Q and A on Brakes & Clutches प्रश्नोत्तरे

Q1: State function of brakes. Write its applications ……………..2 Marks

Ans: Brake is a mechanical device used to apply frictional resistance to moving

wheels. Brake may be used to slow the motion of wheels. i.e. decelerate the vehicle
or stop the motion of wheels i.e. zero speed of the vehicle.

Kinetic energy absorbed Braking action Heat energy produced

Applications / uses of brakes are:

a) Automobiles
b) Railways
c) Bicycles
d) Elevators
e) ships

Q2: State function of brakes. State its types ……………..4 Marks

Ans: Brake is a mechanical device used to apply frictional resistance to moving

wheels. Brake may be used to slow the motion of wheels. i.e. decelerate the vehicle
or stop the motion of wheels i.e. zero speed of the vehicle.

Types of brakes are as below:

a) Mechanical brakes:In this type of brakes, the brake force is applied mechanically.
They are used in case of small braking force. This brakes are used in the small
vehicle such as in scooters, bikes etc.
b) Hydraulic brakes:In this type of brakes, brake force is applied by the hydraulic oil.
These brakes are used in trucks, buses, etc.
c) Electric brakes:In this type of brakes, magnetic effect of electricity is used to apply
the braking force. When we apply brakes, electricity is produced. Then magnetic
effect is created and the brake is applied.
d) Air brakes:In this type of brakes, air pressure is used to apply the braking force.
This braking system is used in heavy load vehicles i.e.heavy trucks, high
capacity bus, etc.
e) Vacuum brakes: In this type of brakes, vacuum pressure is used to apply the
braking force. This is the one of the most powerful braking systems available. This
brake is used in exceptionally heavy duty vehicles, i.e. train, heavy ships, etc.
 Q3: What are the required characteristics of brake lining material? …..4 Marks

Ans: The brake shoe or lining material is usually Leather, Fibre, Cork, Asbestos,
Bronze, etc. It is friction material.

Required characteristics are:

a) It should have high coefficient of friction i.e. µ should be high.

b) It should have low wearing rate. (लवकर घासू नये)
c) It should be heat resistant. (उष्णता सहन करणारी असावी )
d) It should have good strength. (मटेरीएल वाकू नये, तुटू नये, बेंड होऊ नये)
e) It should not be affected by water or moisture. (पाणी ककवा बाष्प पररणाम होऊ नये)
f) It should dissipate heat quickly. (मटेरीएल ने उष्णता लवकर बाहेर फे कावी)

फफगर फक्त मटेरीएल लक्षात येण्यासाठी

Q4: What is brake? What are the different materials for brake lining? …..2 Marks

Ans: Brake is a mechanical device used to apply frictional resistance to moving

wheels. Brake may be used to slow the motion of wheels. i.e. decelerate the vehicle
or stop the motion of wheels i.e. zero speed of the vehicle.

The brake shoe or lining materials are usually:

 Leather
 Fibre
 Cork
 Asbestos
 Bronze
Q5: Write any two functions and applications of brakes? …..4 Marks

Ans: Brake is a mechanical device used to apply frictional resistance to moving

wheels. Brake may be used to slow the motion of wheels. i.e. decelerate the vehicle
or stop the motion of wheels i.e. zero speed of the vehicle.

Two functions are:

a) Slow down the motion of wheels i.e. decelerate the vehicle

b) Stop the motion of wheels. i.e. zero speed of the vehicle.

Two functions are:

a) Trucks
b) Trains

Q6: With the help labelled diagram, explain construction and working of internally
expanding brakes. …..4 or 6 Marks

Ans: Brake is a mechanical device used to apply

frictional resistance to moving wheels. Brake may be
used to slow the motion of wheels. i.e. decelerate the
Wheel rim
vehicle or stop the motion of wheels i.e. zero speed of
the vehicle.

Construction: Figure shows construction of internally

expanding brakes. It consists of following parts:

Cam, spring, braking shoes S1 and S2, pivot points O1 and O2 and wheel rim.

