Environment Current Affairs

ENVORONMENT CURRENT AFFAIRS
SOMP
UPSC MAINS
ENVIRONMENT
CURRENT AFFAIRS
NOTES 2023
Contact number – 8837755342 Website: www.somp.in Page 1


CONTENTS
THE WILDLIFE PROTECTION AMENDMENT ACT 2022 ...................................................................... 4
THE FOREST CONSERVATION AMENDMENT BILL 2023 ................................................................... 8
CARBON CREDIT TRADING SCHEME, 2023 .......................................................................................... 13
UN WATER CONFERENCE 2023 ................................................................................................................ 16
EMISSIONS GAP REPORT 2022.................................................................................................................. 20
INDIAN ANTARCTIC BILL 2022 ................................................................................................................ 24
DECARBONISATION OF THE INDIAN ECONOMY .............................................................................. 27
SOVEREIGN GREEN BONDS (SGRBS) ..................................................................................................... 31
50 YEARS OF PROJECT TIGER ................................................................................................................. 34
CHEETAH RELOCATION............................................................................................................................ 38
INTERNATIONAL TREATY ON PLANT GENETIC RESOURCES FOR FOOD AND
AGRICULTURE (ITPGRFA) ........................................................................................................................ 41
DISASTER RESILIENT INFRASTRUCTURE (DRI) ................................................................................ 44
SAMUDRAYAAN MISSION.......................................................................................................................... 48
MIYAWAKI FORESTS .................................................................................................................................. 55
EMERGING HAZARDS OF RADIOACTIVE CONTAMINATION ........................................................ 59
WIND PROJECT ADDITION TO PEAK BY 2024 ..................................................................................... 62
CIRCULAR PLASTIC ECONOMY .............................................................................................................. 66
DISASTERS IN HIMALAYAN REGION .................................................................................................... 69
CLIMATE-SMART AGRICULTURE (CSA) .............................................................................................. 73

THE WILDLIFE PROTECTION AMENDMENT ACT

2022
Introduction:
 The conservation of wildlife and its habitat is a pressing global concern, and India, being a
signatory to the Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species of Wild Fauna and
Flora (CITES), has taken significant steps towards safeguarding its biodiversity. The recent
passage of the Wildlife (Protection) Amendment Act, 2022, in the Rajya Sabha, marks a
significant milestone in reinforcing wildlife protection measures in the country.
Key Highlights and Features:
 Enhanced Punishment for Illegal Wildlife Trade: The Act aims to deter illegal wildlife trade
by imposing stricter penalties on offenders involved in poaching, trafficking, and trade of
endangered species.
 Management of Protected Areas: The Act allows certain permitted activities within
protected areas, such as grazing or movement of livestock and bonafide use of drinking and
household water by local communities, promoting harmonious coexistence between wildlife
and human populations.
 Conservation of Forest Lands: The Act strikes a balance between conservation and human
rights by safeguarding the rights of indigenous communities residing in forest areas.
 Revised Schedules for CITES Species: The amendment introduces a new schedule for
species listed in the Appendices under CITES, ensuring better protection for endangered
fauna and flora.
 Establishment of Standing Committee: A Standing Committee is constituted to exercise
powers and duties delegated by the State Board for Wildlife, ensuring more effective
decision-making and oversight.
 Empowering the Central Government: The Act enables the Central Government to appoint
a Management Authority and a Scientific Authority to provide guidance on conservation
efforts and the impact of wildlife trade.
Challenges in the Implementation of the Wildlife (Protection) Amendment Act,

2022
 Enforcement and Monitoring: One of the primary challenges in the implementation of the
Wildlife (Protection) Amendment Act is ensuring effective enforcement and monitoring of
its provisions. The vast and diverse geographical expanse of India poses logistical challenges
in curbing illegal wildlife trade and poaching activities across remote areas.
 Human-Wildlife Conflict: The Act's provisions must strike a delicate balance between
conservation efforts and addressing human-wildlife conflicts. As human populations expand
into wildlife habitats, conflicts arise due to crop depredation, attacks on humans, and
livestock predation. Finding sustainable solutions to mitigate such conflicts without
endangering wildlife is essential.
 Corruption and Illegal Wildlife Trade: Corruption within enforcement agencies can
undermine efforts to combat illegal wildlife trade. Unscrupulous individuals might exploit
loopholes in the system to engage in illegal activities, making it imperative to strengthen the
legal and judicial mechanisms to deter wildlife crime.
 Wildlife Trafficking Networks: International wildlife trafficking networks are sophisticated
and well-connected, making it challenging to dismantle them. Coordination between
different countries and law enforcement agencies is crucial to disrupt these networks
effectively.
 Deficiencies in Wildlife Forensics: The lack of specialized wildlife forensics facilities can
hamper the investigation and prosecution of wildlife-related crimes. Building expertise and
infrastructure for DNA testing, trace analysis, and evidence handling are necessary to
strengthen wildlife crime investigation.
 Inadequate Community Engagement: Conservation efforts must involve local communities
who share habitats with wildlife. The lack of proper engagement and awareness programs
might lead to resistance against wildlife protection measures and hamper the success of
conservation initiatives.
 Climate Change Impact: Climate change poses a new set of challenges for wildlife
conservation, including altered migration patterns, habitat loss, and disruptions to food
chains. Addressing the impact of climate change on wildlife requires adaptive strategies and
collaboration between environmental agencies.
 Fragmentation of Habitats: Habitat fragmentation due to urbanization and development
isolates wildlife populations, leading to reduced genetic diversity and increased vulnerability
to extinction. Conservation planning must address habitat connectivity and corridors for the
long-term survival of species.
 Insufficient Financial Resources: Allocating adequate financial resources for wildlife
conservation remains a challenge. Limited funding for protected areas, wildlife research,
and community-based conservation projects can hinder effective implementation of the Act.
 Inclusion of Indigenous Knowledge: The Act must consider the valuable traditional
knowledge held by indigenous communities about wildlife and habitats. Inclusion of
indigenous perspectives can enrich conservation strategies and contribute to sustainable
practices.
Aspect Wildlife (Protection) Act, Wildlife (Protection)

1972 Amendment Act, 2022
Objective Protection of wildlife and Strengthening wildlife
habitats, regulation of conservation and fulfilling
trade international obligations
under CITES

Key Highlights - Legal framework for - Enhances punishment for

wildlife protection and illegal wildlife trade. -
management. - Designates Permits certain activities in
protected areas and protected areas by local
wildlife sanctuaries. - Lists communities. - Provides for
schedules for varying a new schedule for CITES
degrees of protection. species. - Establishes
Standing Committee for
better management. -
Empowers the Central
Government to regulate
invasive species. - Increases
penalties for violations.
Conservation Focus Broad-based protection Emphasizes the importance
and management of of international
wildlife. conservation efforts and
enforcement.
Human-Wildlife Conflict General provisions for Specific provisions for
protected areas. addressing conflicts,
allowing certain activities in
protected areas by locals.
Way Forward:
 Strengthen Enforcement and Monitoring: To ensure effective implementation of the

Wildlife (Protection) Amendment Act, 2022, there is a need to strengthen enforcement and
monitoring mechanisms. This includes providing adequate resources and training to wildlife
enforcement agencies, enhancing surveillance and intelligence gathering, and promoting
cooperation between different law enforcement agencies.
 Community Engagement and Awareness: Engaging local communities in wildlife
conservation efforts is crucial for the success of the Act. Awareness programs should be
conducted to educate communities about the importance of wildlife conservation, their role
in protecting biodiversity, and the benefits of coexistence with wildlife. Involving local
communities in decision-making processes will foster a sense of ownership and
responsibility towards wildlife protection.
 Strengthen Wildlife Forensics: Developing specialized wildlife forensics facilities and
expertise is essential for effective investigation and prosecution of wildlife-related crimes.
Investing in advanced forensic techniques, DNA testing, and evidence handling will bolster
the capacity to combat wildlife trafficking and poaching.
 Climate-Resilient Conservation: Considering the impact of climate change on wildlife,
conservation efforts should incorporate climate-resilient strategies. Identifying and

protecting climate refuges, promoting habitat restoration, and implementing adaptive

management practices will aid wildlife in coping with changing environmental conditions.
 Financial Support: Allocating sufficient financial resources to wildlife conservation is critical
for the successful implementation of the Act. Governments should prioritize funding for
protected areas, research on endangered species, community-based conservation projects,
and capacity building of enforcement agencies.
Conclusion
 The Wildlife (Protection) Amendment Act, 2022, marks a significant step in reinforcing
wildlife conservation measures in India. By enhancing penalties for wildlife crimes,
promoting community engagement, and fulfilling international obligations, India showcases
its commitment to safeguarding biodiversity. With a holistic approach that involves
enforcement, community involvement, and climate-resilient strategies, India can protect its
diverse wildlife and preserve its natural heritage for future generations.

THE FOREST CONSERVATION AMENDMENT BILL

2023
Introduction:
 The Forest (Conservation) Amendment Bill, 2023, is a proposed legislation aimed at

amending the Forest (Conservation) Act, 1980. The bill seeks to modify certain provisions to
strike a balance between forest conservation and economic activities in India.
Overview:
 The Indian Forest Act, 1927, and the Forest (Conservation) Act, 1980, were established to
manage forest resources and prevent large-scale deforestation. The Standing Committee on
Science and Technology, Environment, and Forests noted the increasing pressure on forest
land due to demands from various sectors. The Forest (Conservation) Amendment Bill, 2023,
addresses these challenges and proposes changes to the original Act.
Key Highlights and Key Features:
 Land under the Purview of the Act: The bill classifies two types of land under its purview,
including land declared or notified as a forest under existing laws and land notified as a
forest on or after October 25, 1980.
 Exempted Categories of Land: Certain types of land, such as forest land along railways or
public roads maintained by the government, are exempted from the provisions of the Act.
 Assignment/Leasing of Forest Land: The bill extends the requirement for prior approval of
the central government for assigning forest land to any entity not owned or controlled by
the government, to all entities, including those owned and controlled by the government.
 Permitted Activities in Forest Land: The bill adds more activities to the list of excluded non-
forest purposes, including zoos and safaris, ecotourism facilities, silvicultural operations, and
other purposes specified by the central government.
 Power to Issue Directions: The bill grants the central government the power to issue
directions for the effective implementation of the Act to relevant authorities.
Crux and Essence:
 The Forest (Conservation) Amendment Bill, 2023, aims to maintain a balance between forest
conservation and promoting sustainable economic activities. It allows certain activities that
contribute to economic development while ensuring environmental protection.
Current Status

 The Forest (Conservation) Amendment Bill, 2023, is currently under review. It has sparked
debates and objections from various stakeholders, including concerns that it may dilute
previous Supreme Court rulings and lead to unilateral forest land acquisition for defense
purposes.
Challenges in the Implementation of the Forest (Conservation) Amendment Bill,

2023:
 Balancing Conservation and Development: One of the primary challenges is striking the
right balance between conserving forests and promoting economic activities. Ensuring that
economic development initiatives do not compromise the ecological integrity of forest
ecosystems requires careful consideration and monitoring.
 Addressing Opposition: The bill has faced opposition from various quarters, including
concerns raised by some states about unilateral forest land acquisition for defense
purposes. Addressing these objections and garnering support for the bill's implementation
may prove challenging.
 Monitoring and Enforcement: Effective monitoring and enforcement of the amended
provisions will be crucial to prevent any misuse or misinterpretation of exemptions.
Adequate resources and capacity-building for authorities responsible for implementation
will be essential.
 Ensuring Community Participation: Engaging local communities in forest management and
decision-making is vital for successful conservation efforts. Ensuring their active
participation and addressing their concerns is a challenge that needs to be tackled.
 Overcoming Bureaucratic Hurdles: Streamlining bureaucratic processes and coordination
between various government agencies at the central and state levels will be essential to
expedite approvals and decisions related to forest land use.
 Protecting Forest Biodiversity: Balancing economic activities with conservation must
consider the protection of forest biodiversity. Identifying and preserving critical habitats and
sensitive areas can be a complex task.
Case Study: Silent Valley National Park Conservation
Silent Valley National Park, located in the Western Ghats of Kerala, India, is a pristine
evergreen tropical forest known for its rich biodiversity and unique ecosystem. The park
was established in 1980 after a massive conservation movement that earned it the
nickname "the valley that opted for silence."
Way Forward for the Forest (Conservation) Amendment Bill, 2023:

 Stakeholder Consultation: Conduct comprehensive stakeholder consultations involving local

communities, environmental experts, industry representatives, and civil society
organizations. This will help address concerns, gain valuable insights, and build consensus on
the implementation of the bill.
 Robust Monitoring and Enforcement: Establish a robust monitoring and enforcement
mechanism to ensure compliance with the amended provisions. Regular audits,
transparency, and accountability in forest land usage will be crucial in preventing misuse
and illegal activities.
 Strengthening Institutional Capacity: Invest in strengthening the institutional capacity of
forest departments and relevant authorities at both central and state levels. Adequate
resources, training, and technology support will enable effective implementation of the bill.
 Climate-Resilient Forest Management: Incorporate climate-resilient practices in forest
management to mitigate the impacts of climate change. Promote afforestation,
reforestation, and sustainable forest practices that enhance the resilience of forest
ecosystems.
Conclusion:
 The Forest (Conservation) Amendment Bill, 2023, aims to address the complexities of balancing
forest conservation and economic activities in India. The government's initiatives and efforts to
promote sustainable practices are essential for protecting India's rich biodiversity and ensuring the
well-being of its people. Striking a harmonious equilibrium between conservation and development
will require thoughtful deliberation, collaboration, and a shared commitment towards a greener and
more sustainable future.

