S TAT I S T I C S

&
PROBABILITY
Prepared by:
VIRGINIA CAJANO, LPT
Mathematics & Statistics Teacher

Reference: Essentials of statistics & probability

grade 11.
Do not share this pdf file to other sections.
a. FUNDRAISING CONCERT

The proceeds from the sold tickets by the

randomly selected supporters of the fundraising
concert will go to the volcanic eruption victims. The
amount of tickets depends on the location of the
reserved seats. The randomly selected supporters
of the fundraising concert who are in front of the
stage paid ₱3,500. Those who are at the back
location are charged ₱2,500. Those who are left-
or-right-wing front of the venue are charged
₱3,000. The supporters at the left-wing side of the
back location paid ₱2,000.
a. PROBABILITY MASS FUNCTION b. TABULAR FORM

The probability mass AMOUNT NUMBER OF P(𝒙𝒊 )

(₱) SUPPORTERS
function of the number of (𝒙𝒊 )
sold tickets by the 2000 205 𝑷 𝟐, 𝟎𝟎𝟎 =
𝟐𝟎𝟓
=
𝟒𝟏
𝟔𝟎𝟎 𝟏𝟐𝟎
randomly selected ≈ 𝟎. 𝟑𝟒
supporter of the fund 2500 150 𝑷 𝟐, 𝟓𝟎𝟎 =
𝟏𝟎𝟓 𝟏
=
𝒇𝒙 𝒊 𝟔𝟎𝟎 𝟒
raising concert is 𝑷 𝒙𝒊 = ≈ 𝟎. 𝟐𝟓
𝟔𝟎𝟎
3000 130 𝟏𝟑𝟎 𝟏𝟑
where 𝒇𝒙𝒊 = 𝑷 𝟑, 𝟎𝟎𝟎 = =
𝟔𝟎𝟎 𝟔𝟎
≈ 𝟎. 𝟐𝟐
𝟐𝟎𝟓, 𝟏𝟓𝟎, 𝟏𝟑𝟎, and 𝟏𝟏𝟓.
3500 115 𝑷 𝟑, 𝟓𝟎𝟎 =
𝟏𝟏𝟓
=
𝟐𝟑
𝟔𝟎𝟎 𝟏𝟐𝟎
≈ 𝟎. 𝟏𝟗
TOTAL 600 0.99 or 1
c. GRAPHICAL FORM / HISTOGRAM

P(X)

AMOUNT OF TICKETS
Figure 1. Probability mass distribution of the number of tickets sold for the
fundraising concert.
d. Show that the probability distribution is valid.
To verify if the probability distribution is valid, the properties of the
discrete random variable must be satisfied.
1. The lowest probability computed is 𝟎. 𝟏𝟗, and the highest is 𝟎. 𝟑𝟒.
hence, 𝟎 ≤ 𝑷 𝒙𝒊 ≤ 𝟏.
2. The sum of the probabilities in the survey conducted as follows:
𝑛
𝟒𝟏 𝟏 𝟏𝟑 𝟐𝟑
෍ 𝑷 𝒙𝒊 = + + + =𝟏
𝟏𝟐𝟎 𝟒 𝟔𝟎 𝟏𝟐𝟎
𝑖=1

e. Interpret the result.

Most of the supporters brought tickets worth ₱2,000 each. They

will stay in either the left-wing or the right-wing side of the back
location of the venue.

