Melanie Klein: Object Relations Theory

Psychic Defense Mechanism

Karen Horney: Psychoanalytic Social Theory
Erich Fromm: Humanistic Psychoanalysis
Maslow: Humanistic Psychoanalysis
Rogers: Person Centered Theory
Rollo May: Existential Psychology
Rollo May: Existential Psychology
Jung’s theory is concerned with Inherited primal experiences from human ancestors

Archetypes is described as images and themes which have universal meanings across cultures
which may show up in dreams, literature, art, or religion

Projective identification is a psychic defense mechanism in which infants split off unacceptable
parts of themselves, project them into another object, and finally introject them back into
themselves in a changed or distorted form.

Position is a way of organizing experiences that includes both paranoid feelings of being
persecuted and a splitting of internal and external objects into the good and the bad.

Introjection is how infants manage the good and bad aspects of themselves and of external
objects, by keeping apart incompatible impulses.

Projection is when infants fantasize that their mother is constantly present; that is, they feel that
their mother is always inside their body. The real mother, of course, is not perpetually present,
but infants nevertheless devour her in fantasy so that she becomes a constant internal object. This
is an example of:

The first 4 or 6 months after birth is the most critical time for personality development according
to Klein’s Object relations theory

Strange situation is to measure the type of attachment style that exist between caregiver and
infant, Ainsworth and her colleagues develop a test on how babies or young children respond to
the temporary absence of their mothers.
Basic anxiety is the feelings of insecurity in interpersonal relations, from cultural forces and
produces a frightening sense of isolation and aloneness.

Malignant narcissism are disturbed individuals who take pleasure in destroying those whom they
regard as inferiors and are preoccupied with themselves, but this concern is not limited to
admiring others.

Authoritarianism is to escape a sense of isolation and aloneness, people attempt to flee from
freedom by giving up the independence or one’s own individual self to fuse one’s self with
somebody or something outside oneself, in order to acquire the strength, which the individual is
lacking.

Healthy individuals are better able to find ways of reuniting to the world by productively solving
these human needs for union with another person or other persons. This is a human need for:
Relatedness

From the conflict of industry versus inferiority, school-age children develop the basic strength of
Competence

People must have developed hope during infancy, and they must follow hope with the other basic
strengths – will, purpose, and competence. Each is a prerequisite for fidelity.

Exclusivity is the core pathology of adulthood, the antitpathy of care.

As children learn to do things well, they develop a sense of industry, but if their work is
insufficient to accomplish their goals, they acquire a sense of inferiority.

Maslow described humans as having an innate tendency towards: Health growth and
development
 Personality tests may be reliable yet lacking validity.

 If a theory is falsifiable, it has not been proven false.

 The psychology of science investigates ways in which personal characteristics of

scientists influence scientific theory and research.

 A useful theory of personality should be falsifiable.

 Useful theories does lack practical application.

 A cyclic relationship should exist between theory and observation.

 A useful theory should generate multiple hypotheses.

 Taxonomies are dynamic and generate a multitude of hypotheses.