ENERGY CONSERVATION (AMENDMENT) BILL,

2022
Introduction:
 The Energy Conservation (Amendment) Bill, 2022 was recently passed by the Rajya Sabha,
aiming to amend the Energy Conservation Act, 2001. The proposed amendments come in
the backdrop of UNFCCC's COP 26 summit and are geared towards achieving the COP-26
goals and faster decarbonization of the Indian economy.
Current Relevance:
 In the wake of global efforts to combat climate change, India is marching towards its target
of reducing carbon intensity by 45% by 2030, as part of its updated Nationally Determined
Contributions (NDC).
 The Energy Conservation (Amendment) Bill, 2022 seeks to align India's public financial flows
with its energy transition goals, leveraging private finance to shift subsidies to clean energy
and mandating state-owned enterprises' investments in clean energy.
Provisions of the Energy Conservation Act, 2001:
 The Energy Conservation Act, 2001 laid the foundation for regulating energy consumption,
promoting energy efficiency, and conservation in India.
 It empowered the Bureau of Energy Efficiency (BEE) to specify energy efficiency norms for
appliances, industrial equipment, and buildings.
 The Act also introduced penalties for excessive energy consumption, along with provisions
for prohibiting the use of non-compliant equipment.
Key Provisions of the Energy Conservation (Amendment) Bill, 2022:
 Mandatory Use of Non-Fossil Sources of Energy: The bill mandates designated consumers,
including industries, transport sectors, and commercial buildings, to meet a minimum share
of energy consumption from non-fossil sources like green hydrogen, green ammonia,
biomass, and ethanol. Failure to comply can result in penalties.
 Carbon Trading: The bill empowers the central government to specify a carbon credit
trading scheme, encouraging the development of a carbon market. Industries can earn
carbon credits by consuming less energy than allotted and can sell excess credits to others.

 Energy Conservation Building Code: The amended bill expands the scope of the Energy
Conservation Building Code to include larger residential buildings. The code will provide
norms for energy efficiency, conservation, and use of renewable energy for green buildings.
 Strengthening Related Institutions: The proposed amendments strengthen institutions like
the BEE and promote green hydrogen as an alternative to fossil fuels used by industries.
Objectives of the Proposed Amendments:
 Reducing Carbon Footprint: By mandating non-fossil energy sources and incentivizing clean
energy use, the bill aims to reduce India's carbon footprint and achieve its NDC targets.
 Developing Carbon Market: The establishment of a carbon credit trading scheme
encourages clean technology deployment and provides an additional revenue stream for
corporations.
 Meeting Climate Commitments: The amendments align with India's commitments under
the Paris Climate Agreement and its updated NDCs.
Carbon Credits:
 Carbon credits play a crucial role in incentivizing emission reduction. Businesses and
institutions can earn carbon credits by emitting fewer greenhouse gases than their allotted
limit. These credits can be sold to other entities, promoting emission reduction and
sustainable practices.
Challenges:
 Legal Infirmities: Some experts argue that the bill contains legal infirmities that require re-
consideration and re-introduction.
 Lack of Coordinated Approach: There is a need for better coordination between the Central
Government and State Governments to ensure effective implementation.
 Scope Disparity: Critics argue that the bill's scope and objectives go beyond the Energy
Conservation Act, 2001, raising concerns about ultra vires.
Conclusion:
 The Energy Conservation (Amendment) Bill, 2022 marks a significant step towards India's
energy transition and commitment to combating climate change. By promoting energy
efficiency, mandating non-fossil energy sources, and establishing carbon markets, the bill
lays the groundwork for a greener future. However, addressing the challenges and
incorporating coordinated efforts between the government and states will be essential for
its successful implementation.

CARBON CREDIT TRADING SCHEME, 2023
Introduction:
 Climate change is a pressing global issue, and countries worldwide are striving to combat
the rising levels of greenhouse gases (GHGs) in the atmosphere. One effective approach is
the implementation of carbon credits and the establishment of carbon markets. These
initiatives incentivize industries to reduce emissions, fostering sustainable practices and
contributing to a greener, climate-resilient economy.
What is a Carbon Credit?
 A carbon credit is a tradable permit that represents the right to emit a specific amount of
carbon dioxide or its equivalent in other greenhouse gases.
 Each credit allows for the emission of one tonne of carbon dioxide.
 This system forms a critical component of "cap-and-trade" programs, wherein polluters are
allocated credits to emit a certain amount of GHGs within a prescribed limit.
 The ultimate goal is to reduce emissions over time, encouraging entities to transition to
cleaner technologies and practices.
Features of Carbon Credit Trading Scheme (CCTS):
 Accredited Carbon Verifier: An agency accredited by BEE to validate and verify activities
under CCTS, ensuring transparency and credibility.
 Indian Carbon Market Governing Board (ICMGB): Responsible for oversight, rule-making,
and guidelines regarding carbon credit certificate sales to foreign markets, co-chaired by
Environment Secretaries.
 Regular ICMGB Meetings: ICMGB convenes at least once every quarter to discuss market
developments and regulatory functions.
 Administrator and Secretariat: The Bureau of Energy Efficiency (BEE) serves as the
administrator for the Indian carbon market and also acts as the secretariat for ICMGB.
 Indian Carbon Market Registry: The Grid Controller of India Ltd functions as the registry for
all transactions and carbon credit holdings in the Indian Carbon Market.
 Trading Regulation: The Central Electricity Regulatory Commission (CERC) is designated as
the regulator for all trading activities within the Indian carbon market.
Carbon Credit Initiatives:

Kyoto Protocol:

 The Kyoto Protocol, initiated in 1997, introduced carbon credits to reduce global carbon
emissions.
 It classified countries into industrialized and developing economies, allowing excess
emissions capacity of industrialized nations to be sold to developing countries to support
their sustainable development projects.
Paris Climate Agreement:
 In 2015, the Paris Agreement brought together over 190 countries to combat climate
change.
 Article 6 of the agreement established mechanisms for voluntary cooperation, including
emissions trading and the creation of an international carbon market.
Cap and Trade:
 Cap and trade is a government regulatory program that limits total emissions of certain
pollutants, including carbon dioxide.
 Polluters are issued a fixed number of permits, and companies exceeding their cap must pay
a tax.
 Entities reducing emissions can sell or trade their unused credits.
 Cap-and-trade energy initiatives are designed to progressively decrease pollution by
incentivizing businesses to invest in cleaner alternatives.
Advantages of Carbon Credit Trading Scheme (CCTS):
 An Effective Environmental Solution: CCTS builds on successful cap and trade programs, like
the one for sulphur dioxide permits in the US, reducing acid rain and pollutants effectively.
 Simplicity and Cost-Effectiveness: CCTS offers a simpler, cost-effective alternative to direct
laws or unpopular carbon taxes, making it feasible for governments to implement.
 Facilitating Global Decarbonization: A robust carbon price and integrated cap and trade
programs can accelerate global decarbonization, fostering international cooperation.
Disadvantages of Carbon Credit Trading Scheme (CCTS):
 The Intrinsic Value Challenge: Carbon's lack of intrinsic worth poses challenges in
establishing a meaningful market; scarcity and strict regulation are essential.
 Political Interference and Excess Permits: Political involvement can lead to excess permits,
as seen in the EU ETS, lowering prices and hindering emission reductions.
 Debating the Effectiveness of Offset Permits: The use of offset permits, acquired through
funding pollution reduction in developing nations, raises questions about their true impact
on emissions reduction.

Carbon Trading Emissions under Paris Agreement:
 Article 6 of the Paris Agreement establishes mechanisms for emissions trading.

 Countries can purchase offset credits to meet their climate targets, fostering global
cooperation in reducing emissions.
Way Forward:
 Strengthen Carbon Markets: Develop robust methodologies and governance structures for
efficient carbon trading and ensure transparency and credibility.
 Sectoral Focus: Focus on specific energy sectors to monitor progress and set emissions
intensity benchmarks and targets.
 Incentivize Emissions Reduction: Encourage entities to adopt low-carbon pathways by
creating a competitive market for carbon credits.
Conclusion:
 Carbon credits and carbon markets are powerful tools to combat climate change and
achieve sustainable development. By incentivizing emissions reduction and promoting
cleaner technologies, these initiatives can play a significant role in driving climate action.
International cooperation and coordinated efforts are essential to realize the full potential
of carbon credits and establish a greener and more resilient future for the planet.

UN WATER CONFERENCE 2023
Introduction:
 The UN 2023 Water Conference, co-hosted by the Netherlands and Tajikistan, marks a
significant moment in addressing the global water crisis. With around 3.6 billion people
struggling to access enough water for their needs, it has become crucial to ensure
sustainable management of water and sanitation for all.
What Was the Need for a Water Conference in 2023?

Rising Global Water Crisis:
 Over the last five decades, the world's population has doubled, reaching 8 billion people,
leading to an increased demand for water.
 The UN 2023 Water Conference becomes the most important water event in a generation,
coinciding with the midpoint of the International Decade for Action "Water for Sustainable
Development."
 As economic development and consumption patterns change, the demand for water has
skyrocketed, putting a strain on this finite resource.
The Water Crisis: Complex Challenges:
 The water crisis is multifaceted, comprising "too much water" (storms and floods), "too little
water" (droughts and scarcity), and "too dirty water" (polluted water).
 Climate change exacerbates these challenges, causing extreme weather events and
impacting water availability.
 With billions facing water scarcity, sanitation issues, and the effects of water-related
disasters, it has become clear that new approaches are needed to manage and value water
effectively.
Objective and Themes:
 The UN 2023 Water Conference seeks to unite the global community for water-related
issues and act as a watershed moment for achieving SDG 6.
 It comprises five themes that support the SDG 6 Global Acceleration Framework: Water for
Health, Water for Sustainable Development, Water for Climate, Resilience and Environment,
Water for Cooperation, and Water Action Decade.
Initiatives Taken at the Conference:

 Water Action Agenda: The Conference saw the formation of a Water Action Agenda with
over 700 voluntary commitments from governments, civil society, and the private sector.
These commitments aim to accelerate progress towards water-related goals and targets.
 Financial Contributions and Investments: Several countries announced significant financial
commitments to support water-related initiatives. The USA pledged up to $49 billion for
climate-resilient water and sanitation infrastructure, while Japan committed 500 billion yen
to address water-related social issues in the Asia-Pacific re
 Regional and Continental Efforts: Countries like Vietnam and the African Union pledged to
implement policies for river basins management and close Africa's water investments gap,
respectively. The European Union aims to support 70 million individuals with improved
drinking water sources and sanitation facilities by 2030.
Challenges:
 Complexity of Modern Problems: The water sector faces challenges due to the complexity
of today's problems. Unlike in the past, access to water and infrastructure spending no
longer guarantee sustained access to water and sanitation. Additionally, water-related
solutions tend to be localized, making global mobilizations less effective.
 Violence and Threats to Water Sources: The Conference did not adequately address the
violence and threats faced by communities trying to protect dwindling water sources,
hindering effective water governance.

Way Forward:
 Transformative Water Action Agenda: The UN 2023 Water Conference aims to go beyond
mere discussions and generate a well-defined plan for action. The Water Action Agenda
seeks to gather commitments from all stakeholders, providing a means to accelerate
progress towards SDG 6 and Agenda 2030.
 Innovative Approaches and Collaboration: To address water-related challenges effectively,
the Conference promotes collaboration between the public and private sectors,
international cooperation on meteorological data, and innovative solutions showcased by
technology innovators.
About Jal Jeevan Mission:
 The Jal Jeevan Mission, launched in 2019 by the Ministry of Jal Shakti, aims to provide safe
and adequate water to all households in rural India through individual household tap
connections by 2024.

 This community-based approach emphasizes the importance of water as a priority for all
and includes Information, Education, and Communication as key components to create a
people's movement for water sustainability.
A success story:
 In the arid region of Gopalpura, Rajasthan, a successful water conservation

project was executed through community-driven efforts.
 With the aid of NGOs and government support, check dams and reservoirs
were built to harness rainwater, while drip irrigation was adopted for
efficient agriculture.
 As a result, groundwater levels rose, crop yields improved, and the
ecosystem flourished.
 This impactful model has since been emulated in other water-stressed areas,
creating a lasting legacy of sustainable water management and transforming
lives in the region.
Conclusion:
 The UN 2023 Water Conference has provided a critical platform to address the global water
crisis and foster sustainable water management. Through the Water Action Agenda and
innovative approaches, there is hope for a water-positive future for all, aligning with the UN
Sustainable Development Goal 6 and ensuring access to safe and adequate water for
everyone.

EMISSIONS GAP REPORT 2022
Introduction:
 The Emission Gap Report 2022, released by the United Nations Environment Programme
(UNEP), delivers a stark message about the world's failure to meet the goals set in the Paris
Climate Agreement. The report highlights the urgency of reducing global greenhouse gas
(GHG) emissions to limit global warming and emphasizes the need for immediate action to
overcome the challenges posed by climate change.
Key highlights of Emission Gap Report 2022:
 Failure to Meet Paris Agreement Goals: The report reveals that the world is falling short of
the Paris Climate Agreement's targets and lacks measures to limit global warming to under
2°C above pre-industrial levels.
 Global Emission Reductions Needed: To limit global warming to 1.5°C, annual GHG
emissions must be reduced by 45% compared to existing policies, requiring unprecedented
cuts in the next eight years.
 Per Capita Emissions Disparities: The report highlights the disparity in per capita emissions
across countries, with India significantly below the global average at 2.4 tCO2e, while
countries like the US, Russia, and China have higher emissions.
Key highlights of Emission Gap Report 2021:
 Short-term Emission Reductions: The report notes a temporary decline in GHG emissions
due to the COVID-19 pandemic, but stresses the need for long-term strategies to achieve
substantial emissions reductions.
 Net-Zero Emission Pledges: Several G20 countries, including China, EU27, and India, have
committed to net-zero emissions, but there is a need for clear near-term targets to ensure
successful implementation.
 Reduction of Methane Emissions: The report emphasizes the importance of reducing
methane emissions from fossil fuels, waste, and agriculture to bridge the emissions gap and
mitigate short-term warming.
Initiatives to Reduce Emissions in India:
 Emission Intensity Target: India has pledged to reduce the emissions intensity of its GDP by
45% by 2030 compared to the 2005 level, focusing on improving energy efficiency across
sectors.
 Promoting Renewable Energy: India aims to achieve about 50% of its cumulative electric
power installed capacity from non-fossil fuel-based energy resources by 2030. The country
plans to utilize low-cost international finance, including the Green Climate Fund (GCF), to
support this objective.
 Sustainable Living Movement: India has initiated a mass movement called "LiFE" (Lifestyle
for Environment), encouraging people to adopt pro-planet lifestyles based on traditions,
conservation, and moderation to combat climate change.
Current Scenario:
 The report identifies a continuing rise in extreme weather events,

glacier melting, and ice loss at the poles, emphasizing the urgent need
for transformative actions to limit global warming.
 COVID-19 pandemic led to an unprecedented 5.4 % drop in CO2
emissions in 2020, with a smaller drop in total GHG emissions expected
for the year.
 From 2010 to 2019, GHG emissions grew by 1.3 % per year on average,
both with and without land-use change (LUC).
 GHG emissions reached a record high of 51.5 gigatons of CO2 equivalent
(GtCO2e) in 2019 without LUC emissions and 58.1 GtCO2e when
including LUC.
Challenges
Falling Short of Paris Agreement Goals:
 The Emission Gap Report 2022 highlights the significant challenge of countries failing to
meet the targets set in the Paris Climate Agreement.
 The report identifies the urgent need for stronger actions and policies to limit global
warming to below 2°C above pre-industrial levels.
Urgency for Immediate Action:
 The report emphasizes the need for immediate and bold action to reduce global greenhouse
gas emissions.
 Without urgent measures, the world risks exceeding the critical temperature threshold,
leading to severe and irreversible impacts of climate change.

