is the angle bisector of ACB in △ABC. DBC = DCB (3A03C026) NF

and CAB = DEB = 90. By using compasses and straight edge only, locate the incentre I of △ABC.
(a) Prove that △ACD  △ECD.
(b) Prove that △ECD  △EBD.

§3.2 Relationship among the Three Sides of a Triangle

(3A03C019) NF

In each of the following, the lengths of three line segments are given. Determine whether the three line
segments can form a triangle and explain your answer briefly. (3A03C027) NF

(a) 3 cm, 5 cm, 6 cm By using compasses and straight edge only, locate the circumcentre O of
(b) 2 cm, 5 cm, 8 cm △PQR.
(c) 5 cm, 12 cm, 13 cm

(3A03C020) NF

It is given that the lengths of two sides of a triangle are 2 cm and 7 cm. Is it possible for the perimeter of
the triangle to be 19 cm? Explain your answer briefly. (3A03C028) NF

Construct the median of XY in △XYZ by using compasses and straight edge

(3A03C021) NF only.
It is given that a wooden stick of length 12 cm is cut into three parts and the lengths of two parts are
3.5 cm and 6.5 cm. Is it possible for the three parts to form a triangle? Explain your answer briefly.

(3A03C022) NF

If the lengths of two sides of an isosceles triangle are 4 cm and 8 cm, what is the perimeter of the triangle? (3A03C029) NF

By using compasses and straight edge only, locate the centroid G of △ABC.
(3A03C023) NF

In △ABC, AB = x cm, BC = 2 cm and AC = 7 cm, where x is an integer. Find the smallest possible value
of x.
(3A03C030) NF

(3A03C024) NF The figure shows a right-angled isosceles triangle PQR, where

In △ABC, AB = 5 cm, BC = 7 cm and AC = x cm, where x is an integer. Find the greatest possible value of PQ = PR and QPR = 90°.
x. (a) Construct the altitude of QR in △PQR by using compasses and
straight edge only.
(3A03C025) NF (b) By using the result of (a), locate the orthocentre of △PQR.
In △PQR, PQ = 3.8 cm, QR = 9 cm and PR = y cm, where y is an integer. Find the smallest possible
 Level 2 Questions
(3A03C031) NF

By using compasses and straight edge only, locate the orthocentre H of △ABC. §3.1 Important Lines in a Triangle
(3A03D001)
In the figure, AD is the median of BE in △ABE and AC is the A

altitude of BD in △ABD.
40°
(a) Prove that △ABD is an isosceles triangle. 25°
(b) Find AEB.
B E
C D

(3A03D002)
In the figure, PR is the angle bisector of QPS in △PQS and PTR is a straight P

line. Prove that

(a) △PQT  △PST,
(b) TR is a median of △TQS. T

Q S
R

(3A03D003)
In the figure, AEC and BED are two straight lines. Prove that
(a) △ABD  △CBD,
(b) BD is the perpendicular bisector of AC.

(3A03D004)
In the figure, XUY is a straight line and YU = VW. XV intersects UW at G and XG is
the median of UW in △XUW.
(a) Prove that WG is the median of XV in △XVW.
(b) Prove that WU is the median of XY in △XYW.

(3A03D005)
In the figure, BCD is a straight line. If the areas of △ABC and △ACD are A

equal, prove that AC is the median of BD in △ABD.

B D
C
(3A03D006)
The figure shows a quadrilateral PQRS. SU is the angle bisector of PSR in (3A03D011)
△PRS and PR intersects ST at U. It is given that TSR = PRQ. Prove that In the figure, AE // BD and CE intersects BD at F.
(a) PUS = 90°, (a) Prove that AE is the altitude of CE in △ACE.
(b) PR is the angle bisector of QPS. (b) (i) Prove that △BFE  △BFC.
(ii) Hence, prove that DF is the perpendicular bisector of CE in
△CDE.

(3A03D012)
(3A03D007) The figure shows a quadrilateral ABCD. DAC = DBC, AD // BC and AC
In the figure, QT is the angle bisector of PQR. Prove that RT is intersects BD at E.
the angle bisector of QRS. (a) Prove that △AED and △BCE are isosceles triangles.
(b) If AE is the median of BD in △ABD, prove that BAD = 90°.

(3A03D013)
In the figure, PQR and PTS are straight lines. PQT = PSR. P

(3A03D008) (a) Prove that △PQT ~ △PSR.

In the figure, AED and BEC are straight lines. AE is the median of BC in A C (b) (i) Prove that △PRS is a right-angled triangle. 5
T
8

△ABC. If △ABC  △CDA, prove that (ii) Prove that QT is the perpendicular bisector of PS in △PRS.
(a) CE is the median of AD in △ADC, E Q
1.4
(b) CD is the altitude of AC in △ADC. B R 4.8
S
D
(3A03D014)
(3A03D009) In the figure, AC = 2CD, AE is the median of BC in △ABC and BC is A

In the figure, CF is the median of BD in △BCD. If △ACD ~ △CBE, D

the angle bisector of ACD.
prove that (a) Prove that △ABC ~ △DEC.
(a) CD = 2BE, E (b) (i) Prove that AB = AE. B C
E
(b) BD is the median of AC in △ACD. (ii) Hence, find AE : DE.
D
A C
B
§3.2 Relationship among the Three Sides of a Triangle
(3A03D010) (3A03D015) NF
In the figure, AD is the altitude of BC in △ABC, BAD = BCF. AD intersects The perimeter of an isosceles triangle is 28 cm. If the length of one side is 8 cm, find the possible lengths
CF at M and BME is a straight line. of the other two sides.
(a) Prove that CF is the altitude of AB in △ABC.
(b) (i) Prove that △BMF  △BMD. (3A03D016) NF
(ii) Hence, prove that BE is the angle bisector of ABC in △ABC. In the figure, AB = (x + 10) cm, BC = (x + 20) cm and A
34 cm
(x + 10) cm

C
B (x + 20) cm
 NF

AC = 34 cm, where x is a positive integer. Find the smallest possible value of x. (You are allowed to use compasses and ruler only.)
(3A03D017) NF

In △ABC, AB = 5 cm, BC = a cm and CA = b cm, where a and b are positive integers. If a + b = 7 and
a > b, find the possible values of a and b. (3A03D023) NF

(a) Construct △ABC with AB = 3.5 cm, BC = 4.5 cm and AC = 5.5 cm.
(3A03D018) NF (b) Locate the incentre P of △ABC.
The lengths of the sides of a triangle are 2x cm, (3x + 1) cm and (4x + 5) cm, where x is a positive integer. (You are allowed to use compasses and ruler only.)
(a) Find the range of possible values of x.
(b) If the perimeter of the triangle cannot exceed 60 cm, find all possible values of x. (3A03D024) NF

(a) Locate the circumcentre of △PQR.

