EE208

ASUNCURONUS AND

SUNCHRONUS MACHINES
ASYNCHRONUS MACHINES LOT (030 .

Wednesday
20229
.
# Qualities of Motors :-

High Efficiency ] Not in

1 . DC

RPM
(depending upon me)
2 .

.
3 Cost
effective
4 .

High life durability free of maintenance free rugged 3 Not in

, , ,
.
DC
.

.
5
High Starting Torque (depending upon application]
.

.
6
Easy Speed Control . CWS 15 10 + 5 - =

L Attendance
4 + 6
2
D
Surprise Assignment
test
performance
.

class

Books & Rothen :

Nagratt
:
# ROTATING MAGNETIC FIELDS :- 110 . 01 .
20247
-
>
3-phone balanced AC
supply is
given to 3-4 balanced AC
winding
then the
field produced is
rotatory in nature ie
field is
having
.
.

constant
mag
. and
rotating with constant .
speed > physically
* Wil3 displaced in
S

IIIIIIII/
.....
FC

,
Wi
space by 1200

G *
/
/ /
1

---
-
-

Ely
/ /
/ /
/
Fa
/
k
-

3 Coil 1

! Fa + Eb + Ec =
Fuet
Y

Fle
Coil 2
A

i
C
Fa

i
: Frsinrot
la : Imsinct
In = Imsin (20 + -1200)
1 Imsin /rot-2400)
In =

at
i t =
900 ; Fa = Em

Fb = Fc =
-Em Fr = Fa + Es + Ec
2

: Fr =
3 Fm along coil
,

at Wt = 90' + 600
Fa = Fb =
Em
to e 2

Fr at
FC Fm : Fr 3 im
along 60 below
/
=
, = -

/
coil1
L Frls
:

v
600
ink
v at cot =
900 + 600 +
Fr
2 Fb Fm Fo coil B
3
along
= .

FM
-

Fretiu ↑ I
Fa
-Em F - -
i
: =
&-
>
=
I /
~ ↓
,
3Fm/, along coil B FM/2
 Q Resultant field is constant with
magnitude (3)Fm) .

② field is
rotating
in nature
-

③ Dis
of rotating field is same as
phase sequence of supply
voltage .

④ space angle travened by rotating

magnetic field
is same as

time
angle supplied by the current

For pole machine I Smf .

generated
a , cycle of is

for a
p-pole machine , O,
cycle of Emf
is
generated .

for
a
cycles Smf P
=
,

I cycles/sec
:
speed :

>
-

Frequency of Induced Emf / supplied current fi ,

Ef Us #
: n = : =

Speed rotating magnetic field

of If
: Ns =
,

<
As to current,
speed issynchronus frequency of
also called
"synchronus speed" .
..

* CONSTRUCTION OF 3-0) INDUCTION MOTOR :

3 -

d I M .
is singly excited machine . >
-
generalised transformes .

1 . STATOR : Slots one on inner side

of periphery to accommodate 3-%
distributed
winding
 ROTOR :
2 Two
types of Rotas :
.
- -

las Squirrel Cage Rotor (SCIM >

- conductas one in farm of
thick bons short chetd material
by end
rings of the same

->
very Rugged
Low fault
points
~

>
- Its notc
parameters
cannot be changed once

created
.

(b) Wound/Slip Ring Rota

(Melm/SRIM)

>
- WORKING PRINCIPLE : -

3-9 i -Induce
AC
supply to states >
-
Rotating EMF in stator

Rotce is open chetd

. (Assuming)
>
-
Rotating B cuts roto conductor -

>
-
Induce EMF in rotor .

As short child it behaves

rotor is ,
as a current
carrying
conductor placed in .
rotating magnetic field -
Exp forces
.
&

starts
rotatings-
Rotates Jame dis" decrease
>
- in
of rotating magnetic field to

speed BC rotor
the relative bew rotating .
 Exercise ansequen ing
is FUR
>
-
UR/Us .

slip Us Mo 1
to
>
- = -
= -
3 % a

Us 5-
-
Frequency of Induced
EmffCument in Rotor
. (17 .
Jan .
2024)
WEDNESDAY

Po slip /)
Considering speed
CASEA : rotor = 0 = /
,

Ps
<
↓
Rotor conducte fa =

RP
=

AP =
f (supply frequency
. o
at standstill
(max flux cutting

CASE B : Rotor in direction Bfield

starts
rotating same as .