You can elaborate your interpretation here but do not forget to emphasize the result with highest probability.
b. BIRTH RATE

Based on the United Nations projection, the birth

rate in the Philippines in 2021 is 19.978 births per 1,000
people. A hospital in Manila is considered one of the busiest
maternity wards in the world, with an average of 60 births
a day. Every day, the number of babies born in hospital X is
recorded. Assuming that a random process is conducted to
determine the number of babies on randomly selected
days, the summary of the number of babies rounded to the
nearest tens is shown in table 2.6.
Table 2.6 Number of Babies on Randomly Selected Days
Rounded to the Nearest Tens.
a. PROBABILITY MASS FUNCTION b. TABULAR FORM

The probability mass Number Number of P(𝒙𝒊 )

of Babies Days/Frequency
function of the number of 𝟑
babies on randomly 𝑷 𝟒𝟎 =
𝟒𝟎
≈ 𝟎. 𝟎𝟕
𝒇 𝒙𝒊 40 3
selected days is 𝑷 𝒙𝒊 = 𝟖 𝟏
𝟒𝟎 𝑷 𝟓𝟎 = = ≈ 𝟎. 𝟐𝟎
where 𝟒𝟎 𝟓
50 8
𝒇𝒙𝒊 = 𝟑, 𝟖, 𝟏𝟖, 𝟔, and 𝟓. 𝟏𝟖 𝟗
𝑷 𝟔𝟎 = = ≈ 𝟎. 𝟒𝟓
𝟒𝟎 𝟐𝟎
60 18
𝟔 𝟑
𝑷 𝟕𝟎 = = ≈ 𝟎. 𝟏𝟓
𝟒𝟎 𝟐𝟎
70 6
𝟓 𝟏
𝑷 𝟖𝟎 = = ≈ 𝟎. 𝟏𝟐
𝟒𝟎 𝟖
80 5
Total 40 0.99 or 1
 c. GRAPHICAL FORM / HISTOGRAM

0.50

0.40

P(X) 0.30

0.20

0.10

0.00
40 50 60 70 80
NUMBER OF BABIES
Figure 1. Probability mass distribution of the number of babies born on randomly
selected days in hospital X.
d. Show that the probability distribution is valid.
𝟑
1. The lowest probability computed is or 0.075, and the highest is
𝟒𝟎
𝟗
or 0.45.
𝟐𝟎
hence, 𝟎 ≤ 𝑷 𝒙𝒊 ≤ 𝟏.
2. The sum of the probabilities in the survey conducted as follows:
𝑛
𝟑 𝟏 𝟗 𝟑 𝟏
෍ 𝑷 𝒙𝒊 = + + + + =𝟏
𝟒𝟎 𝟓 𝟐𝟎 𝟐𝟎 𝟖
𝑖=1

e. Interpret the result.

The most number of babies born on randomly selected days in

hospital X is 60.

You can elaborate your interpretation here but do not forget to emphasize the result with highest probability.
c. GRADUATION LEGACY FOR THE ENVIRONMENT
Through the House Bill 8728 or the Graduation
Legacy for the Environment Act, the graduating
students are required to plant 10 trees before
graduating. This is an initiative that responded to the
32.3% loss of trees between 1990 and 2005. This will
target at least 175 million trees to be planted each year.
Let’s assume that randomly selected graduating
students are surveyed regarding the number of trees
they planted a few days before graduation. The record
of this survey shown in table 2.7.
a. PROBABILITY MASS FUNCTION b. TABULAR FORM

The probability Number of

Number of
mass function of Trees
Graduating P(𝒙𝒊 ) Number
of Trees
P(𝒙𝒊 )
Students 𝟏𝟑
the number of 𝑷 𝟕 =
𝟏𝟑
≈ 𝟎. 𝟐𝟏
𝑷 𝟕 = 𝟔𝟎 ≈ 𝟎. 𝟐𝟏
𝟔𝟎 7
trees on randomly 7 13 𝟏𝟖 𝟑
𝑷 𝟖 = 𝟔𝟎 = 𝟏𝟎 ≈
selected 𝟏𝟖 𝟑 𝟎. 𝟑
graduating 𝑷 𝟖 =
𝟔𝟎
=
𝟏𝟎
≈ 𝟎. 𝟑 8
8 18 𝟗 𝟑
students is 𝑷 𝟗 = = ≈
𝟔𝟎 𝟐𝟎
𝒇𝒙𝒊 𝟎. 𝟏𝟓
where
𝟗 𝟑
𝑷 𝒙𝒊 = 𝑷 𝟗 = = ≈ 𝟎. 𝟏𝟓 9
𝟔𝟎 𝟔𝟎 𝟐𝟎 𝟐𝟎 𝟏
9 9 𝑷 𝟏𝟎 = 𝟔𝟎 = 𝟑 ≈
𝒇𝒙𝒊 = 𝟎. 𝟑𝟑
𝟏𝟑, 𝟏𝟖, 𝟗, and 𝟐𝟎. 𝑷 𝟏𝟎 =
𝟐𝟎 𝟏
= ≈ 𝟎. 𝟑𝟑 10
𝟔𝟎 𝟑
10 20
Total 60 0.99 or 1
 c. GRAPHICAL FORM / HISTOGRAM