(3A03D019) NF (b) Construct the circumscribed circle of △PQR.
It is given that the length of three line segments are x cm, 3x cm and 10 cm, where x is an integer. How (You are allowed to use compasses and straight edge only.)
many distinct triangles can be formed by the three line segments?

(3A03D020) NF

In the figure, BDC is a straight line. Prove that AB + BC + AC > 2AD. A (3A03D025) NF

In the figure, O is the incentre of △ABC. Find BOC.

B C
D

§3.3 Centres of a Triangle

(3A03D021) NF

The figure shows a sector ABC.

(a) Construct the altitude AD of BC in △ABC and produce AD such that AD (3A03D026) NF

In the figure, the length of AC is (k + 2) cm. N is a point on AB such that

cuts at E.
NC = 4 cm and AN = k cm. If P is the orthocentre of △ABC and P lies on NC,
(You are allowed to use compasses and straight edge only.) find the value of k.
(b) Prove that △BEC is an isosceles triangle.

NF (3A03D027) NF
(3A03D022)
P
(a) Construct △ABC, where B = 90, BC = 4 cm and AB = 3 cm. In the figure, O is the centroid of △PQR. MOR and NOP are straight lines.
(b) Locate the centroid G of △ABC. If PM = 4.5 cm, QN = 6 cm and PQR = 90°, find the length of PR.
M

Q R
N
 Level 3 Questions

(3A03E001)
(a) In Figure (1), AD is the angle bisector of BAC in △ABC. MD is the
altitude of AB in △ABD and ND is the altitude of AC in △ACD.

(i) Prove that .

(ii) Prove that △AMD  △AND and hence, prove that .

Figure (1)

(b) In Figure (2), BE and CF are the two angle bisectors of △ABC.

(i) By using the result of (a), express and in terms of AB,

AC and BC.

(ii) Find the value of . Figure (2)

(3A03E002)
(a) In Figure (1), AD is the altitude of BC in △ABC.

(i) Prove that .

(ii) Hence, prove that .

Figure (1)

(b) Figure (2) as shown is obtained by drawing two altitude BE and CF in

△ABC.
(i) By using the result of (a), express and in terms of
tan ABC, tan BCA and tan CAB.
Figure (2)
(ii) Find the value of .
 NF

(3A03E003) Multiple Choice Questions

In the figure, AP is an altitude of △ABC and DE is an angle bisector of A
D
△ACD. BD, AP and CQ all intersect at a point F. (3A03F001)
(a) (i) Prove that △ABD  △CBD. E Refer to the figure. Which of the following is true?
(ii) Prove that △CFP ~ △CBQ. Q F A. AD is a perpendicular bisector of △ABC.
(b) If AQ : QB = 2 : 1, find the ratio CF : FP. B. AD is an angle bisector of △ABC.
B C C. AD is an altitude of △ABC.
P
D. AD is a median of △ABC.
(3A03E004) NF

Referring to the figure, find the radius of the circumscribed circle of △ABC. (3A03F002)
Refer to the figure. Which line segment is a median of △ABC?
A. BC
B. AB
C. AM
D. BN
(3A03E005) NF

The figure shows the circumscribed circle of △PQR, where M is the P

circumcentre. It is given that QMR is a straight line. (3A03F003)

(a) Prove that PM = QM = RM. Q R In the figure, PS  QR and PS is the angle bisector of QPR. Which of the
M
(b) If PMR = 70°, find MPQ and MPR. following is/are true?
I. PS is a perpendicular bisector of △PQR.
II. PS is a median of △PQR.
(3A03E006) NF
III. PS is an altitude of △PQR.
In the figure, M is the incentre of △ABC and BMC = 2BAC. A. III only
(a) Prove that ABM + ACM = BAC. B. I and III only
(b) Find BAC. C. II and III only
D. I, II and III

(3A03E007) NF

The perimeter of an isosceles triangle ABC is 18 cm and AB = 4 cm.

(a) Find the lengths of BC and CA.
(b) Construct △ABC by compasses and ruler.
(c) Locate the circumcentre and the centroid of △ABC in (b) by compasses and straight edge.
(d) Do the circumcentre and the centroid of △ABC lie on the altitude? Do the incentre and the
orthocentre of △ABC lie on the altitude?
(3A03F004) (3A03F008)
The figure shows a quadrilateral ADCB, AC is the perpendicular bisector of In the figure, △ABC is an equilateral triangle, ABF = CBF. Which of the
DB. Which of the following is/are true? following line segment(s) is/are median(s) of △ABC?
I. AE = EC I. AE
II. DEC = 90 II. BF
III. DE = EB III. CD
A. I only A. I only
B. I and II only B. II only
C. II and III only C. III only
D. I, II and III D. I, II and III

(3A03F005) (3A03F009)
A
In the figure, AD is the altitude of BC in △ABC and AC is an angle bisector of In the figure, AEC and BED are straight lines. AC is an angle bisector of △ABD.
A D
△ABD. Find BAD. Which of the following must be true?
A. 25° I. AD // BC E

B. 35° II. AB // DC
65°
B C
C. 50° B C D III. AC is the angle bisector of BCD.
D. 70° A. I only
B. I and III only
(3A03F006) C. II and III only
A
In the figure, BD is the median of AC in △ABC and AB = AC = 2BC. If the perimeter D. I, II and III
of △ABC is 10 cm, find the length of CD.
A. 1 cm (3A03F010)
D
B. 2 cm In the figure, POR and QOS are straight lines. PR is an angle bisector of
C. 3 cm △QSP. Which of the following is/are true?
C O
D. 4 cm B I. PR is the angle bisector of QRS.
II. PS = RS
(3A03F007) III. QR = SR
In the figure, BD is the median of AC, find the length of BD. A. II only
A. 3 cm B. I and III only
B. 4 cm C. II and III only
C. cm D. I, II and III
D. cm
(3A03F011) (3A03F014) NF

In the figure, AE is an angle bisector of △ABC and ADB = ADC. Which of A The perimeter of an isosceles triangle is 24 cm. If the length of one side is 6 cm, which of the following
the following must be true? can be the lengths of the other two sides?
I. △ABD  △ACD I. 6 cm
II. AE is an altitude of △ABC. II. 9 cm
D
III. BD is the angle bisector of ABC. III. 12 cm
B E C
A. I and II only A. I only
B. I and III only B. II only
C. II and III only C. I and II only
D. I, II and III D. I, II and III

(3A03F012) NF (3A03F015) NF

Which of the following sets of line segments can form a triangle? If the lengths of two sides of an isosceles triangle are 6 cm and 14 cm, what is the perimeter of the
I. 2 cm, 3 cm, 4 cm triangle?
II. 4 cm, 6 cm, 8 cm A. 20 cm
III. 3 cm, 12 cm, 16 cm B. 26 cm
A. I only C. 30 cm
B. II only D. 34 cm
C. I and II only
D. I, II and III (3A03F016) NF