Disparity in Per Capita Emissions:
 The Emission Gap Report exposes the disparity in per capita emissions among countries.
 While some nations have relatively low per capita emissions, others have significantly higher
levels, necessitating equitable efforts in emission reduction.
Significance
Assessing Progress towards Paris Agreement:
 The Emission Gap Report 2022 serves as a crucial tool for assessing the progress made by
countries in fulfilling their commitments under the Paris Agreement.
 It provides valuable insights into the current state of emission reduction efforts and
highlights areas that require immediate attention.
Guiding Climate Action and Policy Formulation:
 The report plays a vital role in guiding climate action and policy formulation at both national
and international levels.
 Its findings and recommendations help governments, organizations, and stakeholders
identify priority areas for intervention to bridge the emission gap.
Raising Global Awareness:
 By presenting a comprehensive analysis of emissions and the urgent need for action, the
report raises global awareness about the severity of the climate crisis.
 It fosters a sense of urgency and accountability among nations and individuals to take
concrete steps to address climate change.
Supporting Climate Negotiations:
 The Emission Gap Report provides scientific evidence to support climate negotiations and
international climate conferences.
Way Forward:
 Refined NDC Pledges: Countries need to further refine their Nationally Determined
Contributions (NDCs) to align with the Paris Agreement goals and enhance their
commitments for 2030.
 Zero-Emissions Technologies: The adoption of zero-emissions technologies, combined with
behavioral changes, is vital to sustain and deepen efforts to reach net-zero emissions.
 Investment in Climate Solutions: Governments and citizens must invest in low-carbon
technologies, renewable energy, and nature-based solutions to drive the transition to a low-
carbon economy.

Conclusion:
 The Emission Gap Report 2022 underscores the pressing need for collective action to
combat the climate crisis. It calls for immediate implementation of ambitious
Emission reduction measures and financial support to bridge the emissions gap. By aligning
with the Paris Agreement goals, nations can work together to secure a sustainable and
resilient future for generations to come.

INDIAN ANTARCTIC BILL 2022
Introduction:
 The Indian Antarctic Bill, 2022, marks a significant milestone as India's first domestic
legislation concerning Antarctica. With a focus on environmental protection and sustainable
activities, the Bill aims to ensure India's active participation in preserving the Antarctic
region and its delicate ecosystem.
What is the Antarctica Bill?
 The Indian Antarctic Bill, 2022, is a comprehensive set of regulations that govern scientific
expeditions, tourism, and commercial activities in Antarctica.
 It aims to demilitarize Antarctica, prohibiting nuclear tests, mining, and any illegal activities
in the region.
 The Bill is aligned with India's accession to the Antarctic Treaty, Protocol on Environment
Protection, and the Convention on the Conservation of Antarctic Marine Living Resources.
Objectives of the Antarctica Bill:
 Ensuring peace and environmental preservation in Antarctica.

 Prohibiting nuclear tests, mining, and other harmful activities.
 Promoting scientific cooperation and sustainable development.
 Establishing a legal framework for India's presence in the region.
Need for the Indian Antarctic Bill:
 To protect the pristine Antarctic environment and its marine resources.

 To regulate the increasing activities and expeditions by India to Antarctica.
 To address crimes committed during expeditions, including environmental offenses.
 To provide domestic protocols in line with international agreements.
Provisions of the Indian Antarctic Bill 2022:
 Establishing a permit system for expeditions and individuals traveling to Antarctica.

 Creating a committee with representatives from various ministries to issue and revoke
permits.
 Implementing strict regulations for commercial fishing and tour operators in the region.
 Setting up a designated court to address crimes committed in Antarctica.
 Prohibiting harmful activities like drilling, dredging, and introduction of non-native species.

Significance of Antarctica for India:
 India's ratification of the Antarctic Treaty in 1983 established its commitment to peaceful
and scientific cooperation in the region.
 India's presence in Antarctica with research stations showcases its capabilities in polar
research and exploration.
 The Bill enhances India's credibility and status globally as an active participant in Polar
governance.
 Preserving the Antarctic ecosystem is crucial for mitigating the effects of climate change on
a global scale.
Key features Indian Antarctic Bill 2022:
 The Bill facilitates efficient and well-regulated Indian Antarctic Programme.

 It ensures the protection and preservation of the Antarctic environment.
 Strict penalties are imposed for violations of the regulations, ensuring deterrence.
 The establishment of the Indian Antarctic Authority (IAA) empowers India's decision-making
in Antarctic activities.
Key Facts about Antarctica:
 Antarctica is a natural reserve dedicated to peace and science.

 The continent is governed by the Antarctic Treaty, signed by 54 countries, including India.
 India has two operational research stations in Antarctica - Maitri and Bharati.
 The Indian Antarctic Programme has successfully completed 40 scientific expeditions to the
continent.
Conclusion:
 The Indian Antarctic Bill, 2022, is a landmark legislation that solidifies India's commitment to
environmental preservation, peaceful cooperation, and scientific research in Antarctica. By
enacting strict regulations and establishing the Indian Antarctic Authority, India reaffirms its
responsibility as a responsible stakeholder in the preservation of the pristine continent.


DECARBONISATION OF THE INDIAN ECONOMY
Introduction:
 The pressing need to combat climate change and reduce greenhouse gas emissions has led
to a global movement towards decarbonisation. India, as a responsible nation, is actively
pursuing initiatives to achieve a low-emission economy and meet its commitment under the
Paris Agreement. Decarbonisation is the process of reducing carbon dioxide (CO2) emissions
to achieve climate neutrality and transition to renewable energy sources.
What is Decarbonisation?
 Decarbonisation is the process of reducing carbon emissions, particularly CO2, to combat

climate change and achieve a low-emission global economy.
 The objective is to transition from fossil fuel-based energy sources to renewable and green
energy solutions.
 Key aspects of decarbonisation include curtailing diesel consumption, promoting green
grids, improving energy efficiency, and investing in green infrastructure.
Why Net Zero Target is in the News?
 The need for decarbonisation has become critical as CO2 emissions have increased
significantly since 1970, with fossil fuel combustion being the major contributor.
 Global energy use is projected to increase by nearly 50% by 2050, leading to rising energy
costs and supply constraints worldwide.
 Global summits, like the Paris Agreement, call for commitments from nations to limit global
warming to well below 2 degrees Celsius.
India’s Efforts Towards Decarbonisation:
 India has set ambitious targets to achieve 450GW of renewable energy capacity by 2030,
making significant investments in wind and solar power.
 The country has made steady progress in the clean energy ecosystem, investing heavily in
renewables and waste-to-energy projects.
 India played a leading role in establishing the International Solar Alliance in 2015,
promoting solar energy in tropical countries.
How to Decarbonise Various Sectors of the Economy:

Decarbonising the Electricity Sector:
 Retirement of coal power plants and increased investments in transmission, distribution,

and storage infrastructure.
 Implementing a carbon-free electricity standard to achieve 90% of electricity from non-
fossil fuel sources by mid-century.
 Subsidizing emerging technologies like offshore wind to accelerate their adoption.
Decarbonising the Transport Sector:
 Incentivizing the development of electric vehicle charging infrastructure and implementing

EV sales mandates.
 Stricter fuel economy standards for heavy-duty vehicles and a transition to electrification
and hydrogen-powered vehicles.
 Promoting electrified public transport options to reduce passenger vehicle emissions.
Decarbonising the Industry Sector:
 Expanding initiatives like Perform, Achieve, and Trade (PAT) scheme to reduce energy use in
industries.
 Implementing a progressive carbon tax to incentivize industries to shift to green hydrogen
and electrification.
 Creating new markets for low-carbon construction materials and incentivizing their use.
Green Energy: Accelerating the Decarbonisation Process
 Green hydrogen production is gaining momentum, utilizing renewable energy sources for
electrolysis to produce hydrogen gas.
 India's pursuit of green hydrogen aligns with its commitment to reduce greenhouse gas
emissions and energy dependence on fossil fuels.
Key features of National Action Plan on Climate change:
 Formal Launch: Introduced on June 30th, 2008, as a strategic response to climate change
concerns
 Sustainable Development Focus: Seeks measures aligning development goals with climate
change mitigation and adaptation.
 Co-benefits Emphasis: Aims to yield positive outcomes while effectively addressing climate
change challenges.
 Extended Program: Extended up to 2025-26, displaying a long-term commitment to combat
climate change.

 Comprehensive Approach: Consists of eight sub-components and eight "National Missions"

targeting various aspects of climate change.
 Core Missions: Focuses on understanding climate change, adaptation, mitigation, energy
efficiency, and resource conservation.
The eight missions are:
 National Solar Mission

 National Mission for Enhanced Energy Efficiency
 National Mission on Sustainable Habitat
 National Water Mission
 National Mission for Sustaining the Himalayan Ecosystem
 National Mission for a Green India
 National Mission for Sustainable Agriculture
 National Mission on Strategic Knowledge for Climate Change
Impacts of Decarbonisation:
 Reduced carbon emissions will contribute to mitigating the effects of climate change,
ensuring a sustainable future for generations to come.
 The transition to green energy sources will bolster energy security and drive economic
growth in the long run.
 Decarbonisation efforts will enhance India's global standing and contribute to international
climate goals.
Way Forward: A Sustainable Path to Decarbonisation
 Policymakers need to phase out polluting technologies and invest in low-carbon alternatives
over the next few decades.
 Governments must raise new types of low-carbon revenue to support development and
social investments while reducing carbon-intensive revenue.
 Encouraging investment in low-carbon technologies and fostering a transition to a
prosperous innovation economy is vital.
Conclusion:
 Decarbonisation is an imperative step towards a sustainable future and combatting the

challenges of climate change. India's efforts towards transitioning to green energy sources,
setting ambitious targets, and promoting green hydrogen production showcase its

commitment to a low-emission economy. By decarbonising various sectors, India can pave

the way for a cleaner, greener, and more prosperous future.

SOVEREIGN GREEN BONDS (SGRBS)
Introduction:
 Sovereign Green Bonds (SGrBs) are a type of debt instrument issued by governments to
raise funds specifically for financing environmentally sustainable projects. These bonds are
designed to support climate change mitigation, renewable energy, clean transportation, and
other green initiatives while promoting responsible investment practices.
What are Sovereign Green Bonds?
 Sovereign Green Bonds are debt securities issued by a country's government with a specific
commitment to utilize the raised funds for climate or ecosystem-related activities.
 These bonds are classified as "green" based on principles like energy efficiency, carbon
emission reduction, climate resilience, and biodiversity conservation.
India's Sovereign Green Bonds Framework:
 India's commitment to reducing emissions and increasing non-fossil fuel-based energy

capacity has led to the introduction of Sovereign Green Bonds.
 The framework for issuing these bonds draws from the International Capital Market
Association's Green Bond Principles, ensuring transparency in fund allocation and reporting.
 The funds raised through the issuance will be deposited into the Consolidated Fund of India
(CFI) and utilized for various eligible green projects.
Features of the SGrBs:
 Issuance Method: Sovereign Green Bonds are issued through a Uniform Price Auction,
ensuring a fair public sale of the bonds at the same price.
 Eligibility for Repo Transactions: SGrBs are eligible for Repurchase Transactions (Repo) and
are considered for investment under the Statutory Liquidity Ratio (SLR).
 Tradability: SGrBs can be traded in the secondary market, providing liquidity to investors.
 Investment by Non-residents: These bonds are designated as specified securities under the
'Fully Accessible Route,' allowing non-residents to invest in Government Securities.
 Eligible Projects: The funds raised through SGrBs will finance various green projects,
including renewable energy, energy efficiency, climate change adaptation, sustainable water
and waste management, and more. However, certain sectors like nuclear power generation
and palm oil industries are excluded from the framework.
Challenges with Sovereign Green Bonds:

 Standardization and Certification: Establishing uniform criteria for green projects and
obtaining credible certification.
 Pricing and Market Demand: Balancing investor appetite with appropriate pricing for green
bonds.
 Limited Green Projects: Identifying enough eligible green projects to match investor
demand.
 Currency Risks: Managing exchange rate fluctuations in international green bond issuance.
 Reporting and Transparency: Ensuring accurate reporting and transparency of the use of
green bond proceeds.
Global and National Status:
 Sovereign Green Bonds have gained popularity worldwide as an important financial

instrument to address climate change threats.
 Several countries and international organizations have issued green bonds to fund
environmentally beneficial projects.
 In India, the Green Finance Working Committee (GFWC) was constituted to evaluate and
select suitable green projects, contributing to the nation's climate goals.
Benefits of Sovereign Green Bonds:
 Meeting NDC Targets: Issuing SGrBs helps India fulfill its Nationally Determined
Contributions (NDC) targets and demonstrates its commitment to combating climate change
 Building Green Finance Credibility: Sovereign Green Bonds enhance India's credibility in the
global green finance ecosystem, attracting socially responsible investors and asset
managers.
 Attracting New Investors: Transparent disclosure norms and reporting frameworks for
SGrBs make them appealing to new investors with green investment mandates.
 Funding Sustainable Development: The proceeds from green bonds will finance critical
green projects, promoting sustainable development and environmental conservation.
 Reducing Carbon Intensity: Sovereign Green Bonds will contribute to achieving India's
objective of reducing the carbon intensity of the economy.
Standard Bonds:
 Debt Instruments with Diverse Applications

 Flexible Use of Proceeds by the Issuer
 Commonly Issued by Governments and Corporations
Advantages of Investing in Standard Bonds:
 Stable and Predictable Income for Investors

 Diversification in Investment Portfolios

 Liquidity and Accessibility in Bond Markets
 Potential for Attractive Returns over Time
Conclusion:
 The introduction of Sovereign Green Bonds is a significant step towards aligning India's
financial resources with its environmental commitments. By channeling funds into green
projects, the country can work towards reducing carbon emissions, increasing renewable
energy capacity, and fostering sustainable development. The issuance of these bonds not
only attracts socially responsible investors but also enhances India's position in the global
green finance landscape.

