DENP/2020/Gr.

10/civic/2ndT/Ra fw;wy; ifNaL-1> nrayl;il-1

khfhzf; fy;tpj; jpizf;fsk; - tlf;Fkhfhzk;

,uz;lhk; jtiz– 2020
juk; - 10 Fbapaw;fy;tp fw;wy; ifNaL-1;
myF:-2 fw;wy; fhyk;:- 12ghlNtis

mjpfhuj;ijg; gd;Kfg;gLj;jYk;> gfpu;e;jspj;jYk;

 mjpfhuk;-rdehaf Ml;rpKiwapy; mjpfhuk; vd;gJ murpd; Ml;rp eltbf;iffis
Nkw;nfhs;tjw;fhf me;j muRf;F ,Uf;fpd;w Mw;wy; vd;gjhFk;.

 mjpfhuj;jpd; ,Wjp cupik nghJ kf;fsplNk cs;sJ. kf;fsplk; fhzg;gLk;

mjpfhuNk ,iwik vdg;gLk;. ,iwikf;Fs; mlq;Ftdthf epu;thf mjpfhuk;>
thf;Fupik> mbg;gil cupik Nghd;wtw;iwf; Fwpg;gpl KbAk;.

 mjpfhuj;jpd; tiffs; - murpay; mjpfhuk;.

nghUshjhu mjpfhuk;.
r%f mjpfhuk;.
 murpay; mjpfhuk; vd;gJ mjpfhuj;ij eilKiwg;gLj;JNthu; jhk; tpUk;gpathW
mjpfhuj;Jf;Fl;gl;Nlhiu Ml;rp nra;Ak; Mw;wYk; jkJ tpUg;gj;Jf;F ,zq;fhj
NghJ tw;GWj;Jtjd; %yk; mbgzpa itf;Fk; Mw;wNy murpay; mjpfhuk;
vdg;gLk;.
 nghUshjhu mjpfhuk; vd;gJ
nghUshjhu Kiwnahd;wpd; mjpfhuk; ngw;w
FOtpduhy; VidNahiu topelj;Jtjw;F Nkw;nfhs;sg;gLk; Kaw;rp nghUshjhu
mjpfhuk; vdg;gLk;.
 r%f mjpfhuk; vd;gJ xU r%fj;jpy; thOk; gpuirfs; kw;Wk; r%f ,af;fq;fs;
vd;gtw;Wf;F Nkyhf nraw;gLtjw;F r%fj;jpw;Fs;s Mw;wy; vd;gjhFk;.

mjpfhuj;ijg; gd;Kfg;gLj;jy; my;yJ mjpfhuj;ijg; gutyhf;Fjy;

(Decentralization of Power)
 mjpfhuj;ijg; gd;Kfg;gLj;jy; vd;gJ kj;jpa murplk; cs;s epu;thf mjpfhuq;fSs;
rpytw;iw gpuhe;jpa epu;thf myFfsplk; ifaspj;jyhFk;.

 epu;thf eltbf;iffis ,yFgLj;Jk; tifapYk; gpuhe;jpa uPjpahd egu;fis epu;thf

eltbf;iffspy; gq;F nfhs;sr; nra;Ak; tifapYk; kj;jpa muRf;Fupa
mjpfhuq;fis gpuhe;jpa epu;thf myFfsplk; xg;gilj;jy; mjpfhuj;ijg;
gd;Kfg;gLj;jy; my;yJ mjpfhuj;ijg; gutyhf;Fjy; vdg;gLk;.

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DENP/2020/Gr.10/civic/2ndT/Ra fw;wy; ifNaL-1> nrayl;il-1

 mjpfhuj;ijg; gd;Kfg;gLj;Jifapy; mtjhdpf;ff; $ba ,U gpujhd ,ay;Gfs;

 ve;jnthU re;ju;g;gq;fspYk; mjpfhuq;fis kj;jpa muR ngw;Wf; nfhs;s KbAk;.

 murpd; rl;lj;Jiwapdhy; mDkjpf;fg;gl;l kNrhjh xd;wpd; %yk; mJ

nraw;gLj;jg;gLk;.

 mjpfhuj;ijg; gd;Kfg;gLj;Jifapy; kj;jpa muR kw;Wk; mjd; gy;NtW epWtdq;fs;

thapyhf jpl;lkply;> Kfhik nra;jy;> tsq;fisg; ngwy;> tpepNahfpj;jy; ,it
njhlu;ghd nghWg;Gf;fis gpuNjr kl;lj;jpyhd epu;thf epWtdq;fsplKk;>
cs;@uhl;rp epWtdq;fsplKk;> khfhz rigfsplKk;> mjpfhuk; gutyhf;fg;gl;l
mur mjpfhu rigfsplKk;> $l;Lj;jhgdq;fsplKk; xg;gilf;fg;gl;bUf;Fk;.

 mjpfhuj;ijg; gutyhf;fk; ,yq;ifapy; Nkw;nfhs;sg;gl;l topKiwfs;

1. ,yq;ifapd; epu;thf mjpfhuq;fis Njrpa kl;lj;jpy; ,Ue;J gpuNjr kl;lk; tiu
gd;Kfg;gLj;jg;gl;bUj;jy;.

Njrpakl;lk; mikr;rpd; nrayhsu;

khtl;lkl;lk; khtl;lnrayhsu;

gpuNjrkl;lk; gpuNjrnrayhsu;

fpuhkg; gpupT mYtyu; kl;lk; fpuhkmYtyu;

2. kj;jpa murpd; fUkq;fisg; gpuNjr Ml;rp myFfsplk; xg;gilf;fg;gl;bUj;jy;.

,yq;ifapy; nraw;gl;L tUk; cs;@uhl;rp epWtdq;fs; ( khefu rig> efu rig>
gpuNjr rig)
3. mur Kaw;rpahz;ikf;F my;yJ mjpfhu rigfSf;Fupa mjpfhuq;fis gpuNjr
myFfsplk; xg;gilj;jy;. ,jd; %yk; mur Kaw;rpfis Nkw;nfhs;tjw;fhd
jpizf;fsq;fs;> $l;Lj;jhgdq;fs;> rigfs;> mjpfhu rigfs; vd;git
nraw;gLtjw;F Njitahd epu;thf mjpfhuq;fs; toq;fg;gl;Ls;sik.

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DENP/2020/Gr.10/civic/2ndT/Ra fw;wy; ifNaL-1> nrayl;il-1
xw;iwahl;rp muR
 murpd; rl;lk;>ePjp>eput
; hfk; vDk; Kj;Jiw mjpfhuq;fSk; xU kj;jpa murpdhy;
nraw;gLj;jg; gLkhapd; me;j muR xw;iwahl;rp muR vd miof;fg;gLk;.

 xw;iwahl;rp gw;wp Nguhrpupau; `u;kd; .N[.igdu; vd;gtupd; tiutpyf;fzk;

 vy;yh tifapYk; murpay; mjpfhuk; xU kj;jpa mjpfhu gPlj;jplk;
ikag;gLj;jg;gl;bUg;gpd; mJ xw;iwahl;rp KiwikahFk;.

 xw;iwahl;rp epyTk; rpy ehLfs;

,yq;if > gpuhd;]; > ag;ghd; > Neghsk; > If;fpa ,uhr;rpak;

 mjpfhuk; gutyhf;fk; nra;ag;gl;l ehLfs; xw;iwahl;rp ehLfs; vdg;gLk;. ,e;

ehLfspy; epyTk; Ml;rp Kiw xw;iwahl;rp Kiw vd miof;fg;gLk;.

 xw;iwahl;rpapd; gz;Gfs;
01. murpd; rl;lj;Jiw> ePjp> epiwNtw;Wj;Jiwapd; mjpfhuq;fs; xU kj;jpa murpdhy;
khj;jpuk; eilKiwg;gLj;jg;gly;.