In △ABC, AB = 9 cm, BC = 15 cm and AC = y cm, where y is a positive integer. Find the greatest possible
(3A03F013) NF value of y.
Refer to the figure. Which of the following must be true? A. 23
A. x is an integer. B. 24
B. x > 4 C. 25
C. 0 < x < 4 D. 26
D. none of the above
(3A03F017) NF

In the figure, AD, BE and CF are three altitudes of △ABC. If they intersect at M,
then M is the
A. incentre of △ABC.
B. orthocentre of △ABC.
C. circumcentre of △ABC.
D. centroid of △ABC.
 NF

(3A03F018) (3A03F022) NF

In the figure, the circle with centre O is the largest circle that can be drawn in In the figure, O is the incentre of △ABC. Find ∠AOC.
△PQR. Which of the following is true? A. 107.5
A. O is the circumcentre of △PQR. B. 108
B. O is the centroid of △PQR. C. 109.5
C. O is the incentre of △PQR. D. 110
D. O is the orthocentre of △PQR.
(3A03F023) NF

In the figure, AD and BE are two altitudes of △ABC. Which of the following
(3A03F019) NF must be true?
Which of the following must lie inside an obtuse-angled triangle? I. If AD = CD, then BE = CE.
I. incentre II. △ADC ~ △BEC
II. median III. O is the incentre of △ABC.
III. orthocentre A. II only
A. I and II only B. I and II only
B. I and III only C. II and III only
C. II and III only D. I, II and III
D. I, II and III
(3A03F024) NF

(3A03F020) NF In the figure, OGD, OEI and OHF are the three perpendicular bisectors of
It is given that △XYZ is a right-angled triangle, where XYZ = 90. Which of the following is true? △ABC. Which of the following must be true?
A. X is the orthocentre of △XYZ. I. O is the orthocentre of △ABC.
B. Y is the orthocentre of △XYZ. II. △OEH ~ △CFH
C. Z is the circumcentre of △XYZ. III. BE = CE
D. Y is the circumcentre of △XYZ. A. I only
B. III only
(3A03F021) NF C. I and III only
In the figure, O is the circumcentre of △ABC. Find POQ. A D. II and III only
A. 104° 76°
P Q
B. 120°
C. 142° O
B C
D. 152°
 1. Refer to the figure, which line segment(s) is/are altitudes
3A Chapter 3 Quiz of △ACB?
5. In the figure, BD is the perpendicular bisector of AC in
△ACD. Is BD the angle bisector of ADC in △ACD?
Special Lines and Centres in a Triangle

Name: ______________________ Class: ____________ ( ) Result: ____________ 6. Determine whether the three line segments of lengths
4 cm, 7 cm and 14 cm can form a triangle.
Section A (10 marks)
(Working steps are NOT required in this section.)
7. The lengths of the two sides of a triangle are 6 cm and
1. Refer to the figure, which line segment(s) is/are altitudes 10 cm. Is it possible for the perimeter of the triangle to be
of △ACB? 20 cm?

8. Referring to the figure, M is the of △ABC.

2. In the figure, CE is the perpendicular bisector of DA in

△ABD. Find DCE.

3. Consider the obtuse-angled triangle ABC shown on the 9. Complete the following sentence.
right. Determine whether the median of AC lies inside, The incentre of a triangle is the intersection of three of the triangle.
outside or on the side of the triangle.
10. Construct the altitude AD of BC in △ABC.

4. In the figure, BCD is a straight line and CD is the altitude

of CE in △CDE. Is BD the altitude of AB in △ABD?
Section B (20 marks)
(Write your mathematical expressions, answers and statements/conclusions in the spaces provided.)

11. In △ABC, AB  20 cm, BC  12 cm and AC  x cm, where x is an integer.

(a) Find the maximum possible value of x.
(b) Find the minimum possible value of x.
(4 marks)
12. In the figure, AB // DC, BD and CA are angle bisectors in △ABC
and △BCD respectively. Prove that
(a) △BCD is an isosceles triangle,
(b) CE is the perpendicular bisector of BD in △BCD.
(6 marks)
(a) Construct the medians of AB and AC and hence locate the centroid G of △ABC.
(b) Does the centroid lie inside, outside or on the side of △ABC?
(4 marks)

14. In the figure, I is the incentre of △ABC and AI  BI  CI.

Prove that
(a) a  b  c  d  e  f,
(b) △ABC is an equilateral triangle.
(6 marks)

13. The figure shows △ABC, where AD is the median of BC.

 Full Solutions
~ End of Quiz ~
Chapter 3 Special Lines and Centres in a Triangle Consider △ABC.

(ext. of △)
Teaching Examples
(3A03A001)
Consider △ABD.
 sum of △

∴
∵ AB  AC given
∴ base s, isos. △
Consider △ABC.
(3A03A003)
 sum of △
∵ AB  AC given
and BAD  CAD given
∴ BD  CD and AD  BC prop. of isos. △
∴ ADE is the perpendicular bisector of BC.

(3A03A004)
∴
(a) ∵ MB  MC given
∴ BD is the angle bisector of ABC in △ABC.
and MN  BC given
∴ BN  CN prop. of isos. △
(3A03A002)
∵ BN  CN and MN  BC
Let DAC  x and ACD  y.
∴ MN is the perpendicular bisector of BC.
∵ CA is the angle bisector of DAB. (given)
∴ BAC  DAC  x
(b) Let B  x.
∵ DC is the angle bisector of ACE. (given) ∵ MC  MB given
∴ ACD  DCE  y ∴ base s, isos. △
Consider △ACD.
ACB  90 given
( sum of △)

Consider △ABC.
 sum of △

∴ MCA  A
∴ MA  MC sides opp. equal s
MB  MC
∴ MA  MB
∴ CM is a median of △ABC.
(3A03A005)
(a) ∵ The sum of the lengths of the two shorter line segments

∴ The three line segments can form a triangle.

(b) ∵ The sum of the lengths of the two shorter line segments

∴ The three line segments cannot form a triangle.

(c) ∵ The sum of the lengths of the two shorter line segments

∴ The three line segments cannot form a triangle.

(3A03A006)
Since one of the equal sides can be the side of length 15 cm or that of length 24 cm, we have to consider
two cases.
Case 1: The side of length 15 cm is one of the equal sides
∵ The sum of the lengths of the two shorter sides

∴ A triangle can be formed in this case.

Perimeter of the triangle

Case 2: The side of length 24 cm is one of the equal sides

∵ The sum of the lengths of the two shorter sides

∴ A triangle can be formed in this case.