50 YEARS OF PROJECT TIGER
Introduction:
 India's wildlife has always been synonymous with the majestic tiger, a symbol of strength
and grace. In the early 20th century, India's tiger population faced a severe decline due to
various threats, prompting the government to take significant steps to protect these
magnificent creatures. Thus, Project Tiger was born in 1973, marking the beginning of a
remarkable journey towards tiger conservation.
Project Tiger:
 Launched in 1973, Project Tiger aimed to promote the conservation of tigers and their
habitats.
 Starting with nine reserves, Project Tiger has now expanded to 53 tiger reserves, covering
2.4% of India's geographical area.
 The project provides central assistance to tiger range states for in-situ conservation efforts.
 Managed by the National Tiger Conservation Authority (NTCA) through eight Conservation
Units.
 Resulted in a significant increase in the tiger population, from 1,706 in 2010 to 2,226 in 2014
What is the IBCA (International Big Cat Alliance (IBCA)?
 The International Big Cat Alliance (IBCA) is a global alliance dedicated to the conservation of
seven prominent big cat species, including the tiger.
 It aims to bring together 97 range countries, international organizations, and interested
nations to advocate, collaborate, and invest in protecting these iconic big cats.
 India has recently proposed to launch global alliance for big cats with an investment of $100
million
What is the Need for Conserving Tigers?
 Biodiversity Balance: Tigers play a vital role as apex predators, maintaining the ecological
balance of their habitats by regulating prey populations and protecting other species.
 Economic Value: Tigers attract tourism, contributing to local communities and the economy
through ecotourism.
 Cultural Significance: Tigers hold deep cultural and religious significance in various cultures
and religions.

 Scientific Research: Tigers are crucial subjects of scientific research, aiding in the
understanding of their behavior and ecology.
 Indicator Species: As indicator species, tigers reflect the health of the ecosystem and the
impacts of climate change.
Tiger Census in India:
 The National Tiger Census is conducted every four years by the National Tiger Conservation
Authority (NTCA) with technical support from the Wildlife Institute of India (WII).
 The 2022 census revealed a positive trend with India's tiger population rising by 200 to
3,167, marking a 6.7% increase since 2018.
 Some regions witnessed substantial growth in tiger populations, while others experienced a
decline, highlighting the need for focused conservation efforts.
Steps Taken by the Government:
 Project Tiger: Launched in 1973 from the Jim Corbett National Park, Project Tiger is a
Centrally Sponsored Scheme aimed at ensuring tiger conservation.
 National Tiger Conservation Authority (NTCA): Established in 2005, the NTCA is a statutory
body under the Ministry of Environment, Forests, and Climate Change, providing statutory
authority to Project Tiger.
 Conservation Assured | Tiger Standards (CA|TS): CA|TS accreditation has been awarded to
14 Tiger Reserves in India, setting best practices and standards for tiger conservation.
Concerns Associated with the Project Tiger?
 Habitat Fragmentation: Designated tiger reserves may lead to habitat fragmentation,

making tiger populations vulnerable to genetic issues and other threats.
 Human-Wildlife Conflicts: Increased human-tiger conflicts arise due to habitat loss,
saturation of tiger populations in certain regions, and human settlements around protected
areas.
 Limited Genetic Diversity: Expanding tiger populations in designated reserves may lead to
inbreeding and genetic issues in the long run.
 Structural and Implementation Issues: There are challenges in trust-building with local
communities, low capacity for surveillance, and concerns about rehabilitation and
relocation.
About Tigers:

 Tigers (Panthera tigris) are the largest cat species and are found in various habitats across
Asia.
 India hosts more than 75% of the global wild tiger population, making it a crucial country for
tiger conservation.
 Tigers are listed as endangered on the IUCN Red List and are protected under various
wildlife protection acts.
 World Tiger Day- 29th July
 Largest Tiger Reserve– Nagarjunsagar Srisailam Tiger Reserve, Andhra Pradesh
 Smallest Tiger Reserve- Bog Tiger Reserve, Maharashtra
 Highest Tiger Density- Jim Corbett National Park, Uttarakhand
Threats:
 Habitat Loss and Fragmentation: Deforestation, urbanization, and infrastructure

development shrink tiger habitats.
 Illegal Wildlife Trade: Poaching for tiger parts and products remains a significant threat to
their survival.
 Human-Wildlife Conflict: Encounters with humans lead to conflicts, often resulting in tiger
deaths.
 Decline of Prey Populations: Depletion of prey species reduces the tiger's food source.
 Climate Change: Altered weather patterns and habitat disruption impact tiger populations.
National Tiger Conservation Authority (NTCA):
 NTCA, established in 2005, is a statutory body under the Ministry of Environment, Forests,
and Climate Change.
 It provides statutory authority to Project Tiger and ensures the enforcement of guidelines
for tiger conservation.
Conclusion:
 Project Tiger's journey over 50 years has been a triumph in India's wildlife conservation
efforts. With increasing tiger populations, establishment of reserves, and global alliances like
IBCA, India stands as a beacon of hope for tiger conservation. However, challenges remain,
and continued efforts and collaborations are essential to safeguard the future of these
magnificent big cats and their habitats.


CHEETAH RELOCATION
Introduction:
 The reintroduction of cheetahs in India is an ambitious plan by the government to revive the
presence of this majestic species in its native habitat. The initiative aims to bring back the
critically endangered Asiatic cheetah, with the initial plan of introducing the Asiatic cheetah
from Iran later modified to introduce African cheetahs from Namibia instead. The Kuno
Palpur National Park in Madhya Pradesh has been chosen as the site for the cheetahs'
reintroduction.
Current Relevance:
 Conservation of Biodiversity: Cheetah reintroduction plays a significant role in conserving

India's biodiversity and restoring the balance of ecosystems.
 Ecological Significance: Cheetahs, as apex predators, play a crucial role in regulating prey
populations and maintaining ecological equilibrium.
 Global Recognition: This initiative puts India on the global stage for taking proactive steps
towards wildlife conservation and species restoration.
Key Points Related to Cheetahs:
 Physical Features: Cheetahs are the world's fastest land mammal, with a slender body,
golden skin, and distinctive black spots.
 Endangered Status: Both African and Asiatic cheetahs are listed as critically endangered on
the IUCN Red List, necessitating urgent conservation measures.
 Habitat Preference: Cheetahs primarily inhabit grasslands and semi-arid regions, making
Kuno Palpur National Park an ideal choice for their reintroduction.
 Prey Species: Cheetahs mainly prey on ungulates like gazelles, chitals, and sambars,
necessitating an adequate supply of these prey animals for their survival.
 Importance of Founder Stocks: Introducing 10-12 young cheetahs as founder stocks in the
initial phase helps establish a stable population for future growth.
Cheetah Physical Features:
 Cheetahs have a unique, lightweight body built for incredible speed, enabling them to reach
speeds of up to 75 mph (120 km/h) in short bursts.
 Their slender form, long tail, and specialized respiratory and cardiovascular systems aid in
high-speed chases.

 Cheetahs' golden coat and black spots provide effective camouflage in their grassland
habitats, allowing them to stalk prey undetected.
Why was Kuno National Park chosen for Cheetah Reintroduction?
 Kuno National Park's ecological resemblance to cheetahs' natural habitats in Africa makes it
an ideal location for reintroduction.
 The park's diverse prey population, including chitals, sambar, and gazelles, ensures a stable
food supply for the cheetahs.
 The climatic conditions of Sheopur district, where Kuno is situated, are similar to those of
South Africa and Namibia, providing a suitable environment for cheetahs.
What are the Indian Conservation Efforts?
 The Wildlife Institute of India (WII) prepared a comprehensive cheetah reintroduction

project to facilitate the species' comeback.
 The Union Ministry of Environment released an "Action Plan for Introduction of Cheetah in
India," outlining key strategies for the reintroduction process.
 The National Tiger Conservation Authority (NTCA) aims to bring 50 African cheetahs from
Namibia within the next five years.
African Cheetah:
 Scientific Name: Acinonyx jubatus

 Characteristics: African cheetahs have slightly thicker and more prominent spots than their
Asiatic counterparts.
 Distribution: Found across various regions in Africa, albeit still vulnerable due to habitat loss
and poaching.
Asiatic Cheetah:
 Scientific Name: Acinonyx jubatus venaticus

 Characteristics: Slightly smaller with pale yellowish-fawn-colored skin and a thicker coat.
 Distribution: Once found in India and Iran, now critically endangered with less than 100
individuals remaining in Iran.
How did cheetahs go extinct in India?
 Historical Widespread Presence: The cheetah population in India was fairly widespread in
the past, ranging from Jaipur and Lucknow in the north to Mysore in the south and from
Kathiawar in the west to Deogarh in the east.

 Maharaja Ramanuj Pratap Singh Deo's Hunt: In 1947, Maharaja Ramanuj Pratap Singh Deo
of Koriya princely state shot down the last three recorded Asiatic cheetahs in India, marking
a significant turning point in their extinction.
 Official Declaration of Extinction: The Indian government officially declared the cheetah
extinct in 1952, signifying the irreversible loss of this magnificent species from the country's
biodiversity.
 Over-Hunting and Decline in Prey Base: Over-hunting by humans, especially during the
colonial era, significantly reduced the cheetah population. Additionally, the decline of its
relatively narrow prey base species impacted its ability to find adequate food sources.
Initiatives for Cheetah:
 Kuno Palpur National Park has been preparing necessary infrastructure, including fencing,
water supply, and habitat restoration, to welcome the cheetahs.
 The plan involves introducing cheetahs in a phased manner, with 10-12 young individuals as
founder stocks in the first year.
 Each cheetah will be equipped with a radio collar featuring an inbuilt satellite GPS for
effective monitoring and research.
Challenges:
 Human-Wildlife Conflict: Ensuring peaceful coexistence with local communities and

addressing potential conflicts between humans and cheetahs is crucial for successful
reintroduction.
 Habitat Restoration: Creating a suitable habitat for cheetahs and managing invasive species,
like thorny bushes, to promote a thriving ecosystem.
 Prey Availability: Ensuring an adequate supply of prey species for cheetahs is essential for
their survival in the new environment.
 Monitoring and Security: Implementing effective monitoring systems and protection
measures to safeguard the cheetahs from poaching and other threats.
 International Collaboration: Establishing cooperation with other countries for the successful
transcontinental relocation of cheetahs and addressing potential challenges in the process.
Conclusion:
 The reintroduction of cheetahs in India marks a significant step towards conserving

biodiversity and restoring balance in ecosystems. The Kuno Palpur National Park, with its
resemblance to cheetahs' natural habitats, provides an ideal location for the
transcontinental relocation. Through international collaboration and effective conservation
efforts, India aims to reestablish the presence of these graceful predators and ensure their
survival for generations to come.

INTERNATIONAL TREATY ON PLANT GENETIC

RESOURCES FOR FOOD AND AGRICULTURE
(ITPGRFA)
Introduction:
 The International Treaty on Plant Genetic Resources for Food and Agriculture (ITPGRFA),
commonly known as the International Seed Treaty, is a pivotal international agreement
enacted in 2004 to address the challenges posed by climate change, population growth, and
the loss of agricultural biodiversity. It aims to ensure global food security by facilitating
access to and sharing of plant genetic resources.
International Treaty on Plant Genetic Resources for Food and Agriculture

(ITPGRFA):
 Objectives of the Treaty: Facilitate Access to Genetic Resources: The treaty promotes the
exchange of plant genetic resources for food and agriculture, enabling countries to access
diverse seeds for crop improvement and adaptation.
 Promote Sustainable Agriculture: By encouraging the use of plant genetic resources, the
treaty aims to enhance agricultural productivity, sustainability, and resilience in the face of
changing environmental conditions.
 Equitable Benefit-sharing: The treaty emphasizes fair and equitable sharing of benefits
arising from the utilization of plant genetic resources, particularly for farmers and local
communities.
 Conservation of Biodiversity: The focus on conservation and sustainable use of plant
genetic resources ensures the maintenance of agricultural biodiversity for future
generations.
Key Provisions:
 Multilateral System (MLS): The MLS establishes a global pool of genetic materials, making a
wide range of seeds available to countries for research, breeding, and farming purposes.
This helps promote crop diversity and resilience.
 Benefit-sharing Mechanism: The treaty ensures that the benefits derived from the use of
genetic resources are shared fairly and equitably among all parties involved, fostering
international cooperation.

 Sustainable Use and Farmers’ Rights: It upholds farmers' rights, including their right to save,
use, exchange, and sell farm-saved seeds. This empowers local communities and indigenous
peoples in agricultural development.
 Information Sharing and Capacity Building: The treaty encourages the exchange of
information and technology related to plant genetic resources, promoting research and
conservation efforts.
Significance of the Treaty:
 Enhanced Crop Diversity: Access to diverse plant genetic resources promotes crop diversity,
making farming systems more resilient to pests, diseases, and changing climatic conditions.
 Promotion of Innovation: Scientists and breeders gain access to a wide range of genetic
resources, enabling them to develop improved crop varieties with enhanced traits, such as
drought resistance and nutritional content.
 Conservation of Agricultural Biodiversity: The treaty's emphasis on conservation ensures
the preservation of valuable plant genetic resources for future generations, safeguarding
agricultural biodiversity.
 Empowerment of Farmers: Recognizing farmers' rights empowers local communities,
allowing them to continue their traditional practices and contribute to agricultural
development.
Protection of Plant Varieties and Farmers’ Rights (PPV&FR) Act, 2001:

Rights under the Act:
 Breeders' Rights: Breeders have exclusive rights over the production, sale, distribution,
import, or export of protected varieties. They can appoint agents or licensees and seek civil
remedies in case of infringement
 Researchers' Rights: Researchers can use registered varieties for experiments and research,
contributing to agricultural innovation and development.
 Farmers' Rights: Recognition and Protection: Farmers who develop new varieties are
entitled to registration and protection under the Act.
 Seed Saving and Exchange: Farmers can save, use, exchange, share, or sell their farm
produce, including protected seed, without infringing on the Act's provisions.
 Conservation and Rewards: Farmers are eligible for recognition and rewards for conserving
plant genetic resources of land races and wild relatives of economic plants.
Challenges in Agriculture and Biodiversity Conservation:
 Climate Change: Climate change poses significant risks to agriculture, impacting crop yields
and diversity. Extreme weather events, such as droughts and floods, disrupt traditional
farming practices and threaten the survival of local crop varieties.

