THE CONCEPTS OF POLITICS AND GOVERNANCE CONFUCIAN POLITICAL THOUGHT

POLITICS - The Junzi possesses the quality of virtue,

- It is an activity pertaining to the government faithfulness, and sincerity, which he shows
- It is a process that determines the distribution in rituals and ceremonies.
of power resources: Why is politics important?

GOVERNANCE - A leader should be a junzi, a “superior man.”

- This is the process of decision-making and the - Less than perfect people can be changed by
process by which decisions are implemented: What is an example of sincere goodness
your idea of good governance?

GOOD GOVERNANCE
- It assures that corruption is minimalized - The Junzi therefore sets a good
- The views of minorities are taken into account example for his people.
- The voices of the most vulnerable in -
society are heard in decision-making
- Also responsive to the present and future - If a leader’s desire is for good, the people
needs of society will be good.

CHARACTERISTICS OF GOOD GOVERNANCE “When the government employee is poor, and he

1. Participation works in a corrupt agency, he can resist everything
2. Consensus-oriented EXCEPT TEMPTATION.”
3. Accountability - Late Senator Miriam Defensor Santiago
4. Rule of Law -
5. Responsiveness “Exaltation of the virtuous is the root of government.”
- Mozi
6. Equity and Inclusiveness
7. Effectivity and Efficiency
POWER IN POLITICS
NATURE OF PHILIPPINE POLITICS
- Nepotism POWER
- Palakasan System - It is the ability to exercise control or impose
- Pakitang Tao restrictions over individuals, as well as compel
- Political Grandstanding other people to do certain tasks (Joven, 2017)
- Lagay/Bribery
FIVE FORMS OF POWER
PHILIPPINE POLITICS ITSELF TENDS TO BE John French and Bertram Raven
IRRESPONSIBLE
- Soon our people will demand an answer to the 1. Coercive Power
puzzle of why a nation with so many - Ability to compel through threats, punishments, and
force
individuals fail as a group
2. Reward Power
- One answer is that Filipino leaders in all social
- Ability to give rewards and benefits
and political strata have not functioned as a
3. Legitimate Power
responsible elite unlike their counterparts
- Power based from a person’s position, role, and
abroad duties in a group
- To a large extend, it is obsessed only with 4. Expert Power
narrow interests of its various sectors and - Power based from skills and knowledge
factions 5. Referent Power
- Power based from personality and ability to attract

INHERENT POWERS OF GOVERNMENT

POLICE POWER
- The authority to use police force to ensure law and
order in society
EMINENT DOMAIN
- Power of the government to acquire private property
for public use
TAXATION
 - The authority to impose and collect taxes from its ANARCHISM
constituents -it advocates the total dismantling and elimination of
the state
Abuse of Power
- Misconduct in office
- Corruption, graft, nepotism, bribery
RIGHT-WING IDEOLOGIES
(Conservative-Fascist)
POLITICAL IDEOLOGIES 1. Emphasis on the welfare of the state or the
common good.
IDEOLOGY 2. Individual interests should give way to national
- Set of beliefs and ideas that define political or state interests.
activities, policies, and events 3. Markets should be free and unregulated.
POLITICAL SPECTRUM
4. Emphasizes the rule of law and the power of
- It is a graphic representation of political the state especially in times of crisis.
ideologies alone a line from left to right
5. Often nationalistic and ethnic-centered.
6. Prefers a strong military and seeks to project a
powerful image in international affairs.
7. Most extreme views demand total control over
all aspects of the lives of citizens.