02. kj;jpa muRf;Fupa epu;thf eltbf;iffis ,yFgLj;Jtij Nehf;fkhff; nfhz;L

rpy mjpfhuq;fis gpuhe;jpa epu;thf myFfsplk; xg;gilf;fg;gl;bUj;jy; ,q;F vt;
tifapYk; mjpfhuk; gfpu;e;jspf;fg;glhJ.

03. murpay; ahg;gpy; murpd; ,ay;G xw;iwahl;rp vd;W njspthf Fwpg;gplg;gl;bUj;jy;

Kf;fpakhFk;.

04. kj;jpa murpd; rl;lj;Jiw %yk; epiwNtw;wg;gLk; rl;lk; xd;wpd; %yk; khj;jpuk;
mjpfhuk; gd;Kfg;gLj;jg;gl;bUj;jy;.

05. kj;jpa muRf;F Njitahd re;ju;g;gj;jpy; gd;Kfg;gLj;jg;gl;l epu;thf

mjpfhuq;fis kPz;Lk; ngw;Wf; nfhs;sy;.
 xw;iwahl;rp Kiwnahd;wpd; gz;Gfs; gw;wp murpay; mwpQu;fs; ntspapl;Ls;s
NtWgl;l ,uz;L fUj;Jf;fs;.
 Nguhrpupau; V.tP.ilrp

xU kj;jpa mjpfhu gPlk; khj;jpuk; rl;lkpaw;Wk; cau; mjpfhuj;ijf; nfhz;bUg;gJ

xw;iwahl;rpapd; mbg;gilg; gz;ghFk;.

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DENP/2020/Gr.10/civic/2ndT/Ra fw;wy; ifNaL-1> nrayl;il-1
 Nguhrpupau; rP.vg;.];l;Nuhq;
kj;jpa murpd; Nkd;ik epiyAk; Nkyjpf ,iwikAs;s epWtdq;fs; murpay;
ahg;gpy; ,y;yhjpUg;gJk; xw;iwahl;rpapy; fhzg;gLk; gpujhd gz;ghFk;.

 ,jd;gb xw;iwahl;rp Kiwapd; nghJthd gz;Gfisg; gpd;tUkhW

Fwpg;gplyhk;.
01. murpd; ,iwik mjpfhuk; Xuplj;jpy; (kj;jpa murplk;) Ftpe;jpUf;Fk;.

02. rl;lj;Jiw> epiwNtw;Wj;Jiw> ePjpj;Jiw vDk; murpd; Kj;Jiw mjpfhuq;fs;

kj;jpa murplk; ikag;gLj;jg; gl;bUf;Fk;.

03. rl;lkpaw;WtJ njhlu;ghd cau;epWtdkhfr; nraw;gLtJ kj;jpa murpd;

rl;lj;Jiwahd ghuhSkd;wkhFk;.

04. epu;thf eltbf;iffis ,yFgLj;Jtjw;fhf cs;@uhl;rp epWtdq;fs; tiuapy;

mjpfhug; gutyhf;fk; nra;ag;gl;bUf;Fk;.
(cjhuzk;- ,yq;ifapy; nraw;gl;L tUk; khefu rigfs;> efu rigfs;> gpuNjr
rigfs;

 Xw;iwahl;rp Kiwapd; ed;ikfs;

 epiwNtw;Wj;JiwAk;;> ePjpj;JiwAk; KO ehl;bw;Fk; nghJthdjhf mikAk;.

 kj;jpa muR> khepy muRfs; vDk; ,U NtW mjpfhu epWtdq;fs; ,d;ikahy;

mtw;Wf;fpilapy; Vw;gLk; Kuz;ghLfs; ,e; ehLfspy; Vw;gLtjw;fhd tha;g;Gf;fs;
FiwthFk;.

 Xw;iwahl;rp Kiw gy;ypd r%f mikg;G ,y;yhj ehLfSf;Nf kpfg;

nghUj;jkhdJ. ,k; Kiwapd; fPo; murhq;fk; tpiuthfTk; ,yFthfTk;
jPu;khdq;fis Nkw;nfhs;s KbAk;.

mjpfhuj;ijg; gfpu;e;jspj;jy;
(Devolution of Power)
 “kj;jpa murpd; rl;lj;Jiw> epiwNtw;Wj;Jiw kw;Wk; ePjpj;Jiw mjpfhuq;fis
murpay; ahg;gpd; %yk; gpuhe;jpa Ml;rp myFfsplk; xg;gilf;fg;gLjy;. ”
mjpfhuj;ijg; gfpu;e;jspj;jy; vdg;gLk;. mjpfhuj;ijg; gfpu;e;jspj;jy; vd;gJ murpay;
ahg;gpd; %yk; kl;LNk Nkw;nfhs;sg;gLk;.

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DENP/2020/Gr.10/civic/2ndT/Ra fw;wy; ifNaL-1> nrayl;il-1
 etPd muRfs; mjpfhu;g; gq;fPL nra;tjw;fhd fhuzq;fs;
 Njrpa ghJfhg;ig cWjpg;gLj;jy;

 ehl;bd; ghupa gug;gsT tprhykhdjhf fhzg;gLk; NghJ xU kj;jpapy; ,Ue;J

ehl;il epu;tfpg;gJ rpukkhdjhf ,Uj;jy;.

 Ml;rp eltbf;iffspy; gq;F nfhs;tjw;fhd tha;g;Gf;fs; mjpfkhNdhUf;F

fpilj;jy;.

 Xu; murpy; gpuhe;jpa uPjpahf nrwpe;J thOk; gy;NtW nkhop> rkak;> ,dq;fisr;
Nru;e;j kf;fspd; jdpj;Jtj;jpw;F kjpg;gspj;J rfy ,df; FOf;fisAk; nghJj;
Njrpaf; Fwpf;Nfhs; xd;wpd; fPo; ,izj;;J Ml;rp nra;tjw;F rk~;b Ml;rp Kiw
cjTk;.
rk~;b muR / $l;lhl;rp
 kj;jpa murpd; rl;lj;Jiw> epiwNtw;Wj;Jiw> ePjpj;Jiw mjpfhuq;fis murpay;
ahg;gpd; %yk; gpuhe;jpa Ml;rp myFfsplk; gfpu;e;jspf;fg;gl;l muR rk~;b muR
vdg;gLk;.

 mur mjpfhuq;fs; kj;jpa murplKk; gpuhe;jpa muRfsplKk; gfpu;e;jspf;fg;gl;bUj;jy;

rk~;b Kiwapd; mbg;gilg; gz;ghFk;.

 rk~;b murhq;f Kiwapy; kj;jpa muR> khepy muRfs; vDk; ,U tifahd

mjpfhu ikaq;fis mtjhdpf;fyhk;.
 RahjPd muRfs; rpy xd;Wgl;L epu;thfj;ij ,yFgLj;jpf; nfhs;tJ rk~;b
Kiwapd; Njhw;wj;Jf;fhd gpujhd fhuzkhFk;.

 rk~;b muR gw;wp murpaywpQu;fs; Kd;itj;Js;s tiutpyf;fzq;fs; gpd;tUkhW.