 Population Growth: The ever-growing global population puts pressure on food production.
Ensuring food security becomes more challenging, necessitating the development of
resilient crop varieties to meet increasing demand.
 Loss of Agricultural Biodiversity: Modern agricultural practices have led to the
abandonment of traditional crop varieties in favor of high-yielding, uniform cultivars. This
results in the loss of agricultural biodiversity, making the food system vulnerable to diseases
and pests.
Lessons from Success Stories:
 Svalbard Global Seed Vault: This initiative demonstrates the value of international
cooperation in safeguarding crop diversity for future generations.
 Global Crop Diversity Trust: The Trust's successful conservation efforts emphasize
the importance of pooling resources to establish genebanks that protect crop
diversity and maintain genetic resources accessible to all.
 Farmers' Seed Networks: Indigenous and traditional farmer seed networks exemplify
the significance of community-driven conservation efforts, preserving locally adapted
varieties that withstand environmental stressors.
 Crop Wild Relatives Project: Collaborative initiatives, like the Crop Wild Relatives
Project, aid in identifying and conserving wild plant relatives, providing valuable
genetic resources for crop improvement and adaptation.
Conclusion:
 The International Seed Treaty (ITPGRFA) stands as a critical instrument in the pursuit of
global food security and sustainable agriculture. By promoting access to genetic resources,
equitable benefit-sharing, and the conservation of agricultural
 biodiversity, the treaty lays the foundation for a more resilient and food-secure world.
Complemented by the Protection of Plant Varieties and Farmers’ Rights (PPV&FR) Act in
India, the ITPGRFA empowers farmers and breeders, ensuring that their vital contributions
to crop diversity and agricultural development are recognized and protected.

DISASTER RESILIENT INFRASTRUCTURE (DRI)
Introduction:
 Disaster Resilient Infrastructure (DRI) plays a critical role in safeguarding communities and
economies from the adverse impacts of disasters and climate change. It refers to the
planning, design, and construction of infrastructure systems that can withstand and recover
from natural and technological hazards. The Coalition for Disaster Resilient Infrastructure
(CDRI) is a global partnership that aims to promote DRI in support of sustainable
development.
What is Disaster Resilient Infrastructure (DRI):
 DRI refers to the planning, design, and construction of infrastructure systems that can
withstand and rapidly recover from natural and technological hazards.
 It includes addressing a wide array of risks, such as weather-related extreme events (e.g.,
hurricanes, floods), geophysical hazards (e.g., earthquakes, landslides), and technological
hazards (e.g., nuclear radiation, dam failures).
 DRI aims to reduce the impact of disasters on human life, economies, and critical
infrastructure by promoting resilience through innovative technologies and risk reduction
strategies.
 Making infrastructure climate-resilient also contributes to its disaster resilience, as more
than 90% of disasters are related to weather and climate extremes.
Need for DRI:
 Reducing Human Loss: Implementing DRI can help achieve the targets for reducing disaster
mortality and the number of affected people, as highlighted in the Sendai Framework for
Disaster Risk Reduction (SFDRR)
 Post-Disaster Response: DRI enhances the resilience of critical infrastructure such as energy,
transportation, and communication, enabling effective post-disaster response and recovery.
 Economic Loss Reduction: DRI can significantly lower the economic costs of rebuilding
infrastructure after disasters, protecting countries' investments and ensuring sustainable
development.
 Addressing Global Investment Needs: With estimated global annual infrastructure
investment needs at USD 3.7 trillion per year between 2016 and 2040, DRI becomes a
compelling case to protect and enhance infrastructure systems against disasters.
Coalition for Disaster Resilient Infrastructure (CDRI):

 CDRI is a multi-stakeholder global partnership launched by the Prime Minister of India at the
UN Climate Action Summit in September 2019.
 It brings together national governments, UN agencies, multilateral development banks, the
private sector, and knowledge institutions to promote disaster and climate resilient
infrastructure.
 CDRI aims to rapidly expand the development and retrofitting of resilient infrastructure to
enhance global disaster management capacities.
 The CDRI Secretariat, based in New Delhi, facilitates collaboration among member countries
and organizations to share knowledge and foster collective action on infrastructure
resilience.
Purpose of ICDRI 2023:
 The latest conference, the 5th International Conference on Disaster Resilient Infrastructure
(ICDRI) 2023, was held on 4th and 5th of April 2023 in New Delhi, India.
 ICDRI 2023 serves as a platform for member countries to engage and contribute to DRI
solutions and fosters partnerships and knowledge sharing among infrastructure actors.
 The conference aims to strengthen the global discourse on disaster and climate resilient
infrastructure, promoting safer and improved livelihoods worldwide.
 ICDRI 2023 focuses on enhanced collective action for infrastructure resilience, creating a
sustainable and inclusive path for global development.
Functions of CDRI:
 Partnership Building: CDRI facilitates collaboration among national governments, UN

agencies, financial institutions, and private sector entities to create a robust network for
disaster-resilient infrastructure.
 Knowledge Sharing: The coalition serves as a knowledge hub, sharing best practices,
research, and case studies related to disaster and climate resilient infrastructure.
 Policy Advocacy: CDRI advocates for the integration of disaster resilience principles into
national policies and governance structures.
 Capacity Development: It conducts capacity-building workshops, training programs, and
technology transfers to strengthen member countries' disaster management capabilities.
Difference between Disaster Resilient Infrastructure (DRI) and Climate Resilient

Infrastructure (CRI):
 Scope of Risks Addressed: DRI encompasses all hazards, including geophysical and
technological, while CRI primarily focuses on weather and climate-related risks.
 Technological Hazards: DRI explicitly addresses risks from technological hazards, such as
dam failures and chemical spills, which are not directly related to climate change.
 Carbon Footprint: While CRI efforts may emphasize reducing infrastructure's carbon
footprint, DRI's main goal is to protect infrastructure from disasters and enhance its
resilience.
 Frequency of Disasters: DRI takes into account low-frequency, high-impact events that may
occur over extended periods, considering the long lifecycle of infrastructure.
Significance for India:
 Global Leadership on Climate Action: CDRI provides a platform for India to emerge as a
global leader in climate action and disaster resilience, showcasing its commitment to
sustainable development.
 Boosting Soft Power: India's active participation in CDRI enhances its soft power and global
influence in disaster management and climate change adaptation.
 Complementing International Solar Alliance (ISA): CDRI complements India's efforts
through the International Solar Alliance by focusing on disaster-resilient infrastructure and
sustainable development.
 Supporting Resilient Infrastructure in Developing Nations: India's involvement in CDRI
facilitates support for resilient infrastructure development in countries across Africa and
Asia, sharing knowledge and technology.
Objectives of CDRI:
 Strengthening Infrastructure Resilience: CDRI aims to promote disaster and climate resilient
infrastructure to support sustainable development goals and reduce disaster impacts.
 Building Capacity: The coalition seeks to enhance capacities of member countries in disaster
management and risk reduction through knowledge sharing and capacity-building programs.
 Innovation and Technology: CDRI encourages the adoption of innovative technologies and
emerging solutions to improve infrastructure resilience.
 Recovery and Reconstruction: The coalition supports post-disaster recovery and
reconstruction efforts to build back better and more resilient infrastructure systems.
Challenges:
 Complexity of Risks: DRI must address a wide range of hazards, including weather-related
extreme events like hurricanes and floods, as well as geophysical hazards such as
earthquakes and landslides.
 High Investment Requirement: Implementing disaster-resilient infrastructure involves
substantial upfront costs. However, the long-term benefits in terms of reduced disaster
damage and recovery expenses make it a prudent investment.
 Policy and Governance: Integrating DRI principles into existing policies and governance
structures can be challenging. Ensuring coordination among various stakeholders, including

governments, private sector, and knowledge institutions, is crucial for effective

implementation.
 Climate Change Uncertainty: Climate change introduces uncertainties in predicting future
hazards, making it challenging to design infrastructure that can adapt to changing
conditions.
Conclusion:
 Disaster Resilient Infrastructure (DRI) is a critical aspect of sustainable development,

ensuring that infrastructure systems can withstand and recover from disasters and climate
change impacts. The Coalition for Disaster Resilient Infrastructure (CDRI) plays a significant
role in promoting DRI through partnerships, knowledge sharing, and capacity development.

SAMUDRAYAAN MISSION
Introduction:
 The National Institute of Ocean Technology is set to spearhead a 6,000-metre dive into the
Indian Ocean, a mission to explore marine biodiversity and potential of the seabed
What is Samudrayaan Mission?
 Samudrayaan Mission aims to explore the deep-sea resources and minerals by sending a
manned submersible, 'MATSYA 6000,' to a depth of 6,000 meters in the ocean.
 It is being developed by the National Institute of Ocean Technology (NIOT) under the
Ministry of Earth Sciences and is a part of the Rs 6000-crore Deep Ocean Mission . The
mission holds significance in scientific exploration of uncharted deep-sea areas and supports
the government's vision of 'New India' by promoting the Blue Economy.
Significance of the Mission:
 Unprecedented Exploration: The manned submersible, MATSYA 6000, will facilitate direct
human observation of deep-sea areas, leading to a deeper understanding of the marine
ecosystem, geological formations, and mineral-rich regions.
 Boosting Blue Economy: The mission aligns with the government's vision of a 'New India'
where the blue economy is recognized as a core dimension of growth. The exploration of
resources can lead to economic gains in areas like mining of valuable minerals and rare
earth elements.
 Maritime Advantage: India's vast coastline and numerous islands offer immense potential
for coastal and marine-based economic activities. The mission will support fisheries,
aquaculture, tourism, and livelihoods of coastal communities.
 Scientific Research: The data and samples collected during the mission will enable advanced
scientific research on marine life, geology, and oceanography, contributing to India's
knowledge base and potentially leading to new discoveries.
What is the Deep Ocean Mission?
 Resource Exploration: Conduct surveys and studies to identify and assess deep-sea
resources like minerals, hydrocarbons, and marine biodiversity.
 Technological Development: Develop advanced deep-sea technologies, submersibles, and
robotics for efficient resource exploration and sustainable use of ocean resources.
 Environmental Conservation: Focus on understanding the impact of climate change on the
ocean, marine ecology, and coastal areas to develop conservation strategies.

 Blue Economy Support: Foster the blue economy by promoting sustainable economic
activities in marine and coastal regions, such as fisheries, aquaculture, and renewable
energy generation.
Why is it relevant for India?
 Maritime Advantage: India's extensive coastline, islands, and population living in coastal
areas make the ocean an essential economic factor.
 Blue Economy: The mission aligns with the government's vision of 'New India,' promoting
the blue economy as a key dimension of growth.
 Resource Potential: Deep-sea resources, such as minerals and rare earth elements, hold
tremendous economic value and can significantly contribute to India's growth.
 Environmental Concerns: Understanding the impact of climate change and addressing
marine environmental challenges are crucial for sustainable development.
Other Related Initiatives:
 India-Norway Task Force: India and Norway jointly initiated a Task Force to collaborate on
blue economy initiatives and sustainable development in ocean-related areas.
 Sagarmala Project: The strategic Sagarmala project aims at port-led development and
modernization of ports, contributing to India's economic growth and maritime trade.
 O-SMART: The umbrella scheme O-SMART regulates the use of oceans and marine
resources for sustainable development, enhancing ocean monitoring and research
capabilities.
 Integrated Coastal Zone Management: This initiative focuses on conservation of coastal and
marine resources while improving livelihood opportunities for coastal communities.
Need in India:
 Resource Diversification: With the depletion of terrestrial resources, deep-sea exploration

offers an opportunity for diversification and future resource security.
 Scientific Discovery: India's oceanic territories hold immense potential for scientific
discoveries that can contribute to various fields of research.
 Strategic Significance: The ability to explore and exploit deep-sea resources can enhance
India's strategic position in the international arena.
 Technological Advancement: The mission will drive the development of cutting-edge
technologies, fostering innovation and creating a skilled workforce.
Objectives:
 Resource Mapping: Conduct detailed surveys and studies to map and identify potential
deep-sea resources.

 Technological Development: Design and develop advanced submersibles and robotic

systems for efficient resource exploration.
 Environmental Conservation: Study the impact of climate change and human activities on
marine ecosystems and devise conservation strategies.
 Sustainable Development: Foster blue economy initiatives that promote sustainable
economic activities, benefitting coastal communities.
Challenges:
 Technological Challenges: Developing submersibles capable of withstanding extreme

pressures and ensuring safe human exploration is a complex task.
 Environmental Risks: Deep-sea mining and exploration activities may have unintended
environmental consequences that need to be carefully addressed.
 Cost and Funding: Deep-sea exploration involves substantial costs, and securing long-term
funding for such projects can be challenging.
 International Cooperation: As deep-sea resources extend beyond national jurisdictions,
navigating international regulations and cooperation is critical.
Way Forward:
 Research and Collaboration: Strengthen research capabilities by collaborating with

international organizations and scientific institutions.
 Public-Private Partnerships: Foster partnerships with private enterprises to leverage their
expertise and resources in developing deep-sea technologies.
 Regulatory Framework: Develop robust regulatory frameworks that balance resource
exploration with environmental protection and sustainability.
 Awareness and Education: Increase public awareness about the importance of ocean
resources and promote ocean literacy.
Conclusion:
 Plant Genetic Resources for Food and Agriculture are invaluable assets that underpin global
food security, agricultural sustainability, and biodiversity conservation. As India embarks on
missions like Samudrayaan to explore deep-sea resources, it is essential to recognize the
equal significance of preserving terrestrial genetic resources. By addressing challenges like
genetic erosion, biopiracy, and climate change, India can secure its agricultural future and
contribute to sustainable development on both land and in the deep sea.