0.35
0.30
0.25
P(X) 0.20
0.15
0.10
0.05
0.00
7 8 9 10
NUMBER OF TREES PLANTED
Figure 1 Probability mass distribution of the number of trees planted by randomly
selected graduating students.
d. Show that the probability distribution is valid.
𝟑
1. The lowest probability computed is or 0.15, and the highest is
𝟐𝟎
𝟏
or 0.33.
𝟑
hence, 𝟎 ≤ 𝑷 𝒙𝒊 ≤ 𝟏.
2. The sum of the probabilities in the survey conducted as follows:
𝑛
𝟏𝟑 𝟑 𝟑 𝟏
෍ 𝑷 𝒙𝒊 = + + + =𝟏
𝟔𝟎 𝟏𝟎 𝟐𝟎 𝟑
𝑖=1

e. Interpret the result.

Most of the graduating students have planted 10 trees. Other

graduating students need to plant more trees to comply with the
Graduation Legacy for the Environment Act.
d. CHICKENS

After around 18 weeks, healthy hens (female

chickens) are expected to lay 250 eggs in a year. A hen
takes 24-26 hours to lay egg. Maria wants her hens to
continue producing eggs so she makes sure that her
hens receive constant light every day. However, aside
from light, the age of the hen is another factor that can
affect its production of eggs. The following table shows
the summary of Maria’s record of the number of laid
eggs by 20 randomly selected hens in their family farm:
 TABULAR FORMS
a. PROBABILITY MASS FUNCTION
Number of Number
Eggs (𝒙𝒊 ) of Hens P(𝒙𝒊 )
The probability mass function (f)
of the number of eggs on 3 2 𝑷 𝟑 =
𝟐
≈ 𝟎. 𝟏
randomly selected hens is 𝟐𝟎

𝒇𝒙𝒊 4 3 𝑷 𝟒 =
𝟑
≈ 𝟎. 𝟏𝟓
𝑷 𝒙𝒊 = where 𝟐𝟎
𝟐𝟎
5 8 𝑷 𝟓
𝟖
= ≈ 𝟎. 𝟒
𝒇𝒙𝒊 = 𝟐, 𝟑, 𝟖, and 𝟕. 𝟐𝟎
6 7 𝑷 𝟔
𝟕
= ≈ 𝟎. 𝟑𝟓
𝟐𝟎
b. COMPUTE THE PROBABILITIES OF THE
GIVEN RANDOM VARIABLES TOTAL 20 1

𝒙𝒊 3 4 5 6
𝟐 𝟑 𝟖 𝟕
𝑷 𝟑 = ≈ 𝟎. 𝟏 𝑷 𝟒 = ≈ 𝟎. 𝟏𝟓 𝑷 𝟓 = ≈ 𝟎. 𝟒 𝑷 𝟔 = ≈ 𝟎. 𝟑𝟓
𝟐𝟎 𝟐𝟎 𝟐𝟎 𝟐𝟎
P(𝒙𝒊 )
 d. HISTOGRAM