 V.tP.ilrp
Ntw;Wikapy; xw;Wik fhz;gjw;F toptFf;Fk; Ml;rp KiwikahFk;.

 fyhepjp.Nf.rP.tpau;
jj;jkJ mjpfhu vy;iyf;Fs; RahjPdkhf nraw;gl Kbe;j NghjpYk; rpy
tplaq;fs; njhlu;ghf xw;WikAld; nraw;gLtjw;Fk; toptFf;Fk; epiyik
MFk;.

 rk~;b Ml;rp Kiwapd; gpuNjr myF “khepyk;” vd miof;fg;gLk;. Rtpl;rh;;yhe;jpy;

gpuhe;jpa myF „nfd;ud;‟ vd miof;fg;gLfpd;wJ.

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DENP/2020/Gr.10/civic/2ndT/Ra fw;wy; ifNaL-1> nrayl;il-1
 rk~;bahl;rp epyTk; rpy ehLfs;
,e;jpah > Rtp];yhe;J > If;fpa mnkupf;fh > mT];Nuypah

 rk~;b munrhd;wpd; gz;Gfs;

 vOjg;gl;l murpay; ahg;G fhzg;gLjy;.

 rl;lthf;fj;Jiwapy; Nkw;rignahd;W fhzg;gLjy;.

cjhuzk; - If;fpa mnkupf;fhtpy; nrdl; rig fhzg;gLjy;.

 kj;jpa muRf;Fk; khepy muRfSf;Fk; cupa mjpfhuq;fs; murpay; ahg;gpd; %yk;

cs;slq;fg;gl;bUj;jy;.

 murpay; ahg;Gf;F tpsf;fkspf;Fk; mjpfhuk; cau;ePjpkd;wk; xd;wplk;

xg;gilf;fg;gl;bUj;jy;.
cjhuzk; - If;fpa mnkupf;fhtpy; rk~;b ePjpkd;wk; fhzg;gLjy;.

 rk~;b munrhd;wpd; mD$yq;fs;

 gy;ypd r%fnkhd;wpy; gy;tifikf;F kjpg;gspf;Fk; tifapy; nghJj; Njrpak;
xd;iwf; fl;bnaOg;Gjy;.

 gue;j epyg;gug;gpy; fhzg;gLk; muRfspy; epu;thf uPjpapyhd jPu;khdq;fis

,yFthf Nkw;nfhs;sf; $bajhf ,Uj;jy;.

 rdehaf Ml;rp rf;jptha;e;jjhf fhzg;gly;.

 Xu; muR fl;lisapLk; tifapy; nraw;gLtijj; jLf;f KbAkhapUj;jy;.

 rk~;b munrhd;wpd; gpujp$yq;fs;

 mjpfhug; gq;fPl;bd; NghJ jkf;Ff; fpilf;fg; ngw;Ws;s mjpfhuq;fs; njhlu;gpy;
khepy muRfs; mjpUg;jpAld; nraw;gly;.

 khepyq;fs; kj;jpa murpypUe;J tpyfpr; nry;Yk; Nghf;F fhzg;gly;.

 ,uz;lhk; kd;wnkhd;W nraw;gLtjhy; rl;lthf;f eltbf;iffs; jhkjkiljy;.

 kj;jpa> khepy muRfs; ahg;gpd; %yk; jPu;TfSf;F tUk; NghJ rpy Jiwfspy;
Vw;gLk; gpur;rpidfshy; epu;thfk; ];jk;gpj;jy;.

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DENP/2020/Gr.10/civic/2ndT/Ra fw;wy; ifNaL-1> nrayl;il-1
 khepy epu;thfk; njhlu;gpy; mDgtKk; Mw;wYk; kpf;f mjpfhupfSf;fhd
gw;whf;Fiw epyTtjdhy; epu;thf Kiw rPu;nfly;.

 rk~;b munrhd;W ntw;wp ngWtjw;fhd ,ay;Gfs;.

 murpay; ahg;Gf;F Vw;g nraw;gly;.

 rfy ,df;FOf;fSk; Njrpa czu;Tld; nraw;gly.;

 epjp tsq;fisg; gq;fpLk; NghJ Neu;ikahd Kiwapy; khepy muRfSf;F

toq;fg;gLjy;.

 rk~;b muRfspd; Gjpa Nghf;Ffs;

 murpay; ahg;Gf;F tpsf;fkspf;Fk; NghJ muRf;F rhu;ghd tifapy; Nkw;nfhs;sy;.

 ahg;G rPu;jpUj;jq;fis Nkw;nfhs;tjw;F khepy muRfspd; tpUg;gj;ij ngw;Wf;

nfhz;l NghjpYk; nghJthd rl;lq;fis cUthf;Ffpd;w NghJ khepy muRfis
cjhrPdk; nra;jy;.

 gpuhe;jpa muRfshy; Nkw;nfhs;sg;gLk; eyd;Gup eltbf;iffis mjpfupf;Fk; NghJ

mjd; nghWg;Gf;fs; kj;jpa muR kPJ Rkj;jg;gly;.

 njhlu;ghly; Nghf;Ftuj;Jr; Nritfspy; Vw;gl;Ls;s ghupa tsu;r;rp fhuzkhf

njhlu;Gfs; Jupjkiljy;.

 ,uz;lhk; cyf kfhAj;jj;jpd; gpd;du; ru;tNjr murpay; fsj;jpy; Vw;gl;Ls;s

khw;wk;.
cjhuzk; - If;fpa mnkupf;fhtpy; [dhjpgjpapd; mjpfhuq;fs; tpUj;jpailjy;.
cyfg; nghUshjhu gpur;rpidfis vjpu;nfhs;Sk; tifapy; KO ehl;Lf;Fkhd
nghUshjhu jPu;tpidf; fhZk; nghWg;G kj;jpa muR kPJ Rkj;jg;gly;

 kj;jpa muRf;Fk; khepy muRf;Fk; ,ilapy; epjpf; nfhLf;fy; thq;fy;fis

Nkw;nfhs;Sk; NghJ kj;jpa murpd; mjpfhuk; NkYk; tYtilAk;. kj;jpa
murpdhy; kepy muRfs; ,aq;Ftjw;F Njitahd epjp cjtpfs;
toq;fg;gLfpd;wd. mt;thW epjp cjtp toq;fg;gLk; NghJ gy;NtW epge;jidfs;
kj;jpa murpdhy; tpjpf;fg;gLjy;.

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DENP/2020/Gr.10/civic/2ndT/Ra fw;wy; ifNaL-1> nrayl;il-1
,yq;ifapy; mjpfhug; gd;Kfg;gLj;jy; njhlh;ghd tuyhW
 kpfg;Guhjd fhyk; njhl;L vkJ ehl;by; epytpa Ml;rp Kiwia Nehf;fpd;
eph;thfj;ij ,yFgLj;Jk; tifapy; mjpfhug; gutyhf;fk; Nkw;nfhs;sg;
gl;bUe;jJ. c-k; mEuhjGuk; fhyj;jpy; Kjy; kd;ddhd gz;Lfhga kd;dd;
fpuhk eph;thfj;jpw;fhf ‘fk;ghu’ > ‘fkpf’ > Nghd;w mjpfhhpfs; epakpf;fg;
gl;bUe;jikiaf; Fwpg;gplyhk;.

 INuhg;gpah; vkJ ehl;il Ml;rp nra;j NghJ gy eph;thf mjpfhhpfs; %yk;

gpuNjr myFfs; eph;thfk; nra;ag;gl;lJ.

c-k; 1815Mk; Mz;L gphpj;jhdpauhy; khfhz kl;lj;jpy; (nwrpnlz;l;) mjpfhhp

xUth; epakpf;fg;gl;lik Fwpg;gplj;jf;fJ.

gphpj;jhdpah; Ml;rpapd; NghJ ,yq;ifapy; mjpfhug; gutyhf;fk;

nraw;gl;bUe;j tpjk;.
 ghpj;jhdpah; Ml;rpapd; NghJ ,yq;ifapd; mjpfhug; gutyhf;fkhf 1865Mk;
Mz;L khefurig fl;lisr; rl;lk; epiwNtw;wg;gl;lik. rpwg;gk;rkhFk;.