GREEN HYDROGEN
Introduction:
 Green hydrogen, produced through the electrolysis of water using renewable energy
sources like solar or wind energy, holds the key to reducing carbon emissions and combating
climate change. The Indian government, recognizing its potential, has launched the National
Green Hydrogen Mission (NGHM) to promote the production, utilization, and export of
green hydrogen.
What is Green Hydrogen:

 Green hydrogen is a colorless, odorless, tasteless, non-toxic, and highly combustible gaseous
substance. It is the lightest, simplest, and most abundant element in the universe.
 The term 'green' refers to how the electricity is generated to obtain hydrogen, ensuring that
it does not emit greenhouse gases when burned.
 Produced through electrolysis using renewable sources like solar, wind, or hydel power,
green hydrogen is considered the "fuel of the future."
 It can be used as a fuel in transportation, power generation, and industrial activities,
offering a clean alternative that does not release greenhouse gas emissions like carbon
dioxide.
 With the potential to replace fossil fuels, green hydrogen is seen as an environmentally
friendly option for various sectors, contributing to global efforts to combat climate change.
What is National Hydrogen mission:
 National Hydrogen Mission: An initiative to utilize abundant hydrogen as a cleaner fuel,

announced on India's 75th independence day.
 Hydrogen Policy: Aims for 3/4th of hydrogen from renewable sources by 2050, contributing
to India's climate change mitigation efforts.
 Fossil Fuel Replacement: Hydrogen seen as a potential future fuel, expected to replace fossil
fuels in various sectors.
 Renewable Energy Boost: Mission aligns with India's targets of generating 175 GW of
renewable energy by 2022 and 450 GW by 2030.
 Clean Energy Focus: Emphasizes producing hydrogen from clean energy sources to reduce
environmental impact.

 Climate Change Mitigation: National Hydrogen Mission contributes to India's efforts in

combating climate change through sustainable fuel usage.
Significance of the National Green Hydrogen Mission (NGHM):
 Facilitating Green Hydrogen Production: NGHM aims to create an enabling environment for
developing green hydrogen infrastructure by leveraging renewable energy sources.
 Decarbonizing Industries: Green hydrogen can reduce the carbon footprint of industries
such as steel, cement, and transportation, which contribute significantly to greenhouse gas
emissions.
 Energy Security and Independence: By promoting green hydrogen, India aims to reduce its
dependence on imported fossil fuels and achieve energy self-sufficiency.
 New Industries and Employment: The mission is expected to create new industries in the
renewable energy sector and generate employment opportunities for millions of Indians.
Expected Outcomes of the Mission:
 Establishment of Green Hydrogen Hubs: Areas suitable for large-scale green hydrogen
production and utilization will be identified and developed as Green Hydrogen Hubs.
 Export Opportunities: India's green hydrogen production can create export opportunities
for green hydrogen and its derivatives.
 Indigenous Manufacturing Capabilities: The mission aims to strengthen India's indigenous
manufacturing capabilities in the green energy sector.
 Global Investors' Attraction: The mission will attract global investors and help India achieve
its renewable energy targets.
Advantages of Hydrogen as a Fuel:
 Green and Sustainable: Green hydrogen is produced using renewable energy sources,
making it a clean and sustainable energy option.
 Energy Storage: Hydrogen can store excess energy produced by renewable sources,
ensuring a constant energy supply even during intermittent energy generation.
 Decarbonization of Difficult-to-Decarbonize Sectors: Green hydrogen can be used in
industries and sectors that are challenging to decarbonize, such as heavy industry and
aviation.
Reasons to Develop Green Hydrogen:
 Reduce Greenhouse Gas Emissions: Green hydrogen can significantly reduce greenhouse
gas emissions, thereby mitigating climate change.
 Energy Security and Independence: Green hydrogen promotes energy independence by
reducing reliance on imported fossil fuels.

 New Industries and Jobs: The development of green hydrogen will create new industries
and generate employment opportunities in the renewable energy sector.
Difficulties in Green Hydrogen Implementation:
 Cost: Green hydrogen production from renewable sources is currently more expensive than
traditional fossil fuel-based methods.
 Infrastructure: The development of a robust green hydrogen infrastructure is essential for
its widespread adoption.
 Energy Storage: The intermittent nature of renewable energy sources poses challenges for
the continuous production of green hydrogen.
 Public Acceptance: Public awareness and acceptance of green hydrogen as a viable
alternative to fossil fuels are essential for its success.
Initiatives to Promote Green Hydrogen:
 National Green Hydrogen Mission: NGHM focuses on creating an enabling environment for
green hydrogen production and utilization.
 Green Hydrogen Consumption Obligations: MNRE proposes consumption obligations for
industries to increase the usage of green hydrogen.
 Research and Development: Investment in R&D is crucial for technological advancements in
green hydrogen production.
 Skill Development: Skill development programs can create a skilled workforce for the green
energy sector.
Conclusion:
 The National Green Hydrogen Mission holds the promise of transforming India's energy
landscape, reducing carbon emissions, and fostering sustainable growth. By leveraging its
vast renewable energy potential, India can emerge as a global leader in green hydrogen
production, contributing significantly to the fight against climate change. The successful
implementation of the NGHM will depend on overcoming challenges and driving public
awareness about the benefits of green hydrogen as a clean and reliable energy source for
the future.


MIYAWAKI FORESTS
Introduction:
 Miyawaki Forests, based on the pioneering technique developed by Japanese botanist Akira
Miyawaki, offer a sustainable and effective approach to ecological restoration. This method
has revolutionized urban afforestation, creating dense, native forests in a shorter time
frame compared to conventional methods.
What is the concept of Miyawaki Forest?
 Accelerated Forest Creation: Miyawaki technique facilitates the establishment of dense,

native forests in a significantly shorter timeframe compared to traditional methods,
achieving a stable multi-layered forest community in just 20 to 30 years instead of several
hundred years.
 Natural Reforestation Principles: This approach is based on natural reforestation principles
by using trees native to the region and replicating natural forest regeneration processes,
promoting ecological balance and resilience.
 Rapid Carbon Sequestration: The fast growth of trees in Miyawaki forests leads to increased
carbon sequestration, capturing more carbon and contributing to mitigating climate change.
 Maintenance-Free Ecosystem: After the initial three years, Miyawaki forests become self-
sustainable and require minimal maintenance, making them ideal for urban afforestation
and degraded lands restoration.
Requirements for Afforestation through the Miyawaki Method:
 Native Tree Selection: Identifying and selecting a diverse range of native tree species
suitable for the local ecosystem, including shrubs, sub-trees, canopy trees, to foster a
biodiverse forest environment.
 Soil Enrichment: Analyzing the soil quality and enhancing its perforation capacity, water
retention, and nutrient content by mixing it with suitable biomass.
 High-Density Planting: Planting seeds at a high density of three to five saplings per square
meter to mimic natural forest regeneration and maximize space efficiency.
 Mulch Cover: Applying a thick layer of mulch on the ground to conserve moisture, suppress
weed growth, and provide nutrients to saplings.
Criticism of the Miyawaki Method:
 Corporate Ties and Deforestation: Critics have accused proponents of the Miyawaki method
of collaborating with corporations associated with deforestation, raising ethical concerns.

 Ecosystem Complexity: Environmentalists question whether accelerating tree growth can

replicate a forest's intricate ecosystem, emphasizing that a forest comprises more than just
trees but also an array of interconnected living organisms.
 Suitability in Tropical Countries: Some environmentalists raise doubts about the method's
appropriateness for tropical countries like India, considering differences in climate and
environmental conditions.
 Lack of Natural Forest Qualities: Miyawaki forests may lack certain qualities of natural
forests, such as unique medicinal properties and rain-bringing abilities, posing challenges for
indigenous communities and traditional practices.
Biodiversity Impact:
 Enhanced Biodiversity: Miyawaki forests have been found to host significantly higher
biodiversity compared to nearby woodlands, creating thriving habitats for a wide range of
plant and animal species.
 Ecological Restoration: These forests play a vital role in restoring degraded lands, providing
microhabitats for indigenous flora and fauna and contributing to the conservation of
endangered species.
 Ecosystem Services: Miyawaki forests help in controlling air, water, noise, and soil pollution,
while also mitigating soil erosion and moderating the impact of natural calamities.
 Wildlife Habitat: While dense planting restricts wildlife movement, Miyawaki forests can
still attract and support various wildlife species, ensuring ecological balance and promoting
urban biodiversity.
Advantages of Miyawaki Technique:
 Sustainable and Fast Growth: Miyawaki forests enable the creation of dense and self-
sustaining forests in a relatively short period, contributing to environmental restoration
efforts.
 Carbon Sequestration: The accelerated growth of trees allows for more efficient carbon
sequestration, aiding in climate change mitigation and reducing greenhouse gas emissions.
 Resilience to Environmental Changes: The use of native species ensures that Miyawaki
forests are adapted to the local environment, making them more resilient to climate
fluctuations and human-induced disturbances.
 Urban Afforestation: The Miyawaki method is particularly effective in urban environments,
converting small spaces like backyards into mini-forests and expanding green cover in cities.
Disadvantages of Miyawaki Technique:

 Reduction in Tree Diversity: The preference for timber trees may lead to a reduction in the
natural distribution of tree types, impacting overall forest biodiversity.
 Limited Suitability in Tropical Regions: The dense planting required for Miyawaki forests
may not be suitable for large-scale afforestation in tropical regions with expansive space
requirements.
 Wildlife Movement Restrictions: The high density of trees limits the movement of wildlife,
affecting their natural behavior and migration patterns.
 Rain Production Uncertainty: The ability of Miyawaki forests to bring rain remains uncertain
and requires further research and understanding.
Miyawaki Technique in India:
 Government Initiatives: The Indian government, especially in states like Telangana and
West Bengal, has adopted the Miyawaki method for urban afforestation and ecological
restoration projects.
 Citizen Participation: Numerous NGOs and individuals are actively involved in transforming
their backyards and open spaces into Miyawaki forests, contributing to the nation's green
cover.
 Anand Van: India's first urban forest "Anand Van" in a city was created using the Miyawaki
technique, providing a sanctuary for over 59 indigenous species and showcasing the
method's success.
Success Story on Miyawaki Forests:
 Kerala's Miyawaki Farms: Several prosperous Miyawaki farms in Kerala have been
established at a relatively low initial cost, demonstrating the method's economic
viability.
 Economic Value Enhancement: Growers can increase the economic value of Miyawaki
forests by incorporating high-value native timber trees and offering forest tours and
educational programs.
 Environmental Benefits: Miyawaki forests have been successful in improving soil
health, reducing erosion, raising water tables, and positively impacting the overall
climate and environment.
 Biodiversity Conservation: Miyawaki forests contribute significantly to biodiversity
conservation efforts, creating crucial habitats for various flora and fauna.

Conclusion:
 Miyawaki forests present a sustainable and effective solution for ecological restoration,
fostering rapid and dense native forest growth. Despite some criticism and limitations,
the method's success stories in India and other regions showcase its potential in
mitigating climate change, preserving biodiversity, and restoring degraded lands. As
governments and individuals continue to adopt the Miyawaki technique, it offers a
promising path towards meeting international targets and addressing the pressing
environmental challenges of the 21st century

EMERGING HAZARDS OF RADIOACTIVE

CONTAMINATION
Introduction:
 Radioactive contamination is the presence of radioactive substances in the environment,

posing a serious threat to human health and the ecosystem. Radioactivity is the
spontaneous emission of particles or waves from the unstable nucleus of certain
elements, leading to dangerous levels of radiation.
What is Radioactivity?
 Radioactivity is the spontaneous emission of particles or waves from unstable nuclei

found in certain elements. It results in the release of energy and is commonly observed
in three types of emissions: alpha particles, beta particles, and gamma rays.
 Alpha particles, which are positively charged, are one of the types of radioactive
emissions. Beta particles, on the other hand, are negatively charged electrons, and
gamma rays are neutral electromagnetic radiations.
 Naturally Occurring Radioactive Materials (NORM) are present in the Earth's crust and
can contaminate water resources. Three notable NORM series include uranium, thorium,
and actinium, which may contribute to increased radiation levels in water.
 While all forms of water contain some level of radiation due to natural sources,
excessive radiation levels can be hazardous to human health. The presence of high levels
of radioactivity in drinking water can be assessed using a gross alpha test.
Types of Radiation:
 Non-ionizing radiation: It is a type of lower energy radiation that cannot detach

electrons from atoms or molecules. Examples include visible light, infrared, and radio
waves.
 Ionizing radiation: This type of radiation has enough energy to separate electrons from
atoms or molecules, leading to atomic-level changes. Examples include X-rays, gamma
rays, and cosmic rays.
What is Radioactive Contamination?
 Causes: Radioactive contamination occurs when radioactive materials are present or

deposited in the atmosphere, water, or soil, releasing hazardous ionizing radiation.
 Sources: Radioactive pollution can be caused by both natural sources, such as exposure
to cosmic radiation and terrestrial radiation, and human-made (anthropogenic) sources,
including nuclear power plants, nuclear waste handling and disposal, and nuclear
weapons testing.
Effects of Radioactive Pollution:
 Genetic Mutations: Radioactive pollution can cause DNA strand damage, leading to
genetic disintegration and mutations over time.
 Diseases: Acute radiation syndrome is a deadly condition resulting from high-level
radioactive exposure, causing nausea, vomiting, and even death in severe cases.
 Soil Infertility: Radioactive substances in soil can destroy nutrients, rendering the soil
infertile and unsafe for agricultural use.
 Impact on Marine Life: Radioactive isotopes released by nuclear power plants can
contaminate marine life, posing health hazards to both marine organisms and humans
consuming contaminated seafood.
Measures to Control Radioactive Pollution:
 Proper Disposal: Radioactive waste should be stored in secure, thick concrete containers
to prevent seepage and contamination.
 Proper Labeling: Containers containing radioactive materials must be clearly labeled to
ensure proper handling and protective equipment usage.
 Prohibition of Nuclear Tests: Strict regulations and bans on nuclear weapons testing can
reduce the release of radioactive materials into the environment.
 Alternative Energy Sources: The promotion of renewable energy sources like solar and
wind power can reduce the reliance on nuclear energy, minimizing radioactive pollution.
Sources of Radioactive Pollution:
 Natural Sources: Exposure to cosmic radiation and terrestrial radiation are natural
sources of radioactive contamination.
 Anthropogenic Sources: Nuclear power plants, nuclear waste handling and disposal, and
nuclear weapons testing are human-made sources of radioactive pollution.
 Nuclear Power Plants: Nuclear power plants generate a significant amount of
radioactive waste during the process of nuclear fission to produce electricity. This waste
includes spent nuclear fuel and various radioactive by-products.
 Nuclear Medicine: Medical facilities that use nuclear medicine for diagnosis and
treatment produce radioactive waste in the form of used radioactive isotopes and
contaminated medical equipment.
 Industrial Applications: Industries that use radioactive materials for various applications,
such as radiography, gauging, and sterilization, generate radioactive waste in the form of
contaminated tools and equipment.
Innovative Approaches for Radioactive Waste Management:
 Synroc Technology: Australia's Synroc waste immobilization process