NEOLIBERALISM
- Based on laissez-fair economics which
upholds free markets and trade liberalization
LEFT- WING IDEOLOGIES
(Liberal-Socialist)
CONSERVATISM
1. Emphasis on personal liberty and human
- This ideology upholds a strong, stable
rights.
government and the firm implementation of
2. Government regulation of market.
laws
3. Government control over essential services
and economic activities. REACTIONISM
4. Envisions an egalitarian society where there is - This ideology advocates a return to the “old
no distinction between people based on ways”
economic status.
5. Seeks a limited role for the government, FASCISM
especially regarding private matters and - It is based on fierce nationalism and
individual decisions. authoritarianism
6. Often advocates political and social change
through revolutionary means.
7. Most extreme views advocate the dismantling HISTORICAL DEVELOPMENT OF
of the government to be replaced by PHILIPPINE DEMOCRATICE
community-based governance.
PHILIPPINES
LIBERALISM
- It seeks to establish a society that provides PRE-COLONIAL PERIOD
opportunities for growth to all individuals - The archipelago that composed the present
Philippines was divided into different
COMMUNISM nationstates called as: Barangay/Balangay,
- It believes that inequality is a result of Banwa, or Sultanato
capitalism and the existence of a class system
Barangay System
SOCIALISM - Was the basic political unit existed throughout
- It envisions the establishment of a state the Philippines Islands in the 1400s ‘Barangay’
characterized by public ownership of from the Malay word ‘Balangay which means
resources and means of production Sailboat
- Leaders: Datu, Raja, Lakan
SOCIAL DEMOCRACY - May compose of 30-100 families
- It seeks to implement socialist reforms in - Each Barangay was an Independent Polity
society within the framework of a democratic (political entity) with political-military alliances
government and capitalist economy between barangays
- Absolute Monarchy