0.45
0.4
0.35
0.3
P(X)

0.25
0.2
0.15
0.1
0.05
0
3 4 5 6
NUMBER OF EGGS
Figure 1 Probability mass distribution of the number of eggs on the randomly selected hens.
 d. HISTOGRAM e. INTERPRETATION

0.5 PROBABILITY DESCRIPTIVE

WORD OR
0.4 PHRASE
P(X)

0.3 Less than 0.50 Most or Unlike

0.2 Exactly 0.50 or Half or equally

50% likely
0.1
Above 0.50 Majority or likely
0
3 4 5 6
NUMBER OF EGGS

Figure 1 Probability mass distribution of the number of eggs on the randomly selected hens.

It shows that the highest probability are the 5 eggs with 0.4
probability or 40%. This means that most of the hens laid 5 eggs.
You can elaborate your interpretation here but do not forget to emphasize the result with highest probability.
e. DEHYDRATION

Health experts usually recommend

eight glasses of water intake per day to
prevent dehydration. The following table
shows the summary of the amount of
water intake in terms of the number of
glasses randomly selected students:
 TABULAR FORMS
a. PROBABILITY MASS FUNCTION Number of Number of
Glasses of Students
P(𝒙𝒊 )
The probability mass function Water (𝒙𝒊 ) (f)

of the number of glasses on 6 4 𝑷 𝟔 =

𝟒
≈ 𝟎. 𝟏𝟑
𝟑𝟎
randomly selected students is 7 6 𝟔
𝒇𝒙𝒊 𝑷 𝟕 = ≈ 𝟎. 𝟐
where
𝟑𝟎
𝑷 𝒙𝒊 = 8 15 𝟏𝟓
𝟑𝟎 𝑷 𝟖 = ≈ 𝟎. 𝟓
𝒇𝒙𝒊 = 𝟒, 𝟔, 𝟏𝟓, 𝟑 and 𝟐. 𝟑𝟎
9 3 𝑷 𝟗 =
𝟑
≈ 𝟎. 𝟏
𝟑𝟎

10 2 𝑷 𝟏𝟎 =
𝟐
≈ 𝟎. 𝟎𝟔
b. COMPUTE THE PROBABILITIES OF THE 𝟑𝟎
GIVEN RANDOM VARIABLES TOTAL 30 0.99 or 1

𝒙𝒊 6 7 8 9 10
𝟒 𝟔 𝟏𝟓 𝟑 𝟐
𝑷 𝟔 = 𝟑𝟎 ≈ 𝑷 𝟕 = 𝟑𝟎 ≈ 𝑷 𝟖 = 𝟑𝟎 ≈ 𝑷 𝟗 = 𝟑𝟎 ≈ 𝑷 𝟏𝟎 = 𝟑𝟎 ≈
P(𝒙𝒊 ) 𝟎. 𝟏𝟑 𝟎. 𝟐 𝟎. 𝟓 𝟎. 𝟏 𝟎. 𝟎𝟔
 d. HISTOGRAM
0.60
0.50
0.40
P(X)

0.30
0.20
0.10
0.00
6 7 8 9 10
NUMBER OF GLASSES OF WATER
Figure 1 Probability mass distribution of the number of glasses of water on randomly selected
students.
 d. HISTOGRAM e. INTERPRETATION
0.60
PROBABILITY DESCRIPTIVE
WORD OR
0.40 PHRASE
P(X)

Less than 0.50 Most or Unlike

0.20 Exactly 0.50 or Half or equally

50% likely
NUMBER OF EGGS Above 0.50 Majority or likely
0.00
6 7 8 9 10
Figure 1 Probability mass distribution of the number of glasses of water on randomly selected students.

It shows that the highest probability are the 8 glasses of water

with 0.5 probability or 50%. This means that half or equally likely of
the students intake 8 glasses of water per day.
You can elaborate your interpretation here but do not forget to emphasize the result with highest probability.