 ,r; rl;lj;jpd; fPo; 1865,y; nfhOk;Gk;> 1866 ,y; fz;bAk; > khefu rigfshf
cUthf;fg; gl;ld.

 1924Mk; Mz;L fpuhkrigfs; fl;lisr; rl;lk; xd;W cUthf;fg;gl;lJ.

 1940 Mk; Mz;L efurigfs; cUthf;fg;gl;lJld; >

 1943Mk; Mz;L cs;@uhl;rp kd;w fl;lisr; rl;lk; mq;fpfhpf;fg;gl;lJ.

Rje;jpuj;jpd; gpd;dh; mjpfhug; gutyhf;fk; njhlh;ghf Nkw;

nfhs;sg;gl;l Kaw;rpfs;
 1973Mk; Mz;L mjpfhug; gutyhf;fj;jpd; nghUl;L murpay; mjpfhurig Kiw
cUthf;fg;gl;lJ.

 1980Mk; Mz;L khtl;l mikr;R Kiwapd; fPo; khtl;lrigfs; mwpKfk;

nra;ag;gl;ld. ,jd; %yk; fpuhkrigfs;> rpW efurigfs; vd;gd ePf;fg;gl;ld.

 1987Mk; Mz;by; 15Mk; ,yf;f gpuNjrrigfs; rl;lj;jpd; %yk; gpuNjr rigfs;

epWtg;gl;ld.

8
DENP/2020/Gr.10/civic/2ndT/Ra fw;wy; ifNaL-1> nrayl;il-1
,yq;ifapy; mjpfhug;gq;fPL njhlh;ghf Nkw; nfhs;sg;gl;l
gpuaj;jdq;fs;.
 1926Mk; Mz;L S.W.R.D. gz;lhuehaf;f mth;fshy; kiyehl;Lg; gFjpf;F
rkஷ்;l;b Ml;rp Kiwapd; Njit gw;wp ntspapl;l fUj;J Kf;fpakhdJ.

 Rje;jpuj;jpd; gpd;dh; 1957 ,y; S.W.R.D. gz;lhuehaf;f kw;Wk; S.J.V nry;tehafk;

Nghd;Nwhh;fshy; Nkw; nfhs;sg;gl;l gz;lh- nry;th xg;ge;jk;> 1965 ,y; ll;yp-
nry;th xg;ge;jk; ,tw;wpw;F Kf;fpakhd cjhuzq;fshFk;. vdpDk; ,e;j
xg;ge;jq;fs; eilKiwg;gLj;jg; gltpy;iy.

,yq;ifapy; khfhzrig mikf;fg;gLjy;.

 1978Mk; Mz;L ,uz;lhk; FbauR ahg;gpy; Vw;gLj;jg;gl;l 13Mk; ,yf;fr; rl;lj;
jpUj;jk; kw;Wk; 1978Mk; Mz;by; 42Mk; ,yf;f ghuhSkd;wf; fl;lisr;
rl;lk; vd;gtw;wpd; %yk; ,yq;ifapy; khfhzrig Kiw cUthf;fg;gl;lJ.

 Murpay; ahg;gpd; vl;lhk; cg jiyg;gpd; fPo; xd;gJ khfhzrigfs;

,yq;ifapy; cUthf;fg;gl;ld. mitahtd
tlkhfhzrig > fpof;F khfhzrig > Nky; khfhzrig> kj;jpakhfhzrig>
tlkj;jpa khfhzrig> tlNky; khfhzrig> Cth khfhzrig> rg;ufKf
khfhzrig> njd; khfhzrig>vd;gdthFk;.

khfhzrig
 murpay; ahg;gpd; 154<(1) ruj;jpy; khfhzrigapd; fl;likg;Gg; gw;wpf;
$wg;gl;Ls;sJ. ,jd; gb khfhzrig mikf;fg;gl;l khfhzj;jpd; gug;gsT >
rdj;njhif vd;gd ftdj;jpy; nfhs;sg;gl;L rl;lj;jhy; vLf;fg;gLk; Kbtpd;
gpufhuk; gpujpepjpfs; njhif jPh;khdpf;fg;gLk;.

 khfhzrigapd; gjtpf;fhyk; Ie;J tUlq;fshFk;.

 khfhzrigapd; gpujpepjpfs; midtUk; nghJkf;fspd; thf;Fhpikahy; njhpT

nra;ag;gLth;.

 khfhzrigapd; rl;lthf;fj;Jiw gpujpepjpfspypUe;Nj khfhz Kjyikr;rUk;

ehd;F NgUf;F Nkw;glhj mikr;rh;fSk; njhpT nra;ag;gLth;.

9
DENP/2020/Gr.10/civic/2ndT/Ra fw;wy; ifNaL-1> nrayl;il-1

khfhzrig xd;wpd; eph;thff;fl;likg;G

 khfhzrig xd;wpd; eph;thff; fl;likg;gpy; MSeh;> Kjyikr;rh;> mikr;ruit>
khfhzrigg; gpujpepjpfs; rig vDk; gpujhd myFfs; rpytw;iwf;
nfhz;like;Js;sJ.
 khfhzrig xd;wpd; eph;thff; fl;likg;ig gpd;tUk; thpg;glj;jpd; %yk;
fhzyhk;.

MSeh;

Kjyikr;rh;

mikr;ruit

khfhzgpujpepjpfs; rig

MSk; fl;rp vjph;f; fl;rp

khfhz MSeh;.

 MSeh; [dhjpgjpahy; epakpf;fg;gLthh;.

 MSeh; kj;jpa muRf;Fk; > khfhz rigf;Fk;; ,izg;ghsuhff; flikahw;Wthh;.

 ,tuJ gjtpf;fhyk; Ie;J tUlk;.

 MSeh; tpUk;gpdhy; jhdhf jdJ gjtpia ,uh[pdhkhr; nra;ayhk;. mNjNghd;W

khfhzrig cWg;gpdh;fspy; 2/3 ngUk;ghd;ik cWg;gpdh;fspd; rk;kjj;Jld;
epiwNtw;wg;gl;l xU gpNuuizia [dhjpgjpf;F mDg;gp itg;gjd; %yk;
MSeiu gjtpapy; ,Ue;J ePf;fyhk;.

10
DENP/2020/Gr.10/civic/2ndT/Ra fw;wy; ifNaL-1> nrayl;il-1
MSehpd; mjpfhuq;fSk; gzpfSk;

 khfhzrigiaf; $l;Ljy;> jtizfis KbTWj;Jjy;> fiyj;jy;>

khfhzrigapy; ciuahw;Wjy;> kw;Wk; nra;jpfis mDg;Gjy;

 Kjyikr;riu epakpj;jy; > mikr;ruit kw;Wk; khfhzrig ephthf

mjpfhhpfis epakpj;jy;

 khfhzrigapd; nfhs;iffis mDkjpj;jy;.

 mtrufhy epyikfspd; NghJ [dhjpgjpapd; MNyhridapd; Nghpy; nraw;gLjy;.
c-k; khfhzrig tYtpof;Fk; NghJ epjphPjpahf Klf;fkilAk; NghJk;. kj;jpa
muRf;Fk;> khfhzrigf;Fk; ,izg;ghsuhfr; nraw;gLjy;
 khfhzrigapd; ngausT eph;thfpahf khfhzrigapd; Kjyikr;rhpd;
MNyhridg;gb nraw;gLjy;.