(Us-Ur)P SUP Sf
No S
fas time
=
=
=
, s -

2 2

for s= 0 .
03 &
f ,
= 50Hz

Yes 0 03x50 = 1 5 Hz = As good as DC

supply
.
= .

Speed Rotcr field :

of
-
-

Us = 0
,
s=
=
speed of voter
field 1.2 t stator
*
speed of field wort rotor etructure
Ef Ef
a
unta
rof
= =
, s

speed of
soter field under
running
cond"

Rof = 2sf1 =
Als
P
speed of sota
field wirt stator :
SUs + Ur =
Us-Mrthr = Us .

speed Ps
of state vort states
field =
 speed of states
field wort vote
field = Us -
Us =
0

Te xFrEssinS >
- I will be constant when state and

voter
field have no delta wort each

other
.

>
- A 30) Spole, ,
50Hz induction mota has a slip of. 1 % at no load
and 3 % at
full load
. Determine :

(a) Synchronuousspeed
(b) No-load and load speed
full
la frequency of at rotos current standstill and
full load
.
-
-
+
.
= 50Hz
load 0 01
full
s at load s 0 03
.
at
= =
no
. .

Hot
N = 50 1000
p. e.
= =

load 990RPM
no
speed : 1000 -
10 =

load speed
full =

970rpm
.

frequency
= standstila
SOME
>
- A 30 ,
"
pole ,
50Hz IM euns at 4
% slip at
full load
. Determine

(a) Ns (al Ns = &x - -

50 = 1500
upm -

#
(b) No

(2) Frequency at standstill &

running
cond"
(b) /500 - No = 0 .

04(500)
(d) speed of field rotor wirt states
* 1440

(e) speed
-

sota field
of
wrt
statefield
.

-
- /C) 50Hz ,
ZHE

1500
(d) rpm
-

(e) Zero
-
.
# Induced and Current Rotor :-
emf in

standstill Up = 0 S = /
, ,

Ez J2 xfPmNz Rw >
winding factor Rw Rp X Roy
- =
= -

Up Ec =

J2xf , OmNeRw (Blocked Motor BR)

p

L Ezs S Ess (where sil)

Us
=

Rotor
Current

Standstill
at Condition .

F2s 1)
=
E2s(s
tan"(22) 3-rotor
(s =
= 1
e
ange
R22 + H

R2 Rotor
winding resistance 2
leakage ractance
= =
.

Ez Rota induced under

:

Emf standstill
condition
-

under
running conditions
.

n2 = 2x fitz
Ies = SE2 M2s = S
21 f 22
,
= SM2

R2 + M2s4 Ex =
Reactance
of coil

sEz
under standstill
condny
I2s =
-
-
(SV2)'d & standstill condn
R22 + Ez

E Running cond") [R2/s) (R2) +

tan" s
Rota Angle =

>
- A 30 ,
"
pole , 14houpm ,
JOHE IM .
has stan connected voter windin

resistance 0 2n and standstill

having of per place leakage
.

seactance 1 22/ 9 . When state is

energized at rated
voltage
&

crf is I20V/0 (atstandstill)

induced
frequency ,
rotor
the
↳I ②
~

1A) calculate roton current a pof at time of tasting & full load - -
-
.

inserted in votes clet

(B) If an external resistance
12/0
of is .
 D F at time
calculate
rotor current &
of starting
.

-
-
R2 = 0 .
21/0 K2 =
12/0) Ez =
120V/8

IC
E. scG -out
117 67

= soy
.
" =

, tan"
( = &
0 04
· .

78 69
187 7)
.

P .

f = Cos . = 0 .
196 -

Ns =

30150 = 1500 on se
11940
=

Go ,
oe

FC
oxrCo
23 534 Amp
=,
.
=
-

.
Ox tan"
/804) = 1.

Cos (11 31) · = 0 .

98

IC = = 76 .
822Amp tan"
( +) = 39 810 .

-
↓ 1 22 + L
14 .

.f
0 768 0 77
p
= . .

=
.