Perimeter of the triangle

∴ The possible perimeter of the triangle is 54 cm or 63 cm.

(3A03A007)
(d) ∵
In △DEF and △CEF,
EFD  EFC  90 given
DF  CF given ∴ OC is the angle bisector of AOE.
EF  EF common side
∴ △DEF  △CEF SAS (3A03B002)
∴ EDF  ECF corr. s,  △s (a) ∵ MB  BD and AB  MD
DCB  EDF alt. s, CB // ED ∴ AB is the perpendicular bisector of MD.
∴ ECF  DCB
i.e. ACD  DCB (b) ∵ MD  DN and CD  MN
∴ CD is the angle bisector of ACB. ∴ CD is the perpendicular bisector of MN.

(3A03A008) (c) ∵ BD  DF and CD  BF

∴ CD is the perpendicular bisector of BF.

(d) ∵ DF  FN and EF  DN
∴ The maximum value of x is 10. ∴ EF is the perpendicular bisector of DN.

(3A03B003)
(by definition)
∴ The minimum value of x is 2.

Pre-study Questions
(3A03B004)
(3A03B001) DBC  ABD  x (by definition)
(a) ∵ AOB  BOC
∴ OB is the angle bisector of AOC. ∴

(b) ∵ BOC  COD

∴ OC is the angle bisector of BOD.

(c) ∵ COD  DOE

∴ OD is the angle bisector of COE.
(3A03B005) (3A03B009)
(by definition)
∵ AB  AD and BC  CD
∴ (prop. of isos. △)

∵ AB = AD and BC = CD
∴ AC  BD (prop. of isos. △)
(Pyth. theorem)
i.e.

(3A03B010)
(3A03B006)
In △ABD,
CAE  BDE given
AEC  DEB vert. opp. s  sum of △
DBE  180  BDE  DEB  sum of △
 180  CAE  AEC
 ACE  sum of △
i.e. AD  BC
∴ DBE  ACE
Also, AB  AC given
(3A03B007) ∴ BD  CD prop. of isos. △
∵ AC  BC
∴ BAC  ABC (base s, isos. △) (3A03B011)
In △ABD,
ABC  PAB  59° alt. s, RS // PQ
( sum of △)
In △ABC,
ext.  of △

(3A03B008) ∵ ABC  BAC

∵ △ABC is an equilateral triangle. ∴ AC  BC sides opp. equal s
∴ ABC  60° (prop. of equil. △)
∴ △ABC is an isosceles triangle.
∵ BD bisects ABC.
∴ ABD  DBC
(3A03B012)
i.e.
Let XB  k.
Then, by definition, BD  XB  k.
By definition, BD  DY  k.
∴ XY  3k
∴
(3A03B013)
POQ  QOR by definition
ROS  SOT by definition
adj. s on st. line

(3A03B014)
In △PQR and △PSR,
PQ  PS given
QR  SR given
PR  PR common side
∴ △PQR  △PSR SSS

(3A03B015)
∵ △BAF  △EDC given

∴ corr. sides,  △s

(3A03B016)
In △ABE and △DBC,
ABE  DBC vert. opp. s

∴ △ABE ~ △DBC ratio of 2 sides, inc. 

(3A03B017) (d) angle bisector
In △ABE,
BAE  DAC  28°
 sum of △

∴
In △ADC,
 sum of △

∴ ABE  ADC and AEB = ACD

∴ △ABE ~ △ADC AAA

(3A03B018)

(3A03B019)

Level 1 Questions
(3A03C001)
(a) altitude
(b) median
(c) perpendicular bisector
(3A03C002) (3A03C006)
(a) AD ∵ △BCD is an equilateral triangle. given
(b) CE ∴ BC  CD  BD
∴ BCD  CDB  CBD  60° prop. of equil. △
(3A03C003) EDC  BCD  60° alt. s, ED // CB
(a) AD ADE  CBD  60° corr. s, DE // BC
(b) AD and BE ∴ ADE  EDC
∴ DE is an angle bisector of △ADC.
(3A03C004)
In △ABC, (3A03C007)
( sum of △) ∵ PQ  PR and QM  RM
∴ PM  QR prop. of isos. △
∵ QM  RM and PM ⊥ QR
∵ AD is the angle bisector of BAC. (given) ∴ PM is a perpendicular bisector in △PQR.
∴ BAD  DAE

i.e. (3A03C008)
In △ABD and △ACD,
∵ AD is the altitude of BC in △ABC. given
∴ ADB  ADC  90
AB  AC given
In △ADE,
AD  AD common side
(ext.  of △) ∴ △ABD  △ACD RHS

(3A03C009)
In △ABD and △AED,
(3A03C005) DB  DE given
∵ AD is the angle bisector of BAC. (given) AB  AE given
AD  AD common side
∴ BAD  DAC ∴ △ABD  △AED SSS
∵ AD  CD ∴ ABD  AED corr. s,  △s
∴ DAC  DCA (base s, isos. △)  90
In △ABC, ∴ AB is an altitude of △ABC.

( sum of △) (3A03C010)
PRQ  PTS given
PQR  180 – PRQ – QPR  sum of △
 180 – PTS – TPS
∴
 PST  sum of △
 90
∴ PQ is the altitude of QR in △PQR. (3A03C013)
In △EBC,
(3A03C011) ∵ EB  EC given
In △ABC, ∴ EBC  ECB base s, isos. △
∵ AB = AC given BAC  CDB given
∴ ABC  ACB base s, isos. △ In △ABC,
sum of △ ABC  180  BAC  ECB  sum of △
 180  CDB  EBC
 BCD  sum of △
In △AMC,  90
∵ AM  MC given ∴ AB is the altitude of BC in △ABC.
∴ MAC  MCA  45 base s, isos. △
MAB  BAC  MAC  90  45  45 (3A03C014)
Let DEB  x and DEC  y
∴ MAC  MAB  45
In △BDE,
∴ AM is the angle bisector of CAB in △ABC. ∵ BD  DE given
∴ DBE DEB  x base s, isos. △
(3A03C012) In △CDE,
∵ DC  BD by definition
In △ABC,
∴ DC  DE
∵ BCD  ACD by definition ∴ DCE  DEC y base s, isos. △
∴ ACB  2BCD In △BCE,
∵ AB  AC given  sum of △
∴ ABC  ACB base s, isos. △
∴ ABC  2BCD
∴ BEC  90
In △EBC,
∴ BE is the altitude of AC in △ABC.
∵ EB  EC given
∴ EBC  ECB base s, isos. △ (3A03C015)
DBE  ABC  EBC In △PQT and △SRT,
 2BCD  EBC PQT  SRT given
 2ECB  EBC PTQ  STR vert. opp. s
 2EBC  EBC PQ  SR given
 EBC ∴ △PQT  △SRT AAS
∴ BE is the angle bisector of DBC in △BCD. PT  ST corr. sides,  △s
∴ QT is the median of PS in △QPS.
(3A03C016) ECD  EBD given
∵ BD is the median of AC. (given) CED  BED  90 given
DE  DE common side
∴ AD  CD
∴ △ECD  △EBD AAS
Also, AB  BD (given)
(3A03C019)
(a) ∵ The sum of the lengths of the two shorter line segments
∴
 (3 + 5) cm
 8 cm
> 6 cm
∴
∴ The three line segments can form a triangle.

