The Role of Science and Technology

1. alter the way people live, connect, communicate and transact, with profound effects on economic development
2. key drivers to development, becsuse technological and scientific revolutions underpin economic advances,
improvements in health systems, education and infrastructure:
3. The technological revolutions of the 21st century are emerging from entirely new sectors, based on micro processors,
tele-communications, bio-technology and nano-technology, Products are transforming business practices across the
economy, as well as the lives of all who have access to their effects. The most remarkable breakthroughs will come
from the interaction of insights and applications arising when these technologies converge
4. have the power to better the lives of poor people in developing countries
5. differentiators between countries that are able to tackle poverty effectively by growing and developing their
economies, and those that are not
6. engine of growth
7. interventions for cognitive enhancement, proton cancer therapy and genetic engineering

The Egyptian medicine was considered advanced as compared with other ancient nations because of one of the early
inventions of Egyptian civilization, the papyrus. The papyrus is an ancient form of paper, made from the papyrus plant, a
reed which grows in the marshy areas around the Nile river.

The Eslamic Golden Age was a period of cultural, economic and scientific flourishing in the history of Islam,
traditionally dated from the eighth century to the fourteenth century, with several contemporary scholars dating the end of
the era to the fifteenth or sixteenth century.

As stated by Karl Marx, "Gunpowder, the compass, and the printing press were the three great inverions which
ushered in bourgeois society.
 Gunpowder blew up the knightly class,
 the compass discovered the world market and found the colonies,
 and the printing press was the instrument of Protestantism and the regeneration of science in general; the most
powerful lever for creating the intellectual prerequisites."

The most important technological advance of all in this period was the development of printing, with movable metal type,
about the mid-15th century in Germany. Johannes Gutenberg is usually called its inventor, but in fact many people
and many steps were involved.

The Enlightenment Period or the Age of Reason was characterized by radical reorientation in science, which
emphasized reason over superstition and science over blind faith.

The science of metallurgy permitted the tailoring of alloy steels to industrial specifications, the science of chemistry
permitted the creation of new substances, like the aniline dyes, of fundamental industrial importance, and that electricity
and magnetism were harnessed in the electric dynamo and motor.

The 20th century (Physics and Information Age) was an important century in the history of the seiences. It
generated entirely novel insights in all areas of research often thanks to the introduction of novel research methods and
it established an intimate connection between science and technology.

Artificial intelligence (AI) describes computers that can "think" like humans recognizing complex patterns, processing
information, drawing conclusions, and making recommendations.

New computational technologies are making computers smarter. They enable computers to process vast amounts of data
faster than ever before, while the advent of the "cloud" has allowed businesses to safely store and access their
information from anywhere with internet access, at any time.

Quantum computing technologies now in development will eventually make computers millions of times more powerful

Virtual reality (VR) offers immersive digital experiences (using a VR headset) that simulate the real world, while
augmented reality merges the digital and physical worlds.

As claimed by Caoili (1983), the beginnings of modern science and technology in the country can be traced back
to the Spanish regime because they established schools, hospitals and started scientific research that had
important consequences in the development of the country.

The Philippine Atmospheric Geophysical and Astronomical Service Administration (PAG-ASA) was established
under the administration of Ferdinand Marcos.
In the Gloria Macapagal-Arroyo administration, numerous laws and projects were implemented which concerns both
the environment and science to push technology as a tool to increase the country's economic level.

The Marcos administration also established the Philippine Atmospheric Geophysical and Astronomical Service
Administration (PAGASA) under the Department of National Defense to provide environmental protection and to utilize
scientific knowledge to ensure the safety of the people through Presidential Decree No. 78, s. 1972

Several research institutes were established under the National Science Development Board (NSDB) which includes
the Philippine Coconut Research Institute and Philippine Textile Research Institute, Moreover, the Philippine Atomic
Energy Commission, another agency under NSDB, explored the uses of atomic energy for economic development.

Then in 1972, by virtue of Presidential Decree No. 4, the National Grains Authority was created and it was tasked to
improve the rice and corn industry and thereby help in the economic development of the country.

An Order (Presidential Decree No. 901 on 19 July 1983) for the establishment of a Scientific Career System in the
Civil Service which is designed to attract more qualified scientists to work in government and encourage young
people to pursue science degrees and careers.