Equivalent clet. of 30) IM under place bars

- :
per
. -

· 2 m
I2 = Ez
&
↓ Ez
(2/12 + 2
·

Un xI 12
· m m m
N V Io
For v Id r23
5
Vi RcE ed

V
⑳
# Determination Panameter
of Equivalent Ckt ·
: -

(i) No-load condition : -

Po =
Us
Sne = 0
R, X, X
↓
-

m - m in
UNL
3xd

Equivalent okt -
=
i w
↑ W + W2 = Pr =

34 powe
VNL x under N L
.

↓ VNL =
Vrated "line Voltage
Inz E line current under NL
 29 Jan .
.
2024
R2
m m
MONDAY
s
N
ri ki

Vi 3 xp >3 Uz Rotational loss , Pp Pue-3Iner

Is
=
,

where One is 3-0 power

-

· m
N
ri x ,

Vi 3X
V

BLOCKED ROTOR TEST

Kz
M m m
↑ ri
-34
At rated current ,
shortcet . condition .

VBR & Vz S = 1 Ur = 0 (rotor speed)

,

Equivalent clet. diagram Let ,

VBR IBR Por line

of blocked rotor test , ,
be
voltageunder,
line
current and total 3-0 power
blocked rotor test condition
.

The motor is
A connected
.

VPBR =
Vie = Voltmeter
reading .

ZBR VOBR

Foss: As
=

↑ PBR XBR = -ZBr-Risa

e RBR = PPBR
PPBR

-Br RBR +
= 4. +
ju , +
(jUp) (2 juz) + =

jXBR
i + j(x0 + x2)
-
>
Xz
XBR = n, + 20[r22 + x2X2]
r +
X
 xp[v2 x2)
XB x Mo
&M
2, + +
4
=
+ =

+ =

22+ 20

2 [ &
12 < <
20
2 Up

XBR = I + U2

2, = U2 = BR

Xne = M +
Up :
Up = Xne-di

ra[A
RBR = V + &Koh & RB0 = 4 +

2 + X2

: E =
(RBR -
n)
[ Ynx)"
*

(RBx
(M2t e
.. r2 = -
1) M

r,
u xi x,
m
mm
-

↑ ↑
Vi 340
BYls Vi of
< =

↓ ↓

Ef =
Rf +
jX =

(v2stj nz) (jxy)

r2 +
j(x2 + 20)
I, = *

n Pro VIcos
=

+
zf (rated power)

[It Z
=
IRf :.
Pairgap = 1, RF
air-gappower
 Pmecn = (1-3) Pairgap

& A
3-0 ,
itan connected ,
4pole ,
50Hz ,
YoV induction motor draws
at The
a current
of
100A
from mains p -f of 0 . 8
lagging
.
motor losses under this condition one : -

(i) Stator copper-look

(ii) Rotor 13coW
copper
=

(ii) States Core = 500 N

(iv) friction & windage = Gow

find : -

(a) Pairgap (b) Internal

torque developed (2) Mechanical power
developed
(d) Horsepower (e) forque at output
output shaft
If) efficiency of motor
.

stator
Input

Pg = 3 V/casd-Om-Po

State In loss Stator

core loss
Ug Lairgap) Pro
COcul (Pcol

Ug = 53 x 440 X 100x0 8 .
-
1800 -
500 = 59 468kw.

To =

49 = 59468
157
= 378 77 . N

157
2 12x50
Ws 1 x
racs
=
=

Pm = Pg-Roton In loss = 59 .
468 -
1 3 .
= 58 168kW
. .

Psh = Pm-Fewloss =
58 .
168 -
0 . 6 = 57 568kw.
. = 77 .

1689Hp
 Tsh =

An 5568 = = 37415 .

Pm =
(1-sIPg m -

- ! s = 0 02.

wo =
( -

S) Ws
Wi =
(0 98)/57
. = 153. 86
2
=
94 .

49 .

& A
4-pole ,
30 ,
YOU ,
50Hz Induction motor has the
following
states side
parameters as
referred to

r, = 1 .
21 N = 0 4 .
4, = 1 16
.
M = 1 16
.
Um = 350

Rot Cosses 880N for 1440 upm

.
= ·

Calculate
input current
, pof , shaft Powe , torque >
efficiency
.
Motor is stan connected .

r, UI If
Ef Pfijk+ (jXm) /E jx2)
=
-mo
=
+
-

I E j(x2 +
+
um)

He
e
· no use
1508

is on+ [t16)
40 352 35295:
3509
·
= - -
6 =
.