Kjyikr;rUk; mikr;ruitAk;.
 Kjyikr;riu epakdk; nra;tJ MSehpd; gzpfSs; xd;whFk;.
 Kjyikr;rh; khfhzrig cWg;gpdh;fSs; ngUk;ghd;ikahNdhhpd; tpUg;gj;Jf;
Fhpatuha; ,Uj;jy; Ntz;Lk;
 Kjyikr;rhpd; MNyhridg;gb Vida mikr;rh;fis epakpj;jy; Ntz;Lk;.
 Kjyikr;riug; NghyNt Vida mikr;rh;fSk;> jkJ nraw;ghLfs; njhlh;ghf
khfhzrigf;F $l;lhf nghWg;Gr; nrhy;y flikg;gl;Ls;shh;fs;.

Kjyikr;rh; kw;Wk; mikr;ruitpd;> mjpfhuq;fSk; gzpfSk;.

 khfhz MSeUf;F MNyhrid toq;Fjy;.
 khfhz tuT nryTj; jpl;lj;ijj; jahhpj;jy;>
 khfhzj;jpd; nghUshjhu mgptpUj;jp> eph;thfj; jpl;lkply;> vd;gtw;iwj; jahhpj;J
mtw;wpid eilKiwg;gLj;Jjy;.

khfhzrig xd;wpd; mjpfhuq;fSk;> njhopw;ghLfSk;.

 1978 murpay; ahg;gpd; 13Mk; rPh;jpUj;jj;jpd; gb %d;W epuy;fspd; gpufhuk;
mjpfhuq;fs; tFf;fg;gl;ld.
 1MtJ epuy; (khfhzrigf;Fhpa mjpfhuq;fs;)
 2MtJ epuy; (kj;jpa muRf;Fhpa mjpfhuq;fs;
 3MtJ epuy; ( ,ize;J epiwNtw;Wk; gzpfs;;)

11
DENP/2020/Gr.10/civic/2ndT/Ra fw;wy; ifNaL-1> nrayl;il-1
1MtJ epuy; (khfhzrigf;Fhpa mjpfhuq;fs;)
 ,jd; fPo; khfhzrigf;Fhpa mjpfhuq;fs; tpghpf;fg;gl;Ls;sd.

 37 mjpfhuq;fSk; gzpfSk; Fwpg;gplg;gl;Ls;sd.

c-k;. khfhzj;jpd; nghUshjhuj; jpl;lkply;> cs;Suhl;rp eltbf;iffs;> khfhz
tPlikg;Gk; mgptpUj;jpAk;> r%fNritfSk; Gdh;tho;Tk;> khfhz tptrha
eltbf;iffs;> rpwpa ePh;g;ghrdj; jpl;lq;fs;. Gduikj;jYk; eph;tfpj;jYk; Nghd;w
tplaq;fs; mlq;Fk;.

2MtJ epuy; (kj;jpa muRf;Fhpa mjpfhuq;fs;

 ,e;epuypd; fPo; kj;jpa muR> khfhzrig njhlh;ghf Nkw;nfhs;sj; jf;f 17
mjpfhuq;fs; cs;slf;fg;gl;Ls;sd. Njrpa hPjpapYk; Kf;fpaj;Jtk; ngWk;
tplaq;fs; ,jpy; cs;slq;fp cs;sd.
,jw;fhd rl;lk; ,aw;Wk; jdp mjpfhuk; ,yq;ifg; ghuhSkd;wj;Jf;FhpajhFk;.
,e;epuypy; mlq;fpAs;s mjpfhuq;fs;

 Njrpa nfhs;if cUthf;fk; ( vy;yh tplaq;fSk; nraw;ghLfSk;

njhlh;ghdit) mur ghJfhg;G > Njrpa xw;Wik> cs;ehl;Lg; ghJfhg;G >Njrpa
rl;lKk; xOq;Fk;> Mfpa tplaq;fs; njhlh;ghd nfhs;if cUthf;fj;jpw;fhd
mjpfhuq;fisf; nfhz;Ls;sJ.
 ntsptptfhu eltbf;iffs;
 ,yq;if ntspehLfSld; njhlh;G nfhs;Sk; vy;yh tplaq;fSk; > ,uh[je;jpu
eltbf;iffs; > If;fpaehLfs; rig > ntspehl;L xg;ge;jq;fs;> rh;tNjr
khehLfspy; gq;Fgw;Wjy;. mjd; jPh;khdq;fis epiwNtw;wy;> NghUk; rkhjhdKk;>
ntspehl;L ePjpkd;w mjpfhuq;fs; vd;gd ,jpy; mlq;Fk;.

 ePjpkd;wj;Jf;Fk; >ePjpkd;wj;njhFjpf;Fk; fPo;g;gl;l tifapy; ePjpia mDgtpj;jy;

 Njrpa tUkhdj;jpw;Fk;> epjpf;nfhs;iff;Fk; > kw;Wk; ntspehl;L tsq;fSf;Fkhd

epjpeltbf;iffs;.

 FbtuT> Fbafy;T kw;Wk; FbAhpik >rdj;njhif > kw;Wk; Gs;sptpguq;fs; .

3MtJ epuy; ( ,ize;J epiwNtw;Wk; gzpfs;;)

 ,e;epuypy; 36 mjpfhuq;fs; Fwpg;gplg;gl;Ls;sd. kj;jpa muRk;> khfhzrigfSk;
,ize;J mDgtpf;Fk; mjpfhuq;fs; ,e;epuypy; mlq;Fk; mjpfhuq;fs; gpd;tUkhW

12
DENP/2020/Gr.10/civic/2ndT/Ra fw;wy; ifNaL-1> nrayl;il-1
 jpl;lkply;> Njrpa tPlikg;Gk; eph;khzKk;> r%fNritfSk; Gdh;tho;Tk;>
tptrhaKk; fkeyNritAk;> Nghd;wd mlq;Fk;.

njhpT nra;ag;gl;l ehLfspd; fl;likg;GhPjpahd khw;wk;.

 If;fpa mnkhpf;fh rk~;b murhf cUntLj;jikf;fhd fhuzq;fs;

 Muk;gf; FbNaw;wq;fs; ehl;bd; fpof;Ff; fiuNahukhf mike;jpUe;jik > 13
FbNaw;wq;fSld; vOr;rpaile;j mnkhpf;f ,d;W 50 khepyq;fisf; nfhz;ljhf
tpsq;Ffpd;wJ.

 13 FbNaw;wq;fSk; rkஷ்;bahf cUthf Kd;dh; Rahjpdkhd muRfshf

tpsq;fpd. gpw;fhyj;jpy; nghUshjhu mgptpUj;jp> kw;Wk; Njrpa ghJfhg;G>
vd;gtw;iw Nehf;fhff; nfhz;L If;fpa mnkhpf;ff; FbauRfshf xd;wpize;jd.