The Bureau of Science served as the primary training ground for Filipino scientists and paved the way for
pioneering scientific research, most especially on the study of various tropical diseases that were prevalent during those
times like leprosy, tuberculosis, cholera, dengue fever, malaria and beri-beri.
 Another great contribution of the Bureau of Science to the development of science and technology in the country
was the publication of the 21 Philippine Journal of Science.
- This scientific journal published researches done in local laboratories and reported global scientific
developments that had relevance to the Philippine society.
- The Bureau of Science became the primary research center of the Philippines until World War II.

There is not much written about the Philippines during pre-colonial time but analysis from archeological artifacts revealed
that the first inhabitants in the archipelago who settled in Palawan and Batangas around 40,000 years ago have made
simple tools or weapons of stone which eventually developed techniques for sawing, drilling and polishing hard stones

Aristotle believed that knowledge could only be based upon what is already known, the basis of the scientific
method. Plato believed that knowledge should be judged by what something could become, the end result, or final
purpose. Plato's philosophy is more like the intuitive leaps that cause scientific revolution; Aristotle's the patient
gathering of data

The geocentric model says that the earth is at the center of the cosmos or universe, and the planets, the sun and the
moon, and the stars circles around it. The early heliocentric models consider the sun as the center, and the planets
revolve around the sun.

Copernicus solution was basically geometric. By placing the sun at the center of the universe and having the earth
orbit it, he reduced the unwieldy number of epicycles from 80 to 34. His book, Concerning the Revolutions of the
Celestial Worlds, published in 1543, laid the foundations for a revolution in how Europeans would view the world and its
place in the universe.

The Egyptians excelled in such 40 applied sciences as medicine, engineering, and surveying, in Mesopotamia greater
progress was made in astronomy and mathematics.

The most advanced Mesoamerican civilization was the Maya civilization that was well on its way to develop true science.
They knew how to make paper and had pictorial script called Maya hieroglyphs that allowed them to record all
knowledge on long strips of paper folded harmonica- style into books. One of the three books recovered called The
Dresden Codex contains predictions of solar eclipses for centuries and a table of predicted positions of Venus.

Charles Darwin is deservedly given credit for the theory of biological evolution: he accumulated evidence
demonstrating that organisms evolve and discovered the process, natural selection, by which they evolve.

Epicycles is smaller circular orbits that spin off the main orbits.

Galileo's works.
 Using Galileo's telescope, he saw the sun's perfection marred by sunspots and the moon's perfection marred by
craters.
 He also saw four moons orbiting Jupiter.
 In 1632, Galileo published his next book, Dialogue on the Great World Systems, which technically did not preach the
Copernican theory (which Galileo believed in), but was only a dialogue presenting both views "equally".
 Galileo's work was the first comprehensive attack on the Aristotelian/Ptolemaic cosmic model
Scientific Revolution in Africa
 The history of the sciences in Africa is rich and diverse. The applied sciences of agronomy, metallurgy, engineering
and textile production, as well as medicine, dominated the field of activity across Africa.
 Africa's areas of scientific investigation include the fields of astronomy, physics, and mathematics.
 Plants, whether in terms of legumes, grain, vegetables, tubers, or, wild or cultivated fruits, also had medicinal
implications for Africans and were used as anesthetics or pain killers, analgesics for the control of fever, antidotes to
counter poisons, and anthelmintic aimed at deworming.

Japan is probably the most notable country in Asia in terms of scientific and technological achievement,
particularly in ternus of its electronics and automobile products.

South Korea's cultural popularity ansund the world has caused a number of startup's to emerge working within the digital
and technology sectors, including website viki com.

Taiwan is following a similar path to Japan meanwhile, moving away from hardware production, instead turning to
software and content development.

Johannes Kepler was a brilliant mathematician who had a mystical vision of the mathematical perfection of the
universe that owed a great deal to the ancient Greek mathematician Pythagoras.

Information revolution
 is a period of change that describes current economic, social and technological trends beyond the Industrial
Revolution.
 The information revolution was fueled by advances in semiconductor technology. particularly the metal-oxide-
semiconductor field-effect transistor (MOSFET) and the integrated circuit (IC) chip, leading to the Information Age in
the early 21st century (Lukasiak, 2010; Orton, 2009)
 New ideas keep coming from the information transport community. Since the first edition of Undersea Fiber
Communication Systems in 2002, the optical fiber communication industry moved into the "coherent" cra.