37 52 (74 54
10 +
j(36 (6)
.
.

=
9 39(22 080
.
.

+j
= 5 . 7 3 53.

E
,
=
U
,
+j2) ,
+
2f = 9 . 91
+j 4 0 = 10 -
97225 4 -
:

I 420/5
V 21 05L-25 4
:
.

= = =

10 .
97 125 4 .
(0) 208V
,
GoHz , 4-pole ,
star connected
squirrel cage induction motor

N C Test
. : 450W ,
2088
,
1 . 562 A

B .
R Test : 59 4W ,
.
27V 2 . 75 A
,

Vi = 2 - 4 1

(a) Compute Equivalent Ckt-panameters of motor

(b) Determine &
states current of shaft torque , , ,
efficiency
if running
rated 1710 upm
at
speed of
-

Ur 1710 Us 18002pm
=

upm = ·

A
S = = 0 .
05
 7
. Feb .
2024
- -

Te = Vel
* * WEDNESDAY
As
(Re +
rs) +x

-
Braking >

is = 1
Motzing
>
-
↑
<

Ru
Generating

=
Us
.

i
s
>

=
Ur =

1
Zus

e
str :
Sme
slip
jx
=

<
s -
R2"> R2" > R2' > Rz

E 12 " J de 2]
=
= + x

Tem at
starting .

Induction motor is a
fairly constant speed motor
possessing
shurt characteristics
type .
 TORQUE-VOLTAGE RELATION -

Air
Ve > Ve' > Ve

2[Re + /R22 +
Tex
=

(R 1)
2
+
+ x2

Neglecting States Impedance

#"
Sme Smt

xcit
22

=
= -

: +
*
Am
=is
↳
>
- Generation Region & Induction Generates
.

Used in wind Imbina -

mag field op
e
Induction Moter-not -> .

P
-

Induction
Prime Elec
· Ip generator
Is Moves
Geid
&
I =

Induction generator connected to

the
gid. always works at
leading
power facts .
 & Alternators connected to the
gid 3

# SELF-EXCITED INDUCTION GENERATOR :

&

Prime Induction Electica

generator
More
IC
·
load

& Da Qu
*
= +

ECapacitive
Bank
works
by taking reactive
1 G
power through a
30 capacitive bank

connected to the .
which takel initial power from the residual

mag field
,
.

(d) A 3-0) induction mote has

starting tague of 100 % and max.

terque of
200 % of full load find
torque ·
.
I

(a) slip at man

Forque ·

(b) full load slip

Neglect State Impedance

From Tst =
Tefl =

Im
t
2 Tefc = Tem

Smt is Sm+ 2-USmt +) =0

Smt = 0 268
.

,
3 . 732

St 2
1 .. 072
SfL
+ 0 .
072 = 0

Sf) = 0 072 , I
.
(d) A 30 ,
400V ,
50Hz ,
Epole ,
stan connected
equine cage induction motor
constants
following
the
referred
has to states
per phens
.

R1 = 0 2n. &2 = 0 . 51 N = 22 Xz = zm Xm = YSR

Rs = 100 2 pm .

This moth drives a cranc .

During lowering of crane ,

load
accelerates the motor to
speed of 1050 Rpm
a . At this ,(a)
speed
determine line current .

(b) Active power returned to 30 supply

Reachine power requirement
of the
generator

S: Mr.
=50
.
= = -0
.5

Us

0 2 2m
2
.
-

- m
- -
-

YOU ..
0 51

E5 j2)[j48]
B+
Ef = +
jx+ =
+ =
- S 3 69.
.

10 +
j50
-

Total Impedance = 2
,
+
ju, + Rf +
jelf
I /55
4
22 L-146 70
=-3062146-70
=
= . 28 .

Pf = -0 .
836
pf is
leading .

(b) Power at
(D) A YOHP, "pole ,
4401 , 30 squirrel cage induction machine has to

be ued as an
Asynchronus generator . Rated current is YIA 2

pf
full load is 84 %. Calculate the capacitance required
connected in
per phone it capacitors one delta
.

& =
TV'sing = I7KVA .

0/0 provided by capacita

bank =

17/ = 5 +KVA
.

per O.