(1) – (2) :
(b) ∵ The sum of the lengths of the two shorter line segments
∴  (2 + 5) cm
 7 cm
(3A03C017)
< 8 cm
(a) ∵ △BDC ~ △ABC given
∴ The three line segments cannot form a triangle.
∴ corr. s, ~ △s
(c) ∵ The sum of the lengths of the two shorter line segments
∴ BD is an altitude of △ABC.
 (5 + 12) cm
(b) In △BCD,
 17 cm
(Pyth. theorem)
> 13 cm
∴ The three line segments can form a triangle.

∵ △ABC ~ △BDC (given) (3A03C020)

If the perimeter is 19 cm, then the length of the remaining side is (19 – 2 – 7) cm  10 cm.
∴ (corr. sides, ~ △s)
∵ The sum of the lengths of the two shorter sides
 (2 + 7) cm
 9 cm
< 10 cm
∴ A triangle could not be formed in this case.
(3A03C018)
∴ It is impossible for the perimeter of the triangle to be 19 cm.
(a) In △ACD and △ECD,
ACD  ECD given
CAD  CED  90 given
CD  CD common side
∴ △ACD  △ECD AAS
(b) In △ECD and △EBD,
(3A03C021) (3A03C025)
The length of the remaining part  (12 – 3.5 – 6.5) cm  2 cm
∵
∵ The sum of the lengths of the two shorter parts
 (2 + 3.5) cm
 5.5 cm ∴ The smallest possible value of y is 6.
< 6.5 cm ∴ The smallest possible perimeter of △PQR
∴ It is impossible to form a triangle.

(3A03C022)
Since the side of length 4 cm can be one of the equal sides or the base, we have to consider two cases； (3A03C026)
Case 1: The side of length 4 cm is one of the equal sides.
∵ The sum of the lengths of the two shorter sides
= (4 + 4) cm  8 cm
∴ It is impossible to form a triangle in this case.
Case 2: The side of length 4 cm is the base.
∵ The sum of the lengths of the two shorter sides
= (4 + 8) cm  12 cm > 8 cm
∴ A triangle can be formed in this case. (3A03C027)
From the calculations above, the perimeter of the triangle is (4 + 8 + 8) cm  20 cm.

(3A03C023)

circumcentre

∴ The smallest possible value of x is 6.

(3A03C024) (3A03C028)

∴ The greatest possible value of x is 11.

(3A03C029)
Level 2 Questions
centroid (3A03D001)
(a) ∵ AC is the altitude of BD in △ABD. given
∴ ACD  90
In △ABC,
ext.  of △

(3A03C030) ∵
(a), (b)

∴ BD  AD sides opp. equal s

∴ △ABD is an isosceles triangle.

(b) ∵ AD is the median of BE. (given)

∴ BD DE
BD  AD (proved in (a))
∴ AD  DE
(3A03C031)
∴ DAE  DEA (base s, isos.△)
 AEB
In △ABE,
( sum of △)

(3A03D002)
(a) In △PQT and △PST,
PQT  PST given
∵ PR is the angle bisector of QPS. given
∴ QPT  SPT
PT  PT common side
∴ △PQT △PST AAS
(b) ∵ △PQT △PST proved in (a) (b) ∵ △XUG △VWG proved in (a)
∴ QTP  STP corr. s,  △s ∴ XU  VW corr. sides,  △s
and QT  ST corr. sides,  △s Also, YU  VW given
∴ XU  YU
∴ WG is the median of XY in △XYW.

∵ QT  ST and QTR  STR (3A03D005)

∴ QR  SR prop. of isos.△ Let h be the length of the attitude of BC in △ABC, then h is also the length of the attitude of CD
∴ TR is a median of △TQS. in △ACD.
∵ Area of △ABC  area of △ACD
(3A03D003) ∴
(a) In △ABD and △CBD,
AB  CB given ∴ AC is the median of BD in △ABD.
AD  CD given
BD  BD common side (3A03D006)
∴ △ABD △CBD SSS (a) Let TSR  x,
then PRQ  x. given
(b) ∵ △ABD △CBD proved in (a) ∵ ST is the angle bisector of PSR. given
∴ ABD  CBD corr. s,  △s ∴ PST  TSR  x
i.e. ABE  CBE In △PQR,
Also, AB  CB given  sum of △
∴ AE  CE and BE  AC prop. of isos.△
∴ BD is the perpendicular bisector of AC.

(3A03D004) ext.  of △
(a) In △XUG and △VWG,
XUG  VWG alt. s, XU // WV
UXG  WVG alt. s, XU // WV
∵ XG is the median of UW in △XUW. given (b) In △PUS,
∴ UG  WG
∴ △XUG △VWG AAS
∴ XG  VG corr. sides,  △s
∴ WG is the median of XV in △XVW. ∴ PR is the angle bisector of QPS.
(3A03D007)
Let PQT  x.
∵ QT is the angle bisector of PQR. given
∴ RQT  PQT  x
∵ PT  PQ given
∴ base s, isos△

In △QTR,
 sum of △

adj. s on st. line

∵ SR  ST given
∴

∴ RT is the angle bisector of QRS.

(3A03D008)
(a) ∵ △CDA △ABC given
∴ CAD  ACB corr. s,  △s
∴ CE  AE sides opp. equal s
∵ △CDA △ABC given
∴ AD  CB corr. sides,  △s

∵ AE is the median of BC. given

∴ BE  EC
∴ AE  DE
∴ CE is the median of AD in △ADC.
(b) Let ECA  x and ECD  y. ∴ △AFM  △CDM AAS
∵ AE  CE proved in (a) ∴ AFM  CDM = 90 corr. s,  △s
∴ EAC  ECA  x base s, isos.△ ∴ CF is the altitude of AB in △ABC.
∵ AE  DE and AE  CE proved in (a)
∴ DE  CE (b) (i) In △BMF and △BMD,
∴ EDC ECD  y base s, isos.△ ∵ AFM  CDM  90 proved in (a)
In △ADC, ∴ BFM  BDM  90
 sum of BM  BM common side
△
MF  MD given
∴ △BMF  △BMD RHS

∴ ACD  90 (ii) ∵ △BMF △BMD proved in (b)(i)