COLONIAL PHILIPPINES (1500s)
- Spain, America, and Japan
The Arrival of the Spaniards
Ferdinand Magellan
- Portuguese explorer landed on Homonhon
Islet (Limasawa Island), near Samar Island in
the present-day Philippines, at dawn on March
16, 1521
- He claimed the islands for Spain, named them
the Islas del Poniente (Western Islands) and
held the Philippines first Catholic mass on April
14, 1521 on Cebu
- Magellan spent about a month in the
Philippines
- He was welcomed to the islands of Samar,
Leyte, and Limasawa
- Fought with Lapu Lapu
Miguel Lopez de Legazpi (1565-1571)
- The first Spanish-governor-general (President)
- His expedition: the country of the Philippines
was completely conquered
The Political Structure
- Spain established a centralized colonial
government in the Philippines that was
composed of a national government and the
local governments that administered
provinces, cities, towns, and municipalities
- Provinces: Alkalde Mayor
- Cities: Gobernadorsilyo
- Barangay: Cabeza de Barangay (Datu)
Propaganda Movement
- Pakikipaglaban ng mga Pilipino para sa
pagbabago
- Ilustrados: mga Pilipino na nanggaling sa mga
mayayaman na pamilya na nakapag-aral sa
Europa (Jose Rizal, Marcelo H. Del Pilar,
Antonio Luna, Mariano Ponce, Graciano
Lopez-Jaena)
- Layunin ay Reporma: pagbabago sa
pamamalakad ng pamahalaan
Specific objectives:
1. Magkaroon ng pantay na karapatan ang mga
Pilipino at mga Espanyol
2. Maging ganap na probinsya ng Espanya
3. Magkaroon ng representasyon ang mga
Pilipino sa Spanish Cortes (legislative body of
Spain)
Pangunahing pamamaraan ng mga Ilustrados:
1. Pagsulat- mga nobela, artikulo sa dyaryo (La
Solidaridad)
- Pamulat sa mga pang-aabuso, pang-aapi, at
pang-gigipit ng mga Espanyol sa Pilipinas
- E.g., Jose Rizal- El Filibusterismo at Noli Me
Tangere
- HINDI NAGTAGUMPAY
Katipunan o KKK (Kataastaasan,
Kagalanggalangang Katipunan ng mga Anak ng
Bayan)
- Pinamunuan ni Andres Bonifacio
- Aims to achieve total independence from
Spain through Revolution - HINDI RIN
NAGTAGUMPAY
2 factions:
1. Magdiwang (Bonifacio)
2. Magdalo (Aguinaldo)
The First Philippine Republic
- Led by Emilio Aguinaldo
- Made an agreement with the Americans
Spanish-American War (1898)
- The defeat of Spain gave Aguinaldo the
chance to create the First Philippine Republic
June 12, 1898
- Philippine Independence Day
- The establishment of the first Philippine
Republic showed that the Philippines and the
Filipinos are more than capable of ruling
among themselves and deserved freedom
from being colonized for more than 300 years
by the Spaniard
- The First Philippine Republic was the first to
be established among all of Asia
AMERICAN AND COMMONWEALTH PERIOD
Treaty of Paris
- The Philippines was sold for 20M USD
- There were no Filipino representatives
Philippine-American War (1898-1901)
- The Philippines acquisition of new governance
was not a pleasant news to the Americans
- The president’s revolutionaries used guerilla
tactics which resulted in the bloodiest war in
American history
- After 3 years of war in between Filipinos and
Americans, it came to an end after American
general Frederick Funston captured Aguinaldo
who then took an oath swearing the allegiance
to the United States
- This is what brought the First Philippine
Republic to an end
The Concept of Manifest Destiny and Benevolent
Assimilation
- Gawin sibilisado ang mga lipunan na kanilang
sinasakop (kolonya)
Philippinization
- Magbibigay ng pagkakataon sa mga Pilipino
na pamahalaan ang kanilang mga sarili
 - Knowledge and skills to govern
Jones Law (1916)
- William Atkinson
- Pagbabago sa istruktura ng pamahalaan
- Filipinos were given the chance to have a
position in the government (House of
Representatives and Senate)
Manuel Quezon and Sergio Osmeńa Sr.
- Dominated in the Philippine Politics
- The Americans relied on them for advice on
various political matters (Joven, 2017)
TYDING-MCDUFFIE LAW
PHILIPPINE INDEPENDENCE ACT (1934)
- An act to provide for the complete
independence of the Philippine Islands
- To provide for the adoption of a constitution
and a form of government for the Philippine
Islands, and for other purposes
PHILIPPINE COMMONWEALTH (1935-1945)
- 10-year transitional period before the
Americans grant us freedom
- Led by Manuel Quezon and Sergio Osmeńa
Sr.
- Filipino was established as the national
language of the Philippines
- Women were given the chance to vote
THE JAPANESE OCCUPATION
- Pearl Harbor, Hawaii (December 8, 1941)
- Manila (January 2, 1942)
- Bataan (April 19, 1942)
Why was Philippines attacked and occupied by the
Japanese forces?
- During the WW2, Japan initially had a goal: to
gain power over their neighbors and also to
oust American and European influences from
the region
- It was also during this time that the Philippines
was currently occupied by the U.S. (it has
been occupied since 1898)
THE SECOND PHILIPPINE REPUBLIC
- Jose P. Laurel
- Puppet Republic
THE END OF JAPANESE OCCUPATION AND
RETURN OF COMMONWEALTH (1944)
- HukBaLaHap: Hukbong Bayan Laban sa
Hapon
- Central Luzon
- Guerilla Tactics
- McArthur and Osmeña
- Ended in 1945
POST-COLONIAL PHILIPPINES
- July 4, 1946: the Philippine flag was raised
- Third Republic of the Philippines
- Manuel Roxas: Military Bases Agreement (99
years), Bell Trade Act
- Elpidio Quirino: Golden Arinola scandal
- Ramon Magsaysay: Champion of the Masses
- Carlos P. Garcia: Filipino First Policy
- Diosdado Macapagal: Philippine
Independence from July 4 to June 12
- Ferdinand Marcos: elected twice
1970: Start of the 2nd term of the Marcoses
- Economic troubles
- Crime and violence
- Oppositions
- Communist Insurgency
- First quarter storm
- Martial Law: September 21, 1972
- Dictatorship
- Human rights violation: 3,247 killed, 35,000
tortured, 70,000 arrested, 1,838
desaparasidos
- Dark age
- 1973 Philippine Constitution: parliamentary
government
- 1983: Aquino returned to the Philippines
- August 21: Benigno Aquino Jr. was shot and
killed
EDSA Revolution
- 1986: Snap Election (Marcos against Cory
Aquino)
- 1987 Philippine Constitution
PRESIDENTIAL BANNERS:
President Corazon Aquino: first female president
President Fidel Ramos: industriyalisado ang Pilipinas
President Joseph Estrada: EDSA II President
Gloria Macapal Arroyo: banner of strong republic
President Noynoy Aquino: Daang-matuwid
President Rodrigo Duterte: Peace and Order platform
President Bongbong Marcos: build unity