Working: When brake pedal is pressed, the cam operates. It will push brake shoes
outward. Brake shoes will be rubbing against wheel rim. So the speed of wheel rim
is reduced or wheel may be stopped. Both the shoes S1 and S2 are pivoted about
points O1 and O2. There is a spring to bring the shoes back to original position.
Q7: With the help labelled diagram, explain construction and working of
single shoe or single block brake. …..4 Marks

Ans: Brake is a mechanical device used to apply frictional resistance to moving

wheels. Brake may be used to slow the motion of wheels. i.e. decelerate the vehicle
or stop the motion of wheels i.e. zero speed of the vehicle.

Lever

Wheel rim
Shoe or block

Construction: Figure shows construction of single shoe or single block brake. It

consists of following parts:

Lever, braking shoe or block, pivot points O and wheel rim. On one side lever is
pivoted at point O and other end is free to apply braking force. Shoe or block is
rigidly attached to the lever at a distance x from point O. Braking force is Ft. Total
length of lever is l.

Working: The braking force is P is applied at the right end of lever. Due to this shoe
will move down. Brake shoe or block will be rubbing against wheel rim. So the speed
of wheel rim is reduced or wheel may be stopped. The angle of contact between
wheel rim and shoe is 2Ɵ.

Q8: State various types of mechanical brakes …..2 Marks

Ans: Brake is a mechanical device used to apply frictional resistance to moving

wheels. Brake may be used to slow the motion of wheels. i.e. decelerate the vehicle
or stop the motion of wheels i.e. zero speed of the vehicle.

Various types of mechanical brakes are:

a. External brakes b. Internal brakes c. Shoe brakes

d. Block brakes e. Band brakes f. Disc brakes
Q9: With the help labelled diagram, explain construction and working of
Pivoted shoe or pivoted block brake. …..4 Marks
Ans: Brake is a mechanical device used to apply frictional resistance to moving wheels. Brake may
be used to slow the motion of wheels. i.e. decelerate the vehicle or stop the motion of wheels i.e.
zero speed of the vehicle.

Construction: Figure shows construction of pivoted shoe

or pivoted block brake. It consists of following parts:

Lever, braking shoe or block, pivot points O and wheel

rim. On one side lever is pivoted at point O and other
end is free to apply braking force. Shoe or block is
pivoted to the lever at a distance x from point O. Braking
force is Ft. Total length of lever is l.

Working: The braking force is P is applied at the right end of lever. Due to this shoe will move
down. Brake shoe or block will be rubbing against wheel rim. So the speed of wheel rim is reduced
or wheel may be stopped. The angle of contact between wheel rim and shoe is 2Ɵ.

Advantages of Pivoted shoe brake over Single shoe brake

Shoe or block is pivoted in this brake. It is rigidly attached to the lever in single shoe brake.

There is a uniform braking action in pivoted brake than single shoe brake.

Q10: What are 2 advantages & 2 limitations of shoe brake …..4 Marks
Ans: Brake is a mechanical device used to apply frictional resistance to moving wheels. Brake may
be used to slow the motion of wheels. i.e. decelerate the vehicle or stop the motion of wheels i.e.
zero speed of the vehicle.

Advantages of shoe brakes

a) They have longer life

b) The cost is less
c) Operation is silent
d) Maintenance is easy

Limitations of shoe brake are

a) It has limited angle of contact between shoe and wheel rim.

b) It can not be used for heavy applications
c) Less efficient in wet conditins
d) Shoe replacement is complex.
Q11: With the help labelled diagram, explain construction and working of Band
brake. …..4 Marks

Ans: Brake is a mechanical device used to apply frictional resistance to moving

wheels. Brake may be used to slow the motion of wheels. i.e. decelerate the vehicle
or stop the motion of wheels i.e. zero speed of the vehicle.

Construction: Figure shows construction

of band brake. It consists of following
parts:

Lever OBC, braking band, pivot point O

and brake drum or wheel drum. On one
side lever is pivoted at point O and other
end is free to apply braking force P. Band
is attached to the lever at point O and B.
The distance between point O & B is b. Total length of lever is l.

Working: The braking force P is applied at the right end of lever. Due to this band
will be tight. Band will be rubbing against brake drum or wheel drum. So the speed
of wheel is reduced or wheel may be stopped. The angle of contact between wheel
drum and band is more here.

Tight & Slack side tensions T1 & T2

As shown in figure a, when drum is rotating CW, tight side tension T1 is on right side
of drum. Taking moments about O gives..

T1 x b = P x l

As shown in figure b, when drum is rotating ACW, tight side tension T1 is on left side
of drum.