∴ CD is the altitude of AC in △ADC. ∴ FBM  DBM corr. s,  △s
∴ BE is the angle bisector of ABC in △ABC.
(3A03D009)
(a) ∵ △ACD ~ △CBE given
∴ ACD  CBE corr. s, ~ △s (3A03D011)
i.e. BCD  CBD (a) In △ABE,
∴ BD  CD sides opp. equal s ∵ BA  BE given
∵ BE = ED given ∴ AEB  EAB base s, isos. △
∴ CD = 2BE In △BCE,
∵ BE  BC given
(b) ∵ △ACD ~ △CBE given ∴ BEC  BCE base s, isos. △
In △ABC,
∴ corr. sides, ~ △s
 sum of △
from (a)

∴ AC  2CB
i.e. AB  BC ∴ AE is the altitude of CE in △ACE.
∴ BD is the median of AC in △ACD.
(b) (i) AEC  90 proved in (a)
(3A03D010) EFD  90 alt. s, AE // BD
(a) In △AFM and △CDM, ∴ BD ⊥ EC
FAM  DCM given In △BFE and △BFC,
AMF  CMD vert. opp. s BFE  BFC  90
MF  MD given BE  BC given
 BF  BF common side
∴ △BFE  △BFC RHS
(ii) ∵ △BFE  △BFC proved in (b)(i)
∴ EF  CF corr. sides,  △s ∴ △PQT ~△PSR AAA
∴ DF is the perpendicular bisector of CE in △CDE. (b) (i) In △PRS,

(3A03D012)
(a) DAC  DBC given
ACB  DAC alt. s, BC // AD ∵
∴ DBC  ACB ∴ △PRS is a right-angled triangle,
∴ EC EB sides opp. equal s where PRS  90. converse of Pyth. theorem
∴ △BCE is an isosceles triangle.
ADB  DBC alt. s, AD // BC (ii) ∵ △PQT ~△PSR proved in (a)
∴ DAC  ADB
∴
∴ ED EA sides opp. equal s
∴ △AED is an isosceles triangle.
and corr. sides, ~ △s
(b) EB  ED by definition
Since EC  EB and ED = EA, from (a)
then EC  EB  ED  EA.
In △ABE, ∵ ST  PT and PTQ  90
∵ EA  EB ∴ QT is the perpendicular bisector of PS in △PRS.
∴ EAB  EBA base s, isos. △
EAD  EDA proved in (a) (3A03D014)
In △ABD, (a) In △ABC and △DEC,
 sum of △ ∵ BC is the angle bisector of ACD. given
∴ ACB  DCE given
∵ AE is the median of BC in △ABC. given
∴ BE  EC
∴ BAD  90
∵ given

(3A03D013)
(a) In △PQT and △PSR,
QPT  SPR common angle given
PQT  PSR given
 ∴ The possible lengths of the other two sides are both 10 cm.
∴

∴ △ABC ~△DEC ratio of 2 sides, inc. 

(b) (i) ∵ △ABC ~△DEC proved in (a) (3A03D016)
∴ ABC  DEC corr. s, ~ △s
∵
AEB  DEC vert. opp. s
∴ ABC  AEB
i.e. AEB  ABE
∴ AB  AE sides opp. equal s ∴ The smallest possible value of x is 3.

(ii) ∵ △ABC ~△DEC (proved in (a)) (3A03D017)

Since a cm, b cm and 5 cm are the lengths of the sides of △ABC, we have
∴ (corr. sides, ~ △s)
a  b > 5 ……(1)
a  5 > b ……(2)
∴ AB  2DE b  5 > a ……(3)
AB  AE (proved in (b)(i)) Since a  b  7 and a > b, (1) and (2) must be fulfilled.
∴ AE  2DE For (3), we have
∴

(3A03D015)
Since the side of length 8 cm can be one of the equal sides or the base, we have to consider two cases:
Case 1: The side of length 8 cm is one of the equal sides ∵ 2a  a  a  a  b  7
Let x cm be the length of the base. ∴ a  3.5
Then, Hence, the possible values of a are 4 or 5.
When a  4, b  3.
∵ The sum of the lengths of the two shorter sides When a  5, b  2.
 (8  8) cm  16 cm  12 cm
∴ A triangle can be formed in this case. (3A03D018)
∴ The possible lengths of the other two sides are 8 cm and 12 cm. (a) ∵ The side of (4x  5) cm is the longest side.
Case 2: The side of length 8 cm is the base
∴
Let y cm be the length of each equal side.
Then,

∵ The sum of the lengths of the two shorter sides

 (8  10) cm  18 cm  10 cm
∴ A triangle can be formed in this case.
(b) ∵ The perimeter of the triangle cannot exceed 60 cm. AC + DC > AD (2)

∴
∴

> AD + AD (from (1) and (2))

= 2AD
∵ x  4 and x  6 ∴ AB + BC + AC > 2AD
∴ All possible values of x are 5 or 6.
(3A03D021)
(3A03D019)
(a)
By the triangle inequality, we have

(1):
(4)

(2):
(b) Join BE and CE.

(5)

(3):

(6)
From (4), (5) and (6), we have:
∵ ABC is a sector. given
x is larger than 2.5 but smaller than 5.
∴ AB  AC radii
∵ x is an integer.
AD  BC by construction
∴ There are only two possible values of x ( 3 or 4)
∴ BAE  CAE prop. of isos.△
∴ 2 distinct triangles can be formed by the three line segments.
AE  AE common side
∴ △BAE △CAE SAS
(3A03D020)
∴ BE  CE corr. sides,  △s
Consider △ABD.
∴ △BEC is an isosceles triangle.
By the triangle inequality, we have
AB + BD > AD (1)
Consider △ADC.
By the triangle inequality, we have
(3A03D022) (a)
(a), (b)

centroid (b)

(3A03D023)
(a), (b)

incentre

(3A03D024)

(3A03D025)
∵ O is the incentre of △ABC. (given)
∴ OB and OC are angle bisectors of ABC and ACB respectively.
∴ ABO  CBO and ACO  BCO
i.e. and (3A03D027)
∵ O is the centroid of △ABC. (given)
In △OBC,
∴ RM and PN are the medians of PQ and QR respectively.
( sum of △)
∴ PM  MQ and QN  NR
i.e. PQ  2PM and QR  2QN
 2  4.5 cm  2  6 cm
(3A03D026)
= 9 cm = 12 cm
∵ P is the orthocentre of △ABC. (given)
∵ PQR  90
∴ CN is the altitude of AB.
∴ CN  AB ∴ (Pyth. theorem)
i.e. ANC  90
In △ANC,
(Pyth. theorem)
Level 3 Questions
(3A03E001)
(a) (i) Let h be the length of the altitude of BC in △ABC.