Agenda 1 highlights the latest advancements in research and development geared towards the shared goal of
improved nutrition and health for all.
Agenda 2 presents how R&D can be utilized to make key traditional industries steadfast and competitive through
technological innovations that can address gaps in productivity and increase production yield
Agenda 3 engages R&D in emerging scientific and technological platforms which lay the inroads to the development
of new products, services, and industries.
Agenda 4 focuses in strengthening institutional capacity to undertake research and development and contribute
to regional development.

A Steering committee for CRADLE and BIST Programs was created through the DOST Special Order No. 0276 which
was approved on 02 April 2018. The committee performs the following functions:
(1) Review/formulate policies relating to the implementation of CRADLE and BIST Program;
(2) Provide advice and guidance in the management and administration of the projects, and
(3) Other functions necessary for the successful implementation of CRADLE and BIST Programs

Angel Alcala
 is a Filipino scientist whose biological contributions to the environment and ecosystems have made him a hero for
natural sciences
 During his 30 years of experience as a biologist, Alcala made major contributions to marine biology research efforts
in the Philippines and authored over 160 scientific papers as well as books
 Alcala also made a highly valuable and groundhreaking contribution to marine ecosystems when he established the
first artificial reef around the coastline of the Philippines, greatly boosting the ecosystem's health and viability.

Aisa Mijeno
 To light up the rest of the Philippines sustainably was the vision of Filipina scientist Aisa Mijeno when she made the
Sustainable Alternative Lighting (SALT) lamp. The product concept was formed after living with the Butbut tribe for
weeks relying only on kerosene lamps and moonlight to do evening chores.
 Her mission and advocacy is to address the light inequality gap and end the use of combustion based light sources
(kerosene lamps and candles) for the 16 Million Filipinos and 1.4 Billion people across the world.
 The SALT lamp uses saline solution, making it harmless and non-toxic, Compared with kerosene lamp, the SALt
lamp is also a lot safer since it does not have components and compounds that may spark fire. Moreover, it does not
emit toxic gases and leaves minimal carbon footprint.
 The SALT Lamp is an environment-friendly and sustainable alternative light source that runs on saltwater, making it
suitable to those who live in coastal areas.
Ramon C. Barba
 He is a Filipino scientist, inventor and horticulturist who is known for his successful experiment on the
inducement of flowering of mango trees by spraying them with ethrel and potassium nitrate.
 Barba also developed a tissue culture procedure for the banana plant and sugar cane which enabled production of
large quantities of planting materials that were robust and disease-free.

Maria Y. Orosa
 Advances in modern Filipino food technology owe a great deal to the creative researches and salutary inventiveness
of a woman chemist and pharmacist from Batangas - Maria Y. Orosa
 She produced the "calamansi nip," the desiccated and powdered form of the fruit which could be made into juice.
 The most notable of her food inventions is "Soyalac," a powdered preparation of soya beans, which helped save the
lives of thousands of Filipinos, Americans, and other nationals who ever held prisoners in different Japanese
concentration camps during World War II. It became known to them as the "magic food."

Fe Del Mundo
 She is known as the Mother of Philippine Pediatrics, a very great scientist and a symbol of female empowerment
in medicine, both in the Philippines and abroad.
 The first Asian woman admitted into Harvard, she pursued graduate degrees in America after receiving her
medical degree from the University of the Philippines.

BSCS Adaptation Project

The BSCS project was started to design high school biology course with the objectives to
 provide recent and latest knowledge in biological sciences; develop understanding of the conceptual structure of
biological sciences,
 develop skills and processes of biology among the students, create an opportunity to use inquiry approach in
teaching and learning of biology;
 prepare rich supplementary or support materials to enrich learning experiences in biological sciences and present the
current status of biological science.

