DISASTER READINESS AND RISK REDUCTION 3° QUARTER SECOND SEMESTER" «0 «.” && CSS wees et ON YR OLA Lane DISASTER RISK 1. Disaster * Disaster is a sudden, calamitous event that seriously disrupts the functioning of a community or society and causes human, material, and economic or environmental losses that exceed the community's or society's ability to cope using its own resources though often caused by nature, disasters can have human origins. * A disaster is a damaging event that occurs suddenly and involves loss of life and property. Itcan be of two types, natural and man-made: ‘TWO TYPES OF DISASTER a) Natural disasters can destroy a whole community in an instant. Examples of natural disasters are: ‘© volcanic eruptions © tsunamis © earthquakes ‘© typhoons which are destructive to people's lives. b) Man-made disasters on the other hand are caused by human beings. They are identified ‘as man-made disasters because they happen due to human actions and not by natural forces. ‘Some of the man-made disasters are: bomb explosions terrorism wars leakage of poisonous chemicals pollutions industrial accidents epidemics o000000 2. Hazard + A dangerous phenomena, substance, human activity or condition that may cause loss of life, injury or other health impacts, property damage, loss of livelihoods and services, social and economic disruption, or environmental damage. + Abhazard is a situation which poses a level of threat of life, health, property, or environment. + Most hazards are dormant or potential, with only a theoretical risk of harm, however, once a hazard becomes ‘active’ it can create an emergency situation Why is there a hazard even though the disaster has already passed? - Because there are people that are valuable and exposed to hazards. What is the difference between hazard and disaster? = Ahazard is a dangerous situation or event that carries a threat to hum: - Adisaster is an event that harms humans and disrupts the operations of society. - Hazards can only be considered disasters once it affects humans. Ifa disaster happens in an unpopulated area, itis stil a hazard. The realization ofa disaster when it causes a significant impact on the naturaligeophysical event that has the potential to threaten both life] vulnerable and property} population. (Whittow) (Degg) A hazardous event}- The Centre for would not be such] Research on the without, for] Epidemiology _ of Disasters (CRED) example, people at or near its location. | states that as That is to say,| hazard becomes a earthquakes would] disaster when: not be hazards if 10° or = =more people did not] people are killed; leave in buildings that collapse as a result of ground shaking. Many hazards occur, at theDISASTER READINESS AND RISK REDUCTION 3" QUARTER SECOND SEMESTER™ »,0 +.” interface _between|- Your friend is natural and human systems. injured due to falling rocks. Falling rocks The house is Volcanic eruption burned down due Faulty electrical] to arson. 3. Exposure * The situation of people, infrastructure, housing, production capacities, and other tangible human assets located in_hazard- prone areas. ‘+ Measures of exposure can include the ‘© number of people ©. types of assets in an area + These can be combined with the specific vulnerability and capacity of the exposed elements to any particular hazard to estimate the quantitative risks associated with that hazard in the area of interest. ‘© For example, a person who can swim has more capacity to swim and less risk of drowning. While a person who can't is vice versa. 4. Vulnerability Vulnerability in this context can be defined as the diminished capacity of an individual or group to anticipate, cope with, resist, and recover from the impact of a natural or man- made hazard. «People are exposed to danger in different ways depending on their social group, gender, ethnic, or other identity, age, and other characteristics. «Vulnerability can take many forms, for example: © Poverty may mean that a housi unable to survive an earthquake or a storm, or © A lack of readiness may result in a slower response to a disaster, resulting in more deaths or longer suffering. To determine people’s vulnerability, two questions need to be asked. 1. To what threat or hazard are they vulnerable? 2. What makes them vulnerable to that threat or hazard? + Vulnerability are factors which increase the fisks arising for a specific hazard in a specific community. * Also referred to as risk modifiers and characteristics and circumstances of, community, system, or asset that make them susceptible to the damaging effects of a hazard. ‘TYPES OF VULNERABILITIES a) Physical = poor location, or - houses made of light materials b) Socia/Organizational ~ conflict in the community ¢) Motivational attitude of dependence and hopelessness institutional inefficient barangay governance: Counteracting Vulnerability Requires: 4 1. Lowering the impact of the hazard via mitigation, prediction and warning, and readiness; 2. Strengthening skills to withstand and cope with hazards; 3. Addressing the core causes of vulnerability such as poverty, poor governance, discrimination, inequality, and insufficient access to resources and livelihoods. MITIGATION + The lessening or minimizing of the adverse impacts of a hazardous event.DISASTER READINESS AND RISK