encapsulates nuclear waste in synthetic rock, improving stability and safety.
 Underground Disposal: Sweden's Forsmark repository safely stores
radioactive waste in a stable geological formation.
 Transmutation Technology: Japan's J-PARC accelerator-driven system
converts long-lived waste into shorter-lived isotopes, reducing toxicity.
 Modular Reactors: Russia's BREST-OD-300 uses fast-neutron reactors to
minimize waste and recycle spent fuel.
 Fusion Energy: ITER project aims to achieve nuclear fusion, producing little
long-lived waste and no greenhouse gases.
Diseases due to Radioactive Pollution:
 Genetic Mutations: Radioactive contamination can cause mutations in genes, leading to

genetic disorders and abnormalities.
 Cancer: Prolonged exposure to high levels of radiation can increase the risk of
developing various types of cancer.
 Acute Radiation Syndrome: High-level exposure to radiation can cause immediate
health effects, including nausea, vomiting, and even death in severe cases.
 Birth Defects: Prenatal exposure to radiation can result in birth defects and
developmental abnormalities in newborns.
Conclusion:
 Radioactive contamination poses significant hazards to human health and the

environment. It is essential to implement effective measures to control and prevent
radioactive pollution, including proper waste disposal, regulatory measures, and
promoting alternative energy sources. Strict adherence to safety guidelines can help

mitigate the adverse effects of radioactive pollution and protect both present and future
generations from its harmful impacts.
WIND PROJECT ADDITION TO PEAK BY 2024
Introduction:
 The Global Wind Energy Council (GWEC) and MEC Intelligence have reported that India's
annual installation of new wind power projects will reach its peak by 2024 and is
expected to decline thereafter. Wind energy, being a sustainable and renewable energy
source, plays a crucial role in India's goal to reduce carbon emissions and achieve its
renewable energy targets.
Why in News:
 Peak of Wind Project Additions: The GWEC and MEC Intelligence's report highlights that
India's wind power installations are expected to reach their peak by 2024, with a
subsequent decline.
 Shift towards Hybrid Projects: After 2024, the focus is expected to shift towards wind-
solar hybrid projects, reflecting the changing dynamics of the wind energy sector.
 Need for Strong International Regulatory Framework: Increased competition for
commodities and critical minerals in the wind supply chain adds to the urgency for a
stronger international regulatory framework.
What is Wind Energy?
 Harnessing Wind Motion: Wind energy harnesses the motion of wind to generate
electricity through wind turbines or wind energy conversion systems.
 Working Principle: Wind turbines consist of propeller-like blades that rotate when wind
strikes them, converting kinetic energy into rotational energy to produce electricity.
 Renewable and Environment-Friendly: Wind energy is a renewable energy source with
zero carbon emissions, contributing to a cleaner environment and sustainable power
generation.
 Cost-Effectiveness: Rapid advancements in wind technology have made it one of the
cheapest sources of energy globally, driving its adoption.
Current Status:

 Installed Wind Capacity: India has 39.25 GW of installed wind energy capacity, making it
the fourth-highest globally.
 Targets for 2030: The country aims to install 140 GW of wind power capacity by 2030,
representing a significant share of the renewable energy mix.
 Leading States: Tamil Nadu leads in wind energy capacity with 9,867 MW, followed by
Gujarat with 9,419 MW.
 Challenges: Slow capacity addition since 2017 and delays due to the COVID-19 pandemic
and supply chain disruptions have impacted the growth rate of wind projects in India.
Energy Potential of India:
 Untapped Opportunities: India's potential for wind energy exceeds 200 GW, indicating
untapped opportunities for further growth in the sector.
 Offshore Potential: The nation's 7,516.6 km long coastline offers significant potential for
offshore wind projects.
 Promising States: Western states, including Gujarat, Maharashtra, Karnataka, Tamil
Nadu, and Andhra Pradesh, have substantial potential for stable and speedy windflow.
 Challenges in Offshore Exploration: Cyclone-prone regions on the eastern coast hinder
the exploration of offshore wind potential.
Key Highlights:
 India's Unique Position: The country is the second-largest Asia-Pacific hub for turbine
assembly and key components production.
 Leveraging Export Opportunities: India can leverage export and international service
opportunities as the global wind industry installs about 136 GW per year.
 Strengthening the Supply Chain: With shares of 11% in blade manufacturing, 7% in wind
turbine generators, and 12% in gearbox manufacturing, India can strengthen its position
in the global wind supply chain.
 Policy Caution: Restrictive trade policies mandating complete localization may lead to
price surges and supply chain disruptions, hindering the growth of the wind energy
sector.
Advantages of Wind Energy:
 Renewable and Environment-Friendly: Wind energy is a renewable resource as wind is a

natural and constantly replenishing source of power. Unlike fossil fuels, wind energy
generation does not produce greenhouse gas emissions or other pollutants, contributing to
a cleaner and more sustainable environment.
 Low Operating Costs and Stable Prices: Wind power has low operating costs once the wind
turbines are installed, as wind is free and does not require fuel. Unlike fossil fuel-based

energy sources, wind energy is not subject to price fluctuations or geopolitical tensions,
providing stable electricity prices over the long term.
 Energy Independence and Security: Relying on wind energy reduces a country's
dependence on imported fossil fuels, enhancing energy security and reducing exposure to
volatile fuel prices.
 Abundant and Scalable: Wind energy potential is abundant in various regions globally, with
many countries having access to strong and consistent wind resources.
Uses of Wind Energy:
 Electricity Generation: The primary use of wind energy is for electricity generation through
wind turbines. Wind farms, both onshore and offshore, are established to harness wind
power and feed electricity into the grid for residential, commercial, and industrial
consumption.
 Water Pumping: Wind energy has been historically used for water pumping in rural areas
and remote locations. Wind pumps can draw water from wells or reservoirs for irrigation,
livestock watering, and drinking purposes, providing an essential water supply without
relying on grid electricity.
 Hybrid Power Systems: Wind energy is often combined with solar or other renewable
energy sources to create hybrid power systems.
 Off-Grid Applications: Wind energy is extensively used in off-grid applications, such as in
remote communities, islands, and military installations.
What are the Related Initiatives:
 National Wind-Solar Hybrid Policy (2018): Promotes the setting up of large grid-
connected wind-solar PV hybrid systems for efficient utilization of resources.
 National Offshore Wind Energy Policy (2015): Aims to develop offshore wind energy in
India's Exclusive Economic Zone (EEZ) along the coastline.
 Wind energy capacity addition targets, such as 8 GW annual onshore wind tenders for
2023-2030 and 37 GW of offshore wind by 2030, are part of India's commitment to
renewable energy transition.
Challenges:
 Tariff System Transition: Slow capacity addition due to tariff system transition from
feed-in-tariff to competitive bidding.
 Payment Delays: Delays in project execution and non-payment by distribution
companies (DISCOMs) impacting the wind energy sector.
 Bottlenecks: Concentrated wind projects around specific substations affecting market
growth.

 Offshore Potential: Challenges in exploring offshore wind potential due to the

vulnerability of eastern coast to cyclones.
Way Forward:
 Streamline Permits: Simplify permits and land allocation procedures for wind projects to
sustain and increase growth.
 Grid Infrastructure Investment: Invest in grid infrastructure to support large-scale
renewables deployment and address grid connection challenges.
 Workforce Planning: Address workforce planning for renewable energy projects and
foster public-private cooperation for supply chain resilience.
 Offshore Exploration: Focus on exploring offshore wind potential in different coastal
areas to harness the full capacity of wind energy.
 Hybrid Projects: Encourage wind-solar hybrid projects to optimize resource utilization
and grid stability.
Conclusion:
 India's wind energy sector has tremendous potential to emerge as a major player in the
global wind supply chain. As wind projects are expected to peak by 2024, the country
must address challenges and seize the opportunity to enhance wind-solar hybrid
projects. Policymakers should prioritize streamlining procedures, investing in grid
infrastructure, and promoting public-private cooperation to maximize the potential of
wind energy.

CIRCULAR PLASTIC ECONOMY
Introduction:
• A Circular Plastic Economy is a regenerative economic model that aims to minimize plastic waste
and promote sustainable use of plastic resources. It involves designing plastic products for
durability, reuse, and recycling to extend their life cycle and reduce environmental impact. The
Circular Plastic Economy seeks to break away from the traditional linear "take, make, dispose"
approach, emphasizing practices such as reducing plastic consumption, reusing plastic items, and
recycling plastic materials.
What is a Circular Plastic Economy?
 A Circular Plastic Economy is a system that focuses on creating a sustainable loop for
plastic materials, ensuring they are kept in use for as long as possible. It discourages
single-use plastic items and promotes the adoption of reusable and recyclable
alternatives. The Circular Plastic Economy emphasizes responsible plastic waste
management and encourages industries and consumers to participate in reducing plastic
pollution.
Need for a Circular Plastic Economy:
 Plastic Pollution: Plastic pollution has become a global environmental crisis, leading to
devastating impacts on marine life, ecosystems, and human health. A Circular Plastic
Economy is essential to curb plastic waste and its harmful effects on the environment.
 Sustainable Resource Management: The Circular Plastic Economy promotes responsible
plastic resource management, ensuring that plastic materials are used efficiently and
sustainably to conserve natural resources.
 Economic Growth: Adopting a Circular Plastic Economy can create new business
opportunities, stimulate innovation in plastic recycling technologies, and contribute to
economic growth.
 Climate Change Mitigation: By reducing plastic production and waste, a Circular Plastic
Economy can help mitigate greenhouse gas emissions associated with plastic
manufacturing and disposal.
India's Initiatives to Promote a Circular Plastic Economy:
 Plastic Waste Management Rules: India has introduced Plastic Waste Management Rules to
regulate the use of plastic and promote responsible waste management practices, including
Extended Producer Responsibility (EPR).

 Plastic Waste Collection and Recycling Infrastructure: The government is focusing on

developing recycling facilities and collection systems to enhance plastic waste management.
 Public Awareness Campaigns: Efforts are being made to raise awareness among citizens
about the importance of reducing plastic consumption, segregating plastic waste, and
participating in recycling initiatives.
Steps to Promote a Circular Plastic Economy:
 Plastic Recycling Incentives: Introduce incentives for industries to use recycled plastic in
manufacturing processes, encouraging the use of secondary raw materials.
 Consumer Education: Educate consumers about the benefits of using reusable and
recyclable plastic products and reducing single-use plastic consumption.
 Research and Innovation: Invest in research and development of plastic recycling
technologies to improve efficiency and quality of recycled plastic materials.
 Policy Framework: Implement comprehensive policies that support the adoption of a
Circular Plastic Economy, including regulations on plastic packaging and single-use plastics.
Significance of a Circular Plastic Economy:
 Environmental Protection: A Circular Plastic Economy contributes to reducing plastic

pollution, protecting marine life, and preserving ecosystems.
 Economic Opportunities: Circular plastic initiatives can drive economic growth through job
creation in recycling industries and promoting sustainable businesses.
 Resource Efficiency: By reusing and recycling plastic materials, a Circular Plastic Economy
optimizes resource utilization and reduces plastic waste.
 Sustainable Development: Adopting a Circular Plastic Economy aligns with sustainable
development goals, promoting a balanced approach to economic growth and environmental
conservation.
The Plastic Waste Management Rules in India:
 The Plastic Waste Management Rules in India aim to regulate the usage and disposal of
plastic products. The rules include Extended Producer Responsibility (EPR), holding
manufacturers accountable for managing their plastic products' life cycle until proper
disposal.
Benefits of a Circular Plastic Economy:
 Environmental Conservation: A Circular Plastic Economy significantly reduces plastic

pollution, benefiting ecosystems and wildlife.

 Economic Growth and Innovation: Circular plastic initiatives create new economic
opportunities and drive innovation in plastic recycling technologies.
 Reduced Plastic Waste: By encouraging recycling and reusing plastic materials, a Circular
Plastic Economy minimizes plastic waste generation.
 Sustainable Consumption: A Circular Plastic Economy promotes responsible plastic
consumption and production practices.
Conclusion:
 The adoption of a Circular Plastic Economy is imperative for addressing the pressing issue of
plastic pollution in India. The government's initiatives and policies to regulate plastic waste
management are significant steps toward promoting sustainable plastic use. However,
concerted efforts from industries, consumers, and policymakers are essential to fully realize
the potential of a Circular Plastic Economy in curbing plastic pollution and conserving the
environment for future generations.
Success Story: Plastic Waste Recycling Initiatives in Surat, India

Surat's journey towards a Circular Plastic Economy demonstrates the transformative
power of collective action and innovative solutions. Through effective waste
management, recycling infrastructure, public-private partnerships, and awareness
campaigns, the city has achieved remarkable success in addressing plastic waste
pollution. Surat's experience serves as a beacon of hope and inspiration for other cities
striving to create a sustainable and environmentally responsible future through circular
plastic initiatives.

DISASTERS IN HIMALAYAN REGION
Introduction:
 The Himalayan region, known for its majestic mountains and stunning landscapes, is also
prone to various natural disasters due to its geographical and ecological vulnerabilities.
Major disasters in the Himalayan region, including earthquakes, landslides, cloudbursts,
floods, and flash floods, and discusses the ecological threats that exacerbate these
calamities.
What is Disasters:
 Disasters refer to natural or human-induced events that cause significant damage,

destruction, and disruption to communities and their environment.
 These events are often sudden, unexpected, and overwhelming, posing a threat to human
life, property, and ecosystems.
Types of Disasters:
 Natural Disasters: These include earthquakes, landslides, floods, cloudbursts, wildfires,

cyclones, and avalanches, which result from natural processes.
 Human-Induced Disasters: These are caused by human activities such as industrial
accidents, deforestation, urbanization, and pollution, leading to ecological imbalances.
Ecological Threats of Himalayan Region:
 Deforestation Dilemma: Uncontrolled deforestation, soil erosion, and unrestricted

construction activities put immense stress on the fragile Himalayan ecology.
 Glacier Woes: Climate change-induced glacier melting and drying up of traditional water
springs affect water supply and ecological balance.
 Urbanization Challenges: Unplanned urbanization, construction of dams, and hydroelectric
projects disrupt natural drainage and destabilize slopes.
 Biodiversity at Risk: The conversion of forests for agriculture and commercial activities
threatens the rich biodiversity of the region.