V 4408
per phase
=

Capacitance
&.
current -
50
E. e
=

Capacitive Reactance & = o

=
3

C =
78 MF

19
. Feb 2024.

MONDAY

* STARTING CHAR .
OF
30) INDUCTION MOTOR : -

·
Self-starting
of starting
Then is there need method ?
why
·
a

To protect
supply system from high incush
↳ current

last E
E
=
5 7 Ez
=
(S2232
=

e
+u

# =
E + To
-> For Squierd Cage Motor : -

Based Reduced .
on
voltage starting

Test 3 VEL
3 ride-effect of
Reduction
=
Ve
of torque is

(Re + 22) + x
a
Ws
reduced .
voltage starting

>
- Direct Online Starting (DOS) : -

Isa
=
>
- State Reactor Starting :-

V = xV, where i E [O , 1]

Ist =
=
FSc .

(PV)
2
Test (state reactor) = =
2
>
-
Poaque is reduced
Test Viz cot
a -

Hence not med ,

even

though it is the simplest .

>
-
Auto-Transformer Starting (Variac) :

Ist 2
2
Isc Ist (m) MISC K 21
=

Ist(m)
. = =
=
& >

an
-in
I,
.

-Yes
-N

3-0 I .
M .
/p VA

Ist X Vi
=

=
Op VA

IscXxU,

: Est M2Isc
30 Auto =
.

transformen .

Test CAT/F) = 22 Test (DOS)

 -> Sta-Delta
Starting : -

Estpy 4
=
=

zo
I

#
#

S IstLy =

Ep

EstLA =
JVL

SEO
A

A b
:
n =
137s

Tone Fy
Q
TSt LY = EstLa
 26
. Feb .
2024

# High Torque Cage Motor : -

MONDAY
Double Moters
Cage

Drawback Creat
of SCM
-High
↳ Reduced
ig
starte

Starting
Voltage
↳ low
starting torque
.

Skin distribution in AC
Effect :
Non-uniform of current

Effective of -
cross

T
onea

section through which current - !

decreases
=__
-

passes
(

: Resistance Increases .

Deep Slots through #5-20 %)

Extraordinary
- & Not increase

Double Rota
>
-
Cage : -

Pop Cage :

High Resistance Est =

E2tt] *
27
Lower Low Resistance
Cage
: .

Eze
12 p j Xcb
+
=

At
starting
:

At time
12 >
M2b of starting
.
is
flowing
>
- man current
through
But
XcVeb top Caga
· -2 Zeb
 Under
Running Conditionsf .

2
:
2f ,

Xct = Xzb = 0

is
flow of the current now
governed by resistance
of a
cage

Equivalent clt.
of
double age motor

2
. Xi
- M-mx-

·I
N ~ Izi V I 20

Xzo

p
<
-

Ei Ez· Zzi
= 1
, jX
+ +

Ezo + Zzi

Eco Tzi
x
I = = +

F2i =

+
jxi =z +jxz

& 20
+
jx
3/s E20 May
Er (120)
u

o
=
.
=

3/ws Ezit
ezi/s

Er =

Ezios e
 t
T N Motor
>
- Double
Cage
Double Motor
Cage :-

X
① low pus) out/max torque ·

- Bottom
Cage ② in
effective resistance,
-
Top Cage decrease in
1
③
High Leakage Ren
poor of
speed
.,

④ Size & Cost is 20-30

% more

Than normal sci

of same

.
rating
10) A
3-0 ,
400V , double
cage
IM has
perphone standstill leanaga
impedance ·

Ez = 2+
j2 (Top)
E2 = 0 5+ .

j10(B0HomS
find Relative current >
tague of two cages at standstill and
5 %.
slip of

·o Optio 3e
= =
.

&0
= 12 53.
+ 4 = 50 .
/25 M.

=
=
res
10) A 30 ,
44or distribution clt is
designed supply
to not more

than 12000 30
assuming that ,
440r , A connected saim

and
having full load and load
of
0 8
2 of
0 85
.

full pof .

That the noted

starting
at
current is 5 times
voltage the

rated load What is the kn

full current.
max ·

permissible
be connected distribution let
rating of
to
moter that can

if : -

las started at
full Voltage
(b) Started with Auto TIF
stepping down voltage to 80 %
Started with stan-delta
(c) a states