Then,

(ii) In △AMD and △AND,

∵ MD is the altitude of AB in △ABD and
ND is the altitude of AC in △ACD. given
∴ AMD  AND  90
∵ AD is the angle bisector of BAC in △ABD. given
∴ MAD  NAD
AD  AD common side
∴ △AMD  △AND AAS
∴ MD  ND corr. sides,  △s
 ∴

Hence, .

(b) (i) From the result of (a), we have

and from (i)

(ii) From the results of (a)(ii) and (b)(i), we have

(b) (i) From the result of (a), we have

and
(3A03E002)
(a) (i) ∵ AD is the altitude of BC in △ABC.
∴ AD  BC given (ii) From the results of (a) and (b)(i),
In △ADC,

(3A03E003)
∴ (a) (i) In △ABD and △CBD,
AD  CD given
ADB  CDB given
BD  BD common side
∴ △ABD  △CBD SAS

(ii) ∵ AD  CD and ADE  CDE given

∴ ED  AC prop. of isos. △
(ii) In △ABD, ∴ BE is an altitude of △ABC.
 ∵ AP is an altitude of △ABC. given (3A03E004)
∴ AP  BC
∴ The intersection F must be the
orthocentre of △ABC.
∴ CQ is the altitude of AB.
∴ CQ  AB
In △CFP and △CBQ,
Draw the perpendicular bisector DE of AB as shown in the figure, then AD  3 cm.
CPF  CQB  90 proved
In △ADE and △ABC,
FCP  BCQ common angle
DAE  BAC (common angle)
ADE  90 (by construction)
ABC  90 (given)
∴ ADE  ABC
∴ △CFP ~△CBQ AAA

(b) ∵ △CBD △ABD (proved in (a)(i))

∴ CB  AB (corr. sides,  △s)
∵ AQ : QB  2 : 1 ∴ △ADE ~△ABC (AAA)
∴
∴ (corr. sides, ~ △s)
∵ △CFP ~ △CBQ (proved in (a)(ii))

∴ (corr. s, ~ △s)

Draw EF such that EF ⊥ DE.

Then, BFED is a rectangle.

∴
∴
∴ EF is the perpendicular bisector of BC.
Since the three perpendicular bisectors of △ABC must meet at the circumcentre, E is the circumcentre.
The radius of the circumscribed circle

(Pyth. theorem)
(3A03E005) (3A03E007)
(a) ∵ M is the circumcentre of △PQR. given (a) Since the side of length 4 cm can be one of the equal sides or the base, we have to consider two
∴ M is the centre of the circumscribed cases:
circle of △PQR. Case 1: The side of length 4 cm is one of the equal sides
∴ PM  QM  RM radii Let x cm be the length of the base.
Then,
(b) ∵ PM  RM (proved in (a))
∴ MPR  MRP (base s, isos. △) ∵ The sum of the lengths of the two shorter sides
In △MRP, = (4 + 4) cm  8 cm < 10 cm
( sum of △) ∴ It is impossible to form a triangle in this case.
Case 2: The side of length 4 cm is the base
Let y cm be the length of each equal side.
∵ PM  MQ (proved in (a))
∴ MPQ  MQP (base s, isos. △) Then,
In △MPQ,
(ext.  of △) ∵ The sum of the lengths of the two shorter sides
= (4 + 7) cm  11 cm > 7 cm
∴ A triangle can be formed in this case.
From the calculations above, the lengths of BC and CA are both 7 cm.

(3A03E006)
(b)
(a) MBC  ABM by definition
MCB  ACM by definition
In △ABC,
BAC + MBC + ABM + MCB + ACM  180  sum of △
BAC + 2ABM + 2ACM  180  (1)
BMC  2BAC given
In △MBC,
BMC + ABM + ACM  180  sum of △
2BAC + ABM + ACM  180  (2)
(1) – (2) : –∠BAC + ∠ABM + ∠ACM  0
∴ ∠ABM + ∠ACM  ∠BAC  (3)

(b) By substituting (3) into (2), we have

(c) ∴ △PQS  △PRS (ASA)
QS  RS (corr. sides,  △s)
∴ PS is the altitude, the median and the perpendicular bisector of QR in △PQR.
(3A03F004)
C
∵ AC is a perpendicular bisector of DB.
∴ DE  EB and DE  EC
∴ II and III are true.

(3A03F005)
C
In △ACD,
( sum of △)
O: circumcentre
G: centroid
∵ AC is an angle bisector of △ABD.
(d) Yes, the circumcentre and the centroid of △ABC lie on the altitude. ∴ BAC  CAD
Yes, the incentre and the orthocentre of △ABC lie on the altitude too. i.e.

(3A03F006)
B
Multiple Choice Questions ∴ The perimeter of △ABC  10 cm
(3A03F001) ∴
D
Since BD  DC, AD is the median of BC in △ABC.
∵ BD is the median of AC.
∴ AD  CD
(3A03F002)
D
∴
Since AN  NC, BN is the median of AC in △ABC.

(3A03F003)
D
In △PQS and △PRS,
∵ PS is the angle bisector of QPR. (given)
∴ QPS  RPS
PS  PS (common side)
PSQ  PSR  90 (given)
(3A03F007) (3A03F009)
C A
In △ABC, For I,
(Pyth. theorem)
∵ AC is an angle bisector of △ABD. (given)
∴ BAC  CAD
∵ AB  BC (given)
∴ BAC  BCA (base s, isos. △)
(by definition) ∴ CAD  BCA
∴ AD // BC (alt. s equal)
∴ I must be true.
∵ AB  AC and AD  CD
∴ BD ⊥ AC (prop. of isos. △) For II and III,
In △ABD, they are true only if AD  BC.
(Pyth. theorem) ∴ II and III may not be true.
∴ Only I must be true.
∴ The answer is A.

(3A03F010)
B
In △PQR and △PSR,
PQ  PS (given)
(3A03F008) ∵ PR is an angle bisector of △QSP. (given)
D ∴ QPR  SPR
The angle bisectors, medians and altitudes of an equilateral triangle are the same. PR  PR (common side)
∴ AE, BF and CD are medians of △ABC.
∴ △PQR  △PSR (SAS)
PRQ  PRS (corr. s,  △s)
∴ PR is the angle bisector of QRS.
∴ I is true.
QR  SR (corr. sides,  △s)
∴ III is true.