REDUCTION 3 QUARTER SECOND SEMESTER™ »,0 +.” & PEOPLE'S VULNERABILITY People's vulnerability and their ability to resist, cope with, and recover from risks are determined by physical, economic, social, and political factors. Poverty is clearly a|- People in wealthier big factor in| countries are more susceptibility. likely to be able to Poor people are} withstand the more likely to live] effects of a hazard. and work in places ]- They are more that are vulnerable} likely tobe. to disasters, and} shielded from they are less likely] dangers and have to have the] —_preparedness resources to cope | plans in place. when one occurs. Secure liv earings resilience and help people recover faster after a disaster. DISASTERS IN RELATION TO DEVELOPMENT © Disasters jeopardize development gains. © Equally, development choices made by individuals, households, communities and governments increase or reduce the risk of disasters. Examples of potentially vulnerable groups include: Displaced populations Migrants Returnees Specific groups within the local population, such as marginalized, excluded or destitute people; 5. Young children, pregnant and nursing women, unaccompanied children, widows, elderly people without family support, disabled persons, Peo 5. Susceptibility * State or fact of being susceptible to being influenced or hurt by anything. * “A lack of exercise increases disease susceptibility.” ok il mi agent (such as pathogen or drug): sensitivity. * Susceptible temperament or constitution: feelings, sensibilities. ‘SUSCEPTIBILITY VULNERABILITY = Factors inherentto[- Often refers to external factors physical predisposition (ex. Occupational (ex. genetics} 6. Capacity + Combination of all the strengths, attributes, and resources available. May include infrastructure, institution, human knowledge and skills, and collective attributes such as social relationships, leadership, and management. Can be defined as the resources available to people, households, and communities to deal with a threat or withstand the effects of a hazard. Resources can be physical or material, but they can also be found in the way a community is organized. Abilities and traits of individuals. ACTIVITIES TO BUILD CAPACITY 1. Coping Capacity © Ability to use resources and manage risk. © Ability of people, organizations, and systems using available skills and resources to manage adverse conditions, risk, or disasters. © Requires continuing awareness, resources, and good management, both in normal times and during disaster or adverse conditions. © Coping capacities contribute to the reduction of disaster risk.DISASTER READINESS AND RISK REDUCTION 3° QUARTER SECOND SEMESTER ® .,o 2. Capacity Assessment 0° Process to identify gaps between strengths and goals. © It'is the process by which the capacity of a group, organization or society is reviewed against desired goals, where existing capacities are identified for maintenance or strengthening and capacity gaps are identified for further action. 9 Capacity Development © Process to empower people through education, © Itis the process by which people, organizations and society systematically stimulate and develop their capacities over time to achieve social and economic goals. © Itisaconcept that extends the term of capacity- building to encompass all aspects of creating and sustaining capacity growth over time. © It involves learning and various types of training, but also continuous efforts to develop institutions, political awareness, financial resources, technology systems and the wider enabling environment. ‘SWOT ANALYSIS SWOT ANALYSIS SS == = == = SS = SS Saar ESS = ES Ss = E/E Ss = = | a = 7. Risk i « In the most basic form, risk refers to the possibility/probability of anything unpleasant happening, + Itrefers to the uncertainty regarding activity's effect or implications on something that humans value. (life and property) NATURE OF RISKS/United —_Nations International Strategy for Disaster defines Disaster as Disasters are often described as the result of the combination of: © The exposure to hazard © The conditions of vulnerability that are present © Insufficient capacity or measures to reduce or cope with the potential negative consequence. HAZARD VS RISK HAZARD vs RISKDISASTER READINESS AND RISK REDUCTION 3" QUARTER SECOND SEMESTER™ »,0 +.” & TWO TYPES OF RISK 1) Acceptable/Tolerable Risk The extent to which a disaster risk is deemed acceptable or tolerable depends on existing social, economic, political, cultural, technical, and environmental conditions. = Inengineering terms, acceptable risks is also used to access and define the structural and non-structural measures that are needed in order to reduce possible harm to people, property, services, and systems to a chosen tolerated level, according to codes or “accepted practice’ which are based on known probabilities of hazards and other factors. - Tolerable risk is more hazardous than acceptable risk. LARP AND SFAIRP + ALARP ~ As Low As Reasonably Practicable * _SFAIRP - So Far As Is Reasonably Practicable ©. This involves weighing a risk against the trouble, time, and money needed to control it o Thus, ALARP describes the level to which we expect to see workplace risks controlled. + ALARA - As Low As Reasonably Achievable ©. The guiding principle