BIOCHEMISTRY
CARBOHYDRATES (CH2O) carbon,hydrogen,oxygen
 called saccharides
 Building blocks and primary source of energy
 Hydrated carbon
 Most widespread organic subtances
 Chemically carbohydrates are
polyhydroxy aldehydes or ketones, their simple
derivatives or their polymers.
 which produce units of such type on hydrolysis
Hydrolysis- water is mostly used to break down the
chemical bonds that exists between a particular
substance.
 “sugar” is the sucrose disaccharide
CLASSIFICATIONS
SIMPLE CARBOHYDRATE - basic type of carbs.
Monosaccharides- one sugar unit
- the smallest of the carbohydrates.
- Digestion and metabolism
 Glucose – simple sugar
 Fructose – fruit sugar
 Galactose – brain sugar
Diasaccharides- two sugar unit
- two monosaccharides (simple sugars) are
joined by glycosidic linkage.
- Energy source
 Maltose (plants) glucose + glucose
 lactose(milk) glucose + galactose
 sucrose(sugar cane) glucose + fructose
glycosidic linkage- chemical bond in the form of a
covalent connection that connects a carbohydrate
(sugar) molecule to another group.
GLYCONE- sugar group
AGLYCONE- non- sugar group
COMPLEX CARBOHYDRATES - often single units
(monosaccharides), which are bound together.
 Oligosaccharides- contain two to ten simple
units of sugar.
 Polysaccharides- contain hundreds and
thousands of monosaccharides which are
related.
- joined by glycosidic linkage.
- Starch (plants)
- Glycogen (animals)
- Fiber(soluble and insoluble)
FUNCTIONS
- Energy source
- Macronutrient
- Nutrient provider
- Dietary fiber
- Heart health
- Weight management
- Diabetes management
Diabetes Insipidus- blood sugar is normal yet can’t
properly urinate
- Makes you feel thirsty because many fluis
are leaving the body.
Diabetes Mellitus- blood sugar is too high and can
urinate.
- Feeling thirst because of too much glucose
in blood.
Gestational diabetes- is a type of diabetes that can
develop during pregnancy in women who don't already
have diabetes.
Type 1 Diabetes- juvenile diabetes or insulin-dependent
diabetes, pancreas produces little or no insulin by
itself.
Type 2 Diabetes- most common type, when body is
resistant to insulin or doesn’tmake enough insulin.
Type 3 Diabetes- describe the theory that insulin
resistance and insulin-like growth factor dysfunction in
the brain may cause Alzheimer's disease.
Anaerobic- without oxygen.
Adenosine Triphosphate ATP- "energy currency" of the
cell, as it provides readily releasable energy in the bond
between the second and third phosphate groups.
REACTIONS
GLYCOLYSIS- glucose to pyruvate
GLUCONEOGENESIS- glucose from non-curb
GLYCONEOGENESIS-glycogen from glucose (formation)
GLYCOGENOLYSIS-glycogen from glucose (breakdown)
CELLUALR RESPIRATION-oxidation of glucose
PHOTOSYNTHESIS-carbon dioxide and water into
glucose
FERMENTATION-breakdown of glucose
DEHYDRATION SYSTHESIS-glycosidic bond of mono and
poly
Anabolism- is the building of complex molecules from
numerous simple ones.
Catabolism- is the breakdown of complex molecules
into numerous simple ones.
redox reactions- are reactions that involve the transfer
of electrons from one species to another.
 BIOCHEMISTRY

Chemical
Other mososaccharides- they occur in the form of 1. Reducing power-they reduce alkaline metals
complex carbohydrates like pentosans, gums, xylans, and are themselves transformed into organic
and arabans, which on hydrolysis yield pentoses. acids.
2. Osazone formation-this property is attributed
 Desoxy sugars- are true carbohydrates but the to the presence of aldehyde or ketone group in
hydrogen and oxygen in their molecules are not their molecules.
in such proportion as that found in a molecule 3. Action of alkalies-this is due to the liberation of
of water. aldehyde which subsequently polymerizes to for
 Monosaccharides esters-monosaccharides form resinous substance, caramel.
esters with phosphoric acid which appears to be 4. Actions of acids- in the presence of an acid,
a prerequisite to many physiological reactions. dissacharides.
 Trisaccharides-it is also called milose or  Molisch test: a violet ring is formed at
melitriose, and is found in cotton seed the junction of the two liquids.
 Anthrone test-a keto form of 9-
hydroxyathracene.
GENERAL PROPERTIES OF CARBOHYDRATES
 Seliwannoff’s test-this involves the
physical and chemical properties
action of resorcinol and HCI on sugar.
5. Fermentation-this is the decomposition of
Physical
carbohydrates brought about by the action of
1. The mono and disachharides are white
microorganism such as yeast, mold, bacteria,
crystalline substances.
etc.
 Starches are amorphous powder.
6. Reduction- all sugars except sucrose undergo
 Fibrous the most complex cellulose.
reduction with the absorption of energy and the
2. The solubility to ordinary solvents is inversely
formation of products convertible into fats.
proportional to the complexity of their
7. Electrification-this is subsequently transformed
structures.
into lactic acid with the simultaneous liberation
 Both mono and dissacharides are
of energy.
readily dissolved in water.
 Higher carbohydrates like starch
Inulin-is found in the bulb of onions and garlic.
dissolve only slightly.
Glycogen-it is also called animal starch, found mostly in
 Cellulose is practically insoluble.
the liver as storage material.
3.
Dextrins- are precipitated from their clear, colorless
 Both mono and dissacharides are sweet,
solution of alcohol.
 while starches and celluloses are
cellulose-is the most abundant organic compound,
tasteless.
making up around 50% or more of the carbon
vegetation.
Sugar is a generic name applied to all carbohydrates
hyaluronic acid-is a complex mucopolysaccharide made
possessing sweet taste.
up of d-gluronic acid, d-glucosamine and acetic acid in
equimolecular amounts.
Three variesties of sugars.
 Cane sugar-sugar cane
 Grape sugar-fruits
 Milk sugar-from milk

Fructose is the sweetest of the common sugars.

Lactose is the least sweet.
Sucrose is taken as the standard (100%) of sweetness.