 If;fpa mnkhpf;ff; FbauRfs; fp.gp.1787 ,y; murpay; ahg;ig cUthf;Fk; NghJ

mjpfhuj;ijg; gq;fPL nra;tjw;fhd rl;lj;ij ahg;gpy; cs;slf;fp ,Ue;jd.

mjd; gb kj;jpa murpd; mjpfhuq;fis ahg;gpy; Fwpg;gpl;L Vida midj;J

mjpfhuq;fisAk; khepy muRfSf;F toq;fpaJ. ,jd; Nehf;fk; khepy
muRfisg; gyg;gLj;JtjhFk; .
 If;fpa mnkhpf;fhtpd; murpay; mikg;gpd; fl;likg;G
 epiwNtw;W mjpfhuk; nfhz;l rdhjpgjpahy; mjpfhuk; nraw;gLj;jg;gly;.
 rl;lj;Jiwahd fhq;fpu]; gpujpepjpfs;rig> nrdl;rig vd;Dk; ,ul;il kd;wkhf
nraw;gLjy;.

 rdjpgjpahy; rpy mjpfhuq;fs; eilKiwg;gLj;Jk; NghJ nrdl;rigapd;

mDkjpia ngWjy; Ntz;Lk; .
c-k; Nghh;g; gpufldk;> cah; mjpfhhpfspd; epakdk;> ( ntspehl;L J}Jth;> cah;
ePjpkd;w ePjpgjpfs;)
 xt;nthU khepyj;jpypUe;Jk; nrdl;rigf;F ,uz;L gpujpepjpfs; tPjk;> epakdk;
nra;jy;.
 rkஷ்;b ePjpkd;wj; njhFjp xd;W nraw;gLjy;
 rl;lj;Jiwahd fhq;fpu]; cUthf;Fk; rl;lk; xd;W murpay; ahg;Gld;
Kuz;gLkhapd; mjid ,uj;Jr; nra;Ak; mjpfhuk; cah;ePjpkd;wj;jplk;
xg;gilf;fg;gl;Ls;sJ.
 murpay; ahg;ig khw;wk; nra;tjw;F kj;jpa murpd; 2/3 ngUk;ghd;ikAk; khepy
muRfspd; ¾ ngUk;ghd;ikAk; Njitg;gLjy;.

13
DENP/2020/Gr.10/civic/2ndT/Ra fw;wy; ifNaL-1> nrayl;il-1
 kj;jpa muRf;Fk;> khepy muRf;Fk; ,ilapy; mjpfhuq;fisr; nraw;gLj;JtJ
njhlh;gpy; gpur;rpidfs; Vw;gbd; mjidj; jPh;g;gjw;fhd mjpfhuk; cah;
ePjpkd;wj;jplk; xg;gilf;fg;gl;Ls;sJ.

 If;fpamnkhpf;fhtpy; kj;jpa khepy muRfSf;Fhpa mjpfhuq;fs; rpy

gpd;tUkhW.

kj;jpa muRf;Fhpa mjpfhuq;fs; khepy muRf;Fhpa mjpfhuq;fs;

thpmstplYk;>mwtplYk; fy;tp
epjpeltbf;if Rfhjhuk;
NjrpaghJfhg;igj;jpl;lkply; tPlikg;G
ntspehl;Lth;j;jfKk;-ntspehl;LtptfhuKk; cs;@uhl;rp
Njrpa nghUshjhu mgptpUj;jp ngUe;njUf;fs;

 epfo;fhyj;jpy; If;fpamnkhpf;fhtpy; khepy muRfis tpl> kj;jpa murhq;fk;

gyk; ngw;W jpfo;fpd;w Nghf;Nf fhzg;gLfpd;wJ. ,jw;Fhpa fhuzk;
 epjp njhlh;ghf kj;jpa muR gyk; ngw;W ,Uj;jy;.
 r%f> murpay;> nghUshjhug; gpur;rpidfspy; rpf;fy; tha;e;jjd;ik.
 ,uz;lhk; cyf kfhAj;jj;jpd; gpd;dh; rh;tNjr hPjpahf Vw;gl;l murpay; epyik.

Rtpl;rh;yhe;J rkஷ்;b murhf vOr;rpailjy;.

 rkஷ்;b murhf cUthtjw;fhd fhuzq;fs;
 Njrpa ghJfhg;igf; fUj;jpy; nfhz;lik mjhtJ gpuhd;];> N[h;kd;> M];j;jphpah>
,j;jhyp> Mfpa ehLfSf;F kj;jpapy; mike;jpUe;jik fhuzkhFk;.
 ,d> kj> nkhop NtWghLfSf;F jPh;T fhzg;gl Ntz;ba epyik.
 mjpfsT jiuj;Njhw;w NtWghL fhuzkhf nghUshjhu mgptpUj;jp miltJ
fbdkhf ,Ue;jik. Rtpl;rh;yhe;J rkஷ்;b murhf cUthf Kd;dh>; gy;NtW
rpwpa muRfshff; fhzg;gl;lJ. 19Mk; E}w;whz;by; kj;jpa fj;Njhypf;f
Gul;l];jhe;J rkaq;fspilNa Njhd;wpa rptpy; Aj;jj;jpid rkஷ்;l;b Ml;rpKiw
cUthtjd; %yNk jPh;f;fg;gl;lJ.
 Rtpl;rh;yhe;J 41300 rJufpNyhkPw;wh; gug;gsitf; nfhz;lJ. mq;F N[h;kd;>
gpuhd;];> ,j;jhyp> cNuhkhdpa nkhopapidg; NgRk; kf;ffs; tho;fpd;wdh;. ,k;
nkhopfs; midj;Jk; murfUk nkhopfshFk;.

14
DENP/2020/Gr.10/civic/2ndT/Ra fw;wy; ifNaL-1> nrayl;il-1
Rkhh; 150 tUlq;fSf;F Kd;dh; Rtpl;rh;yhe;jpy; murpay; ahg;G cUthf;fg;gl;lJ.
,Wjpahf 1999Mk; Mz;L murpay; ahg;G rPh;jpUj;jk; nra;ag;gl;lJ. ,jd;gb
„nfd;ud;‟ vdg;gLk; 26 khepy muRfs; mq;F epyTfpd;wd.

Rtpl;rh;yhe;jpd; rkஷ்;b Kiwapd; murpay; fl;likg;G

 Rkஷ்;b Nguit vd;Dk; rl;lj;Jiw> ,ul;il kd;wkhf nraw;gLjy; mit
Njrpa rig> murrig > vd;gitahFk;.

 epiwNtw;Wj; JiwahdJ 7 Ngiuf; nfhz;l xU FOthf nraw;gLfpd;wJ. mf;

FOtpd; mq;fj;jth;fis rkஷ்;b Nguit epakdk; nra;Ak;.

 epiwNtw;Wf; FOtpdh; rkஷ்;b rig vd;W miof;fg; gl;lJld; mr; rigapy;

xUth; jiytuhfr; nraw;gLth; MapDk; mj; jiyth; Vida FO
mq;fj;jth;fspilNa Nkd;ikahdtuhff; fUjg;gl khl;lhh;.

Rtpl;rh;yhe;J rkஷ்;b Kiwap;d; rpwg;gpay;Gfs;

 kj;jpa muRf;Fk; > „nfd;ud;‟ muRf;Fkhd mjpfhuq;fs; ahg;gpy; $wg;gl;Ls;sJld;
Vida mjpfhuq;fs; ahTk; kj;jpa muRf;Fhpad.
 „nfd;ud;‟ muRfs; jPh;khdk; Nkw;nfhs;Sk; NghJ kf;fs; fUj;Jf;fisf;
NfhUtjw;F Neub rdehaf Kiwfis gpuNahfpf;f KbAk;.
 „nfd;ud;‟fSf;F jkJ mjpfhuj;ij nraw;gLj;Jtjpy; Rahjpdkhf nraw;gl
KbahJ.
 mjpfhuq;fis nraw;gLj;Jk; NghJ gpur;rpid xd;W cUthFkhdhy; mjidj;
jPh;f;Fk; mjpfhuk; rkஷ்;b Nguitf;FhpaJ
kj;jpa muRf;Fhpa mjpfhuq;fs;
 ntsptptfhuk;> Nghh; >rkhjhdk; vd;gtw;iw gpufldg;gLj;jy;> ntspehLfSld;
xg;ge;jk; nra;jy;> ghJfhg;G kw;Wk; ,uhZt eltbf;if> jfty; ghpkhw;wk;> jghy;
je;jpr;Nrit>
„nfd;ud;‟fSf;Fhpa mjpfhuq;fs;
 fy;tpAk; cah; fy;tpAk;> nra;jpg; gj;jphpiff; fl;Lg;ghL> ngUe;njUf;fs; >
ifj;njhopy;> rkaq;fs;> njhw;W Neha;fisj; jLj;jy;> tq;fp eltbf;iffs;.
Nghd;wdthFk;.