of radiation safety is ALARA. ©. This principle means that even ifitis a small dose, if receiving that dose has no direct benefit, you should try to avoid it, 2) Residual Risk The disaster risk that remains even when effective disaster risk reduction measures are in place, and for which emergency response and recovery capacities must be maintained, é Residual Risk J LED THIRD-PARTY RISK 8. Disaster Risk Exposure+Vulnerability Capability Disaster Risk = + The potential loss of life, injury, or destroyed or damaged assets which could ‘occur toa system, society or a community in a specific period of _time, determined probabilistically as a function of hazard, exposure, vulnerability and capacity. + The concept of hazardous events and disasters as the result of continually present risk conditions is reflected in the term of disaster risk. * Different sorts of possible losses are included in disaster risk, which can be difficult to measure. * Disaster risks can be quantified and mapped, at least in basic terms, with information of the © current hazards ‘©. patterns of populationDISASTER READINESS AND RISK REDUCTION 3° QUARTER SECOND SEMESTER® -,© +." & ‘© socio econo! Disaster oA serious disruption of the functioning of a ‘community or a society involving widespread human, material, or environmental losses and impacts, which exceeds the ability of the affected community to cope own resources. KEY ELEMENTS OF DISASTER 1) Serious disruption development © Any disaster that is capable of abruptly interrupting the natural or normal process happening in an environment. © People are affected when their survival or growth is gravely affected. 2) Widespread losses and impacts ‘© The magnitude or extent by which living things or people receive the event after it has occurred. ©. Itcan be in the form of - physical losses (counted in terms of monetary or currency value for physical property, number of people who died or got - emotional losses, like the death of loved ones who are the breadwinner in the family. 3) Ability to cope using one’s resources © When a disaster strikes, people make use of resources that they have or are easily accessible for them to use. © Without these resources, their ability to return toa life of normalcy may be delayed, or may not happen at all. MECHANISM BEHIND THE EMERGENCE OF NATURAL DISASTER Natural events such as earthquakes, storms, and torrential rains are refered to as “hazards” and are not considered disasters in and of themselves. For an event to be classified as a natural catastrophe, it must have both a hazard and the same “vulnerability” is described as a state that enhances a community's susceptibility to the impact of a hazard as a result of physical, social, economic, or environmental elements or processes. Another component of disaster risk is “exposure” which refers to the things that are affected by natural catastrophes, such as people and property. Risk is defined as the expected value of losses (deaths, injuries, property damage, and so on) caused by a hazard. Riskis proportional Hazard_x Vulnerability CapacityDISASTER READINESS AND RISK REDUCTION 3° QUARTER SECOND SEMESTER ® .,o Hazard, Disaster, Exposure, and Vulnerability applied to Situations (Written Recit 1) 1) During exams, Student B asked for an answer to student A. - Hazard/Exposure - Student B is a hazard to Student A. = Student A is exposed to the hazard. 2) Student A frowned after hearing the question, Student B knew right away that Student A wouldn't let them copy their answer. So Student B offered to treat them to lunch later atter the exam. Coincidentally, Student A doesn't have an allowance that day. Vulnerability/Hazard/Exposure ‘Student A has no means to cope with their lunch, resulting in them agreeing to the deal. Student B is still a hazard and Student A is exposed. 3) Student A agreed given the condition. Student B was able to cheat. Disaster/Hazard/Exposure The damage was done. It is not morally right to cheat, the conscience is now affected. It is stil a hazard and exposure because they might be punished for cheating if caught 4) Meanwhile, the teacher already knew what was happening and let in a drone, hardly noticed at that, to identify the students cheating. “Target locked.” ToT Hazard/Exposure - They are about to be punished. The drone is the hazard and the two students are exposed to it. 5) After the examination, the two were asked to come to the OSA by their teacher and were therefore disciplined. Disaster - The threat has damaged the elements (students) at risk. Cont. (Written Recit 2) 1) What makes Sir Marc vulnerable? - Hazard 2) Name two words that describe exposure. Hazard and People/Population 3) What is between hazard and people? Risk 4) Ways (phrases) to lower the hazard. Increase capacity Decrease vulnerability Capacity, Susceptibility, Vulnerability, Risk, and Exposure applied to Situations (Pre-test) Match the situation with the given word. (Capacity, Susceptibility, Vulnerability, Risk, Exposure) 1. Friends in a beach resort with known previous invasion of sharks. 2. Your friend wanted to swim who does not know how to keep himself afloat. 3. Your friend making a sand castle who is allergic to dust. 4. You decided to enroll yourself in swimming lessons. 5. Diving into the deep ocean with sharks.