Taking moments about O gives..

T2 x b = P x l

Also ratio of two tensions is T1 / T2 = eµƟ

Tight side tension is T1 = σ x b x t

Where σ is stress of band material, b is width of band , t is thickness od band

Q12: Define self-energizing and self-locking brakes …..2 Marks

Ans: Brake is a mechanical device used to apply frictional resistance to moving

wheels. Brake may be used to slow the motion of wheels. i.e. decelerate the vehicle
or stop the motion of wheels i.e. zero speed of the vehicle.

Self-energizing brakes: When the brakes have self-energy or self-power to operate

it, they are called as self-energizing brakes.

Self-locking brakes: When the cantilever is used to keep drum engaged and
prevent rotations of it, they are called as self-locking brakes.
 Q and A on Clutches
Q13: State function of clutch. State its applications …..2 Marks
OR State function and working principle of clutch

Ans: Clutch is a mechanical device to engage or disengage the driven shaft with the
drive shaft.

Drive shaft Clutch Driven shaft

Applications of the clutch are

Motorbikes, cars, truckes, buses, elevators, etc.

Q14: State function of clutch. State its types …..2 Marks

Ans: Clutch is a mechanical device to engage or disengage the driven shaft with the
drive shaft. Drive shaft means engine shaft or Input shaft. Driven shaft means clutch
shaft or output shaft.

Various types of clutches are

a) Single plate clutch

b) Multi plate clutch
c) Cone clutch
d) Centrifugal clutch
e) Diaphragm clutch

फोटो फक्त क्लच लक्षात येण्यासाठी

Q15: With neat sketch explain working of single plate clutch …..4 Marks

Ans: Clutch is a mechanical device to engage or disengage the driven shaft with the
drive shaft. Drive shaft means engine shaft or Input shaft. Driven shaft means clutch
shaft or output shaft.

Construction: Figure shows construction of single plate clutch. It consists of

following parts:

 Input shaft or engine shaft or drive shaft

 Output shaft or clutch shaft or driven shaft
 Clutch pedal
 Flywheel
 Springs

 Clutch plate
 Pressure plate

Working: when the clutch pedal is pressed, the pressure plate is separated from
clutch plate. Due to this clutch shaft is disengaged from engine shaft. Again when
clutch pedal is released, springs will push pressure plate on the clutch plate. Due to
this clutch shaft is engaged to engine shaft. Clutch plate has friction material. Clutch
plate is very important part of clutch assembly.

Application: It is used in heavy duty trucks and buses

Q16: With neat sketch explain working of centrifugal clutch …..4 Marks

Ans: Clutch is a mechanical device to engage or disengage the driven shaft with the
drive shaft. Drive shaft means engine shaft or Input shaft. Driven shaft means clutch
shaft or output shaft.

Drum

Construction: Figure shows construction of cdentrufugal clutch. It consists of

following parts:

 Input shaft or engine shaft or drive shaft

 Output shaft or clutch shaft or driven shaft
 Springs
 Friction lining
 Shoes attached tom springs
 Drum attached to driven shaft

Working: Centrifugal clutch is working on the principle of centrifugal force. When

the speed of driving shaft or engine shaft increases, springs are extended. This
happens due to centrifugal force. Due to this friction lining is rubbing against drum.
So the clutch shaft is engaged with engine shaft.

Again when the speed of driving shaft or engine shaft decreases, springs are
contracted. Due to this friction lining is separated from drum. So the clutch shaft is
disengaged from engine shaft.

In this way the centrifugal clutch operates automatically. In short

If Engine speed Centrifugal force Shoes engaged with drum Clutch shaft engaged with Engine shaft

If Engine speed Centrifugal force Shoes disengaged from drum Clutch shaft disengaged from Engine shaft

Application: It is used in gearless scooters.

Q17: Show how the function of brake is different than clutch. …..2 Marks
Ans:
Brake is a mechanical device used to apply frictional resistance to moving wheels.
Brake may be used to slow the motion of wheels. i.e. decelerate the vehicle or stop
the motion of wheels i.e. zero speed of the vehicle.

Clutch is a mechanical device to engage or disengage the driven shaft with the drive
shaft. Drive shaft means engine shaft or Input shaft. Driven shaft means clutch shaft or
output shaft.

From above two definitions it is clear that brakes and clutches are different.