The engineer gets employment in an educational institution
The engineer have
and is assigned as a teacher of engineering courses. Some of
them later become deans, vice presidents, and presidents.
The capacity of an engineer manager to achieve
organizational objectives effectively and efficiently.
refers to the activity combining technical knowledge with
the ability to organize and coordinate worker power,
materials, machinery and money.
The information requirements for a given decision vary
considerably depending on the complexity and scope of the
decision to be made. During this step, the decision maker
gathers information that may provide insight as to which
alternative to choose
people are reasonably sure about what will happen when
they make a decision. The information is reliable and is
considered to be reliable, and the cause and effect
relationships are known
3 MAJOR STEPS IN DECISION MAKING
Career that brings together the technological problem-
solving savvy of engineering and the organizational,
administrative, and planning abilities of management in
order to oversee complex enterprises from conception to
completion.
In this step, the manager examines the ranking of
alternatives and selects the most acceptable alternatives,
which is often the top-ranked alternative. On occasion,
extending circumstances caused managers to look past the
highest-ranking alternative and select a lower-ranking
alternative. Decisions, especially those made collectively by
several managers, are often the result of creativity
The manager needs help in this situation, as well as
assistance in choosing the best alternative, is found in the
concept of the limiting or strategic factor.
This method used mathematical techniques for balancing
waiting lines and services provided. When there is irregular
demand, waiting lines occur and manager must decide how
to handle the situation. If people are waiting in queues are
not going to be provided quick service, they may go
elsewhere.
The engineer assists the company’s customers to meet their
needs, especially those that require technical expertise.
people have only a meager database, they do not know
whether or not the data are reliable, and they very unsure
about whether or not the situation may change
Managers sometime see decision making as their central
job because they must constantly choose what is to be
done, who is to do it, and when, where, and occasionally
even how it will be done.
Constraints in some way limit the decision maker’s choices.
Constraints could be defined by legal, economic or political
considerations. Decision constraints are sometimes
presented in terms of desired specification or performance
standards.
This is an interesting technique used in analyzing a decision.
Through a graphic illustration, the alternative solutions can
be identified and probability estimates are assigned to these
alternatives and pay-offs relating to alternatives can be
determined.
4 Requirements for the Engineer Manager’s Job
Minimal engineering jobs such as retailing firms.
a slim chance of becoming the general manager or president. Th
engineer may be assigned to head a small engineering unit of the
firm.
The process of choosing a specific procedure or course of action
from
among several possible alternatives.
The engineer undertakes the activity of turning a product concept
to a finished physical item.
Operations research involves the application of quantitative
methods to decision making. OR has been defined by Miller and
Starr as “ Applied Decision Theory”, in which the decision maker
seeks scientific, logical or mathematical means. Observation,
analysis, hypothesis formulation and experimentation are the
methods generally used in ORT
The ability to develop alternatives (by ingenuity, research, and
common sense), is often as important as being able to select
correctly among them
The engineer may find employment in the government performing
any of the various tasks in regulating, monitoring, and controlling
the activities of various institutions, public or private.
The decision making process involves making a choice between two
or more alternatives. In this step, the decision maker identifies
alternative solutions that meet the constraints outlines in step 2. In
most cases, the alternatives are chosen because they provided a
solution to the problem, but often one of the alternatives is to do
nothing.
6 steps in the Decision Making Process
It is an accounting tool used for the interpretation of accounting
information. The basic financial ratios compare costs and revenue
for a particular period. These ratios bring out a relationship
between two financial aspects.
A set of activities directed at an organization’s resources with the
aim of achieving organizational goals in an efficient and effective
manner.
An engineer manager must be motivated to manage other people
so that they may contribute to the realization of the objectives of
the organization.
are charged with the responsibility of implementing the objectives
and policies set forth at the strategic level of management. To do
this, the manager identifies specific tasks that need to be
accomplished.
Scientific discipline, which designs, implements and/or develops
models, processes and systems by taking into account the
engineering relationships between the management tasks of
planning, organizing, leading and controlling and the human
element in production, research, marketing, finance and other
services.