(3A03F011)
A
For I,
in △ABD and △ACD,
BAD  CAD given
AD  AD common side
ABD  ACD given
∴ △ABD  △ACD ASA ∴ The answer is C.
∴ I must be true. (3A03F013)
For II, B
∵ △ABD  △ACD proved in I For option A,
∴ AB  AC corr. sides,  △s x should be a number greater than 1. Thus, x may not be an integer.
∵ AB  AC and BAE  CAE proved ∴ option A is not true.
∴ AE  BC prop. of isos. △ For options B and C,
∴ AE is the altitude of △ABC.
∴ II must be true.
For III,
since the length of AD is unknown, ABD is also unknown. So, option B is true and option C is not true.
It is not necessary for ABD  DBE.
(3A03F014)
∴ III may not be true. C
∴ Only I and II must be true. Since the side of length 6 cm can be one of the equal sides or the base, we have to consider two cases:
∴ The answer is A. Case 1: The side of length 6 cm is one of the equal sides
Let x cm be the length of the base.
(3A03F012)
C Then,
For I,
∵ The sum of the lengths of the two shorter sides
∵ the sum of the lengths of the two shorter line segments
 (2 + 3) cm  (6 + 6) cm  12 cm
 5 cm ∴ It is impossible to form a triangle in this case.
> 4 cm Case 2: The side of length 6 cm is the base
∴ The three line segments can form a triangle. Let y cm be the length of one of the equal sides.
For II, Then,
∵ the sum of the lengths of the two shorter line segments
 (4 + 6) cm ∵ The sum of the lengths of the two shorter sides
 10 cm  (6 + 9) cm  15 cm > 9 cm
> 8 cm
∴ A triangle can be formed in this case.
∴ The three line segments can form a triangle.
∴ 6 cm and 9 cm can be the lengths of the other two sides.
For III,
∴ The answer is C.
∵ the sum of the lengths of the two shorter line segments
 (3 + 12) cm (3A03F015)
 15 cm D
< 16 cm Since the side of length 6 cm can be one of the equal sides or the base, we have to consider two cases:
∴ The three line segments cannot form a triangle. Case 1: The side of length 6 cm is one of the equal sides
∴ The line segments in I and II can form a triangle. Then, the length of the base is 14 cm.
 ∵ The sum of the lengths of the two shorter sides (3A03F020)
= (6 + 6) cm  12 cm < 14 cm B
∴ It is impossible to form a triangle in this case. Since XY and YZ are the altitudes of △XYZ and the altitude of XZ will pass through point Y, Y is the
Case 2: The side of length 6 cm is the base orthocentre of △XYZ.
Then, the length of each equal side is 14 cm.
∵ The sum of the lengths of the two shorter sides (3A03F021)
A
= (6 + 14) cm  20 cm > 14 cm
∵ O is the circumcentre of △ABC, (given)
∴ A triangle can be formed in this case.
and P and Q are the mid-points of AB and AC respectively. (given)
∴ The perimeter of the triangle is (6 + 14 + 14) cm  34 cm.
∴ OP and OQ are the perpendicular bisectors of AB and AC respectively.
(3A03F016) ∴ OP  AB and OQ  AC
A i.e. APO  90° and AQO  90°
∵ In quadrilateral APOQ,
( sum of polygon)
∴ The greatest possible value of y is 23.

(3A03F017)
B (3A03F022)
Orthocentre is the point of intersection of the three altitudes in a triangle. A
In △ABC,
(3A03F018) ∵ AC  BC (given)
C
∴ ∠BAC  ∠ABC  35 (base s, isos. △)
The incentre of a triangle is the centre of the largest circle that can be drawn in the triangle.
(∠ sum of △)
(3A03F019)
A
For I and II, Since O is the incentre of △ABC, OA and OC are the angle bisectors of BAC and ACB respectively.
∵ Incentre and median must lie inside a triangle. and
∴
∴ They must lie inside an obtuse-angled triangle.
For III,
Orthocentre may lie inside, outside or on the side of a triangle.
∴ It may not lie inside an obtuse-angled triangle. In △OAC,
(∠ sum of △)
∴ The answer is A.
(3A03F023) (3A03F024)
B D
For I, For I,
∵ AD and BE are two altitudes of △ABC. O is the circumcentre of △ABC.
∴ ADC  BEC  90° ∴ I is not true.
In △ADC, For II,
if AD  CD, In △OEH and △CFH,
then (base s, isos. △) ∵ OEI and OHF are perpendicular bisectors of △ABC. (given)
i.e. DAC = BCE ∴ ∠OEH  ∠CFH  90
∠OHE  ∠CHF (vert. opp. ∠s)
∴ △OEH ~ △CFH (AAA)
∴ II is true.
∴ BCE = CBE
∴ BE = CE (sides opp. equal s) For III,
∴ I must be true. ∵ OEI is the perpendicular bisector of BC in △ABC.
For II, ∴ BE  CE
In △ADC and △BEC, ∴ III is true.
∠ADC  ∠BEC  90 (given) ∴ Only II and III are true.
∠ACD  ∠BCE (common angle) ∴ The answer is D.
∵ DAC = BCE and BCE = EBC (proved in I)
∴ DAC = EBC
∴ △ADC ~ △BEC (AAA)
∴ II must be true.
For III,
O is the orthocentre of △ABC.
∴ III may not be true.
∴ Only I and II must be true.
∴ The answer is B.
 Question Answers/Solutions Marks Remarks
3A Chapter 3 Quiz
12
Special Lines and Centres in a Triangle
Solutions

* Deduct at most 1 mark for poor presentation (pp – 1) in the whole quiz.
1
** Deduct at most 1 mark for wrong units or no units (u – 1) in the whole quiz. (a) CDB  ABD alt. s, CD // BA
∵ BD is an angle bisector of
△ABC. given
Question Answers/Solutions Marks Remarks ∴
1 AD 1 ∴ 1

2 58 1 ∴ CB  DC sides opp. equal s

3 inside 1 ∴ △BCD is an isosceles triangle. 1

4 yes 1 (b) ∵ AC is an angle bisector of

△BCD. given
5 yes 1
∴ 1
6 no 1
CB  DC proved in (a)
7 no 1
∴ BE  ED and CE  BD prop. of isos. △ 1
8 circumcentre 1 ∴ CE is the perpendicular bisector
9 angle bisectors 1 of BD in △BCD. 1
10 13 (a)

1 1 for constructing the

median of AB
1 for constructing the
median of AC
1 for locating the centroid
G
1
11
(a) ∵ (b) The centroid lies inside △ABC.
1
14 (a) ∵ I is the incentre of △ABC. given
∴ The maximum possible value of x is 31. 1 ∴ AI, BI and CI are the angle
bisectors of BAC, ABC and
BCA respectively.
(b) 1
∵ ∴ e  f, a  b and c  d
1
∵ AI  BI given
1
∴ The minimum possible value of x is 9. ∴ af base s, isos. △
1
∵ BI  CI given
1
∴ cb base s, isos. △
∴ abcdef 1
Question Answers/Solutions Marks Remarks

(b) In △ABC,
 sum of
△

∴ 1
∴ AB  BC  AC
∴ △ABC is an equilateral triangle. 1