15
DENP/2020/Gr.10/civic/2ndT/Ra fw;wy; ifNaL-1> nrayl;il-1

khfhzf; fy;tpj; jpizf;fsk; - tlf;Fkhfhzk;

,uz;lhk; jtiz– 2020
juk; - 10 Fbapaw;fy;tp nrayl;il-1;
myF:-2 fw;wy; fhyk;:- 5ghlNtis

mjpfhuj;ijg; gd;Kfg;gLj;jYk;> gfpu;e;jspj;jYk;

gFjp I
1. murpd; Ml;rp eltbf;iffis Nkw;nfhs;tjw;fhf muRf;Fs;s Mw;wy; vt;thW
miof;fg;gLk;.
...........................................................................................................................................................................
2. kj;jpa murplKs;s eph;thf mjpfhuq;fSs; rpytw;iw gpuhe;jpa eph;thf
myFfsplk; ifaspj;jy; vt;thW miof;fg;gLk;.
...........................................................................................................................................................................
3. mjpfhuj;jpd; ,Wjp chpik kf;fspilNa cs;sJ . kf;fsplk; fhzg;gLk;
mjpfhuk; vt;thW miof;fg;gLk;.
...........................................................................................................................................................................
4. „vy;yh tifapYk; murpay; mjpfhuk; xU kj;jpa epWtdj;jpDs; Ftpe;J
,Ug;gpd; mJ xw;iw Ml;rp KiwahFk;‟ . ,f; fUj;jpidf; $wpa mwpQh; ahh;?
...........................................................................................................................................................................
5. ,yq;ifapd; Njrpakl;l eph;thf nraw;ghLfspd; cah;epiy mjpfhhp ahh;?
...........................................................................................................................................................................
6. nghUshjhu Kiw xd;wpy; mjpfhuk; ngw;w FOtpduhy; VidNahiu
topelj;Jtjw;F Nkw;nfhs;sg;gLk; Kaw;rp ve;j mjpfhukhFk;?
...........................................................................................................................................................................
7. „xU kj;jpa mjpfhugPlk; khj;jpuk; rl;lk; ,aw;Wk; cah; mjpfhuj;ij
nfhz;bUg;gJ xw;iwahl;rpapd; mbg;gilg; gz;ghFk;. ‟ ,f; fUj;jpidf; $wpa
murpay; mwpQh; ahh;?
...........................................................................................................................................................................
8. „kj;jpa murpd; Nkd;ik epiyAk; > Nkyjpf ,iwikAKs;s epWtdq;fs;
murpay; ahg;gpy; ,y;yhJ ,Ug;gJk; xw;iwahl;rpapy; fhzg;gLk; gpujhd
gz;ghFk;‟ , ,f; fUj;jpidf; $wpa murpay; mwpQh; ahh;?
...........................................................................................................................................................................

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DENP/2020/Gr.10/civic/2ndT/Ra fw;wy; ifNaL-1> nrayl;il-1
9. kj;jpa murpd; rl;lj;Jiw> epiwNtw;Wj;Jiw> ePjpj;Jiw mjpfhuq;fs; murpay;
ahg;gpd; %yk; gpuhe;jpa Ml;rp myFfsplk; xg;gilj;jy; vt;thW miof;fg;gLk;?
...........................................................................................................................................................................
10. ,e;jpahtpy; rkஷ்;bKiwapy; mike;j gpuNjr myF vt;thW miof;fg;gLfpd;wJ.?
...........................................................................................................................................................................
11. Rtpl;rh;yhe;jpd; gpuNjr myF vt;thW miof;fg;gLfpd;wJ?
...........................................................................................................................................................................
12. rkஷ்;b muR xd;wpy; fhzg;gLk; murpay; Kiw rkஷ்;b muR my;yJ NtW
vt;thW miof;fg;gLk;?
...........................................................................................................................................................................
13. „Ntw;Wikapy; xw;Wikfhz;gjw;F toptFf;Fk; Ml;rp KiwahFk;‟ ,f; fUj;ijf;
$wpa murpay; mwpQh; ahh;?
...........................................................................................................................................................................
14. „jj;jkJ mjpfhu vy;iyf;Fs; Rahjpdkhfr; nraw;gl Kbe;j NghjpYk;
rpytplaq;fs; njhlh;ghf xw;WikAld; <LgLtjw;F toptFf;Fk; epiyikahFk; ‟
,f;nfUj;ijf; $wpath; ahh;?
...........................................................................................................................................................................
15. mEuhjGufhyj;jpy; „fk;ghu‟> „fhkpdp‟ Nghd;w mjpfhhpfis fpuhk eph;thfj;jpw;fhf
epakpj;j kd;dd; ahh;?
...........................................................................................................................................................................
16. ,yq;ifapy; gphpj;jhdpah; Ml;rpf;fhyj;jpy; mjpfhug; gutyhf;fkhf khefurigf;
fl;lisr; rl;lk; epiwNtw;wg; gl;l Mz;L vJ?
...........................................................................................................................................................................
17. ,yq;ifapy; 1987Mk; Mz;bd; 15Mk; ,yf;fr; rl;lj;jpd; %yk; cUthf;fg; gl;l
cs;@uhl;rp kd;wk; vJ?
...........................................................................................................................................................................
18. kiyafg; gFjpf;F rk ஷ்;b Ml;rp Kiwapd; Njit gw;wp 1926Mk; Mz;by;
fUj;jpid ntspapl;l murpay; jiyth; ahh;?
.........................................................................................................................................................................
19. khfhz MSeh; ahuhy; epakpf;fg;gLfpd;whh;?
.........................................................................................................................................................................
20. khfhzrig MSeh; xUthpd; gjtpf;fhyk; ahJ?
.........................................................................................................................................................................
21. xU khfhzrigapy; Kjyikr;rUld; vj;jid mikr;rh;fs; flikahw;wNtz;Lk;?
.........................................................................................................................................................................