This technique involves the building of a model that represents a
real or an existing system. These models are useful in evaluating
and selecting the best one. The blueprint of a proposed building is
an example of simulation. In recent years, computers are being
widely used in simulation techniques. Role playing or teaching 10
concepts through case studies are some form of simulation
techniques
The engineer is assigned to manage groups if people performing
specific tasks.
In this step, the decision maker evaluates each alternative.
A decision can be rendered based on available information.
The engineer is directly in charge of production personnel
or assumes responsibility for the product.
This technique is used in decisions involving the allocation
of resource or limited resources to reach a particular
objective such as, least cost, highest margin and so on.
When these resources have several alternative uses. This
methods is used for solving simple, complex and routine
problems. In order to
apply this method, the situation must involve two or more
activities competing for limited resources and all
relationships in the situation must be linear.
Moderate degree of engineering jobs such as transportation
companies. The engineer in this level may be assigned to
head the engineering division and will feel the need for
management skills.
complete specific tasks as directed by the tactical-level
managers
This tool is used in decision making to figure out how much
more output will result if one or more variable (worker) is
added. Samuelson defines a marginal product as the extra
product or output added by one extra unit of that factor.
While other factors are being held constant. This technique
is particularly useful for evaluating alternatives in the
decision making process.
The engineer works as consultant of any individual or
organization requiring his services.
The principle of the limiting factor states that, by
recognizing and overcoming those factors that stand
critically in the way of a goal, the best alternative course of
action can be selected
Can be determined by non-quantitative means, such as
intuition, facts, experiences and opinions
The engineer is either directly in charge of the construction
personnel or may have responsibility for the quality of the
construction process.
The fusion of business and engineering principles.
The profession in which a knowledge of the mathematical
and natural science gained by study, experience, and
practice is applied with judgement to develop ways to
utilize, economically, the materials and forces of nature for
the benefit of mankind.
This is another tool in decision making used for estimating
something that stands in the way of accomplishing a desired
objective
Specialized form of management that is concerned with the
application of engineering principles to business practice.
This involves selecting the best strategy, taking into consideration
one’s actions and action of one’s competitors. Thus, it is a “conflict
of interest” situation where one individual tries to win. McDonald
contends that the strategic situation is the theory which lies in the
instruction between two or more individuals, each of whose actions
is based on an expectation concerning the actions of others over
whom he has no control. When one individual wins, the other
losses. Minimizing the maximum loss and maximizing the
minimum gain are two concepts used in the game theory.
This is the point of ultimate decision making, although decisions
must also be made in the other steps of planning—in selecting
goals, in choosing critical premises, and even in selecting
alternatives
A plan cannot be said to exist unless a decision–a commitment of
resources, direction, or reputation–has been mad
factual information may exist, but it may be incomplete. To improve
decision making, one may estimate the objective probability of an
outcome by using, for example, mathematical models. On the other
hand, subjective probability, based on judgment and experience,
may be used.
A set of activities directed at an organization’s resources with the
aim of achieving organizational goals in an efficient and effective
manner.
determine long-term strategies and se corporate objectives and
policy consistent with these objectives
This is another tool which enable a manager to see the effects of
alternatives available based on price, fixed cost, and variable cost
per unit. With this tool it is possible to determine what will be the
break-even point for a company as a whole or any of its product. At
break-even point, total revenue equals total cost and there is no
profit.
The engineer is engaged in the process of learning about nature and
codifying this knowledge into usable theories.
The Possibility of becoming a successful manager can only be
achieves if those with the ability and motivation are given the
opportunity to manage.
It is defined as the selection of a course of action from among
alternatives; it is at the core of planning
The engineer works in a unit where new products or parts are
tested for work ability.
High degree of engineering jobs such as construction firms. provide
the biggest opportunity for an engineer to become the president or
general manager. The engineer manager needs adequate
management skills in order to function effectively in level three
firms.
Can also be determined by quantitative means such as operations
research, linear programming, simulation, Monte Carlo, gaming and
program evaluation review technique.
The existence of a problem implies the need for a decision maker to
the profitability of an investment, calculating the payback make at least one decision, and typically a series of decisions, to
period, and analyzing cash inflows and outflows. Investment resolve a problem. In the first step, the decision maker sets the
alternatives can be evaluated using a discounted peso objectives for the decision.
analysis of cash inflows and outflows.