Current relevance : Recent Disasters in the Himalayan Region
 Kedarnath Floods (2013): Heavy rainfall and a cloudburst in the Kedarnath

region of Uttarakhand caused devastating floods and landslides.The disaster
resulted in over 5,000 fatalities and extensive damage to infrastructure and
pilgrimage sites.
 Nepal Earthquake (2015): A powerful earthquake measuring 7.8 struck
Nepal, causing widespread destruction across the country.The earthquake
claimed over 8,000 lives and severely damaged historical and cultural
landmarks.
 Uttarakhand Cloudburst (2016): A cloudburst in Uttarakhand led to
torrential rainfall, triggering flash floods and landslides in the affected areas. The
disaster caused loss of lives and property, leaving communities in distress.
 Joshimath Subsidence (Ongoing): The hill town of Joshimath experienced
rapid subsidence, likely due to overdevelopment and ignoring the carrying
capacity of the fragile Himalayan ecology. The incident highlights the
consequences of unchecked construction and the need for sustainable urban
Earthquakes: Shaking the Mighty Himalayas
 The Tectonic Battle: The Himalayas sit on the boundary of the Indian and Eurasian tectonic
plates, making them highly seismically active.
 Devastating Quakes: Frequent earthquakes cause massive destruction to life and property
in the region.
 Example: The devastating Nepal earthquake of 2015 with a magnitude of 7.8 killed over
8,000 people and caused extensive damage.
Landslides: Crumbling Slopes and Fragile Terrain
 The Recipe for Disaster: The steep terrain, heavy rainfall, and deforestation contribute to
landslides in the Himalayas.
 Blocking Rivers: Landslides often block rivers, leading to the formation of dangerous glacial
lakes prone to bursting and causing downstream flooding.
 Example: The 2013 Kedarnath floods in India were triggered by a cloudburst and resulted in
over 5,000 deaths.
Cloudbursts: Unpredictable Torrential Downpours
 Cloud Complexity: The multi-layered clouds in the Himalayan region can cause sudden and
intense downpours known as cloudbursts.

 Flash Flood Fury: The excessive rainfall within a short period overwhelms the drainage
systems, leading to flash floods and landslides.
 Example: Cloudbursts in Uttarakhand in 2016 caused significant damage and loss of lives.
Reasons for Climatic Disasters in the Himalayan Region:
 Ignoring Geological Warnings: Unregulated construction in prohibited areas despite

geological fragility and building bylaws.
 Neglecting Research: Mindless decision-making and ignorance of scientific research and
environmental concerns.
 Limited Engagement: Lack of awareness among bureaucrats and limited engagement with
the research community.
 Weak Implementation: Poor implementation and enforcement of environmental
regulations.
Impacts of Global Warming on the Himalayan Ecology:
 Glacier Retreat: Global warming leads to the accelerated melting of glaciers and the
formation of glacial lakes.
 Water Stress: Changes in temperature and precipitation patterns affect the region's water
resources and weather patterns.
 Increasing Hazards: Rapid warming destabilizes slopes and increases the frequency and
intensity of landslides and flash floods.
Steps to be Taken:
 Sustainable Urban Planning: Discourage unplanned growth and consolidate settlements

into stable areas with necessary facilities.
 Responsible Tourism: Promote sustainable tourism practices that respect local aesthetics
and harmony with nature.
 Carrying Capacity Assessment: Conduct scientific estimations of carrying capacity for
pilgrimage sites and regulate tourist inflows.
 Environmental Compliance: Implement green road construction and strictly enforce
environmental norms for defense and infrastructure projects.
National Mission for Sustaining the Himalayan Ecosystem:
 Addressing Key Issues: The mission focuses on Himalayan glaciers, biodiversity, wildlife,
traditional knowledge, and sustainable planning.
 Regulating Tourism: Measures are proposed to regulate tourist inflows and ensure they
remain within the carrying capacity of the region.

 Expert Surveys: Collaboration with multidisciplinary expert teams for detailed surveys of
settlements is emphasized.
Conclusion:
 The Himalayan region faces numerous challenges due to ecological threats and climatic
disasters. However, a sustainable approach to development and ecological conservation can
help mitigate these risks. Implementing recommendations like regulating tourism, green
road construction, and sustainable planning under the National Mission for Sustaining the
Himalayan Ecosystem will be critical in preserving the delicate ecology of the region and
safeguarding the communities residing in these breathtaking mountains.

CLIMATE-SMART AGRICULTURE (CSA)
Introduction:
 Amid increasing competition for natural resources and the impact of changing climate,
Climate-Smart Agriculture (CSA) emerges as a strategic approach to manage agricultural
systems effectively. With a focus on sustainability, adaptation, and minimizing greenhouse
gas emissions, CSA seeks to find solutions that enhance synergies and decrease trade-offs,
promoting productive and climate-resilient agriculture while ensuring universal food
security.
Climate-Smart Agriculture (CSA)
 Climate-Smart Agriculture (CSA) is a strategic approach aimed at adapting and mitigating the
impact of climate change on agriculture.
 It focuses on sustainable practices to enhance productivity and revenue while reducing
greenhouse gas emissions.
 CSA integrates climate change considerations into agricultural systems and promotes
resilience to climate-related shocks.
 By balancing ecological services, it ensures food security and fosters climate adaptation and
mitigation.
 CSA empowers farmers to make location-specific decisions, benefiting vulnerable
populations and achieving sustainable agriculture in the face of a changing climate.

Significance:
 Climate Integration: CSA intentionally incorporates climate change into the design of
sustainable agricultural systems, safeguarding essential ecological services like clean air,
water, and food production.
 Multiple Entry Points: CSA offers various pathways, including technological advancements,
climate change modeling, information technologies, value chains, and institutional
frameworks, ensuring widespread adoption and implementation.
 Context Dependency: What is climate-smart in one region may not be in another, making
location-specific approaches essential for effective implementation.
 Inclusion and Gender Mainstreaming: CSA initiatives must involve vulnerable populations,
especially women, and marginalized groups, to achieve food security and enhance resilience
in the face of climate-related disasters.
Actions under Climate-Smart Agriculture:
 Strengthening the Evidence Base: Research and analysis of climate change effects,
vulnerabilities in agriculture, and potential adaptation strategies to inform policy decisions
and investments.
 Policy Frameworks: Development of appropriate policies, strategies, investments, and
coordination between relevant processes and institutions involved in farming, climate
change, and land use.

 Institutional Strengthening: Empowering local institutions to support and enable farmers in

adopting climate-smart practices, and enhancing policymakers' capacity to participate in
international climate change forums.
 Innovative Financing: Utilizing climate and agriculture funds from the public and private
sectors to implement CSA, including new climate-financing organizations like the Green
Climate Fund.
Climate Smart Agriculture: Features:
 Three Pillars: CSA focuses on production (boosting output sustainably), adaptation

(increasing resilience to shocks and challenges), and mitigation (reducing greenhouse gas
emissions).
 Ecosystem and Landscape Management: Balancing food security, adaptation, and
mitigation through sustainable management of farming, crops, livestock, aquaculture, and
capture fisheries.
 Local Solutions: CSA decisions must align with the skills, needs, and objectives of local
farmers, enhancing their adaptability and ease of implementation.
 Wider Food System: Considering demand-side measures and value chain activities to
amplify the benefits of CSA across the entire food system.
Importance of CSA:
 Rural Poverty Reduction: Enhancing the productivity and incomes of smallholder farmers is
vital for global food security, with many of the world's poor depending on agriculture.
 Vulnerability of Developing Nations: Climate change disproportionately affects developing
countries like India, posing risks to agriculture, food, and water sources.
 Mitigation Co-benefits: CSA promotes mitigation of greenhouse gas emissions, aligning with
national agricultural development goals.
Government Initiatives:
 National Innovations on Climate Resilient Agriculture (NICRA): A flagship initiative by the

Indian Council of Agricultural Research (ICAR) to conduct strategic research on adaptation
and mitigation, raising awareness among farmers about climate change impacts.
 National Mission for Sustainable Agriculture (NMSA): Part of the National Action Plan on
Climate Change (NAPCC), this mission focuses on climate-conscious agricultural practices.
 National Adaptation Fund for Climate Change (NAFCC): Provides funding for adaptation
initiatives in agriculture and other sectors vulnerable to climate change.
 Pradhan Mantri Krishi Sinchayee Yojana (PMKSY): Emphasizes water usage efficiency and
climate-conscious development of irrigation networks.
How to Reduce Greenhouse Gas Emissions with the Help of Agriculture:

 Sustainable Farming Practices: Promoting practices like agroforestry, crop rotation, and
organic farming that enhance carbon sequestration and reduce emissions.
 Efficient Livestock Management: Implementing better feeding practices, waste
management, and methane reduction techniques in livestock farming.
 Improved Soil Management: Adopting techniques like no-till farming, cover cropping, and
agroecological approaches that enhance soil carbon storage.
 Renewable Energy Integration: Harnessing renewable energy sources like solar and biogas
for agricultural operations, reducing reliance on fossil fuels.
Challenges:
 Financial Constraints: Implementation of CSA practices may require significant investments,

posing challenges for resource-limited farmers.
 Knowledge and Awareness: Ensuring farmers have access to information and training on
climate-smart practices remains crucial.
 Policy Alignment: Coordinating various policies and institutions related to agriculture and
climate change is essential for effective CSA implementation.
 Scale and Replicability: Scaling up successful CSA initiatives and replicating them in diverse
agro-climatic regions can be challenging.
Few examples for mains
 System of Rice Intensification (SRI): SRI, originated in India, enhances rice productivity and
climate resilience for small-scale farmers in Odisha and Tamil Nadu. By using less water and
specific planting techniques, SRI increases rice yields while reducing water consumption and
greenhouse gas emissions.
 Zero Budget Natural Farming (ZBNF): ZBNF, popular in Andhra Pradesh and Karnataka,
eliminates synthetic inputs and promotes local resources like cow dung and crop residues.
This climate-smart approach improves soil health, boosts crop productivity, and reduces
production costs, while enhancing resilience to climate change.
 Climate-Resilient Crop Varieties: Indian research institutions have introduced drought-
tolerant crop varieties like millets and pulses in Rajasthan and Maharashtra. These climate-
resilient varieties withstand extreme weather conditions, providing farmers with adaptation
options and minimizing risks of crop failure.
Key Findings:
 CSA's adoption has the potential to enhance food security, resilience, and sustainable
agricultural practices.
 The inclusion of vulnerable populations and gender mainstreaming is critical for successful
CSA initiatives.

 India's efforts to promote CSA can contribute significantly to climate change mitigation and
adaptation.
 CSA can play a vital role in ensuring the livelihoods of millions of Indian farmers while
safeguarding the environment.
Way Forward:
 Strengthening Research and Extension Services: Investing in research and extension

services to develop and disseminate climate-smart technologies.
 Policy Alignment: Coordinating policies across different sectors to promote CSA adoption
and implementation.
 Capacity Building: Empowering farmers through training programs to understand and adopt
climate-smart practices.
 Financial Support: Providing financial incentives and support to encourage farmers to adopt
CSA methods.
Conclusion:
 Climate-Smart Agriculture is an essential approach to tackle the adverse impacts of climate

change on Indian agriculture. It emphasizes sustainability, adaptation, and mitigation,
offering multiple entry points for implementation. The government's initiatives, supported
by research and financial support, can contribute significantly to the widespread adoption of
CSA practices. To ensure a sustainable and climate-resilient agricultural sector, cooperation
between policymakers, researchers, and farmers is crucial.

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ENVORONMENT CURRENT AFFAIRS

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THE WILDLIFE PROTECTION AMENDMENT ACT

Key Highlights and Features:

Challenges in the Implementation of the Wildlife (Protection) Amendment Act,

Aspect Wildlife (Protection) Act, Wildlife (Protection)

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Key Highlights - Legal framework for - Enhances punishment for

 Strengthen Enforcement and Monitoring: To ensure effective implementation of the

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protecting climate refuges, promoting habitat restoration, and implementing adaptive

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THE FOREST CONSERVATION AMENDMENT BILL

 The Forest (Conservation) Amendment Bill, 2023, is a proposed legislation aimed at

Key Highlights and Key Features:

Crux and Essence:

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Challenges in the Implementation of the Forest (Conservation) Amendment Bill,

Case Study: Silent Valley National Park Conservation

Way Forward for the Forest (Conservation) Amendment Bill, 2023:

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 Stakeholder Consultation: Conduct comprehensive stakeholder consultations involving local

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ENERGY CONSERVATION (AMENDMENT) BILL,

Provisions of the Energy Conservation Act, 2001:

Key Provisions of the Energy Conservation (Amendment) Bill, 2022:

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Objectives of the Proposed Amendments:

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CARBON CREDIT TRADING SCHEME, 2023

What is a Carbon Credit?

Features of Carbon Credit Trading Scheme (CCTS):

Carbon Credit Initiatives:

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Paris Climate Agreement:

Cap and Trade:

Advantages of Carbon Credit Trading Scheme (CCTS):

Disadvantages of Carbon Credit Trading Scheme (CCTS):

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Carbon Trading Emissions under Paris Agreement:

 Article 6 of the Paris Agreement establishes mechanisms for emissions trading.

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UN WATER CONFERENCE 2023

What Was the Need for a Water Conference in 2023?

The Water Crisis: Complex Challenges:

Objective and Themes:

Initiatives Taken at the Conference:

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About Jal Jeevan Mission:

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 In the arid region of Gopalpura, Rajasthan, a successful water conservation

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EMISSIONS GAP REPORT 2022

Key highlights of Emission Gap Report 2022:

Key highlights of Emission Gap Report 2021:

Initiatives to Reduce Emissions in India:

 The report identifies a continuing rise in extreme weather events,

Urgency for Immediate Action:

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Disparity in Per Capita Emissions:

Guiding Climate Action and Policy Formulation: