Midterm Period

Pol Sci 104

DATA ANALYSIS
It is the process of evaluating data using the logical and analytical reasoning to carefully examine each
component of the data collected or provided. Also, it is one of the many steps that are taken when a research
is conducted (Perez, 2019)
METHODS OF DATA ANALYSIS
Is where you indicate the different procedures or statistical tools used in every objective of your study
(Viray, 2016)
Example:
Methods of Data Analysis

After the distribution, collection and completion of distributed questionnaires, the researchers were

tally and categorize the gathered data and was used frequency, percentage, average mean, weighted mean,

Pearson-r, interpretation and ranking for analysis. Weighted means was used to interpret the answer of the

respondents.

Pearson Product Moment Correlation was also use to determine relationship between

socio-demographic variables and the analysed on the Safety Measures and Benefits of Cycling in

San Jose City.

FREQUENCY COUNTS
The total number of a certain variable or data
Example:

Sex Frequency counts

Male IIII – IIII – IIII – IIII – llll – llll - IIII
Female IIII – IIII – IIII – IIII – IIII – IIII – IIII - III

PERCENTAGE
Is calculated by taking the frequency in the category divided by the total number of participants and
multiply by 100%.
Example:
Sex
Male 34 47%
Female 38 53% Percentage (%) = Frequency counts
Total 72 100% Total Sample X 100
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MEAN
The mean is the mathematical average of a set of two or more numbers.
Example:
15, 10, 19, 19, 7, 11, 15, 19 20 12, 17, 18
Mean = Sum of the numbers 182
How many numbers 12 Mean = 15.17

How to calculate the mean for Group Data

Class limit Frequency Class Midpoint (x) fx

126 - 174 5 150 750
175 - 223 5 199 995
224 - 272 20 248 4960
273 - 321 25 297 7425
322 - 370 14 346 4844
371 - 419 4 395 1580
420 - 468 2 444 888

Using frequency distribution table, find the mean age of the respondents.

15 28 45 43
28 54 23 35 1. Find the range (highest score minus the lowest score)
34 26 60 45
61 28 58 51
57 29 54 42 R = 61-12
12 48 55 28
18 32 53 39 Range is equals to 49
22 19 24 40
25 22 30 40
28 47 18 31
31 33 12 52

2. Using 5 (constant) as class size, find the class interval.

c.i. = Range
Class size
c.i. = 49 c.i. = 9.8 or 10
5
3. Determine the class size by means of indicating the class interval’s number as terms. Start with the
lowest term till we reach the highest score.
12 is the lowest term
10 is the class interval
52 - 61
42 – 51 Class size is 5
32 – 41 Class interval is 10
22 – 31
12 – 21 Upper limit

Lower limit
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Limit f x Fx
52 - 61 9 56.5 508.5 X (mean) = fx
42 – 51 7 46.5 325.5 f
32 – 41 7 36.5 255.5
22 – 31 15 26.5 397.5 x = 1,586
12 – 21 6 16.5 99 44
f=44 f=1586 Mean = 36.05

Correlation
It is a statistical tool used to find the relationship of variables

Karl Pearson (1857 - 1936)

 “Pearson Product –Moment Correlation Coefficient”
 Has been credited with establishing the discipline of mathematical statistics.
 A proponent of eugenics, and a protégé and biographer of Sir Francis Galton.
 In collaboration with Galton, founded the now prestigious journal biometrica

RESULT AND DISCUSSION

A systematic way of presentation of the results and discussion following the order of the presented
objectives of the study to be understood by the reader. This section PRESENT the detailed data of results
in the form of tables or graphs, ANALYZE, INTERPRET, and DISCUSS (PAID) the result of the
study.

In the discussion of SDC, you should start with the highest to the lowest.
AGE F %
60 - 69 97 51
In terms of age, majority of the respondents has age ranges from 60-69 with 97 frequency
50 – 59 65 34 (51%), followed by 50-59 years old with 65 frequency (34%), 40-49 and 20-29 years old have
40 – 49 11 6 both 11 (6%) and 30-39 years old with 6 (3%).
30 – 39 6 3 It shows that the respondents are old adults.
20 - 29 11 6

From the given data, find the weighted mean and overall mean.

SECURITY Likert Scale 4- Strongly Agree, 3- Agree, 2- Disagree, 1- Strongly Disagree

STATEMENTS 4 3 2 1
1.Jail authority has strict security rules and guidelines 12 15 6 7
2.Jail institution has strong, concrete walls, and gates 10 26 3 1
3.Jail authority makes us safe the whole day 15 18 7 0
4.Jail authority provides good facilities for us to move and act safely 10 28 2 0
5.Jail authority considers the threats that may harm us 11 25 2 3

4 x 12 = 48 To compute the weighted mean just Add all the results 48+45+12+7 = 112
3 x 15 = 45 The sum will be divided to the total frequency
2 x 6 = 12
1x 7 = 7 The total frequency is 40
112/40 = 2.8
*Always remember this for VERBAL DESCRIPTION
3.26-4.00- (No. 4 Likert scale)
2.51-3.25- (No. 3 Likert scale)
1.26-2.50- (No. 2 Likert scale)
1.00-1.25- (No. 1 Likert scale)
 Midterm Period

SECURITY Likert Scale 4- Strongly Agree, 3- Agree, 2- Disagree, 1- Strongly Disagree

Statements Weighted Verbal
Mean Description
1.Jail authority has strict security rules and guidelines 2.8 Agree
2.Jail institution has strong, concrete walls, and gates 3.125 Agree
3.Jail authority makes us safe the whole day 3.20 Agree
4.Jail authority provides good facilities for us to move and act safely 3.2 Agree
5.Jail authority considers the threats that may harm us 3.15 Agree

To compute the pooled mean, just add all the weighted means and divide by total number of items/
statements
To compute the overall mean, just add all the pooled means and divide by total number of pooled means.

Example:
PARAMETER MEAN DESCRIPTION

SAFETY MEASURES
Road Biking
1. Bikers also follow the flow of traffic. 3.77 Highly Agree
2. It is necessary to cling to another car. 2.02 Agree
3. At intersection or driveways, look both 3.72 Highly Agree
ways. Keep an eye out for people who might
not be able to see you .
4. Keep your head up and look around; keep an 3.88 Highly Agree
eye for open car doors and other dangers.
5. Any bikers must be aware of the fundamental 3.94 Highly Agree
hand signals used in biking.
Pooled Mean 3.47 Highly Agree

Mountain Biking
1. On multi- use trails, bikers must yield 3.88 Highly Agree
to horseback riders. Your bike can spook
horses, so yell hell or etc. to let them know
you’re there.
2. Go on any trails that aren’t open right now. 1.91 Agree
3. Study the trail map before you go 3.77 Highly Agree
4. The surfaces of mountain bike trails can 3.86 Highly Agree
be loose and smooth. Proceed with caution,
as rocks and trees also fall and are popular
on mountain bike trails
5. Practice first before going to trails 3.80 Highly Agree
Pooled Mean 3.44 Highly Agree
OVERALL MEAN 3.46 Highly Agree

Prepared by: JJC.Fajardo