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22. khfhzrig xd;wpd; mjpfhuq;fSk; >njhopw;ghLfSk; tFf;fg;gl;l epuypy; Kjy;
epuypy; fhzg;gLk; khfhzrigf;Fhpa mjpfhuq;fspd; vz;zpf;if ahJ?
.........................................................................................................................................................................
23. ,uz;lhk; epuypy; fhzg;gLk; mjpfhuq;fspd; vz;zpf;if ahJ?
.........................................................................................................................................................................
24. %d;whk; epuypy; fhzg;gLk; mjpfhuq;fspd; vz;zpf;if ahJ?
.........................................................................................................................................................................
25. If;fpa mnkhpf;fhtpy; jw;NghJ fhzg;gLk; khepyq;fspd; vz;zpf;if ahJ?
.........................................................................................................................................................................
26. Rtpl;rh;yhe;J ehl;bd; gug;gsT ahJ?
.........................................................................................................................................................................
27. Rtpl;rh;yhe;jpy; nraw;gLk; nfd;ud;fspd; vz;zpf;if ahJ?
.........................................................................................................................................................................
28. ,Wjpahf Rtpl;rh;yhe;jpd; murpay; ahg;G rPh;jpUj;jk; nra;ag;gl;l Mz;L vJ?
.........................................................................................................................................................................
29. Rtpl;rh;yhe;jpy; epiwNtw;Wf; FOtpdh; vt;thW miof;fg; gLfpd;wdh;?
.........................................................................................................................................................................
30. Rtpl;rh;yhe;jpd; epiwNtw;Wj; Jiwapd; mq;fj;jth;fis epakdk; nra;Ak;
mjpfhuk; nfhz;l mikg;G vJ?
.........................................................................................................................................................................
gFjp II
1. Xw;iw Ml;rpapd; nghJthd gz;Gfs; ,uz;L vOJf?
...................................................................... .......................................................................................
2. Xw;iw Ml;rp Kiwapd; ed;ikfs; ,uz;L Fwpg;gpLf?
...................................................................... .......................................................................................
3. rkஷ்b Ml;rp Kiwapy; nraw;gLk; ,uz;L mjpfhu ikaq;fisf; ngahpLf?
...................................................................... .......................................................................................
4. rkஷ்b muR ntw;wp ngWtjw;fhd ,ay;Gfs; ,uz;L vOJf?
...................................................................... .......................................................................................
5. Rje;jpuj;jpd; gpd;dh; 1957 > 1965 Mfpa Mz;Lfspy; Nkw; nfhs;sg;gl;l ,uz;L
NtW Ntwhd xg;ge;jq;fis vOJf?
...................................................................... .......................................................................................
6. khfhzrig xd;wpd; gpujpepjpfspd; njhifiaj; jPh;khdpf;Fk; ,uz;L tplaq;fis
vOJf?
...................................................................... .......................................................................................
7. khfhzrig xd;wpd; Kjyhk; epuYf;Fhpa mjpfhuq;fs; ,uz;bid vOJf?

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...................................................................... .......................................................................................
8. khfhzrig xd;wpd; %d;whk; epuYf;Fhpa mjpfhuq;fs; ,uz;bid vOJf?
...................................................................... .......................................................................................
9. If;fpa mnkhpf;fhtpd; rl;lkd;wj;jpd; ,U mitfSk; ahit?
...................................................................... .......................................................................................
10. Rtpl;rh;yhe;jpd; rkஷ்b muR cUthFtjw;fhd fhuzq;fs; ,uz;bid vOJf?
...................................................................... .......................................................................................
11. Rtpl;rh;yhe;jpd; rkஷ்b Kiwapd; rpwg;gpay;Gfs; ,uz;L vOJf?
...................................................................... .......................................................................................
12. If;fpa mnkhpf;fhtpy; khepy muRfis tpl kj;jpa muR gyk; ngw;Wj;
jpfo;fpd;w Nghf;Nf fhzg;gLfpd;wJ . ,jw;fhd fhuzq;fs; ,uz;bid vOJf?
...................................................................... .......................................................................................
13. khfhzrig xd;wpd; Kjyikr;rhpd; mjpfhuq;fs; kw;Wk; gzpfs; ,uz;L vOJf?
...................................................................... .......................................................................................
14. etPd muRfs; mjpfhug; gq;fPL nra;tjw;fhd fhuzq;fs; ,uz;bid vOJf?
...................................................................... .......................................................................................
15. Rtpl;rh;yhe;jpd; rkஷ்bg; Nguitapd; ,ul;il kd;wkhfr; nraw;gLk; ,uz;L
rigfisAk; jUf?
...................................................................... .......................................................................................
gFjp III
1) ,iwikf;Fs; mlq;Fk; %d;W tplaq;fis vOJf?
...........................................................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................................................
..........................................................................................................................................................................
2) mjpfhuj;jpd; %d;W tiffisf; Fwpg;gpLf?
...........................................................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................................................
..........................................................................................................................................................................

3) Xw;iw Ml;rp epyTk; %d;W ehLfisf; Fwpg;gpLf.

...........................................................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................................................
..........................................................................................................................................................................
4) Rkஷ்;b muR xd;wpd; gz;Gfs; %d;W
jUf?................................................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................................................

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...........................................................................................................................................................................
..........
5) rkஷ்;b murpd; Gjpa Nghf;Ffs; %d;W jUf?
...........................................................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................................................
..........................................................................................................................................................................
6) rkஷ்;b Kiwapd; mD$yq;fs; %d;W jUf?
...........................................................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................................................
..........................................................................................................................................................................
7) rkஷ்;b Kiwapd; gpujp$yq;fs;; %d;W jUf?
...........................................................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................................................
..........................................................................................................................................................................
8) khfhzrig xd;wpd; MSehpd; mjpfhuq;fs; > gzpfs; %d;W vOJf?
...........................................................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................................................
..........................................................................................................................................................................
9) khfhzrig xd;wpd; ,uz;lhk; epuypy; kj;jpa muRf;Fhpa mjpfhuq;fs; %d;W
vOJf?
...........................................................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................................................
..........................................................................................................................................................................
10) If;fpamnkhpf;fhtpd; murpay; fl;likg;gpd; rpwg;gpay;Gfs; %d;W jUf?
...........................................................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................................................
..........................................................................................................................................................................
11) If;fpa mnkhpf;fhtpd; kj;jpa muRf;Fhpa mjpfhuq;fs; %d;W vOJf?
...............................................................................................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................................................................................
..............................................................................................................................................................................
12) If;fpa mnkhpf;fhtpd; khepy muRf;Fhpa mjpfhuq;fs; %d;W vOJf?
................................................................................................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................................................................................
13) Rtpl;rh;yhe;jpd;; kj;jpa muRf;Fhpa mjpfhuq;fs; %d;W vOJf?

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DENP/2020/Gr.10/civic/2ndT/Ra fw;wy; ifNaL-1> nrayl;il-1
...............................................................................................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................................................................................
..............................................................................................................................................................................
14) Rtpl;rh;yhe;jpd;; nfd;ud;fSf;;Fhpa mjpfhuq;fs; %d;W vOJf?
...............................................................................................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................................................................................
..............................................................................................................................................................................
15) Rtpl;rh;yhe;jpy; Ngrg;gLk; %d;W nkhopfisf; Fwpg;gpLf?
.............................................................................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................................................................
16) Rkஷ்;b Ml;rp Kiw epyTk; %d;W ehLfisg; ngahpLf?
.............................................................................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................................................................
17) ,yq;ifapy; jdpj;jdp %d;W khtl;lq;fis kl;Lk; nfhz;bUf;Fk; %d;W
khfhzq;fisg; ngahpLf?
.............................................................................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................................................................
18) khfhzrig xd;wpd; mjpfhuq;fs; %d;W jUf?
.............................................................................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................................................................
19) (a) ,yq;ifapy; gphpj;jhdpa Ml;rpapd; NghJ nfhOk;G kw;Wk; fz;b khefu
rigfs; cUthf;fg;gl;l Mz;Lfis KiwNa Fwpg;gpLf.
.............................................................................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................................................................
(b) Rje;jpuj;jpd; gpd;dh; mjpfhug; gutyhf;fj;jpd; nghUl;L murpay; mjpfhurig
Kiw cUthf;fg;gl;l Mz;L vJ?
..........................................................................................................................................................................
20) gphpj;jhdpah; Ml;rpapd; mjpfhug; gutyhf;fk; njhlh;ghf gpd;tUk; Mz;Lfspy;
epfo;e;jtw;iw vOJf
(a) 1924.............................................................................................................................................................
(b) 1940.............................................................................................................................................................
(c) 1943.............................................................................................................................................................

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