S4CP focuses on Accelerated R&D Program for Capacity Building of R&D Institutions and Industrial Competitiveness
which is composed of four (4) programs namely:
(1) Niche Centers in the Regions for R&D (NICER) Program The NICER Program capacitates Higher Education
Institutions (HEIs) in the regions to make significant improvement in regional research by integrating its development
needs with the existing R&D capabilities and resources
(2) R&D Leadership (RDLead) Program RDLead provides the mechanism to bring in experts and highly skilled
professionals with strong leadership, management and innovative policy-making proficiencies to be in charge of
strengthening the research capabilities of the HEIs
(3) Collaborative R&D to Leverage PH Economy (CRADLE) for RDIs and Industry Program The Collaborative
Research and Development to Leverage Philippine Economy (CRADLE) Program is specifically designed to foster
collaboration between acaderne and local companies to improve competitiveness and catalyze innovation.
4) Business Innovation through S&T (BIST) for Industry Program The Business Innovation through S&T (BIST) for
Industry Program aims to level up the innovation capacity of the Philippine Industrial Sector through R&D by helping
private companies and industries acquire novel and strategic technologies

Department of Science and Technology (DOST) Strategic Plan for 2017-2022 supports the call for "Science for the
People". It aims to use science to enhance innovation and creative capacity of the Filipinos toward the achievement of
inclusive and sustainable growth and development.

Scientists and technologists

 are the backbone of an industrialized nation that propels socioeconomic gain and national progress.
 They are the key players and lifeblood of research and innovation and plays an important role in the industry and
manufacturing sector.
 As such, it can be said that scientists and technologists are essential players in nation building.

REVIEWER NI SIR
Holistic is an approach to studying Science that integrates it with other fields.

role of science and technology

 Act as key drivers to development
 better the lives of poor people in developing countries,
 and improve the economic status of country

Aristotle began the scientific revolution of the Hellenistic period.

Renaissance was the period that is considered by many as the Golden Age of Science
Printing was the invention in the 14th century that democratized learning and allowed faster propagation of new
ideas.
During early Renaissance, rules of logic and deduction were seen as secondary to intuition and emotion, that is why
they seen it as one of the scientific backwardness.

Johannes Gutenberg was the inventor of printing with movable metal type.

Characteristic of Enlightenment Period

 Radical reorientation of science
 Reason over superstition
 Science over blind faith

Great necessity was the primary reason in the development of technology during the pre-Spanish era.

Health and medical sciences sectors primarily benefited from the growth and application of science during the
American period.

Disdain toward manual work hindered the recruitment of students for science and technology courses during the
American period.

Science Act of 1958 established the National Science Development Board (NSDB) in 1958.

Proclamation of the Philippine Science Community in Bicutan was the significant step that President Ferdinand
Marcos did to propel the advancement of science and technology in the Philippines.

Hieroglyphic characters were adapted in the early Hyksos period (17th century BC) by the Northwestern Semites
living in Egypt?

Japan, Taiwan, South Korea, and China together produced a staggering 80% of the world’s digital gadgets.
 Southern Africa, the kingdom of Monomotapa (Munhumutapa) reigned supreme as a major gold producer.
Mathematics. Plants, whether in terms of legumes, grain, vegetables, tubers, or, wild or cultivated fruits were used as
anesthetics or pain killers or analgesics for the control of fever. Also, the applied sciences of agronomy, metallurgy,
engineering and textile production, as well as medicine, dominated the field of activity across Africa.

Information revolution is a period of change that describes current economic, social and technological trends beyond
the Industrial Revolution. The information revolution was fueled by advances in semiconductor technology, particularly the
metal-oxide-semiconductor field-effect transistor (MOSFET) and the integrated circuit (IC) chip, leading to the
Information Age in the early 21st century.

National Research Council of the Philippines is the one who implementing agency for the collaboration of NICER
and RDLead

The Department partners with Higher Education Institutions in the regions in establishing niche R&D centers.
(Agenda 4: Strengthen and utilize R;D capabilities)

The Department has continued to provide technological interventions such as process and system improvement,
technical consultancy, packaging and labelling, training, etc. (Agenda 8: Expand STI assistance to communities and
the production sector, particularly MSMEs)

Focused on health technology development, drug discovery and development remain to be the high-impact and big
ticket program supported by the Department in the area of health. (Agenda 1: Pursue R&D to address pressing
national problems)

The Department crafted the Science for the People 11-point Agenda, Harmonized R&D Agenda, and Regional
Offices Strategy Map. (Agenda 11: Enhance effectiveness of STI governance)